TRAN-Study Guide - EUropa.S. 2020 by Institute of Research & Training on European Affairs

EUropa.S. 2020 April 10-13 | University of Piraeus Organized by: Institute of Research & Training on European Affairs

Study Guide EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee

Topic: Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commissionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mobility Package

Table of Contents Table of Contents _____________________________________________________ 2 Greeting of the Board__________________________________________________ 3 Introduction to European Parliament TRAN Committee ______________________ 4 Introduction of the Topic _______________________________________________ 5 Legal Framework _____________________________________________________ 5 Air Transportation ____________________________________________________ 8 Aviation emissions in the “EU Emissions Trading System” ________________________ 9 Role of ICAO’s “Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation” _ 10

Maritime Transportation ______________________________________________ 11 Cooperation with the IMO ________________________________________________ 12

Rail Transportation __________________________________________________ 13 Road Transportation _________________________________________________ 14 Light-duty vehicles _______________________________________________________ 14 Heavy-duty vehicles ______________________________________________________ 16

Mobility Package ____________________________________________________ 17 Horizon Europe ______________________________________________________ 19 EU Parties’ Positions__________________________________________________ 20 Conclusions _________________________________________________________ 23 Questions Raised ____________________________________________________ 23 Bibliography ________________________________________________________ 24 Further Reading _____________________________________________________ 31 Useful Links _________________________________________________________ 33

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Greeting of the Board Distinguished Members of the European Parliament, It is our great pleasure to officially welcome you to EUropa.S. 2020 and in the Committee on Tourism and Transport (TRAN) of the European Parliament, where we have the honor to serve as Board Members. We are sure that EUropa.S will grant you with insightful knowledge on the EU institutions, while it will be a unique experience for all of us. This year’s TRAN Agenda Item constitutes a very up-to-date Topic Area, namely “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package”. Given that the transportation sector lies among the most polluting factors of the European Union, it is of vital importance to safeguard the environmental prosperity, reducing the everincreasing GHG footprints of all modes of the EU transport. Taking advantage of the Mobility Package as well as relevant emission reduction targets of the EU, it lies upon the EU to reach its zero-emission objectives as soon as possible. We hope that this Study Guide will facilitate your understanding of the topic. Taking as a given that this Study Guide was drafted based on data from November 2019, we would advise you to utilize this document only as the starting point of your research and to keep up with recent developments of the Topic Area, in order for your representation to be on policy. We are looking forward to meeting all of you in person. Should you have any inquiries regarding the topic or the Rules of Procedure, we always remain at your disposal. Kind Regards, The Board of TRAN Committee

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Introduction to European Parliament TRAN Committee The European Parliament is a directly elected body of the European Union, consisting of 751 Members (MEPs). It has legislative (along with the European Commission and the Council of EU), supervisory and budgetary responsibilities. In order to facilitate its legislative work, the Parliament has 20 committees and 2 subcommittees that are responsible for a specific policy area.1 The Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN), one of the standing committees of the European Parliament, is responsible for issues concerning all forms of transport within the European Union, as well as postal services and tourism. TRAN committee is responsible for promoting the development of trans-European networks in the sector of infrastructure. At the same time, the committee discusses issues such as, transport services, relations with third countries, international bodies and organizations in the transportation sector.2 TRAN is committed to facilitating every day transport for all EU citizens, while transport safety is one of its main goals. The committee is also concerned with reducing pollution created by the transport and tourism sector and is actively involved in finding a response to social dumping. Last but not least, TRAN is interested in keeping up with technologic innovations and ensuring that they will not pose a threat to safety and consumers’, workers’ and passengers’ rights.3

European Union, (2019), European Parliament [Online]. Available at:https://europa.eu/europeanunion/about-eu/institutions-bodies/european-parliament_en#what-does-the-parliamentdo(Accessed:November 22, 2019) 2 European Parliament, (2019), Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament- TRAN Committee (Online). Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RULES-8-2018-07-31-RESPTRAN_EN.html?redirect(Accessed: November 22, 2019). 3 European Parliament, (2019), TRAN committee [Online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/tran/home.html(Accessed: November 22, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 4

Introduction of the Topic The protection of air quality has always been one of the most crucial environmental concerns of the European Union. To elaborate, according to the European Environmental Agency, almost 95% of Europe’s urban population is exposed to toxic levels of ozone pollution, while almost 8% is exposed to dangerous levels of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). Transportation is known to be the cause of major pollutants, such as Carbon Monoxide, NO2 or even Particulate Matter (PM). It is worth mentioning that road transportation is responsible for nearly 21% of total CO2 emissions.4 Therefore, over the years the European Union has taken important steps towards the protection of air quality, in accordance to Sustainable Development Goal No 13, set by the United Nations.5 Among the most significant actions taken by the EU for the transport-related protection of the environment lies the Mobility Package. Launched in 2017 by the European Commission, the Mobility Package is a collection of 3 initiatives on the field of road transportation, including a range of standards for CO2 emissions from road transportation. As a result of the aforementioned EU policies, a significant reduction of CO2 emissions has been observed, yet the launch of the Mobility Package further motivated the adaptation of the EU-wide transportation system to a zero-emissions policy.6 What is more, it remains to be seen how each EU Member State will direct their transportation policy towards the zero-emissions target, under the framework of the newly established Mobility Package.

Legal Framework The transportation sector has successfully been managing to establish solid interlinks among the EU Member States, therefore the creation of an adequate legislative framework for its canonization has always been of vital importance for the EU. In fact, all modes of transport fulfill the commitments of the Article 21 of the “Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union” (TFEU) in regards to the free movement of persons and goods across the Union’s Member States.7 Within the margins of TFEU, the significance of the protection of human health, as well as the quality of the 4

European Commission, (2019) Road Transport: Reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles (online) Available at https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles_en (Accessed: November 18, 2019) 5 Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform, (2016) Progress of Goal 13 (online) Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13 (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 6 European Commission, (2019) Progress made in cutting emissions (online) Available at https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/progress_en (Accessed: November 18, 2019) 7

EU-Lex, 2019, Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [online], Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:9e8d52e1-2c70-11e6-b49701aa75ed71a1.0006.01/DOC_3&format=PDF (Accessed: 12 November, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 5

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide environment is also particularly stressed. To elaborate, the Article 191 of TFEU indicates that the EU should take into account “the diversity of situations in the various Regions of the Union”, as well as the available scientific and technological information and potential costs of lack of action while preparing its environmental strategy.8 It is noteworthy that Article 191 imposes the «Prudent and rational utilization of natural resources», for the sake of the Union’s environmental advancement.9 In order to further promote environmental progress in the EU Member States, the large amounts of emissions from all industry sectors should be properly addressed. On that note, the Directive 2016/2284 (“National Emissions Ceiling Directive” - NEC) entered into force in 31 December 2016, setting the emission reduction commitments for all EU Member States, thus covering the following five air pollutants: nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5).10 The NEC Directive also highlights the necessity of the conducting of constant reports by Member States 11 In an effort to reverse the amplified emission percentages caused by the EU transportation sector in particular, the “White Paper on Transport” (Transport 2050) was adopted by the European Commission.12 The aforementioned comprehensive strategy’s aims revolve around the reduction of both carbon emissions as well as Europe’s dependence on imported oil by 2050. In fact, its key goals include a 40% cut at shipping emissions, as well as 40% use of sustainable low carbon fuels in aviation. Furthermore, Transport 2050 stresses the importance of the use of rail and waterborne transport, instead of road transport for medium distance intercity distances and freight journeys. Last but not least, the significance of the utilization of non-conventionally fuelled cars in urban areas is also notably highlighted. Given the achievement of the aforementioned targets, a 60% cut of transport emissions shall be reached by 2050.13 In an effort to establish differentiated objectives for every mode of transport respectively, the European Union has adopted a range of legislative actions per 8

ibid ibid 10 European Environment Agency, 2019, National Emissions Ceiling Directive [online], Available at https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/national-emission-ceilings (Accessed: November 13, 2019) 11 ibid 12 European Commission, (2019) European Strategies: White Paper [online] Available at https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/strategies/2011_white_paper_en (Accessed November 20, 2019) 13 ibid 9

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide sector, to be analyzed separately. For the scope of this Study Guide, a short overview of the legislative outline of each transportation sector is to be described below; When it comes to aviation activities, the EU introduced Directive 2008/101/EC, which amended Directive 2003/87/EC in compliance to the Kyoto Protocol. According to the Directive, the “EU Emissions Trading System” (EU ETS) will be extended, in order to include the aviation activities. As a result, each operator must surrender allowances equal to their greenhouse gas emissions.14 Directive 2008/101/EC Inclusion of aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse allowance trading In the shipping sector, the following four Directives and Regulations are of significant importance and play a major role when it comes to the protection of air quality. In particular, both the “EU MRV Regulation” and Regulation 2016/2072 set the basic rules when it comes to reporting and monitoring CO2 emissions from maritime transportation. More specifically, the MRV Regulation applies to all ships over 5.000 gross tonnage operating in the European Economic Area (EEA), while Regulation 2016/2072 complements the rules set in the MRV Regulation.15Moreover, Directive 2016/802 replaces Directive 1999/32/EC and sets the standards on the sulphur content for fuels used in maritime transport. It applies to all ships operating in the European Economic Area (EEA), except for SOX-ECAs.16Last but not least, Directive 2018/410 amends Directive 2003/87/EC aiming at the enhancement of costeffective emission reductions, while also facilitating low-carbon investments.17 EU MRV REGULATION

Reporting Rules for CO2 emissions from maritime transport

Regulation (EU) 2016/2072 Directive(EU) 2016/802

Verification Activities Reduction in the sulphur content of maritime fuels Cost effective emissions reduction and investments in low-carbon technologies.

Directive(EU) 2018/410

EUR-Lex. (2008) Directive including aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. [online]. Available at:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0101&from=EN. (Accessed: November 9, 2019) 15 European Commission, (2019) Reducing emissions from the shipping sector. [online], Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/shipping_en (Accessed: November 8, 2019) 16 EUR-Lex, (2016),Directive (EU) 2016/802,Article 6, par.1(b) , Available at : https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN-EL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016L0802&from=EL (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 17 EUR-Lex,(2018), Directive (EU) 2018/410. [online]. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1573382121372&uri=CELEX:32018L0410, (Accessed: November 9, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 7

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide Last but not least, road transportation has been proven to cause almost a quarter of total greenhouse emissions. On that note, the EU has adopted a number of regulations and initiatives, setting basic emission standards for all types of road vehicles. In particular, Regulation 2019/1242 includes the CO2 emission standards for new heavy-duty vehicles and sets reduction targets for 2025 and 2030. 18 Likewise, Regulation 2019/631 sets the CO2 emissions standards for passenger cars and light-duty vehicles, with stricter rules applying from 2030 onwards.19 Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 Regulation (EU) 2019/631

CO2 emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles. CO2 emissions standards for passengers cars and light-duty vehicles

Air Transportation The aviation sector constitutes the backbone of the European Union (EU) transportation networks, facilitating both the arrival of individuals from non-EU Member States as well as the transportation of EU citizens under the principal of free movement, as indicated by the Article 3(2) of the “Treaty on European Union” (TEU) and the Article 21 of the “Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union” (TFEU)20. Nevertheless, an extended increase of the EU emissions deriving from air transportation is witnessed, amounting in 3% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the EU in particular, as well as in 2% of carbon emissions on a global basis, thus posing serious obstacles in the EU transport decarbonization efforts21. Taking as a given their 70% upsurge from 2005 to 2020, air transport emissions are expected to face further escalation of 300 to 700 percent until 2050, as foreseen by the “International Civil Aviation Organization” (ICAO).22 Inasmuch as the aviation sector’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been recently presenting the most significant increasing pace compared to relevant emissions on behalf of any other mode of transport, it is essential to observe the progressing effort of the EU in order to 18

EUR-Lex. (2019). Regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1242/oj (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 19 EUR-Lex. (2019). Regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles[online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0631 (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 20 European Parliament - Fact Sheets on the European Union. (2019) Free Movement of Persons. [online]. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/147/free-movement-ofpersons. (Accessed: November 8, 2019) 21 European Commission - Climate Action. (2019) Reducing emissions from aviation. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation_en#tab-0-0. (Accessed: November 8, 2019) 22 European Commission - Climate Action. (2019) Reducing emissions from aviation. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation_en#tab-0-0. (Accessed: November 8, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 8

Aviation emissions in the “EU Emissions Trading System” Established in 2005, the “European Union Emissions Trading System” (EU ETS) serves as the primary international carbon market, wherein corporations from all the EU Member States acquire tradable emission allowances covering their annual GHG emissions. On that note, the “cap and trade” principle requests from all companies involved to monitor, report and verify (MRV) their emissions, which shall then be covered by the emission allowances accredited to each stakeholder. Due to the different quantities of greenhouse gases diffused from each company, the aforementioned allowances are to be traded among them according to their needs.24 With the adoption of the Directive 2008/101/EC25, the aviation emissions deriving from all flights arriving in and departing from the European Economic Area’s (EEA) Member States were incorporated in the EU Emissions Trading System from 2012 onwards. Under the framework of EU ETS, aircraft carriers enjoy specialized guidance, mainly with the help of Eurocontrol’s “ETS Support Facility”, in compliance to the European Commission’s objectives and standards established by the Commission Regulation (EU) N° 601/2012.26 Nonetheless, the Article 28a of the Regulation (EU) No 421/2014 introduced a temporary derogation to the EU ETS aviation template, narrowing its mandate only to emissions from flights within the European Economic Area until 2016, aiming at the backing up of ICAO’s global market-based strategy to be analyzed below.27 In the case of no contradicting

European Environment Agency. (2019) Progress of EU transport sector towards its environment and climate objectives. [online]. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport/term/termbriefing-2018. (Accessed: November 8, 2019) 24 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019) EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en. (Accessed: November 9, 2019) 25 EUR-Lex. (2008) Directive including aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. [online]. Available at:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0101&from=EN. (Accessed: November 9, 2019) 26 Eurocontrol. (2019) European Union emissions trading system support facility. [online]. Available at: https://www.eurocontrol.int/tool/european-union-emissions-trading-system-support-facility. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 27 EUR-Lex. (2014) Regulation establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. [online]. Available at:https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.129.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2014:129:TOC. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 9

Role of ICAO’s “Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation” In an effort to retain the global aviation’s CO2 emissions at their 2020 levels, the 39th General Assembly of the ICAO adopted the Resolution A39-3, subsequently initiating the “Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation” (CORSIA) as of October 2016.29 Under CORSIA, airlines from all participating States have to a) monitor, report and verify their fuel use through “Emissions Monitoring Plans” and b) offset their annual emissions by acquiring emission units developed from emission reduction schemes of other domains. The aforementioned project consists of three operational stages, namely the pilot phase (from 2021 to 2023), the first phase (from 2024 to 2026) and finally a second phase (from 2027 to 2035)30. Within the margins of the pilot and the first phase, every ICAO Member State can participate on a voluntary basis, whereas the second phase addresses to all Contracting States. 31 Prior to the full implementation of CORSIA in October 2016, the Directors General of Civil Aviation of all the EU Member States signed the “Bratislava Declaration”, as proof of their will to be incorporated in the newly established scheme from the beginning of its pilot phase. 32 This is also showcased by the Regulation (EU) 2017/2392 amending Directive 2003/87/EC, with which the temporary derogation regarding the inclusion of intra-EEA flights in the EU ETS was prolonged until 31 December 2023, for the sole purpose of fortifying the impact of CORSIA in the EU Member States.33 In addition to that, desiring to further safeguard the cooperation of the EU with CORSIA, the European Commission has set up a range of capacity

European Commission -Climate Action. (2019) Reducing emissions from aviation. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation_en#tab-0-0. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 29 EASA. (2019)Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). [online]. Available at: https://www.easa.europa.eu/eaer/topics/market-based-measures/corsia. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 30 ibid 31 ibid 32 ibid 33 EUR-Lex. (2017) Regulation to continue current limitations of scope for aviation activities and to prepare to implement a global market-based measure from 2021. [online]. Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2017.350.01.0007.01.ENG#ntr8L_2017350EN.01000701-E0008. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 10

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide building and technical assistance projects in order to facilitate the adapting of CORSIA in several ICAO’s Member States.34 In October 2019 the ICAO’s 40th General Assembly adopted the Resolution A40-19, thus acknowledging CORSIA in its Article 18 as the only market-based measure in regards to CO2 emissions of the international aviation sector. The primary argument behind this decision was the avoiding of duplicative emission measurements on behalf of CORSIA and regional monitoring systems, such as the EU Emissions Trading System.35 It is therefore apparent that the Article 18 raises questions on the future perspectives of progression of the EU ETS, in terms of harmonization with the standards set by the ICAO. Should CORSIA be established exclusively on an international level, the Union shall further examine any possible scenarios of adaptation in the current status quo, taking into account its need for legislative autonomy on the matter of emissions monitoring.36

Maritime Transportation According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), 2.5% of the Global Greenhouse Emissions (GGH) derives from International Shipping, also expected to showcase a 150% upsurge by 2050. In order to invert the increasing percentages, the EU has taken important steps towards the reduction of the emissions coming from the shipping industry.37 On that note, the European Commission has set “The GHG Reduction Strategy”, aiming at the reduction of GHG emissions from the shipping industry. Within the margins of the Strategy, the Commission stresses the importance of the implementation of adequate reporting and verification rules with its “Monitoring, Verification and Reporting System” (EU MRV Regulation), by gathering all the necessary information at a regional level regarding CO2 emissions. According to the Commission, this system could include all types of emissions in the future, such as SOx, NOx and PM. According to Regulation (EU) 2016/2072, regarding the verification activities and the accreditation of verifiers, all ships over 5.000 gross 34

EASA. (2019) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). [online]. Available at: https://www.easa.europa.eu/eaer/topics/market-based-measures/corsia. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 35 ICAO. (2019) Resolution A40-19. [online]. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmentalprotection/Documents/Assembly/Resolution_A40-19_CORSIA.pdf. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 36 European Parliament. (2019)At a Glance - ICAO Agreement on CO2 emissions from aviation. [online]. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2019/640169/EPRS_ATA(2019)640169_EN.p df. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 37 IMO, (2019) Greenhouse Gas Emissions[online]Available at: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/GHGEmissions.aspx (Accessed: November 10, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 11

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide tonnage operating in the European Economic Area (EEA) should report at independent accredited MRV shipping verifiers. Lastly, starting from 2019, companies should report at the Commission and their Flag States, once a year (THETIS MRV).38 An integrated approach to reporting all emission coming from ships, could allow policy makers to make consistent decisions on shipping emissions reduction. As reflected in the targets set in the Europe 2020 Strategy, GHG emissions should be reduced by 20% below 1990 levels, by 2020.39 Hence, the Commission proposes an emissions’ reduction target for the shipping industry, which should be reached by 2050 at a global scale, as well as, intermediary targets for the period between 2020 and 2050.40Furthermore, the importance of the targets set in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is also notably highlighted. In addition to that, Directive (EU) 2016/802, compliant to the MARPOL Convention41, stresses the importance that all ships, regardless of their Flag-State, shall use fuels with sulphur content no more than 0.5 from 2020.42 Sulphur, an element widely used in shipping, is responsible for sulphur dioxide emissions (SOx), thus being responsible for the acidification of the rain. An alternative solution often proposed and has been approved by the EU and the IMO is to burn low-sulphur fuels from scrubblers. However, there are concerns about water pollution due to the fact that scrubblers are being discharged in open sea.

Cooperation with the IMO In cooperation with the EU, the IMO has launched numerous projects in order to combat air-pollution caused by ships. First and foremost, the Commission has

European Commission, (2019) Reducing emissions from the shipping sector, Policy,[online]. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/shipping_en (Accessed: November 8, 2019) 39 European Commission,(2019) 2020 Climate & Energy, Policy [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en#tab-0-0, (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 40 European Commission (2013) Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament ,the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions, Integrating maritime transport emissions in the EU ‘s Greenhouse gas reduction policies (online), Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/transport/shipping/docs/com_2013_479_en.pdf(Accesse d: November 8, 2019) 41 Center of Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering. (2009). MARPOL Convention, Annex VI, (online) Available at: http://www.mar.ist.utl.pt/mventura/Projecto-Navios-I/IMOConventions%20%28copies%29/MARPOL.pdf (Accessed: November 7, 2019) 42 EUR-Lex, (2019). Directive (EU) 2016/802,Article 6, par.1(b). Available at : https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN-EL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016L0802&from=EL (Accessed November 10, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 12

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide committed to report to the European Parliament and the European Council at least once a year on the EU progress achieved within the IMO. (Directive (EU) 2018/410)43 Furthermore, the IMO is implementing the "Capacity Building for Climate Mitigation in the Maritime Shipping Industry" also known as the Global Maritime Technology Cooperation Centres (MTCC) Network, funded by the EU.44 Through the MTCCs, lowcarbon technology and operations are promoted in the maritime sector. Moreover, feedback on the global regulatory process is generally given so as to improve the international Monitoring, Regulating and Verifying System45. As part of this project, MTCCs have been set up in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Latin America. Following the EU MRV Regulation, the IMO launched the IMO Data Collection System, urging international ships to report on fuel consumption to the Flag State. As a result, all EU ships will report under both the EU MRV Regulation and the IMO Data Collection.46

Rail Transportation A railway network consists of a main and a branch or a secondary line and is among the oldest ways of transportation. In fact, rail is one of the most eco-friendly means of transport as its energy efficiency has been constantly improving from 1990 to 2009.47In addition, the European Union is a global leader, when it comes to rail innovation. It is worth mentioning that almost 60% of the European railway system has been electrified, making rail the only mode of transport operating almost entirely on electricity. However, a significant number of Member States have yet to

EUR-Lex. (2019), Directive (EU) 2018/410. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1573382121372&uri=CELEX:32018L0410, (Accessed: November 9, 2019) 44 IMO.(2019) The Global MTCC Network [online]. Available at: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/MajorProjects/Pages/IMOEuropeanUnionProject.aspx (Accessed November 21, 2019) 45 IMO.(2019) About GMN, Energy efficiency in shipping.[online] Available at: https://gmn.imo.org/about-gmn/, (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 46 IMO, (2019) Data Collection System for fuel oil consumption of ship,[online], Available at :http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/DataCollection-System.aspx (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 47 The Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER), (2019) Rail and Transport and Environment, Facts and Figure. page 15[online] Available at: http://www.cer.be/sites/default/files/publication/Facts%20and%20figures%202014.pdf (Accessed: November 16, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 13

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide electrify their railway system. Moreover, the secondary network connecting rural areas between them has not been adequately electrified yet48. In order to sustain connected mobility within the fields of the European Union, the “Trans-European Transport Network”(TEN-T) established in 1990 expressed the idea of creating a common European network of railway lines, roads, airports and maritime shipping ways, in order to strengthen social and territorial cohesion, within the EU borders. TEN-T is expected to be completed by 2050 and reduce the negative environmental impact of transport, including rail. In particular, the common European Railway network, once completed, will operate entirely on electricity49.

Road Transportation Last but not least, the field of road transportation enjoys extensive recognition in terms of forwarding the free movement of people and goods within the margins of the European Union, yet it is also deemed the leading emitting sector of the EU transportation network. To elaborate, as of 2016, approximately 72% of the GHG emissions from the EU transport derive from road transportation, showcasing a 22% increasing tendency.50 Given that road transport generates nearly 21% of the EU’s total CO2 emissions, the European Union has been establishing a range of commitments and initiatives, in order to reach the targets set by the European and International community in regards to emissions reduction. 51 Due to the differentiated regulatory framework per mode of road transport, the scope of this study guide is to analyze separately the Union’s current provisions for light-duty vehicles (cars and vans) as well as heavy-duty vehicles (trucks, buses and coaches).

Light-duty vehicles Despite having reached their respective 2015 and 2017 reduction targets, cars and light commercial vehicles (vans) remain responsible for 15% of the total CO 2 emissions of the EU.52 In an effort to progressively reduce emissions caused by lightduty vehicles, the European Parliament adopted Regulation (EU) 2019/631 in April 48

European Commission, (2019) Electrification of the Transport system : Studies and Reports [online] Availableat:file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Report_ElectrificationoftheTransportSystempdf%20(1).p df (Accessed: November 16, 2019) 49 European Commission, (2019)Trans-European Transport Network [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/ten-t_en (Accessed: November 16, 2019) 50 European Environment Agency. (2019). Greenhouse gas emissions from transport in Europe. [online]. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-emissions-ofgreenhouse-gases/transport-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases-11 (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 51 European Commission. (2019) Road transport: Reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles_en (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 52 ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 14

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 2019, updating the already existing CO2 standards of Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 for cars and vans respectively.53 Following a phase-in period in 2020, the Regulation shall oblige car manufacturers to adapt their vehicles’ emission rates to reach the EU fleet-wide average emission target of 95 g CO2/km from 2021 onwards, each according to the average mass of their vehicle fleet.54 A similar framework is set for van manufacturers to reach a fleet-wide average emission target of 147 g CO2/km, albeit having entered into full force from 2020, without having a phase-in period.55 In case of excessive emissions compared to the newly adopted standards, manufacturers of all light-duty vehicles are charged €95 annually for every exceeding CO2 g/km, from 2019 onwards.56 Attempting to motivate light-duty vehicle manufacturers to further decrease their fleets’ annual emissions, the Regulation also introduced an incentive scheme for Zero- and Low- Emission Vehicles (ZLEV), to be inaugurated from 2025. 57 In particular, every car and van emitting from 0 to 50g of CO2 per kilometer is considered a ZLEV. On that note, every manufacturer including more than 15% on ZLEV in its registered production from 2025 shall enjoy an up to 5% relaxation of their annual CO2/km target. It is noteworthy that stricter criteria will be applied from 2030 onwards, as car manufacturers ought to register a 35% of ZLEV, while van manufacturers a 30%, in order for the incentive’s benefits to be maintained.58 Given that cars produce 60.7% of the total road transportation emissions, the EU has been conducting extra efforts to specifically sustain their emissions reduction.59 With the adoption of Directive 1999/94/EC in December 1999, every EU car shall carry a label showcasing their annual CO2 emission rate, serving a dual objective: to facilitate consumers’ selection of less-polluting vehicles, as well as to assist car manufacturers

EUR-Lex. (2019). Regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0631 (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 54 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars. [online]. Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_en (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 55 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from vans. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/vans_en (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 56 ibid 57 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Post-2020 CO2 emission performance standards for cars and vans [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/regulation_en (Accessed: November 15, 2019) 58 ibid 59 European Parliament. (2019). CO2 emissions from cars: facts and figures. [online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20190313STO31218/co2-emissionsfrom-cars-facts-and-figures-infographics (Accessed: November 15, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 15

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide reach their annual CO2 reduction targets.60 The Directive was evaluated by the European Commission as of 2016, justifying its unceasing assistance towards car emissions’ reduction, yet spotting some need for further coherence with the current regulatory framework of the EU.61 In addition to that, the Commission has also imposed compulsory car emissions tests from September 2017 onwards, including a “Real Driving Emissions” (RDE) testing procedure as well as enhanced laboratory tests for cars.62 As proposed by the Commissioner for the Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Elżbieta Bieńkowska, the aforementioned car emissions tests were further fortified in May 2018, mainly with the initiation of on-board fuel monitoring devices in European cars.63

Heavy-duty vehicles The emissions deriving from trucks, buses and coaches are relatively lower than the ones from light-duty vehicles, yet still amount in 25% of the total road transportation emissions of the EU.64 The emissions’ reduction framework of the EU for heavy-duty vehicles revolves around Regulation (EU) 2019/1242, having entered into force from August 2019.65 According to the Regulation, heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers shall meet a fleet-wide 15% emission reduction from 2025, increased in 30% from 2030 onwards.66 The previously mentioned reduction percentages are to be compared with the EU average heavy-duty vehicles’ emissions from July 2019 to June 2020 and will thereby apply only for large lorries, while the expansion to other types of heavyduty vehicles is expected in the scheduled 2022 Commission review.67 A two-phase incentive mechanism for heavy-duty ZLEV, similar to the one set for light-duty vehicles, was also established by the Regulation.68 In its first phase from 60

European Commission-Climate Action. (2019) Car labeling.[online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/labelling_en (Accessed: November 15, 2019) 61 ibid 62 European Commission-Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. (2019) Clean air: Commission improves car emissions tests further. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/content/clean-air-commission-improves-car-emissions-tests-further_en (Accessed: November 15, 2019) 63 ibid 64 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/heavy_en (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 65 EUR-Lex. (2019). Regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1242/oj (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 66 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/heavy_en (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 67 ibid 68 ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 16

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 2019 to 2024, zero- and low-emission lorries will be incentivized based on multipliers tailored to their annual emission percentages. Nevertheless, from 2025 onwards, every manufacturer with a 2% of ZLEV in their registered fleet shall subsequently receive up to 3% relaxation of their annual emission reduction target. It is noteworthy that emissions from buses and coaches are not yet accounted in the ZLEV incentive mechanism for heavy-duty vehicles.69 In regards to the monitoring and reporting procedure of the total emissions from heavy-duty vehicles, the Parliament has adopted Regulation (EU) 2018/956 in June 2018, subsequently creating the Commission-led “Central Register” for data compilation on heavy-duty vehicles emissions.70 In an effort to assist manufacturers calculate the total emissions of their heavy-duty vehicle fleet, the aforementioned Regulation also initiated the “Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool” (VECTO).71 Developed by the Commission, VECTO constitutes a simulation tool, with the help of which every truck, bus and coach with a Gross Vehicle Weight above 3500kg shall mandatorily determine its annual fuel consumption and CO2 production from January 2019 onwards. Data accumulated on behalf of VECTO is then assessed by the Commission, as well as made public by the European Environmental Agency.72

Mobility Package Having witnessed the excessive and ever-increasing amounts of GHG emissions of the EU passenger and freight road transportation, the European Commission has launched the Mobility Package, consisting of three sets of initiatives for the harmonization of several aspects of the EU road transportation activities.73 The Mobility Package 1 (also referred to as “Europe on the Move”) was released in May 2017, while the Mobility Package 2 (known as the “Clean Mobility Package”) in November 2017 and the Mobility Package 3 in May 2018. The actions included in each of the three Mobility Packages refer to a range of alterations in the EU-wide

European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/heavy_en (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 70 EUR-Lex. (2018). Regulation on the monitoring and reporting of CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R0956-20190814. (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 71 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol (VECTO). [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/vecto_en (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 72 ibid 73 International Road Transport Union. (2019). European Commission Mobility Package.[online]. Available at: https://www.iru.org/where-we-work/europe/europe-overview/european-commissionmobility-package (Accessed: November 20, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 17

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide road network, enhancing social fairness, innovation as well as environmental advancement.74 In regards to the latter, the previously examined standards for the emissions of light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles were part of the Mobility Packages 2 and 3 respectively, while the monitoring and reporting of heavy-duty vehicles’ emissions through VECTO was established by the Mobility Package 1.75 Apart from the aforementioned measures, the most significant contribution to the emissions reduction policy of the EU was the revision of the Clean Vehicles Directive, namely Directive 2009/33/EC, under the framework of the Clean Mobility Package.76 Inaugurated by the Commission as of November 2017, the aforementioned review was reached following an agreement of the Commission with the Parliament and the Council, culminating in the Directive (EU) 2019/116 in 20 June 2019.77 In particular, the Directive focuses on 3 fundamental pillars: a) the establishment of a common definition for “clean vehicles”, based on their preference for the alternative fuels included in Directive 2009/30/EC78 b) the setting of nation-wide targets for the adoption of clean vehicles, according to each Member State’s pollution index as well as c) the extension of the Directive’s scope for the promotion of public service contracts on the use of clean vehicles.79 Ever since the presentation of the very first Mobility Package to the European Parliament Plenary Session as of May 2017, MEPs have obtained diversified viewpoints on establishing the finalized formation of the three initiatives. 80 To be more precise, several amendments on the initial form of the Mobility Package (on aspects irrelevant to the emission reduction) were submitted by MEPs of the TRAN committee, yet were later rejected by the Parliament and returned to TRAN for

International Road Transport Union. (2019). European Commission Mobility Package.[online]. Available at: https://www.iru.org/where-we-work/europe/europe-overview/european-commissionmobility-package (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 75 ibid 76 European Parliament. (2019). Review of the Clean Vehicles Directive. [online]. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2018)614690. (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 77 EUR-Lex. (2019). Directive on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1161/oj. (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 78 EUR-Lex. (2019). Directive on the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[online]. Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0030. (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 79 International Road Transport Union. (2019). Clean Vehicles Directive. [online]. Available at: https://www.irumobilitypackages.org/clean-vehicles-directive (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 80 European Parliament. (2019).Further information on the Mobility Package. [online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20171122IPR88617/further-information-onthe-mobility-package (Accessed: November 21, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 18

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 81 further processing in July 2018. Following a months-long negotiation phase, TRAN resulted in three main alteration positions on the matters of social fairness and better working conditions for drivers, all voted in favor by the Parliament plenary of April 2019.82 Therefore, as the road is paved for the entering of the Mobility Package into trilogue talks among the Commission, the Parliament and the Council, it remains to be seen how the zero emission strategy of the European Union will be reflected in the decided final structure of the Mobility Package.

Horizon Europe Firmly reinforced by the European Union’s fundamental Institutions, “Horizon 2020” constitutes the most substantial component of the EU “Research and Innovation framework” (R&I), mandated to bolster innovation and technological advancement in the fields of research and development for the period 2014-2020.83 Within the margins of Horizon 2020, the de-carbonization of the EU transportation sector is granted considerable recognition, with approximately €6.4 billion invested for the sake of low- and zero- emission mobility programmes and strategies.84 To be more specific, the enhancement of vehicles less dependent on oil as well as the adoption of innovative, non-polluting modes of transport lies at the core of the eco-friendly objectives of Horizon 2020.85 In the aftermath of the completion of Horizon 2020, the Commission has established “Horizon Europe” as its successor for the years 2021-2027. 86 Built upon the successful impact of its precedent, Horizon Europe has been provisionally agreed upon by the Parliament and the Council, while the Commission has requested an 81

European Parliament. (2019). MEPs return mobility package proposals to committee for further consideration. [online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/pressroom/20180628IPR06807/meps-return-mobility-package-proposals-to-committee-for-furtherconsideration (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 82 European Parliament. (2019). Mobility package: Parliament adopts position on overhaul of road transport rules.[online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/mt/pressroom/20190402IPR34671/mobility-package-parliament-adopts-position-on-overhaul-of-roadtransport-rules (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 83 European Commission. (2019). What is Horizon 2020? [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/what-horizon-2020. (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 84 European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Transport Emissions. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport_en. (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 85 European Commission-Horizon 2020. (2019). Transport. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/area/transport. (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 86 European Commission. (2019). EU budget for 2021-2027: Commission welcomes provisional agreement on Horizon Europe, the future EU research and innovation programme. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_1676 (Accessed: November 21, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 19

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide estimated total budget of €100 billion for its well-functioning.87 According to the Annex 5 (Climate, Energy and Mobility) of Horizon Europe’s preliminary structure, focus will be given on balancing the emissions reduction strategies with the retaining of competitiveness of all European modes of transport, by firmly backing up -inter alia- the TEN-T network, the European Clean Vehicle framework and the Clean Mobility Package.88 Given that Horizon Europe’s finalized range of actions is yet to be further decided, questions are raised on its possible impact and assistance towards the emissions reduction strategies of every mode of the EU transport.

EU Parties’ Positions European People’s Party (EPP) As declared in the EPP Manifesto, the European People’s Party is committed in its fight towards climate change and the reduction of emissions, mainly through the conducting of research on low-carbon and connected mobility in all domains of the EU transportation sector.89 On that note, MEPs of the EPP are advocating for the adopted legislative framework on emission reduction targets, recognizing the significance of the incentivizing of manufacturers having reached the demanding EU standards.90 In addition to that, ever since the presentation of Mobility Package 1 the EPP has been one of its cordial supporters, acknowledging the initiative’s role as the cornerstone of the canonization of the EU road transportation sector. 91 However, as mentioned by the EPP Group’s Spokesman on Transport and Tourism, Wim van de Camp: “The EPP Group will judge the Mobility Package proposals by their potential to reduce administrative burdens for entrepreneurs and protect the millions of jobs that depend on an open and competitive transport sector."92

European Commission. (2019). Horizon Europe - the next research and innovation framework programme. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/horizon-europe-next-research-andinnovation-framework-programme_en#timeline (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 88 European Commission. (2019). Annex 5 – Horizon Europe cluster 5: Climate, Energy and Mobility. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/research/pdf/horizon-europe/annex-5.pdf (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 89 European People’s Party. (2019). EPP Manifesto. [online]. Available at: https://www.epp.eu/files/uploads/2019/05/EPP-MANIFESTO-2019.pdf (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 90 EPP Group. (2019). EU sets ambitious targets for cleaner trucks. [online]. Available at: https://www.eppgroup.eu/newsroom/news/eu-sets-ambitious-targets-for-cleaner-trucks (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 91 EPP Group. (2019). Mobility Package: Europe, start your engines! [online]. Available at: https://www.eppgroup.eu/newsroom/news/mobility-package-europe-start-your-engines. (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 92 ibid EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 20

Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) Having shown the necessary support to both the Paris Agreement and the UN 2030 Agenda, S&D promotes the transition to a low-carbon technology, as well as the reduction of Greenhouse Gas emissions. Thus, S&D has approved the measures introducing emission standards for both heavy and light duty vehicles. In scope of the clean energy package, S&D has led the negotiations regarding the energy efficiency sector, encouraging the adoption of energy efficiency measures by member states for the poorest citizens.93 Furthermore, the S&D group is strongly In favor of the “polluter pays” policy, which could -in a longer term- impact the market significantly. As a result, conventional means of transportation will become more expensive, while eco-friendly ones will become more approachable.94 Last but not least, when it comes to the Mobility Package, S&D members have suggested that the targets set are not ambitious enough. In fact, S&D’s Vice President for Sustainability, Kathleen Van Brempt has stressed the importance of a minimum 40% reduction target by 2030, as well as an intermediate mandatory target for 2025. Furthermore, she has constantly underlined the significance of financial incentives and investments in the domain of the decarbonization of transport.95

Renew Europe Renew Europe is constantly alarmed by the protection of the environment, introducing in November 2019 a proposal for a resolution to declare «the state of climate and environment change in Europe and globally». As supported by the Renew Europe’s Rresident, DacianCiolos: “The next five years must be a game changer for our climate and our environment and our actions should be driven with a sense of emergency”. Moreover, Renew Europe has supported the bolstering of climate-friendly research and innovation programs within the framework of the EU Budget 2020.96

Socialists and Democrats (2019), Reconciling environment with our economy [online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/what-we-stand-for/our-achievements/reconcilingenvironment-our-economy (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 94 Socialists and Democrats (2019), Committee on Transport and Tourism [online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/committees/committee-transport-and-tourism (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 95 Socialists and Democrats. (2019). S&D’s regret Commission’s lack of ambition on the Mobility Package [online]. Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sds-regretcommissions-lack-ambition-mobility-package (Accessed: November 21,2019) 96 Renew Europe (2019) EU Budget 2020: A Greener Deal [online] Available at :https://reneweuropegroup.eu/en/news/1373-eu-budget-2020-a-greener-deal/ (Accessed: November 21, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 21

Identity and Democracy (ID) Following the objectives set by the ID’s predecessor, the Europe of Nations and Freedom, MEPs of the newly established Identity and Democracy group seem to support environmental and transportation sustainability, yet retaining parallel concerns on the matters of rising energy costs and threats to the competitiveness of several domains of the EU’s activities. 97 As reflected in previous pre-election commitments on behalf of the ID Member of the Bureau, Marine Le Pen, it is also supported that several renewable energy sources and subsequently renewable fuels shall be developed within the EU.98 Nevertheless, some TRAN MEPs of the Identity and Democracy Party have been questioning the EU transport emission reduction policy’s effectiveness in regards to the reaching of the desired targets for 2050.99

European United Left-Nordic Green Left (GUE-NGL) Being fully committed to the goals set in the Paris Agreement, GUE-NGL is strongly in favor of a complete decarbonization and a full transition to renewable energy.100 According to GUE-NGL, the CO2 emissions targets set in the Mobility Package might be ambitious, yet they might be dictated by lobbies and do not serve the planet’s needs. Instead, GUE-NGL stresses the significance of a more ambitious plan in order to promote innovation in the renewable energy sector. Furthermore, GUE-NGL highlights the importance of more efficient transports and networks, such as rail or sustainable waterways. Last but not least, GUE-NGL strongly advocates for the incorporation of «the polluter pays» principle in EU’s policies.101

Alternative for Germany. (2019). Kernpunkte der AfDzurEuropawahl 2019.[online]. Available at: https://www.afd.de/wpcontent/uploads/sites/111/2019/04/AfD_Bund_Kernpkte_Europawahl_Flyer_12-Seiter_WmD_RZ.pdf (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 98 Rassemblement National. (2019). Les 144 engagements présidentiels.[online]. Available at: https://rassemblementnational.fr/le-projet-de-marine-le-pen/ (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 99 European Parliament. (2019). Parliamentary questions.[online].Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2019-003338_EN.html (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 100 GUE-NGL (2019) Read our Climate Emergency Manifesto [online] Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/a-climate-emergency-manifesto-to-avert-climate-catastrophe/ (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 101 GUE-NGL (2019) The First and Second Road Mobility Packages: An explainer [online] Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/the-first-and-second-road-mobility-packages-an-explainer/ (Accessed: November 21, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 22

Conclusions Reaching our concluding remarks, however valuable the transportation networks might be in regards to safeguarding the European Union’s core principle of free movement, so urgent the need to remain faithful on the adopted targets and objectives on reducing and subsequently eliminating transport-related GHG emissions remains for every EU Member State. The relevant legislative framework established by all the EU institutions as well as the introduction of the Commission’s Mobility Package have already upgraded the Union’s emission reduction standards, yet there is still room for improvement in order for every transportation stakeholder’s interests to be successfully met. Taking advantage of already existing strategies, it lies upon the European Union to adapt to palpable alternatives in every domain of transportation, boosting innovation towards the inversion of the everaugmenting percentages of GHG emissions deriving from every mode of the EU transport.

Questions Raised 1. What is the efficiency of the currently established emission reduction targets of the EU transportation sector? 2. How can the EU coordinate its aviation emissions reduction efforts with the ones established by the ICAO? 3. In which ways can the EU eliminate its total GHG emissions in the maritime transportation sector? 4. How can the EU achieve the complete electrification of the EU-wide railway system? 5. In which ways shall the road transportation sector of the EU reach its emission reduction objectives? 6. What are the perquisites in order for the Mobility Package to be accepted by all the stakeholders involved? 7. How can clean mobility be further promoted within the EU after the adoption of the Clean Vehicles Directive? 8. How can Horizon Europe facilitate the zero-emission policy of the EU transport? 9. Can the competitiveness of the EU transportation sector be retained under the framework of the Union’s zero-emission policy? 10. How can third-party organizations (ICAO, IMO, UN, etc.) assist the EU towards the reduction of its transportation GHG footprint?

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Bibliography 1. Alternative for Germany. (2019). Kernpunkte der AfDzurEuropawahl 2019. [online]. Available at: https://www.afd.de/wpcontent/uploads/sites/111/2019/04/AfD_Bund_Kernpkte_Europawahl_Flyer _12-Seiter_WmD_RZ.pdf (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 2. Center of Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering. (2009). MARPOL Convention, Annex VI, (online) Available at: http://www.mar.ist.utl.pt/mventura/Projecto-Navios-I/IMOConventions%20%28copies%29/MARPOL.pdf (Accessed: November 7, 2019) 3. EASA. (2019) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). [online]. Available at: https://www.easa.europa.eu/eaer/topics/market-based-measures/corsia. (Accessed: November 10 2019) 4. EPP Group. (2019). EU sets ambitious targets for cleaner trucks. [online]. Available at: https://www.eppgroup.eu/newsroom/news/eu-sets-ambitioustargets-for-cleaner-trucks (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 5. EPP Group. (2019). Mobility Package: Europe, start your engines! [online]. Available at: https://www.eppgroup.eu/newsroom/news/mobility-packageeurope-start-your-engines. (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 6. EUR-Lex. (2008) Directive including aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008L0101&from=EN. (Accessed: November 9, 2019) 7. EUR-Lex, (2016),Directive (EU) 2016/802,Article 6, par.1(b) , Available at : https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ENEL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016L0802&from=EL (Accessed: November 10) 8. EUR-Lex,(2018), Directive (EU) 2018/410. [online]. Available at https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1573382121372&uri=CELEX:32018L0410, (Accessed: November 9, 2019) 9. EUR-Lex, (2019). Directive (EU) 2016/802,Article 6, par.1(b). Available at :https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ENEL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016L0802&from=EL (Accessed November 10)

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 10. EUR-Lex. (2019). Directive on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1161/oj. (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 11. EUR-Lex. (2019). Directive on the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0030. (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 12. EUR-Lex. (2019), Directive (EU) 2018/410. [online]. Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1573382121372&uri=CELEX:32018L0410, (Accessed: November 9, 2019) 13. EUR-Lex. (2014) Regulation establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2014.129.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ:L:2014 :129:TOC. (Accessed: November 10 2019) 14. EUR-Lex. (2017) Regulation to continue current limitations of scope for aviation activities and to prepare to implement a global market-based measure from 2021. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2017.350.01.0007.01.ENG#ntr8L_2017350EN.01000701-E0008. (Accessed: November 10 2019) 15. EUR-Lex. (2018). Regulation on the monitoring and reporting of CO2 emissions from and fuel consumption of new heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02018R0956-20190814. (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 16. EUR-Lex. (2019). Regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1242/oj (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 17. EUR-Lex. (2019). Regulation setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles [online]. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0631 (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 18. Eurocontrol. (2019) European Union emissions trading system support facility. [online]. Available at: https://www.eurocontrol.int/tool/european-unionemissions-trading-system-support-facility. (Accessed: November 102019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 25

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 19. European Commission (2013) Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament ,the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions, Integrating maritime transport emissions in the EU ‘s Greenhouse gas reduction policies (online), Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/transport/shipping/docs/com_2 013_479_en.pdf(Accessed: November 8, 2019) 20. European Commission, (2019) Electrification of the Transport system : Studies and Reports [online] Availableat:file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Report_ElectrificationoftheTran sportSystempdf%20(1).pdf (Accessed: 16 November 2019) 21. European Commission. (2019). EU budget for 2021-2027: Commission welcomes provisional agreement on Horizon Europe, the future EU research and innovation programme. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_1676 (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 22. European Commission, (2019). European Strategies: White Paper [online] Available at https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/strategies/2011_white_paper_en (Accessed November 20) 23. European Commission, (2019) Progress made in cutting emissions (online) Available at https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/progress_en (Accessed November 18) 24. European Commission, (2019) Reducing emissions from the shipping sector. [online], Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/shipping_en (Accessed: November 8, 2019) 25. European Commission, (2019) Road Transport: Reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles (online) Available at https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles_en (Accessed November 18) 26. European Commission, (2019) Reducing emissions from the shipping sector, Policy, [online]. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/shipping_en (Accessed: November 8, 2019)

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 27. European Commission. (2019) Road transport: Reducing CO2 emissions from vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles_en (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 28. European Commission, (2019)Trans-European Transport Network [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/tent_en (Accessed: 16 November 2019) 29. European Commission. (2019). What is Horizon 2020? [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/what-horizon-2020. (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 30. European Commission,(2019) 2020 Climate & Energy, Policy [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en#tab-00, (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 31. European Commission-Climate Action. (2019) EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en. (Accessed: November 9 2019) 32. European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Post-2020 CO2 emission performance standards for cars and vans [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/regulation_en (Accessed: November 15, 2019) 33. European Commission - Climate Action. (2019) Reducing emissions from aviation. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation_en#tab-0-0. (Accessed: November 8 2019) 34. European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/heavy_en (Accessed: November 17, 2019)

35. European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_en (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 36. European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Reducing CO2 emissions from vans. [online]. Available at: EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 27

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/vans_en (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 37. European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Transport Emissions. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport_en. (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 38. European Commission-Climate Action. (2019). Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol (VECTO). [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/vecto_en (Accessed: November 17, 2019) 39. European Environment Agency. (2019). Greenhouse gas emissions from transport in Europe. [online]. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/dataand-maps/indicators/transport-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases/transportemissions-of-greenhouse-gases-11 (Accessed: November 14, 2019) 40. European Environment Agency, 2019, National Emissions Ceiling Directive [online], Available at https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/nationalemission-ceilings (Accessed 13 November 2019) 41. European Environment Agency. (2019) Progress of EU transport sector towards its environment and climate objectives. [online]. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport/term/term-briefing-2018. (Accessed: November 8 2019) 42. European Parliament. (2019) At a Glance - ICAO Agreement on CO2 emissions from aviation. [online]. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2019/640169/EPRS_ ATA(2019)640169_EN.pdf. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 43. European Parliament. (2019). CO2 emissions from cars: facts and figures. [online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20190313STO3 1218/co2-emissions-from-cars-facts-and-figures-infographics (Accessed: November 15, 2019) 44. European Parliament. (2019). Further information on the Mobility Package. [online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/pressroom/20171122IPR88617/further-information-on-the-mobility-package (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 45. European Parliament. (2019). MEPs return mobility package proposals to committee for further consideration. [online]. Available at: EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 28

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/pressroom/20180628IPR06807/meps-return-mobility-package-proposals-tocommittee-for-further-consideration (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 46. European Parliament. (2019). Mobility package: Parliament adopts position on overhaul of road transport rules. [online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/mt/pressroom/20190402IPR34671/mobility-package-parliament-adopts-position-onoverhaul-of-road-transport-rules (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 47. European Parliament. (2019). Parliamentary questions. [online].Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2019003338_EN.html (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 48. European Parliament. (2019). Review of the Clean Vehicles Directive. [online]. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EP RS_BRI(2018)614690. (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 49. European Parliament, (2019), Rules of Procedure of the European ParliamentTRAN Committee (Online). Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RULES-8-2018-07-31RESP-TRAN_EN.html?redirect (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 50. European Parliament, (2019), TRAN committee [Online]. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/tran/home.html (Accessed 9 December 2019) 51. European Parliament - Fact Sheets on the European Union. (2019) Free Movement of Persons. [online]. Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/147/free-movementof-persons. (Accessed: November 8 2019) 52. European People’s Party. (2019). EPP Manifesto. [online]. Available at: https://www.epp.eu/files/uploads/2019/05/EPP-MANIFESTO-2019.pdf (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 53. European Union, (2019), European Parliament [Online]. Available at: https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/institutions-bodies/europeanparliament_en#what-does-the-parliament-do (Accessed: November 22, 2019)

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 54. GUE-NGL (2019) Read our Climate Emergency Manifesto [online] Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/a-climate-emergency-manifesto-to-avert-climatecatastrophe/ (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 55. GUE-NGL (2019) The First and Second Road Mobility Packages: An explainer [online] Available at: https://www.guengl.eu/the-first-and-second-roadmobility-packages-an-explainer/ (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 56. ICAO. (2019) Resolution A40-19. [online]. Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmentalprotection/Documents/Assembly/Resolution_A40-19_CORSIA.pdf. (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 57. IMO.(2019) About GMN, Energy efficiency in shipping.[online] Available at: https://gmn.imo.org/about-gmn/, (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 58. IMO, (2019) Data Collection System for fuel oil consumption of ship, [online], Available at :http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPoll ution/Pages/Data-Collection-System.aspx (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 59. IMO, (2019) Greenhouse Gas Emissions [online] Available at: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollu tion/Pages/GHG-Emissions.aspx (Accessed: November 10, 2019) 60. IMO.(2019) The Global MTCC Network [online]. Available at: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/MajorProjects/Pages/IMOEuropeanUnionProject.aspx (Accessed November 21, 2019) 61. International Road Transport Union. (2019). Clean Vehicles Directive. [online]. Available at: https://www.irumobilitypackages.org/clean-vehicles-directive (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 62. International Road Transport Union. (2019). European Commission Mobility Package. [online]. Available at: https://www.iru.org/where-wework/europe/europe-overview/european-commission-mobility-package (Accessed: November 20, 2019) 63. Rassemblement National. (2019). Les 144 engagements présidentiels. [online]. Available at: https://rassemblementnational.fr/le-projet-de-marinele-pen/ (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 64. Renew Europe (2019) EU Budget 2020: A Greener Deal [online] Available at :https://reneweuropegroup.eu/en/news/1373-eu-budget-2020-a-greenerdeal/ (Accessed: November 21, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 30

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 65. Socialists and Democrats (2019), Committee on Transport and Tourism [online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/committees/committee-transportand-tourism (Accessed November 21, 2019) 66. Socialists and Democrats(2019), Reconciling environment with our economy [online] Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/what-westand-for/our-achievements/reconciling-environment-our-economy (Accessed: November 21, 2019) 67. Socialists and Democrats(2019) S&D’s regret Commission’s lack of ambition on the Mobility Package [online]Available at: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sds-regret-commissionslack-ambition-mobility-package (Accessed: November 21,2019) 68. Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform, (2016) Progress of Goal 13 (online) Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13 (Accessed November 17) 69. The Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER), (2019) Rail and Transport and Environment, Facts and Figure. page 15[online] Available at: http://www.cer.be/sites/default/files/publication/Facts%20and%20figures% 202014.pdf (Accessed: 16 November, 2019)

Further Reading 1. Center of Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering. (2009) MARPOL Convention.[online] Available at: http://www.mar.ist.utl.pt/mventura/Projecto-Navios-I/IMOConventions%20%28copies%29/MARPOL.pdf (Accessed: November 7, 2019) 2. EASA (2019) CORSIA [online] Available at: https://www.easa.europa.eu/eaer/topics/market-basedmeasures/corsia(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 3. EASA (2019) The EU Emissions Trading System[online] Available at: https://www.easa.europa.eu/eaer/topics/market-based-measures/the-euemissions-trading-system(Accessed: November 22, 2019) EUropa.S. 2020, April 10-13, Athens, Greece europas.irtea@gmail.com | www.europas.irtea.gr Page 31

EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 4. European Commission (2019) Aviation environmental report [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/2019aviation-environmental-report.pdf(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 5. European Commission (2019) Automotive environment protection[online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/automotive/environmentprotection/emissions_en(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 6. European Commission (2019).Decarbonization report – research and innovation. [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/research_and_innovation/research _by_area/documents/ec_rtd_decarbonisation-report_112018.pdf(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 7. European Commission. (2019) Mission Letter Rovana Plumb [online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/mission-letterrovana-plumb-2019_en.pdf (Accessed: November 22, 2019) 8. European Commission (2019) Press Corner[online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_17_2822(Access ed: November 22, 2019) 9. European Parliament (2019) Emissions from cars- Facts and Figures [online] Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20190313STO3 1218/co2-emissions-from-cars-facts-and-figures-infographics(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 10. European Parliament (2019) ICAO Agreement from CO2 emissions from aviation [online] Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2019/640169/EPRS_ ATA(2019)640169_EN.pdf(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 11. European Parliament (2019) Legislative Train – Resilience energy union with a climate change policy[online] Available at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-resilient-energyunion-with-a-climate-change-policy/file-heavy-duty-vehicles-co2-emissionsand-fuel-efficiency(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 12. ICAO (2019) CORSIA [online] Available at: https://www.icao.int/environmentalprotection/Pages/A39_CORSIA_FAQ2.aspx(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 13. IRU. (2019) Mobility Package 1 [online] Available at: https://www.irumobilitypackages.org/documents/IRU-MB-01.pdf(Accessed: November 22, 2019)

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EUropa.S. 2020 European Parliament TRAN Committee, “Moving towards a zero-emission transportation system within the EU borders under the framework of the Commission’s Mobility Package” Study Guide 14. IRU. (2019) Mobility Package 2 [online] Available at: https://www.irumobilitypackages.org/documents/IRU-MB-02.pdf(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 15. IRU. (2019) Mobility Package 3[online] Available at: https://www.irumobilitypackages.org/documents/IRU-MB-03.pdf(Accessed: November 22, 2019) 16. Transport & Environment. (2019) Shipping’s impact on air-quality[online]. Available at:https://www.transportenvironment.org/what-we-do/shippingand-environment/shipping%E2%80%99s-impact-air-quality(Accessed: November 9, 2019) 17. United Nations Climate Change. (2019) The Paris Agreement [online]. Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/theparis-agreement (Accessed: November 22, 2019)

Useful Links 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Website of the EPP Party: https://www.epp.eu/ Website of the S&D Party: https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/ Website of the Renew Europe Party: https://reneweuropegroup.eu/ Website of the ID Party: https://www.id-party.eu/ Website of the GUE-NGL Party: https://www.guengl.eu/

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