What are community-based structures?

Community-based structures are any formal or informal groups that facilitate community participation. For the purposes of this review, we limit the scope to groups within the education space, including formal and nonformal education. INEE defines community participation in education as the process and activities that allow community members to be heard, empowering them to be part of decision-making processes and enabling them to take direct action on education issues12.

Two main factors influence the degree to which community members influence education systems: their location in relation to the formal (or informal) education system and the extent of their authority.

Community actors typically operate as part of the decentralised process within the larger education system; however they may also be autonomously established and operated. The decentralisation of authority and decision-making over school operations works differently across contexts, meaning the space available for community influence yields a wide range of types of community-school linkages. Linkages –and by extension, the level of decision-making power – reflect the level of school autonomy. Communities have a greater range of influences when schools have greater autonomy; where schools have restrictions on the types of decisions they oversee, communities have limited avenues to influence education decisions.13

However, as formal systems have a reduced capacity to deliver quality education in emergency and/or in low resource contexts, schoolbased structures generally become less relevant, and communitybased structures take prominence. Impervious to the extent of school autonomy, community-based structures take on a central role in relation to education systems and can garner increased levels of authority. In emergency contexts, CBSs are increasingly relied upon by national and local government and non-governmental bodies to help prioritise and strategise solutions to issues as they arise. Community-based structures’ involvement in education decisions can be active or passive; they tend to be more active during emergencies. In the INEE Standards14, an active role of community members in education in emergencies is a core Standard: Emergency-affected community members actively participate in assessing, planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the education programmes