Winter 2018
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INTELLIGENT GLASS SOLUTIONS
IGS interviews Dr. Fritz Gartner Cities 2070: What is truly sustainable? A city in a building in a city
ALL THIS…and heaven still to come
The magic of Christmas starts with Lanson
Crafted with care. Best enjoyed the same way. www.lansonchampagne.com
WELCOME To Intelligent Glass Solutions (IGS) Winter Glass Supper 2018 Special Edition (SE)
“Thank You” to all who have contributed to this issue of the industry’s most popular and beloved periodical
A big hug from all at IGS
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INTELLIGENT GLASS SOLUTIONS
The Award Winning Edge, Amsterdam Photo by Ronald Tilleman
Read all about this project on page 81
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INTELLIGENT GLASS SOLUTIONS
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INTELLIGENT GLASS SOLUTIONS
INSIDE TH
“...this article explores alternative urban futures that embrace density while navigating local environmental conditions across disparate regions, with an eye toward creating sustainable cities that will endure beyond 2070”. Antony Wood, CEO of The Council for Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat (CTBUH). page 12
“Macao now hosts 39 modern casinos. The six concessionaires/ operators are all investing in expansion programmes (estimated £18bn) building new and expanding existing integrated resorts on a huge scale. These developments offer extensive opportunities to UK Companies in the Creative, Experience Economy, Construction, ICT and operational supply chain sectors”. Frances Moffett-Kouadio Director of Trade at the British Consulate-General Hong Kong & Macau. page 20
“For 25 years, BCDA has acted as an enabler, a conduit between the government and the private sector in building for progress and prosperity, creating not just cities but premier communities where people live with dignity”. Vivencio B,Dizon President & CEO BCDA, The Philippines. page 26
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I S I SS U E
INTELLIGENT GLASS SOLUTIONS
“Architecture is, by its very nature, synthesis, not separation — the synthesis of ideas, intentions, people, materials into form and space in time and light, and the synthesis of the man-made with nature. As with any artist’s work, architecture will inevitably have the architects ownpersonality embodied within and outside it. This is the unquestionable origin of the art in architecture and the characteristic that gives architecture its tangible humanity”. Ian Ritchie Ian Ritchie Architects. page 34
“When BAU opens its gates on January 14, 2019, the 18 halls will be booked up to the very last square meter; the increase in space will lead to a new exhibitor record. Around 40% of the exhibitors come from abroad, which corresponds to a hike of six percent compared with 2017. On the visitor side, there are good chances that the level of 250,000 visitors will be exceeded”. Mirko Arend Execute Director BAU 2019. page 39
“My main concern is how people can live comfortably in a building and work efficiently. As the interface between the inside and the outside, the building envelope in particular controls the light and the room climate, and therefore the users’ well-being. Façades made of glass and metal should first protect against wind and weather conditions and at the same time provide high transparency. To achieve this, many and often conflicting constructional requirements must be met”. Dr.Fritz Gartner, Josef Gartner GmbH. page 50
“The ability of these technologies to modify translucency add the next step in technology to the glass skin. However, the translucency always has an effect on both light transmission and solar gain. Can we have a system that can control either one i.e. change the solar gain while maintaining consistent light transmission?” Graham Coult, Eckersley O’Callaghan. page 104
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INTELLIGENT GLASS SOLUTIONS
CONTENTS
12
50
Introduction
*Cover Story*
12
Antony Wood: CEO of the Council for Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat
50 IGS Interview: Dr. Fritz Gartner, a lifetime at the top….in his own words
Cities 2070: What is truly Sustainable?
C a s e S t u d i e s - Architectural Projects
Executive Boardroom Commentary
62 Hot curves or cold bent…You Choose! Jurgen Wax: CEO Josef Gartner GmbH
20 New projects in HK & Macao offers prosperity to British businesses Frances Moffett-Kouadio: British Trade Commissioner for Hong Kong & Macao
70 Skygarden with a green heart …..and a whole lotta Seoul Kyo Suk Lee: MVRDV Architects
26 The rise of a green and smart city Vince Dizon: President & CEO of BCDA Philippines
34 Does art have a purpose in architecture? Ian Ritchie: Founding Partner Ian Ritchie Architects
81
The Award Winning EDGE Building in Amsterdam Ron Bakker PLP Architects
90 Cities within cities – The bigger Picture Astrid Piber & Ben van Berkel UNStudio 97 Zhuhai International CEC Phase 2 Gordon Afflek Design Partner 10 Design
40 Looking into the future of building – NOW is Tomorrow! Mirko Arend: Exhibition Director BAU 2019
104 Steve Jobs Theater - It’s there, and it’s not there. Graham Coult: EOC Engineers
44 London is growing up Stuart Baillie: Head of Planning for London & the Southeast at GL Hearn
110 Learning from past masters, the Oscar Niemeyer Project merging different ages Harald Kern: Harald Kern Architects
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CONTENTS
70
140
Now is Tomorrow - Technology 114 The Lightwellness of being Bruce Nicol: MERCK GROUP 120 Harbin Bank HQ in Sanyuanqiao District Beijing Russell Gilchrist 126 Choose your glass with “Glass Pro” physico-realistic rendering Maureen Tsagouria: SAINT-GOBAIN BUILDING GLASS EUROPE
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131 Designing curtainwalls to accommodate building movement Danny Birrell: KAWNEER 135 Smart silicone applications for modern glass facades Valerie Hayez & Markus Plettau : DOW 140 Everything must change, nothing stays the same Rouven Seidler: SEEN GmbH
Intelligent Glass Solutions • An IPL magazine
Front Cover Image: Futuristic rendering Courtesy of CTBUH Student competition Intelligent Glass Solutions is Published by Intelligent Publications Limited (IPL)
INTELLIGENT GLASS SOLUTIONS
ISSN: 1742-2396 Publisher: NIck Beaumont Accounts: Jamie Quy
WINTER 2018
IGS interviews Dr. Fritz Gartner Cities 2070: What is truly sustainable? A city in a building in a city
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All this…and heaven still to come
Editor: Sean Peters Production Manager: Kath James Director of International Business Network Development: Roland Philip Manager of International Business Network Development: Maria Jasiewicz Marketing Director: Lewis Wilson Design Director: Antony Parselle
Page Design Advisor: Arima Regis Design and Layout in the UK by: aparselledesign Tel: +44 (0) 1727 811842 Intelligent Glass Solutions is a quarterly publication. The annual subscription rates are £79 (UK) , £89 (Ireland & Mainland Europe), & £99 (Rest of the World) Email: nick@intelligentpublications.com Published by: Intelligent Publications Limited 3rd Floor, Omnibus House, 39-41 North Road, London N7 9DP, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 7703 487744 Email: nick@intelligentpublications.com www.igsmag.com
The entire content of this publication is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. None of the content in this publication can be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, without permission, in writing, from the copyright owner. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this publication, however the publisher does not accept any liability for ommissions or inaccuracies. Authors’ views are not necessarily endorsed by the publisher.
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BUILDING GLASS EUROPE
Welcome to the future Our favourite end of year gathering has arrived, the Roundhouse in Chalk Farm plays host to circa 400 leaders as we celebrate this wonderful industry at this years amazing Glass Supper. A celebration of smart people that put the “P” into Power, Passion, Performance and Productivity. Clever, or should I say “smart” individuals who demonstrate an innate, biologically determined ability to achieve their goals, these individuals never give up. We have been fortunate to work with a number of such individuals in this edition of IGS magazine, starting with none other than the remarkable powerhouse known as Antony Wood. If you ever meet Antony make sure you’re holding onto something tight, that might save you from being knocked off your feet by the tsunami that follows in his wake. Courtesy of a competition organised by the CTBUH we look through the eyes of young architectural students to see how they envision cities, and life itself 50 years from now. We open this issue with an incisive article that delves deep into the minds of some of this industry’s brightest young things and reveal how they see....life in the world to come. The British Trade Commissioner for Hong Kong & Macao, Frances Moffett-Kouadio said 2 years ago there was a lot of work in the Asia Pacific region for British companies. Read for yourself part.1 of this outstandingly gripping expose that promises sustainable prosperity to businesses that have the capability to step up to the plate. There really is just so much to read in this fantastic magazine it’s an affront to leave any anybody out, and it’s all good! I know you’re dying to get in there and start reading the articles so just quickly let me say, we are so, so happy to have had another chance to interview Dr. Fritz Gartner, the pages of IGS have been beautified umpteen times over the years, because of the wonderful images supplied by Josef Gartner GmbH. Graham Coult of Eckersley O’Callaghan has provided the kind of editorial we’ve always been keen on publishing in IGS. In his article which starts on P82, Graham discusses the award winning Steve Jobs theater (US Spelling) in Cupertino we know so well, but then goes on to ask a pointed question I’ve heard architects bemoan so many times. Can somebody develop a system that controls the solar gain without diminishing light transmission? And there you have it folks, the glass industries “Holy Grail”. We would like to say a heartfelt thank you to ALL those who have contributed to this December Glass Supper 2018 Special Edition of IGS, it’s been a super issue to work on with some great conversations along the way - Thank You! This is IGS, Nothing more, nothing less.....nothing else! See you in the Roundhouse at the Glass Supper.
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
Cities 2070: Antony Wood, CEO, CTBUH AUTHORS: Antony Wood, Chief Executive Officer, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Studio Associate Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago Peng Du, China Office Director & Academic Coordinator, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Visiting Assistant Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago
Featuring student work by: Andrew Armetta, Junho Choi, Jared Davis, Kevin Kosciulek, Yeonjung Nam, Kurt Perenchio, Junemo Yang and Greta Zola Illinois Institute of Technology
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Introduction The early 21st century marked a watershed moment in which the world recognized the importance of “sustainable” thinking, where the long-term effects of human activities became a consideration in decisionmaking, and the prospects of a future society operating in harmony with the natural environment seemed possible. The development trajectory of many cities changed course, with a focus on reducing emissions and energy usage, and a heightened consciousness surrounding the lifecycle impacts of industrial activities and consumption. Against this backdrop, the inherent sustainability of the tall building – and dense urban growth at large – has been debated extensively. This trend towards greater urban sustainability has been challenged recently, on a geo-political level, with several commitments to combat climate change reneged on. Against this backdrop, there is also a bigger question: what if cities become inherently unviable in the future due to their geographic location and the increasing effects of climate change? The severity of devastating climatic events presents a clear risk to many of the world’s biggest cities. In this respect, the sustainability of individual buildings becomes a moot point, if the city itself is unviable. We must therefore confront the environmental realities threatening the long-term existence of a city before we can demonstrate truly sustainable building typologies. Through showcasing research and theoretical design work from academic studios convened over several years at the Illinois Institute of Technology, this article explores alternative urban futures that embrace density while navigating local environmental conditions across disparate regions, with an eye toward creating sustainable cities that will endure beyond 2070.
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
What is Truly Sustainable? Selected student projects:
Studio Objectives
Blossoming Nuclei: Marshland page 14
The aims of the studios were: a) To explore and resolve the synergistic relationship of considering a city in a unique environmental setting. b) To explore how that city can be inspired by the local cultural, physical, and environmental conditions. c) To determine the programmatic brief for that city/area based on micro and macro urban studies.
Mountain/Highlands
d) To understand the issues involved with designing an urban area containing multiple functions.
page 18
City at Sea
Urban Bridge: Polar Tundra
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page 16
page 17
e) To understand how considerations of history, culture, economy, environment, infrastructure, program, etc. are as vital to the success of the architecture as place, function, form, etc. f) To develop the design of the city and building in some detail, in order to properly investigate and understand the relationship between the design and the making of spaces and places.
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
Blossoming Nuclei: Marshland Location: Sudd Marsh, South Sudan, Africa Inspired by the sediment island dwellings and connecting water paths carved through the floating vegetation, the future development of a city within the Sudd Marsh in South Sudan, Africa, incorporates a densely connected network of urban pockets while integrating vital agriculture, water collection, and transportation infrastructures. Acting as a physical visualization of the water cycle, the Sudd City will facilitate the production of renewable energy, clean drinking water, abundant food supply, economic stimuli, and educational opportunities. Among their many functions and contributions, inland marshes recharge groundwater supplies, act as a reliable reservoir during droughts. They slow and store flood waters, reducing damage and mitigating runoff. However, climate projections indicate that the Sudd will no longer experience a regular pattern of wet and dry seasons but periods of extreme rain followed by elongated droughts. Without architectural intervention, the Sudd is incapable of storing enough water to sustain the delicate ecosystem. In order to combat these extremes, the Sudd City combines water collection systems into the infrastructure used for transportation to not only collect extra water in the intense rainy season, but more importantly, to release that extra water back to the marsh during the extended dry period. This will maintain the balance of the ecosystem as climate disruption alters the seasonal regularity. This water will both be stored for release in the future to revitalize the marsh as well as hydrate its citizens in the interim. The water collected using the transportation infrastructure will be pumped into each building section. As it reaches the outrigger level, the water is diverted to the vegetation corridor on each building. The water is then deviated down through each floor of the building and the vegetation that exists there acts as a natural filter to purify the water in the same manner as the marsh currently functions. Once it reaches the bottom of that section of the building, it is then pumped into the core of the building, to be stored in tanks that act alternatively as a stabilizing device within the structure.
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
City at Sea Location: Manila Bay, Phillippines The greater South China Sea is plagued by pollution and coral devastation, and cities on its shores are already inundated by sea level rise. Manila, in particular, has reached a critical state and faces an unfortunate future. But its subtropical climate can be leveraged for its sustainable resources. The concept of the city at sea is to embrace the water rather than run from it; to clean the environment instead of polluting it. The new oceanic typology aims to imitate the environment of the South China Sea. The form took inspiration from the rock islands of Ha Long and Manila Bay. To achieve this, a rectangular bundled tube system is stepped to provide numerous skyspaces, which are used for recreation, civic functions and vertical agriculture. The bundled tube system is then wrapped with 24 vertical parallel fins that dissect the building, in turn providing shading from any angle. Located just north of the equator, the sun shines on Manila Bay from the north in the summer and from the south in winter. The fins also collect rainwater as it cascades down the tower, which then drains into a treatment facility in the hull of the tower for consumption. The tower is supported by a buoyant raft at sea level and a radial double-hull system underwater. The raft consists of 8 floors rising 27 meters. The upper floors of the raft are used for retail and services, while the bottom of the raft is used for mechanical equipment. Sandwiched between the two are docks used for deliveries, exports, shipping and transportation. The rafts meet at sea level with concave and convex connections which form canals for marine transport. The connections are rigid and help stabilize individual towers. Together, the rafts form a collective that resembles a cluster of lilypads, creating a false ground in the middle of the ocean.
200m
100m
BIOLOGY
100m 146 psi 200m 292 psi 300m 438 psi 400m 584 psi
SUNLIT ZONE 200m
TWILIGHT ZONE
700m 1022 psi
ECOLOGY 0-70m Coral growth
Turtles Mackerel Dolphins
0-200m Seagrass growth
Faster
– 13°C – Photosynthesis not possible
500m 730 psi 600m 876 psi
Tuna Jellyfish Shark
Shrimp Swordfish Whale Octopus
CURRENT STRENGTH
0m
800m 1168 psi 900m 1314 psi
Slower
1000m 1460 psi
1000m
1100m 1606 psi
– 4°C – No sunlight
1200m 1752 psi 1300m 1898 psi
MIDNIGHT ZONE
Angler Fish Giant Squid
1400m 2044 psi
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
Urban Bridge: Polar Tundra Location: Greenland The mission of Urban Bridge is to create energyand mobility-independent complexes, regenerate the ice sheet and reverse the process of climate change and its impacts on the earth. The project is organized into three main components: a high-density urban tower, a technical tower that includes transportation and energy plant within a linear wall shape. Between these, public spaces and entertainment spaces that bridge between the two. Spaces for social interaction are established in several pockets throughout the building. On the highest floor in the technical layer, there is a “Hyperloop� and metro platform, from which people can depart for the other urban areas. The transportation hub connects to public spaces, such as parks, that are located between the technical layer and urban layers. In addition, urban layers follow the natural topography of Greenland, occupying the valleys, and in so doing helps to prevent ice from melting. The park landscape that mediates between the existing viaduct and the various access points throughout the site. Each of the three components are given their own unique character, and by blending them into a continuous field they produce a differentiated system that accommodates diverse and overlapping programs at a hyper-dense urban scale.
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
Mountain/Highlands: Location: Sikkim, India This project explored the sustainability and resiliency in urban environments within the context of population growth and climate change, proposing a new city location to house the future displaced population of Bangladesh in the southern Himalayas. The city follows valleys from the low-lying southern end of Sikkim (~300 m elevation) to the northern end (~6,000 m elevation). At cruxes within the valleys, city hubs extend up the mountain ridges, taking advantage of the elevation changes. Development of the city form took advantage of existing mountain landscapes, mimicking processes already happening within the natural mountain forms. The building sought to create protected areas where snow or vegetation could accumulate, like those along the existing landscape. A “living wall” both protects the inhabitants within, and provides a form of infrastructure, taking advantage of
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the mountain climate. The layout of the city focuses around tower hubs that contain multiple infrastructure types. The building concept starts by creating an artificial snow pack at the crown of the skyscraper. The building location allows the top of the structure to be heavily exposed to the mountain climate, creating an area to collect snow, solar, and wind energy, to support the population below. The living wall provides shelter from the harsh weather and winds at the high altitude, but also allows for dispersed protected zones throughout the façade for vegetation growth and water collection. These living walls contain all building services, including transportation and mechanical systems, and a system of water collection taking advantage of the high humidity and snowfall in the region within. The buildings themselves act in clusters of multiple uses, with the number of portions reducing as the building rises. Inside the different building functions are large open interior spaces, allowing light and air to flow, creating a common space shielded from the mountain climate. The walls of the building are 3D-printed, with modular units added in, allowing for ease of construction in the harsh terrain.
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INTRODUCTION: CITIES 2020
Existing Cities in the Most Sustainable Locations? The scope of the design brief for the studio was to create new cities in environments that would be most adaptable to a changing climate. It is worth examining in parallel the location of urbanized land today, and evaluating this against the climate conditions at different latitudes, longitudes and elevations, in pursuit of the question, “Where are the most inherently viable places to build cities that will thrive beyond 2070?” Today, there are 224 urban areas with a population over 2 million. This exercise subjected each of these cities to a set of risks that are or will be prevalent in their given settings. The results are summarized here: • A sea level rise of 6 meters by 2070 would result in the potential inundation of 115 cities (51%). • Hurricanes would affect 37 cities (17%) worldwide. • Tornadoes at level 4 (the highest frequency and greatest intensity) would affect three cities (1% of the total), all of which are in the United States. • Seismic hazard levels 4 and 5, the highest peak ground acceleration, would affect 45 cities (20%). • Areas experiencing water stress (shortages and pollution) at the highest levels, e.g. 18-20, would affect 85 cities (38%). • In predominantly “cold” areas, defined as having 2,500 or more annual hearing degree days, 56 cities (25%) would be affected. In predominantly “hot” areas, defined as those having 1,250 or more annual cooling degree days, 108 cities (48%) would be considered uncomfortable for a large portion of the year.
References GFZ (1999). Global Seismic Hazard Map. German Research Centre for Geosciences. [Online]: https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/ GSHAP/ (Accessed October 16, 2018) MAPLECROFT (2012). Water Stress Index 2012. [Online]: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_2103.pdf (Accessed October 16, 2018)
• The combined number of cities whose viability would be seriously placed into question by temperature extremes was 164 (73%). • The number of cities unaffected by the above totaled 59 (26%). They are clustered in numerous locations around the globe, including the Mid-Atlantic areas of the U.S. some distance from the coast; southwest Portugal and Spain, central China, and the northeastern portion of South Africa. It should be emphasized that these are conservative estimates, as the climatological parameters are based on the profile of these regions as they exist today. In many cases, by 2070, the conditions described are likely to be more severe.
Conclusion: Are We Ready for 2070? As readers will likely already know and appreciate, the codes and safety measures cities undertake are largely based on predictions of a return rate of a certain kind of event in a certain area. For example, a “1,000-year” rain could be expected to deliver a catastrophic amount of water only once every 1,000 years. But it has recently become obvious that these assumptions no longer hold true in many parts of the world, as “1,000-year events” now seem to happen every few years. The “new normal” of climate change is already underway, and the design assumptions that are meant to keep our cities safe need to be radically reconsidered – now. While the project concepts discussed here may seem far-fetched, it is by no means too soon to begin thinking at the scale of mass relocations of urban areas away from threat zones. If the current generation of students graduating now emerges into the professional world with this sensibility, we stand a better chance of devising solutions that are more forward-thinking and radical. We really have no choice.
MOURSHED, M. (2016). Climatic parameters
PARRY, W. (2012). Future Sea-Level Rise
for building energy applications: A temporal-
Foreshadowed in 3-Million-Year-Old Rocks.
geospatial assessment of temperature
Live Science, March 21, 2012. Map of the
indicators. Renewable Energy (94),
Earth with a long-term 6-metre (20 ft) sea
August 2016, p. 55-71. [Online]: https://
level rise represented in red. Image Credit:
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
NASA [Online]: https://www.livescience.
S0960148116302051
com/19212-sea-level-rise-ancient-future.html
(Accessed October 16, 2018)
(Accessed October 16, 2018)
MUNICH RE (2011). Nathan World Map
WIKIPEDIA (2018). 224 urban areas
of Natural Hazards. [Online]: https://
with population of over two million.
abruptearthchanges.files.wordpress.
[Online]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
com/2017/12/munich-re-hazard-map-big.jpg
List_of_urban_areas_by_population#/media/
(Accessed October 16, 2018)
File:Cities2million.png (Accessed October 16, 2018)
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EXECUTIVE BOARDROOM COMMENTARY
New projects in Hong offer prosperity to Frances Moffett-Kouadio: Director of Trade at the British Consulate-General Hong Kong & Macao restoration and re-purposing of their heritage buildings. Their smaller neighbour Macao (also a Special Administrative Region of China) has a booming economy on the back of gambling and tourism. Both SARs offer multiple opportunities for UK businesses.
Creative Industries in Hong Kong and Macao – Opportunities and Priorities
Anyone who has ever visited Hong Kong cannot fail to be impressed by the amazing infrastructure, the efficiency of the airport and railway system and the beauty of the national parks, mountains and beaches. Hong Kong remains a thriving global financial and trading centre, as well as a real home from home in Asia for us Brits. Since the 1997 “handover”, Hong Kong has operated under “One Country, Two Systems”, retaining autonomy over their legal system (Common Law), governance, regulation etc., with the PRC Government responsible for Defence and Foreign policy only. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) Government also enjoy an enviable annual surplus and continue to invest in the next generation of worldleading infrastructure, including a new cultural hub in West Kowloon, a world class sports stadium at Kai Tak, new hospitals and university buildings, as well as the
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In Hong Kong, the creative sector is seen as an economic force with around 40,500 creative industry related establishments and more than 213,800 employees – with a leading edge in key areas of creative industries such as film, music, design, architecture, advertising, and digital entertainment etc. Together they contribute an added value to Hong Kong’s GDP of more than HK$108 billion, or around 4.7% of the total GDP in 2015. The West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD) is the largest cultural initiative of its kind in the world – a major centre for music, performing and visual arts on a dramatic harbour-front site at the heart of Hong Kong, with 17 new venues to be developed in a number of phases stretching beyond 2020. The first phase of facilities being commissioned between 2018 and 2022 include the Xiqu Centre, M+, Art Park, Freespace and the Lyric Theatre Complex. Museums and Cultural Services: All 14 museums are managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) – the 5 major ones are the Museum of Art,
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EXECUTIVE BOARDROOM COMMENTARY
Kong & Macao British businesses
The West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD) is the largest cultural initiative of its kind in the world
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EXECUTIVE BOARDROOM COMMENTARY
Science Museum, Space Museum, Heritage Museum, and Museum of History. Annual large-scale thematic exhibitions are held beside the permanent exhibitions. Extension activities such as lectures, classes, film shows, guided tours, demonstrations, workshops and travelling exhibitions are also organised throughout the year. Theme Parks: Ocean Park, which opened in 1977 and has 7.7 million visitors annually, is equipped with worldclass animal attractions, thrill rides and shows across 8 zones. Two premium hotels with nearly 1,000 rooms and an all-weather Water World catering for 10,500 visitors daily should be completed by 2020.
Hong Kong Disneyland opened in 2005 and has six million visitors annually, it is the fifth Disney Resort in the world. Apart from the existing seven themed areas and three hotels, upcoming projects include redesigning the Sleeping Beauty Castle, launching Frozen Land and Marvel Land. Shopping Malls: There are over 100 shopping malls in various styles and sizes. Some are attached to MTR stations, residential and office towers. Main developers include Sun Hung Kai, Swire, The Wharf, HK Land, Henderson and MTR. A new large-scale retail project “Sky City” will be located at the Hong Kong International Airport and is now connected to the Greater Bay area
Macao now hosts 39 modern casinos. The six concessionaires/operators are all investing in expansion programmes (estimated £18bn) building new and expanding existing integrated resorts on a huge scale. Over 100 shopping malls ranging from various styles and sizes, some are attached to residential/office towers. In Hong Kong, the creative sector is seen as an economic force with around 40,500 creative industry related establishments and more than 213,800 employees The UK Department of International Trade (DIT) has been actively involved in the Hong Kong, Macao and China markets to promote UK Education and Training products and services
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EXECUTIVE BOARDROOM COMMENTARY
of South China by the new Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the longest sea bridge in the world.
Creative Industries in Macao In 2002, the Macao government ended the monopoly system originally granted to STDM, a syndicate of Hong Kong and Macao business representatives. Initially three (later six) casino operating concessions (and subconcessions) were granted and are now held by SJM, (an 80% owned subsidiary of STDM), Wynn Resorts, Sands China, Galaxy Entertainment Group, MGM China Holdings (a partnership between MGM and Pansy Ho), and Melco.
educational links. 32 new British schools will open in China this year alone, and three new British Schools have opened in the last few years in Hong Kong, with more interested in opening in the near future. The UK Department of International Trade (DIT) has been actively involved in the Hong Kong, Macao and China markets to promote UK Education and Training products and services, particularly in the following sub-sectors: School Design, Build and Operation (DBO), Further and Professional Training and Educational Technology. Hong Kong’s core education opportunities
Macao now hosts 39 modern casinos. The six concessionaires/operators are all investing in expansion programmes (estimated £18bn) building new and expanding existing integrated resorts on a huge scale. These resort developments offer extensive opportunities to UK Companies in the Creative, Experience Economy, Construction, ICT and operational supply chain sectors. Macao is resource limited (population 600,000) and imports almost all goods and services required to service its 31 million (2016) visitors and 36,000 hotel rooms. Gaming revenue has been recovering and has risen yearon-year since August 2016 after 26 months of decline. The revenue totalled US$2.79bn in May 2017, up to 23.7% as compared to that of 2016. The unemployment rate in Macao remained low at 1.9%; Fiscal Reserves jumped to US$54.8bn in 2016. In response the six operators are now targeting the mass market which is approximately 4 times more profitable than the junket market. They are aiming to increase their non-gaming revenue from the present 6% to nearer the 64% generated in Las Vegas. In addition, Macao has many beautiful heritage buildings in need of restoration and repurposing.
Hong Kong and Macao Unlimited Opportunities for UK education businesses Hong Kong and China continue to be thriving markets for new-to-market British Schools and for trans-national
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• Education reform • Standards of English • Skills development • Sustainable school design, build and operation Macao’s core education opportunities • Education system • Vocational Education • Sustainable school design, build and operation
Healthcare in Hong Kong – Opportunities and Priorities The UK has a lot of recent experience of transforming UK hospitals, improving procurement and introducing new technological solutions to support both the design, build and operation of hospitals as well as patient care, that Hong Kong is keen to learn from.
The Hong Kong Hospital Authority’s £20 billion ten-year hospital plan x 2 Hong Kong is a developed health economy and considers its peers to be Singapore, the UK and Australia. The Hospital Authority (HA) is a statutory public body, providing around 90% of all acute care, and around 30% of all community care in Hong Kong. On 15th September 2016, the Hospital Authority launched phase 1 of their HK$200 billion hospital re-development plan, which includes the construction of a new 2400 bed
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acute hospital, refurbishment or extension of 11 existing hospitals and the construction of three community health centres over the next 10 years. In 2017, they announced Phase 2 of their hospital plan, with greater emphasis on community and elderly care and mental health. The volume of public infrastructure work, especially in the health sector, is driving the need for JV’s, partnerships or subcontracting, all of which have expanded the likelihood of business wins for UK companies working in this area.
Hong Kong International Airport Expansion – Opportunities and Priorities The Third Runway Project: This £14bn project, due for completion in 2024, will see a third runway and concourse built at Hong Kong International Airport as well as the redevelopment and expansion of the existing Terminal 2 and the extension of the automated people mover (APM) and baggage handling systems (BHS). Work on the reclamation began in late 2016. The new runway (3.8km long) is being built on 650 hectares of reclaimed land in an area of ecological sensitivity. There is significant engineering complexity, with deep cement mixing required. The reclamation phase of the project is currently underway and a series of construction tenders have been issued during 2017/2018. The large new concourse for the third runway (283,000 sq. m) will provide 57 parking positions with a mix of terminal stands and remote stands. Terminal 2 will undergo an extensive redevelopment and be extended to increase its passenger-handling capacity and create a full processing facility. Plans are also progressing for Sky City, a major new retail destination situated to the east of Terminal 2 and to the south of the Asia World-Expo conference and events centre. There are a broader set of opportunities at the airport relating to security, cargo, aircraft
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maintenance, and ground handling activities at the airport. International opportunities are likely to focus on operational consultancy, technology and specialist equipment.
Rail in Hong Kong – Opportunities and Priorities Hong Kong operates a predominantly rail based transportation system, with average daily patronage of 5.6 million on the MTR network. This rail based strategy will remain at the core of the long-term planning for Hong Kong public transport. The West Island Line, the Kwun Tong Line Extension and South Island Line (East) were completed in 2014 and 2016 respectively. The Express Rail Link to China was recently completed (in October 2018) as well. Phase 1 of the Shatin to Central Link (SCL) is due for completion in 2019, whilst Phase 2 should be completed by 2021. Upcoming developments include: • Railway Development Strategy (RDS) 2014 – Hong Kong’s future railway network up to 2031 was announced in September 2014 • Recommended schemes (six new extensions and one station worth £8 billion • Indicative implementation window: 2018 -2026 • Priority given to Tuen Mun South Extension, Northern Link and Kwu Tung Station, East Kowloon Line and Tung Chung West Extension and possible Tung Chung East Station. These four priority schemes have an estimated total capital outlay of £6 billion. For new railway projects in the medium and longer term, MTRC will take forward four new priority schemes in phases, starting with detailed planning and engineering designs for the Tuen Mun South Extension, the Northern Link (and Kwu Tung Station), East Kowloon Line and Tung Chung West Extension. While the prime contracts might go to non-British companies, there will be lots of sub-contracting opportunities with their main partners and some of these sub-contracts are very large.
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Global Sports Development: Kai Tak Sports Park, Hong Kong This project is a transformation of the former Kai Tak airport into a green and quality living environment with major sports, leisure and tourism facilities.
So why should you choose Hong Kong to expand your business in Asia? Open market, free port, low taxation, free flow of information, rule of law • “Freest economy”
Highlights of this project:
• Implementation and application of regulations is mostly transparent
• A huge and highly complex development project: 320 ha (compared to 110 ha for Canary Wharf)
• Barriers to imports of UK products generally very low, if any
– Domestic GFA: 2 million sq. m
• Common Law
– Non-domestic GFA: 2 million sq. m
• A home-from-home in Asia
• A mix of community, sports, housing, business, tourism and infrastructural uses proposed. • 30% green open spaces; 11 km of waterfront promenade. Population about 90,000. • Kai Tak Sports Park (KTSP) • Kai Tak hospital development • Environmentally friendly linkage system • “Kai Tak Fantasy”- 90 ha area including the former runway and the enclosed water body has been identified for development into a major tourism and entertainment destination The HK$32 billion KTSP is a high priority project. Venues and facilities at KTSP include: • Main Stadium (MS) • Indoor Sports Centre (ISC) • Public Sports Ground (PSG) • Public Open Space (POS) • Retail • Dining Cove Besides KTSP, the Government will spend a total of HK$20 billion in the coming five years to launch 26 projects to develop new or improve existing sports and recreation facilities to a total of 54 venues. In addition to the hardware, specialist services and supply chains related to stadia and arena builds, DIT Hong Kong has been using the KTSP as a means to promote the UK’s wider sporting capabilities, notably in advanced engineering and expertise in the development and manufacture of sporting technologies that underpinned the success of the London 2012 Olympics, as well as the UK’s elite athletes programme, coach training and community and school sports development.
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Shop window for mainland China, especially the Greater Bay Area • The most international Chinese city and the most Chinese international city • After two years of decline in mainland visitor arrivals, Hong Kong is experiencing a rebound. In 2017, HK received 58.5m visitors in total (3.2% growth on 2016), spending HK$296.7bn whilst in the city. CLSA forecasts Hong Kong’s inbound tourism to rise to 66m in 2020 with mainland tourists increasing by 3.7% annually Major trading hub • Sophisticated logistical/financial services and distribution links • Efficient port terminal + free port = attractive for reexports • Unrivalled connectivity through air, rail, road and sea to mainland China and international markets within Asia.
DIT have a presence in over 100 countries. Register at www.GREAT.gov.uk to access our export opportunities from around the globe. For further information on the opportunities in Hong Kong and Macao, please contact frances.moffett-kouadio2@fco.gov.uk
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The Rise of a Green and “New Clark City is the first smart city in the Philippines. Aside from future developments inside the city such as the government center and world-class facilities for international sporting events, it’s the first time that the government is investing in building a city for the people. Modern structures in New Clark City will provide an efficient flow of services and massive transportation system, while preserving a huge portion on green spaces” BCDA President and CEO Vivencio Dizon
The environment, recognized as the most precious resource of our times, must no longer be a dispensable element in urban planning. A truly innovative city must be able not only to preserve this resource but integrate it into urban lifestyle and culture. It must also be able to utilize its environmental resources to mitigate or withstand the onslaught of natural calamities, which frequently devastate most Philippine urban and agricultural areas.
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One of the great attractions of the Philippines is its natural tropical beauty—beaches, mountains, and green fields which have cultivated its vibrant cities and towns. In a country blessed with such abundance, it’s not difficult to imagine paradise—created around nature’s best, while possessing access to modern comforts. While the congested mega-city that is Metro Manila may
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The Philippine government’s largest and most ambitious project New Clark City is a mixed-use master planned community, where selfsufficiency and totality define the combination of business, commercial, residential, institutional, and industrial zones. The city will be powered by the most innovative energy technologies, making this exciting initiative one of the most advanced cities in the world.
Smart City
no longer fit the bill for today’s society, there is relief in knowing the direction of green living is going north of the metro—towards the historic and verdant city of Clark, now poised to showcase the fusion of world class urbanity and the charmed, laid back lifestyle Filipinos immensely enjoy in the countryside. New Clark City is a development that dares to redefine
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how a city should be—thereby reinventing its elements. Its infrastructure must be created around the needs and desires of its residents. It should be beautiful, yes— for a liveable space is also one that delights the senses and feeds the soul. A city should not only be functional and efficient, but also sustainable, utilizing innovations to bolster the long-term—a city that sees far into the future.
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The city of the future is being built from the ground up—a fresh, green start. The site is some 9,450 hectares of the Clark Special Economic Zone. This model city, unprecedented in the region, is New Clark City, a mixed-use master planned community. Self-sufficiency and totality define the combination of business, commercial, residential, institutional, and industrial zones. “The rate of growth in Central Luzon is reaching its peak, and infrastructure is the key to propel this development,” says BCDA President and CEO Vivencio Dizon. New Clark City, he adds, “is our largest and most ambitious project yet. It aims to promote inclusive growth that could boost the country’s global competitiveness.”
Sustainable and Smart The conservation strategy for the new development involves transforming only a third of the area, leaving the rest to agricultural and forest cover. This world-class city will be powered by the most innovative energy technologies—with initiatives being made in securing truly sustainable and renewable energy generation, such as solar power, and explorations into hydro, and liquefied natural gas. “Smart grid” technology is being sourced, and this revolutionary energy transmission and management will put New Clark City in league with the most advanced cities in the world.
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Connectivity is a priority in New Clark City. “We are choosing the best partners to provide the best-in-class Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infostructure for the new city. Among the components, there will be world class broadband and security technology, all of this will be connected with the mass transportation technology. It will also include the latest Internet of Things (IOT) technologies,” Mr. Dizon adds.
The Character of a City The expanse of New Clark City, a former military base, becomes an environment where nature is front and centre. Clark is well known for its parks, and at the heart of the design is a wide-open public plaza, making a statement about the importance of incorporating green breathing space in a dynamic city. Taking cues from some of the world’s most famed cities whose characters are tied to its large beautiful parks. A stone’s throw away will be medical facilities, schools, sports centres, and government offices. New Clark City has allocated 70 hectares for the use of a satellite facility of the country’s premier university, the University of the Philippines (UP). The UP campus in Clark will offer an undergraduate program and master’s programs in line with developing the competencies needed in the growth of the region.
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Clark International Airport (CRK) new terminal building
“New Clark City is a carefully master planned community situated in the heart of Central Luzon, where nature, lifestyle and business, education, and industry converge into a global city based on principles of sustainability”
THE FACTS The Department of Transportation (DOTr) and the BCDA awarded the Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Contract for the Clark International Airport (CRK) new terminal building to the MegawideGMR Consortium. The new terminal building broke ground in December 20, 2017 at the Clark Civil Aviation Complex in Pampanga ( a province in Central Luzon region in the Philippines). The Php9.36 billion project entails the construction of a 10.2 hectare area passenger terminal building that can accommodate an additional 8 million passengers per year. The new terminal building is the first of the President Rodrigo Duterte’s
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hybrid infrastructure projects under the Build Build Build Infrastructure Program. It is considered the fastest to be implemented by the national government since its approval in June 2017. At present, the DOTr and BCDA have started the bidding process for the Selection of the Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Concessionaire for the Clark International Airport. The O&M Concessionaire will take over the management and operations of the existing passenger terminal as well as the new terminal building upon its completion. The concessionaire will also finance, design and complete all fitout for the new passenger terminal. Project cost for the O&M of the airport is Php5.6 billion. The concession term is for 25 years.
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EXECUTIVE BOARDROOM COMMENTARY “New Clark City clusters its busiest areas around the central park, itself primed to be a significant tourist attraction. Its business districts and commercial areas are situated next to its green heart, allowing for a synergy between work and leisure. ”
Clark International Airport is geared towards becoming a global gateway, with state-of-the-art facilities and capacity. Land access to New Clark City will be varied and convenient, firstly through the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX), now boasting a speedier access from the NLEX, with travel time cut by a considerable 40 minutes between the two major road networks. Ease of access is also one of the major achievements that was accomplished in 2016 with standardization of toll collection and improved infrastructure along transport routes from Manila to Subic or Tarlac. Under BCDA’s partnership with the Manila North Tollways Corporation (MNTC), the gross toll revenue for the year 2016 saw a 22 percent increase, to Php1.778 billion from Php1.452 billion in 2015. Currently being constructed are the access roads in New Clark City: the 12-kilometer road from New Clark City to Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX), and the first phase of the access road from New Clark City to the Clark International Airport which measures 5.33 kilometers. The Philippine government, recognizing the expanding economic potential of Clark, has started the studies for the development of the 71-kilometer Subic-Clark Railway Project, which is an initial freight service connecting the
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Port of Subic Bay to the Clark International Airport, giving business and industry in the area a lot to look forward to. Travel by rail to Manila will also be a breezy option—less than an hour—with the government’s pledge to complete the North Railway line of the Philippine National Railway by 2021. These exciting projects leave no room for doubt as to New Clark City’s value as a new hub for living and business. Following the awarding of the contract to Filinvest Land Inc. as joint partner in developing New Clark City, the company and BCDA signed a 50-year joint venture agreement in the first part of 2016. This marked the official beginning of breaking ground on 288 hectares within the site, along with the remittance to BCDA of the Php160 million from Filinvest for development rights. “New Clark City clusters its busiest areas around the central park, itself primed to be a significant tourist attraction. Its business districts and commercial areas are situated next to its green heart, allowing for a synergy between work and leisure. ” The master plan for the city is being undertaken by the joint venture of Japanese engineering firm Nippon Koei, Singapore firm AECOM and PHILKOEI International,
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under collaboration with BCDA and international partner Japan Overseas Infrastructure Investment Corporation for Transport and Urban Development (JOIN). Out of this partnership will come the comprehensive master development plan. The groundbreaking ceremony on April 11, 2016 signalled the transition from vision to reality of what will perhaps be the country’s first modern city and signify the beginning of the transformation it can bring into the lives of countless Filipinos.
build the infrastructure using its own funds and then the Operations and Maintenance will be bid out to the private sector. The new terminal will accommodate an additional 8 million passengers per annum. This hybrid project is considered the fastest public-private partnership/build-operate-transfer (BOT) law procurement process to be implemented by the national government since its approval by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) board in June 2017. The project broke ground in only six months after it was approved by the NEDA board.
New World Class Airport Terminal The new airport, more than being a gateway for a Philippine adventure, will also serve as a testimony to modern Filipino architecture through a locally-inspired design by Budji Layug and architect Royal Pineda. This plan to exhibit the Filipino soul in an architectural landmark starts with the wavy roof of the façade, which is inspired by the terrains of Mount Arayat (found 16 kilometers west of Clark), Mount Pinatubo (an active volcano 14 kilometers east of Clark), and the Sierra Madre (the Philippines’ longest mountain range found in Luzon’s eastern seaboard). The structure will make use of sustainable materials to complement the tropical vibe, while the interiors will showcase bamboo-made products and furniture—which Layug is known for. The more than 100,000 sqm. world class terminal at the Clark International Airport in Pampanga broke ground in December 20, 2017. The Clark International Airport (CRK) new terminal building is the first of the Duterte administration’s hybrid infrastructure projects under the Build Build Build program. The hybrid model means that the government will
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Megawide-GMR won the bid to build the terminal, after going through a very stringent and transparent bidding process which was monitored by the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank—besting four other bidders for the design, engineering and construction of the new CRK terminal building. Fact: Last December 14, Megawide-GMR submitted the lowest financial proposal for the airport expansion project at Php9.36 billion. The Clark International Airport is envisioned to be Asia’s next premier gateway and is expected to help decongest the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It is one of the high-impact projects under the Build Build Build Infrastructure Program, and complements Clark which is currently being developed as the next investment center in Asia. As of 2016, Clark International Airport served 951,007 flyers; this number is expected to rise with the completion of the project by 1st quarter of 2020. What will be called “Mixed-Use Terminal” aims to serve 8 million passengers annually.
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The Call of Clark New Clark City waits and looks ahead, ready to embrace progress while keeping a foot firmly on the ground. The next five decades will see the transformation of what was formerly an isolated portion of Clark Air Base into a booming and vibrant metropolis—the New Clark City. Small steps had already been taken. Guided by the principle of maximizing the natural environment through preservation, a Conceptual Master Development Plan was crafted in 2015 by international master planning firm, AECOM. With the first strides come recognizable changes aimed to shape the commercial, industrial and residential landscape of Clark’s 9,450-hectare area. First phase of development is aimed at 1,098 hectares that would serve as the core from which future development would radiate. A mixed income housing project aimed at, though not limited to, the future minimum wage earners of New Clark City. It will have delivered 2,000 housing units upon its completion. BCDA had already signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with PAG-IBIG Fund to facilitate marketing, financial, and other technical services to future house owners. BCDA has also allocated spaces for the development of the University of the Philippines, Technological University of the Philippines, and Philippine Science High School to equip the manpower resources of the New Clark City with the right skill set to match future demand in the field of science, technology and arts. Through the Japan Overseas Infrastructure Investment Corporation for Transport and Urban Development (JOIN), the New Clark City will be part of development projects by Japanese companies which have a target
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investment of JPY 30 trillion by 2020. Jobs in the fields of power, transportation and other industrial zones are expected to provide employment to countless Filipinos. Pursuing a vision of progress anchored on social responsibility, Xeric AB in partnership with the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, which is jointly owned by the Government of Sweden and nonprofit organization ElectriCITY, will provide training and education of sustainable resource and waste management geared on small and medium enterprises. To ensure an influx of business investments, New Clark City has made tax and fiscal incentives anchored on exemption from local and national taxes. This can be enjoyed in exchange for a general 5 percent tax on gross income. Locators will also enjoy tax- and duty-free importation of equipment and raw materials and receive real estate tax exemptions. In addition, they will be allowed free movement for their finished goods within the Freeport, and be eligible for special investor visas. In this monumental undertaking, BCDA has gained the support of the International Finance CorporationWorld Bank and Asian Development Bank, which will render knowledge sharing of best practices on sustainable city development and partnership, particularly in financing schemes and providing transaction advisory services. In the long run, an estimated 1.02 million residents will populate the New Clark City and 582,000 of these will belong to the city’s workforce. This will bring in roughly USD30.94 billion annually or four percent to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). New Clark City waits and looks ahead, ready to embrace progress while keeping a foot firmly on the ground.
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Does Art have a purp Ian Ritchie
Why do we spend so much time and effort creating what we call ‘art’? The behaviour is without obvious survival value - utterly dispensable - yet seems completely essential to human existence: the arts have been an inseparable part of the human journey for more than 70,000 years - evolving as we evolve, driven by and driving our cultures.
inherited and acquired concepts (info Semir Zeki)
Art certainly belongs to the metaphysical side of human activities, so assigning a quantifiable task or value to the arts may not be the point. Nevertheless, an attempt to articulate a purpose for art in the 21st century might be worthwhile, if only so that arts funding and education may not automatically be among the first cut when a government needs to tighten its belt. We live in a thin age, distracted and numbed by the rivers of information and persuasive visual images with hidden agendas vying for our attention. Some of us retreat into isolated intellectual silos and ever smaller filter bubbles created for us by algorithms which favour confirmation bias, with a polarising effect. Materialist systems have redefined citizens as consumers, blurring the distinction between value and worth so there is no longer anything so precious as to be beyond price. Humanity is bound, Laocoön-like, with ropes of commerce. The return to religion and militant nationalism everywhere is partly a protest against the heartlessness and degrading effect of such commodification. Instinctively we know, at a deep, unconscious level, that some things simply can’t be quantified.
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www.scimex.org/newsfeed/the-human-genome-in-your-pocket
Pertinently and unfortunately, as Aristotle recognised, a society of ideological extremes “lacks the spirit of friendship” required to function. “Community depends on friendship and when there is enmity instead of friendship, men will not even share the same path”. Luckily, the human imagination and creativity have great difficulty in living strictly within the confines of a materialist philosophy - or within any confines, for that matter. The arts are intrinsically disobedient! They are the human spirit’s last refuge and represent perhaps the only place of real freedom. The arts are Trojan horses: transformative and liberating. They break the grip of our obsessions, anxieties, fears and resentments and stir us to the effort of seeing anew, to imagine centres of reality which are remote from ourselves. The arts can transcend cultural and temporal boundaries because art brings something new and tangible into existence which can be re-experienced. And by engaging with and experiencing the arts - any of the arts - people
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ose in Architecture? Is it art itself or the creation of art that fulfils a need in human beings? Or is it both? In any case, art seems to be woven into our DNA. Perhaps it is art that defines us as human: Homo Artifex - man, the artist, instead of Homo Faber - man the tool maker?
ABSOLUTE NARICISSISM
ART
CRIPPLING SELF DOUBT
Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci c.1490
create a community by virtue of agreeing that it is worth engaging with, even if that community is sharing and experiencing the work online, and even if the individuals within it see the world very differently. Every shared cultural experience is an opportunity to transcend polarisation. The sensuous nature of art has the power to evoke our human emotions and basic, shared language of visual and auditory and bodily sensations. Art reveals our humanity to each other, melding heart and mind. Art shows us the world through each other’s eyes, allows us to imagine ourselves in other skins, genders, countries, states of mind, helping us to identify with one another and expand our definition of who ‘we’ are. As the artist and philosopher John Berger said, “The strange power of art is sometimes it can show that what people have in common is more urgent than what differentiates them.” And just as art can create spiritual and emotional space, so can architecture at its best. Architecture has been defined as the art and science of construction for human needs. But what is the ‘art’ bit?
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I suggest the art bit is what makes a building become architecture. Given that we seek to create architecture and not just buildings, we must understand what man seeks from art in architecture. To put it another way, if the purpose of architecture is to provide something for humankind, then art within that discipline can also be functional:
If man seeks beauty, then beauty is a function. Art can provide beauty and, accepting that notions of beauty are not consistent over time or cultures, and thus are impossible to prescribe over the life of a building, the idea of beauty does play a role in architectural design, which I think Vitruvius recognised in his three-part rubric “Firmitas, Utilitas et Venustas” If beauty is a prerequisite of architecture, can art in architecture also raise a function to the level of beauty? I believe so. What sort of function, then, could be beautified to give us architecture from functional buildings?
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in our current world the tree has become symbolic of our fragile co–existence with the planet. We might believe in allowing the planet to have a voice and wish to show it through our architecture, so we would have a philosophical desire to express both the planet’s permanence and the ephemeral, fragile nature of our information age.
Left: 8m high borosilicate glass columns for 3D plasma light experiments at EdF, 1986 J-L Lhermitte + Ian Ritchie Right: Aibek Almossov Glass Treehouse c.2016
Anyone can appreciate the beauty of a tree. If we choose it as a familiar model of support and shelter, our ability to extract its essential visual or technical elements will enable us to imagine/create a form from a scientific understanding, thus allowing it to function, say, as a support. We then search for a visual representation of the support, raising the support function to that of beauty. But this artistic expression is informed by our individual perception of the tree, as well as by the material we choose and the scientific understanding we have of that material. Let’s assume we choose glass as the material. Why glass? For one thing, it’s unexpected. We know that glass is very strong in compression; it is also perceived as fragile, and
Thus we begin to extract an artistic essence from the contemporary view of the tree — in this case symbolic. But glass can also be very strong in tension, in the form of woven glass fibres. Here fragility is less apparent, and we would need to seek another essence of the tree to present in our glass support. We could look at bamboo, enormously flexible with its high tensile performance, and dynamically stable in strong winds. We have all seen bamboo scaffolding. Does this suggest that an assembly of bamboo supports makes an allusion to the tree? Or do we extract the essence of the fibrous arrangement in a bamboo stem? And what about the nodes, the regularly spaced fibrous discs that hold the longitudinal fibres of the stem together. How far do we go with glass (or carbon) fibre in replicating the visual appearance of bamboo? Such thinking and investigation take us to the essence of the art of architecture in our model. (note: from Ian Ritchie’s lecture ‘Authenticity in Architecture’ given at Lecture South Bank University 1990) A more literal concept of the ‘art’ informing the design than the preceding investigation of a glass support is our work for the Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, completed in 1990. In 1989 we were commissioned to help transform and modernise a massive Napoleonic prison hospital building to create the new Reina Sofia Museum of Modern Art. Our response was in the form of three 35m high glass satellite towers to enable vertical circulation between floors. I was given a private view of Picasso’s ‘Guernica’ in the Prado annexe. It was hoped that this icon of 20th century art would be transferred to the new museum, establishing 1937 as the starting point of its modern art collection. It is a paradox that, in addressing modernity and notions of progress and liberty, the terror and barbarism expressed in Picasso’s painting and the prison hospital of war should be the context we were about to transform.
Oficinas Zamora Javier Callejas.
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The painting became the primary inspiration for the design of the towers. I saw ‘planes’ of black, white and greys and these, together with the hair/hand holding the lamp of hope and freedom, became guiding principles for the design.
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Geurnica Picasso, 1937
All windows of the 18th C building had close set vertical bars. The idea of metaphorically pulling them apart to suggest ‘freedom’ and let in light gave rise to the circular stainless steel rod suspension system, and the hand/lamp informed the design of the clamp supports holding the glass sheets. The design was a hierarchical composition from large to small scale of vertical and horizontal ‘planes’ in steel, stainless steel and glass. The proportions of the glass panes reflected those of the existing windows but rotated through 90 degrees - and this horizontal proportion together with the absence of any structure in the corners of the glass enclosure gave the design an extraordinary lightness, transparency and a new perception of the building. The design evolved further to express Minimalism - the reduction to basic essential elements in simple form, Modernity - the visible expression of current and forwardlooking attitudes to design, and Performance - ensuring effective and theatrical movement for thousands of visitors a day.
Centro de Arte Reina Sofia 1990 Ian Ritchie Architects + Arup
Man seeks change thus change is a function. Art can be subversive, and hence an instigator of change. Some architecture, like some art, is subversive. Subversion can take a purely political expression or can reflect society by providing a symbolic mirror image of itself; or, as in the case of the Centre Pompidou, it can transform our perception of architecture, in this case of art temples, by removing the steps to ‘high culture’ and embracing the concept of a society in perpetual change.
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Centre Pompidou 1977 Piano & Rogers + Arup
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Returning to our glass support, both a tensile and compression version could demonstrate a scientific understanding of glass as a material and of the glass processing technology of our age. This raises the simple question ‘Why bother?’ Stone, concrete and bricks are good in compression; why go to the apparent extreme of using glass? It also raises the question of whether we should in fact search for a new architectural support. I believe we should bother and we should search for change, to improve performance, and for the new though, paradoxically, this has not always made for an architecture which enhances the well-being of the human beings that inhabit it - architecture is often rightly described as being a reflection of the society we have. As architects, we are creating the future, not the present. The information upon which we are helping to determine this future has until very recently come from the past. This is now changing due to the increasing speed with which new knowledge and information become available, and the fruitful, philosophically natural collaboration between scientists, architects and artists which has led to synchronous thinking and exchange of knowledge and ideas.
Architecture is, by its very nature, synthesis, not separation — the synthesis of ideas, intentions, people, materials into form and space in time and light, and the synthesis of the man-made with nature. As with any artist’s work, architecture will inevitably have the architect’s own personality embodied within and outside it. This is the unquestionable origin of the art in architecture and the characteristic that gives architecture its tangible humanity. As an architect I search to express art in architecture through form and reflectance in space and light, through its conceptual essence, ethical intent and haptic qualities. It has nothing to do with fashion and consumerism. I believe art - including art in architecture - is a search for essence. It refers to a reality beyond itself, and such a reference raises questions about truth that come from within our beings. And this is where its real power to overcome cultural and ethnic differences lies, as does its task - if it has one; because we are all, in our own ways, engaged in that search. I would like to end with a quote from one of my favourite authors - the writer and philosopher John Berger:
“Art makes sense of what life’s brutalities cannot; a sense that unites us, for it is inseparable from a justice at last. Art, when it functions like this, becomes a meeting-place of the invisible, the irreducible, the enduring, guts and honour.” © Ian Ritchie 2018
Danny Lane 1997
Fly Condos - Faceted mirrored glass columns, by Munge Leung
Peter Artymiuk Wellcome Images CC BY NN ND 4.0
TemperShield commercial glass columns
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All glass constructions stairs
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Pacesetters: The Key Topics of BAU 2019 The four key topics of BAU 2019 set the pace and arrange the diversity of products. Many exhibitors will align their presentations to them and offer matching solutions. The key topics will be elucidated and discussed under different aspects at the trade-show forums and illustrated at the special shows on the basis of product and project examples. The following sections will provide you with an overview: Digital: Processes + Architecture When the internet became popular in the general public just over 20 years ago, the email also led to fundamental changes in communication. The go-ahead for the mobile and thus ubiquitous World Wide Web was given by the first iPhone about ten years later, in January 2007. Since then, the digital world has been penetrating ever further into our lives. What’s more, the boundary between the digital or virtual and the analog or real world is gradually
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breaking down. And in the building industry? Progress in digitalization has really been picking up pace in the building industry in recent years. Although construction offices have been working with digital planning tools, i.e. CAD, since the middle of the 90ies, they have done so two-dimensionally, however, practically as a substitute for the ink pencil and drawing board. However, with the latest developments in IT and above all in BIM (Building Information Modeling), the job of planning is undergoing tremendous change. Today, it is the norm for international
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planning teams to work together – at the same time and on the same data. That simplifies collaboration and makes the job easier. It also enhances the quality of planning. What is certain is that architectural ideas and design still come from the creative skills of the architect, the interior designer and the designers. They are the ones who are able to synthesize all the parameters of space, form and material, but also society, history and not least the needs of the clients and the users into a single design. But here, too, we are seeing attempts at “generative design�, in which the design is done by logarithms, depending on material and system. The actual detailed design is then done digitally and encompasses all the building trades. Even though acquiring special BIM tools and planning with BIM demands a certain effort and expense up front, the costs are recouped rapidly during the course of the
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project. In large-scale projects, this kind of planning is now commonplace. In future, the digital planning tools will be used also in smaller projects and in renovation and modernization work, and it will therefore become the standard worldwide. The building trades must also get ready for this development, if they are to remain competitive. In future, it will be possible to translate a plan in part directly into 3D production. In engineering, with components made of steel or wood, this is already a reality. But also in other areas it will be possible to feed 3D data into machines. That will save not only time and money, it will also have a lasting impact on the efficiency of the building process. Thus, the work of the building trades will change, but the expertise of the tradesmen and -women will always be in demand.
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Connected: Living + Working Great changes are taking place in the world of work. For many, the focus is no longer on pay but more on having flexible working hours or a better work-life balance. There is nothing new in this approach, but the circumstances are new: Thanks to digitalization, the world of work is more intertwined with the employees’ private lives. Employees these days think nothing of quickly checking work e-mails during the evening, or of dealing with an inquiry from an important customer during their day off. On the other hand, life doesn’t follow clear patterns nowadays. Increasingly important for workers now is being able to live the way they want and develop their own ideas. Both fit well together in essence, the question is more of a structural one. Often, it’s no longer necessary to be in the office from 9 to 5. Many tasks can be done from the home
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office, or even in the café around the corner (thanks to mobile data processing). In this way, childcare or care for family members can be reconciled more elegantly and above all more intelligently with work. Fixed or flextime working hours, created for an analog world, can quite easily be replaced by flexible models. All of this is of course changing the world of building, in particular as regards designing office landscapes. No longer does there have to be a fixed place for each and every employee. Nowadays, different office situations can be available at discretion. In the morning, people simply choose where they want to sit that day. Sometimes, this alone saves up to 20% of office space. Data is comfortably fetched from the cloud. Even more significant is the impact on the design of residential space. Floor plans should be cleverly designed so that they can be flexibly adapted.
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With only minimal effort, it should be easy to switch things around to cater for a home office, multi-generational living or higher occupancy, or to refunction a space or extend it. Digitalization and the greater flexibility of work and private life that goes with it are more than ever demanding flexible building structures that can respond to the housing shortage in our cities. Not least this has an effect on urban areas where new, digital mobility concepts must in future lead to new infrastructure.
Integrated: Systems + Constructions The job of an architect and that of an engineer are sometimes hard to separate. Ever more sophisticated systems and technology need people who understand how to get the very best out of these possibilities. In the field of construction, as well as good design and material combinations, it is increasingly about complex load-bearing structures, lightweight constructions and highly technological components. One example is the facade which, as the outer skin of a building, must also accommodate technologies for ventilation or energy recovery, and all in a very small space. In themes like this, the jobs of the architects and the engineer intersect, and early, detailed planning, carried out in collaboration, is required. That way, potential problems can be identified and eliminated at the planning stage, so as to avoid errors that would later be irreversible.
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More and more new technologies are being developed, and these play a big part in all of this. Tasks like the planning of low-voltage cabling for intelligent building systems, of channels reserved specially for planners of these systems or of data cables for a wide-reaching intranet now affect many different building trades. Such projects need coordinated overall planning to keep the project on track and ensure that afterwards the complexity is no longer visible. Also, digital tools enable much more sophisticated and detailed planning. For steel, concrete or wooden buildings: The load-bearing frame is not infrequently the most important feature in a unique design. This means that architects and engineers are very much dependent on collaboration with each other to achieve a good result. Buildings are becoming ever more complex, but at the same time, there is a desire for simplification. The key to this lies in prefabrication and in modular construction. In the factory, many components can be fitted together better and faster, so when these parts are delivered to the building site, they only need to be put together like a jigsaw. This saves time and money, but it also increases precision and in the end the quality of a building. Of course, such systems already exist, but day-to-day life at the construction site looks different most of the time, i.e. rather conventional. In this context, the advantages of a modular, prefabricated construction method can hardly be denied. In future, digital planning tools will be
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helpful, which can translate data directly into individually manufactured components.
Smart: Light + Buildings Buildings themselves are becoming even more digital. In a “smart building”, all the devices are linked up in a shared “smart grid” and so can communicate directly or indirectly with each other, supported by the internet of things technology. That brings several advantages: energy streams can be controlled and optimized, and, for example, the energy generated by solar cells can be distributed according to need or also stored for later use. In a somewhat larger network, excess energy can be distributed to neighboring buildings. Entire urban districts can in this way be connected up into an intelligent network with the aim to use energy where it has been generated. In the last ten years or so, there has been a big change particularly in the way how artificial lighting is being dealt with. LED technology – now the standard in lighting planning – has completely transformed the entire lighting sector. Light in buildings now not only uses less energy, it needs less space, and, because of the longer life of LEDs, it also needs less maintenance. That is having an effect of course on electrical planning, but also on architecture as such. Inspections no longer have to be carried out by building caretakers, they can be done every few years by
external specialists. The focus in lighting planning can therefore be all the more on design. Lighting designers are now an established part of the planning and design team and are often involved in a project at a very early stage by the architect. Their expertise covers both artificial and daylight planning, and as such they play a central role in the design process. In a smart building, light becomes a part of the smart grid in which all devices in the building are connected up together. It is therefore possible to operate the blinds and control the artificial lighting by smartphone and even to combine these in atmosphere programs and lighting concepts. Emergency programs can also be defined for the case of fire, for example. In a smart building, there are (almost) no limits, provided the individual components can communicate with each other via a smart grid. Where individual building trades were formerly managed and steered by the planner, smart building specialist planners are nowadays in demand: universalists who can combine all software and hardware technologies in the smartly controlled building. In the building of the future, the use of energy within the building will thus be much more conscious. Not only more sustainable, but also more intelligent, clever and smart. https://www.facebook.com/BAUMuenchen https://twitter.com/BAU_Muenchen
About BAU BAU is the world’s leading trade fair for architecture, materials and systems, the largest and most important event for the industry. The next BAU will take place on the exhibition grounds of Messe München from January 14 to 19, 2019. Some 2,200 exhibitors from around 45 countries, and more than 250,000 visitors from all over the world are expected to attend. On an area of 200,000 m² - the site has been fully booked up for years - BAU is presenting architecture, materials and systems for commercial, residential and interior construction in 18 exhibition halls, both in new and existing buildings. Every two years, it brings the market leaders of the industry together at this overarching building trade exhibition, which is unique worldwide. The range of products and services is structured according to building materials, product sectors and theme areas. BAU addresses all those involved in the planning, construction and operation of all sorts of buildings. BAU is also the world’s largest trade show for architects and engineers, attracting over 65,000 design professionals.
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The supporting program with numerous attractive events on the agenda, including top-class panels with experts from all over the world round off the show.
Messe München Messe München is one of the world’s leading tradeshow companies. It organizes more than 50 own trade shows for capital and consumer goods and key hightech industries. Each year, a total of more than 50,000 exhibitors and some three million visitors take part in more than 200 events held at the Messe München trade-fair center, the ICM – Internationales Congress Center München, the MOC Veranstaltungscenter München as well as abroad. Jointly with its subsidiaries, Messe München organizes trades shows in China, India, Brazil, Russia, Turkey, South Africa, Nigeria, Vietnam and Iran. Messe München has a global business presence with a network of affiliates in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America as well as some 70 foreign representatives serving more than 100 countries.
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London is gro Stuart Baillie, GL Hearn In April of this year my colleagues and I at GL Hearn Property Consultants together with New London Architecture published the fifth annual London Tall Buildings Survey. This research highlights that there are 512 buildings of 20 storeys or taller approved or coming through the planning system in London.
I have been working as a Town Planner in London for some 20 years and I cannot recall a time during this period when there have been so many major schemes underway or working through the planning pipeline, but what is driving this upward trend? Clearly housing need and demand, both for private and affordable housing, is a key driver for this growth. According to the Mayor of London’s Draft New London Plan, the capital city requires nearly 650,000 new homes to be provided within the next 10 years and assumes an annual average of 65,000 per annum. The Mayor has also stated his long
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term objective of ensuring that 50% of all new homes will be in affordable tenures. This housing need has put pressure on land values and land uses across London. At GL Hearn we are seeing continuing demand for housing sites right across London and in locations that have not traditionally been residential addresses such as Old Oak Common, Greenwich Peninsula, Hackney Wick. We are of course also seeing increased demand in commutable towns such as Maidenhead, Ebbsfleet and Ashford which
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wing UP At GL Hearn we are seeing continuing demand for housing sites right across London and in locations that have not traditionally been residential addresses such as Old Oak Common, Greenwich Peninsula, Hackney Wick. According to the Mayor of London’s Draft New London Plan, the capital city requires nearly 650,000 new homes to be provided within the next 10 years and assumes an annual average of 65,000 per annum The British Property Federation calculates that there are 131, 855 build to rent units completed or planned across the UK with just over 50% of these in London
It remains unlikely that any political party is going to take on a meaningful debate about green belt land release. Thus, while cities such as London are unable to expand outwards there remains a need to provide high density solutions on urban sites and that includes tall buildings.
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are benefitting from planned or new rail links into the City. Here we are seeing more urban housing typologies being used to increase density. Of course, high density need not be a tall building of 20 storeys plus. Those that do not support tall buildings are concerned about their impact on London’s skyline, the impact on historic assets and wellbeing implications of high rise living. Objectors point to the Georgian period 5-6 storey mansion blocks in Belgravia and Mayfair which make very efficient use of land and are developed to relatively high densities. However, where land is in such short supply; and, where planning policies require developments to work ever harder, building tall remains a relatively efficient way of achieving higher densities.
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It remains unlikely that any political party is going to take on a meaningful debate about green belt land release. Thus, while cities such as London are unable to expand outwards there remains a need to provide high density solutions on urban sites and that includes tall buildings.
New housing formats… We are also seeing new housing formats emerging with significant growth in collective living, build to rent, student accommodation and serviced apartments. Build to Rent (or the Private Rental Sector) in particular is becoming a huge market sector. The British Property Federation calculates that there are 131, 855 build to rent units completed or planned across the UK with just over 50% of these in London (BPF, November 2018). Build to Rent plays to the tune of a generation of young professionals who can’t afford to buy and wish to co-habit in central locations but also want the flexibility of
Graph 1: Tall buildings by Land Use. source: NLA, 2018
tenancy to allow them to move with jobs and lifestyles as we become increasingly global. It also plays to down sizers who are attracted to low maintenance, sense of community and access to shared services. Build to Rent investor operators from oversees see a model that has matured in North America becoming an attractive option in the UK for sustained investment returns over the long term. Established players such as Atlas and Quintain forecast thousands
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of build to rent homes transforming the UK’s property market. Financing is readily available and UK developer operators such as Grainger, Delancey, Fizzy Living and Essential are getting in on the act as are some Housing Associations. One limitation on Build to Rent is that some Local Planning Authorities are still grappling with how it contributes towards affordable housing provision. Typically this is via a ‘discounted market rent’ mechanism to make a certain percentage of the units affordable. However, some Council officials are yet to be convinced that this is truly an affordable housing offer compared to conventional social housing or shared ownership options.
What impact is all this housing having on other land uses? There is certainly a lot of pressure on land in other land use classifications across London whether that be disused railway sidings, old factories or office blocks. Central Government extended permitted development rights to allow office blocks to be converted into residential use. These permitted development rights require only limited input from Local Planning Authorities and provide no mechanism for Councils to secure affordable housing, education or other social infrastructure contributions
that would normally be part and parcel of a residential planning permission. London has lost 20% of its industrial/warehousing floorspace in the period 2001-16 (source: Valuation Office Agency). Planning Authorities are now reacting to loss of employment and industrial land, many authorities having moved to veto office to residential permitted development rights, and the Greater London Authority putting in place planning policies in the Draft New London Plan, to protect and indeed intensify industrial uses on designated industrial land. More truly mixed use buildings are also coming forward through planning where retail, office, hotel and even some lighter industrial uses are spanning several floors of development with residential apartments above.
Reaction to Tall Buildings…. Having presented this year’s Tall Buildings research to a range of audiences including in Parliament, to developers and to Local Authority Officers, I am hearing a wide range of views about tall buildings. I try to take an impartial view on the pros and cons that are inevitably levelled at the research. Tall buildings are after all polarising structures.
GL Hearn: Ruby Triangle, Old Kent Road - 1,152 homes for developer Avanton
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image courtesy of Farrells Architects
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It is however interesting to note that the press coverage of this year’s Survey and the total figure of 512 tall buidlings in the pipeline has been far less reactionary to its first iteration in 2014 which identified 236 tall buildings in the pipeline.
to be of 30m or above (circa eight storeys). However, different Boroughs consider ‘tall’ in different ways, for example, in Wandsworth 5 storeys or above is considered to be tall whereas nearby Southwark considers tall to be 10 storeys or above.
It would be fair to highlight that perceptions persist about the quantity of new homes being sold to overseas owners and the level of contribution these tall buildings are making towards addressing London’s affordable housing needs. Further research into these topics is required to evidence such matters.
The Draft New London Plan makes it clear that a masterplan led framework should be in place to identify areas suitable for tall building clusters, and it is envisaged that tall buildings must be in accessible locations well served by public transport.
How are Planning Authorities trying to regulate the spread of tall buildings? One point of reference that is perhaps surprisingly varied depending on which London Borough we are situated in, is “What is a Tall Building?” The Mayor of London has left it to each Local Authority to define at what height a building should be considered tall. The Mayor reserves the right to be consulted on any new building proposed
The application of affordable housing viability requirements are also a major factor. Despite the Mayor’s stated target of achieving 50% of new homes in affordable tenures, the current starting point for assessing development viability is 35% of the residential component as affordable housing. Strategic views are a key issue and controlling factor in London. For the uninitiated, London has 27 Strategic Views forming the London View Management Framework.
Graph 2: Tall Buildings Pipeline by Height. source: NLA, 2018
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These are protected views of cityscapes, panoramas, the River Thames and historic buildings such as St Paul’s Cathedral and Buckingham Palace. Development is restricted within these corridors to prevent building heights obscuring these buildings or indeed, obscuring their profile. Local Planning Authorities can also designate locally important views which should be protected. Technology in 3D modelling and virtual reality is evolving which provides far more realistic interpretation of such matters. Local Planning Authorities are becoming more sophisticated in their assessment of tall buildings. A huge amount of information is required to justify the design and environmental impacts of any major planning application. In addition to an Applicant’s own technical analysis, Local Authorities are commissioning their own evidence and analysis on wind and microclimate, daylight/ sunlight impacts and development viability. BREXIT implications are never far from the front page at present and the development industry has significant concerns about the potential implications for development financing, build costs and supply of labour. In my world of planning applications and design team meetings, I am conscious of an array of specialist architects, engineers and planning consultants of various
nationalities. In GL Hearn’s Planning Team alone we have Greek, French and German nationals within our team. There is a distinct risk that the delivery of London’s pipeline of 512 tall buildings will at the very least be slowed down due to BREXIT uncertainty. In summary, London will continue to grow-up, so long as demand outstrips supply and policy constraints such as Green Belt designations remain rigid. High quality design and the importance of residents’ safety remain key concerns, but as technology emerges that improves efficiency of construction, we are more likely to see more tall buildings in and around London and the Southeast. Other cities are following in London’s footsteps coming under more pressure from developers for tall buildings. City authorities and stakeholders in Birmingham, Bristol, Manchester and Liverpool are exploring how they might best regulate tall buildings across their own cities. I will be providing more information and commentary from the London Tall Buildings Survey 2018 at the Glass Supper Event at the Roundhouse in Camden on 6th December 2018. Stuart Baillie is Head of Planning at property consultancy GL Hearn.
GL Hearn secured 950 new homes at Ebbsfleet Green a development by Redrow South East
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Hope you’ve grabbed your swag bag and rallied your troops for the journey to Hong Kong, get in line. But don’t dash off just yet because there’s
PLENTY MORE TO COME!!! Just over the page Dr.Fritz Gartner reveals how it all started for his illustrious family 150 years ago, in a fascinating expose that takes us through the looking glass of time. This building right here incidentally, Apple HQ in Cupertino, is one of his current favourite projects. On page 81 The Edge building in Amsterdam, What a building! What a story! The very definition of exemplary, don’t you dare skip these pages. There’s so much good stuff in here you’ll think you’ve died and gone to heaven, Oh baby this is IGS.....there’s love between each and every line!
Read on...
Apple HQ in Cupertino Photo: Shutterstock (Droneandy)
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EXECUTIVE ADDRESS
Permasteelisa Group celebrates 150th anniversary of GARTNER and 60th anniversary of SCHELDEBOUW at Glass Supper 2018 As we speak, we are working on 16 projects in the region, among them I would like to mention the new Phase 3A, Prospect Place of the Battersea Power Station development, featuring more than 27,000sqm of extremely complex façade to realise the amazing buildings designed by Frank Gehry Partners.
2018 is a special year for Permasteelisa Group, being the 150th anniversary of Josef Gartner and the 60th Anniversary of Scheldebouw, two of our senior affiliate companies. We are proud to celebrate the anniversaries of these two companies in London at the Glass Supper 2018, the perfect stage for this Group.
Its relevant also to mention the new HQ of Google at King’s Cross, nicknamed “The Landscraper”, which is 330m long and up to eleven stories high, on completion this building will have the world’s biggest timber and glass façade. Furthermore, Twentytwo in the City of London, expected to become the second tallest building in London after The Shard. Twentytwo features the most advanced mfree-SCCF technology anywhere. Finally, The Shard Place residential building which is the latest addition to the Southwark area, this building is highly sustainable and designed to meet both Code for Sustainable Homes 4, and Breeam Excellence Standard.
Over the years Permasteelisa, Gartner & Scheldebouw together, have shaped the skyline of the UK capital, in our track record we can count over 200 completed buildings in London, which is still for us, one of the most interesting and exciting cities in the world.
As you can see, what makes this company different is our love for complexity. What scares others and keeps competitors away from a project is what attracts us like a magnet, mesmerizes our engineers, inspires our project managers, and excites our factory staff.
Riccardo Mollo, Permasteelisa Group CEO
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This is why we are everywhere. We are wherever there is a plan for something impossible, whether because of the design, schedule, logistics, or because interpreting the architect’s ideas and intentions requires something no one else can give. This ability to take on difficult challenges with a smile, has given us the honour and privilege of being chosen to participate in some of the greatest “Architectural Masterpieces” in the world. We duly recognize the importance and contribution of the acquisitions of Scheldebouw BV and Josef Gartner GmbH dated respectively 1995 and 2001, and the important contribution both companies have made to the sustained growth of the Permasteelisa Group as a global leader in the curtain wall industry. For this reason, I’m happy to introduce the rare interview with Dr. Fritz Gartner, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Josef Gartner GmbH and member of the family that founded Josef Gartner GmbH back in 1868. An IGS interview that tells how Gartner has been striving for the best solutions to both technical and architectural challenges - constantly engaged in advancing façade technology. Congratulations to the 60th Birthday of Scheldebouw and the 150th Birthday of Gartner
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Preserving Buildings & Facades through generations
Dr. Fritz Gartner uncut ‌and in his own words > igsmag.com
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • Dr. Fritz Gartner interviewed by Dr. Jochen Mignat
Preserving Buildings & Facades through generations Since 2001, Dr. Fritz Gartner has been Chairman of the Supervisory Board at Josef Gartner GmbH in Gundelfingen in Bavaria. In the interview, Dr.Jochen Mignat asked him about significant developments in façade construction, which he has helped shape for the past fifty years.
THEN…
Dr. Fritz Gartner with a prototype for a facade detail (compensator) of Google in London, he invented with a team First factory of Gartner build in 1927which is still part of the factory site
Dr. Gartner studied mechanical engineering at the University of Munich and also did his doctorate there. The 82-year-old greatgrandson of the company founder was the managing partner of the family-owned business from 1973 to 1998. The business which was founded in 1868 celebrates its 150th anniversary this year, today ranks among the leading façade manufacturers in the world, and has been part of the Permasteelisa Group since 2001. Alongside his fascination for architecture and façade technology, Dr. Gartner likes reading biographies and crime novels, and keeps fit by going swimming and mountain hiking.
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…AND NOW Factory site of Josef Gartner with more than 200.000 square meters
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • Dr. Fritz Gartner interviewed by Dr. Jochen Mignat
GARTNER IS A SERVICE PROVIDER WHO COMBINES THE ART OF CRAFTSMANSHIP AND ENGINEERING TO CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVE FAÇADE TECHNOLOGY Less then one percent of all German companies are older than 150 years, and only a few dozen of them are international market leaders in their sector. How has this been possible? A dynamic company has to reinvent itself constantly without neglecting its roots. We have always maintained and developed our core competence in metal construction. Gartner started out as a small blacksmith’s shop in Gundelfingen an der Donau. We earned a good reputation with our reliable craftsmanship. Inspired, among others, by conversations with Mies van der Rohe. Gartner started building the first metal façades from 1954, first in Germany and then also abroad from the 1960s. Most of all, we combined the art of craftsmanship and engineering to continuously improve façade technology, and we dared to take on new challenges. In this way, we were able to develop the integrated façade
for heating and cooling, the double skin façade and the closed cavity façade. Today, we produce façades such as for the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg, the Apple headquarters in Cupertino and Bloomberg in London, which I never considered possible before. How did your father get to meet the famous architect van der Rohe? Wasn’t Gartner first known for its metal construction work and for the construction of factory halls, especially in the local Gundelfingen region? My father was curious and interested in what was being built elsewhere. In 1953, on a journey to the United States, he studied metal façades in New York and Chicago and had conversations with Mies van der Rohe, who inspired and fascinated him. Upon his return, he received an enquiry for the façade of the Kaufhof AG headquarters in Cologne, based on the curtain wall façade of the Lever House in New York which he had studied in the USA. This was our company’s first big façade project. By the way, my father didn’t speak English. After I joined the company in 1964, I accompanied him on journeys to
A family picture: from left to right: Josef III, Alfred, Josef II; Maria, Viktor (front), Hermann, Karl (Josef II being Fritz’s grandfather and Josef III being his father)
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • 150th anniversary of Josef Gartner GmbH
England as an interpreter and translator. With courage and trust in our skills, we also managed to enter this market. English architects and building owners first asked for a product catalogue. But we didn’t have one. Instead we surprised them by addressing their needs directly and implementing them in a customised manner. Metal façades used to be more of an unknown field for engineers which was considered less attractive, since metal builders mainly produced window constructions. Companies used to be more focused on artisan traditions and less on scientific findings. This was my chance, as development was required everywhere. With my basic knowledge as an engineer well versed in structural analysis and heat insulation, I was able to achieve a lot in this sector. We entered new markets and had to adapt our work to the conditions on site. When we were called to Hong Kong in the early 80s, our profiles and constructions were not suited to this market due to the typhoons and the tropical rainfall. So we quickly set up a team with eight people. We worked day and night at an architect’s place in Hong Kong. We succeeded in making a construction with pre-integrated natural stone cladding for heights of around 200 meters, and in the end it worked.
LISTEN TO WHAT THEY WANT. DON’T SAY STRAIGHT AWAY “NO, WE CAN’T DO THAT, WE’VE NEVER MADE THAT BEFORE”, BUT SEE HOW YOU CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEM.
THE 1950’S
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You seem to love architects’ extraordinary ideas for buildings and façades which have never been made before. We are continuing our legacy. My father always used to tell me this story: Even my grandfather, a metal builder, couldn’t accept that his trade was limited to the small town of Gundelfingen. So he travelled to the neighbouring city of Augsburg and listened to what the local architects wanted. The local artisans didn’t produce some parts the way the architects wanted them. My grandfather then received these orders. My father’s message was: Listen to what they want boy. Don’t say straight away “No, we can’t do that, we’ve never made that before”, but see how you can solve the problem. Think about it, sleep on it. Have the courage to tackle new challenges. I also like to think about technical problems, sometimes they keep me up at night. Then I make the first construction sketches and discuss them with experts at the company. At some point it clicks, and we find the common thread to technically implement the client’s design concepts into the façade. My age provides me with a great advantage today, because as a pensioner and adviser I’m no longer responsible for the specific implementation. So I can think of the concept, and they must deal with the implementation. But I trust my successors at the company. What role do architects, façade consultants and customers play in the development of new façades? Building owners and architects still come to us with new architectural ideas for a façade for which there is no immediate technical solution off the shelf. They often challenge us with bold first ideas which are not yet
NOW
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • 150th anniversary of Josef Gartner GmbH
perfected, and which are technically difficult to implement. Then, we advise them and develop customized solutions which correspond to their design concepts. Good architects and customers are always open to the best technical solution. Then, we discuss new constructions and evaluate their feasibility. It is only in this intensive collaboration that the best technical solutions emerge, and very often a simple solution proves to be the best.
TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN TERMS OF SPECIFIC DETAILS IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE BEST ARCHITECTURAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS, THIS IS OUR SPECIALITY In particular, we like to work with customers who have clear aesthetic concepts and who look for an ideal solution both for architecture and for technology. Because the façade design especially shapes the external appearance of a building. You only succeed if you interact with architects and building owners in an understanding way, if you listen to them and understand them. For instance, clients often wish for narrow, invisible profile widths as well as filigree structures. Such technical improvements in terms of specific details are our speciality. They are the icing on the cake. By combining efforts to find the best technical and architectural solution, mutual trust and job satisfaction also increase. And this is where we succeed in making ground-breaking constructions.
MY MAIN CONCERN IS HOW PEOPLE CAN LIVE COMFORTABLY IN A BUILDING AND WORK EFFICIENTLY.
THE GARTNER PAVILION 1968
First Integrated Facade for heating and cooling
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So what is the key function of a façade? My main concern is how people can live comfortably in a building and work efficiently. As the interface between the inside and the outside, the building envelope in particular controls the light and the room climate, and therefore the users’ well-being. Façades made of glass and metal should first protect against wind and weather conditions and at the same time provide high transparency. To achieve this, many and often conflicting constructional requirements must be met. Façade construction has made great progress in terms of thermal insulation. As we moved forward we were able to improve insulation and comfort more and more. In addition, an energy-efficient building envelope has a key role in sustainable construction. Many innovations were created in cooperation with the glass industry. In this way, a 5-cm thick glass façade with three glass panes today insulates just as good as a 1-m thick brick wall. Sustainability and durability are an essential criterion of our constructions. Since our façades usually have a life cycle of more than fifty years, we cannot overlook anything that could compromise the stability of the façade in the long term. Which significant innovations in façade construction were made by Gartner? We have applied for hundreds of individual patents here and abroad, including many of our own developments. I would like to pick out three specific inventions. In 1968, we developed the integrated façade for heating and cooling. In this type, façade profiles not only hold the glass, but are also heating and cooling surfaces at the same time. The hollow profiles made of steel or aluminium contain water which can be heated up or
BMW WELT
BMW Welt Munich with an Integrated Facade
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • Permasteelisa Group celebrates Scheldebouw and Gartner
cooled down. The elements form a closed water cycle which is connected to the house heating network. For low-temperature heating, it generates a pleasant indoor climate even right next to the glass façade and reduces heating costs. At the BMW Welt in Munich, we managed to integrate even electric cables and sprinkler pipes into the hollow profiles.
INTEGRATED FAÇADES, DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADES AND CLOSED CAVITY FAÇADES ARE KEY INNOVATIONS BY GARTNER With the double skin façade, which we used to clad the Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt in 1997, even high-rise buildings can be ventilated naturally. Fresh air is also an important factor for people’s well-being. Furthermore, there is no need for large air conditioning systems thus reducing energy costs.
FIRST CCF AT ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS
ROCHE TOWER
INTERNATIONAL AG, ROTKREUZ
IN BASEL
IN SWITZERLAND
WITH CCF
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • Permasteelisa Group celebrates Scheldebouw and Gartner
In collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute, we have developed the Closed Cavity Façade (CCF), which sets new standards in sustainable construction with a Ucw value of 0.59 W/m2K. In the closed double skin façade, highly transparent glasses can be used together with highly efficient solar protection. In traditional façades, such low Ucw and g values can only be achieved if the light transmission of the glass is limited, for instance, by solar protection coatings. Transparency requirements always conflicted with heat protection. Only the completely closed façade cavity in the CCF makes it possible to use highly transparent glasses together with permanently effective and highly efficient sunshade systems with light control and retroreflection. Operating and maintenance costs are also permanently reduced with this construction. In 2010, we installed the first CCF at Roche Diagnostics in Switzerland. Today, there is increasing demand for CCF in sustainable construction, and it is also used in highrise buildings such as the Roche skyscraper in Basel or 22 Bishopsgate in London. Buildings and façades have become much more complex in the last few years. How does this change the work of a façade manufacturer? Free shapes and façade elements are designed on the computer today where no part is like any other. Therefore, we have been designing all façades in a three-dimensional manner for a long time, and, like at Apple in Cupertino or Google in London, we often work based on BIM (Building Information Modeling) with other trades, as complex building shapes would not be buildable otherwise. Many of our façade units have an RFID code to make logistics, assembly and maintenance easier.
THE DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE, WAS USED TO CLAD THE COMMERZBANK TOWER IN FRANKFURT IN 1997
ADAC TOWER IN MUNICH WITH DOUBLE SKIN FACADE
MANAGEMENT SKILLS ARE CRUCIAL TO BE ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH A FAÇADE PROJECT OR A CONSTRUCTION ON TIME AND IN A TECHNICALLY ACCURATE MANNER Overall, the requirements for our project management and the organisation of the building site are increasing, since today we have to manage more relations than ever before. This is also the case for suppliers and subcontractors whose specialist knowledge is an intrinsic part of the process. These management skills are crucial to be able to complete a façade or a construction on time and in a technically proficient manner. Today you can only succeed if you bring together a team of specialists who communicate well with one another. In large projects such as Apple or Google, for example, we have relocated
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • Dr. Fritz Gartner interviewed by Dr. Jochen Mignat
specialists from various departments of the company into one team with their own rooms in order to facilitate coordination. Great logistic skills are also required in these kinds of projects to procure the necessary parts from suppliers all over the world, to take care of precise production and to deliver them to the building site just in time. Façade units, however, are not only becoming more complex, but also bigger and bigger. For example, we have clad Apple’s new company headquarters with curved glass panes of three meters by fifteen in size. On the upper edges of these glass panes, fresh air flows through automated ventilation louvres to ventilate the building naturally. For these large façade units, we have built our own tools such as a special manipulator to ensure safe and quick installation on site.
Your main plant in Gundelfingen, Bavaria, where around 800 of more than 1,500 employees worldwide are employed, is composed of a design office, administration, production and façade assembly as well as steel production. This concentration of various sectors into one location is extraordinary.
CUSTOM-MADE FAÇADES AS WELL AS CUSTOM MADE CONCEPTS FOR LOGISTICS, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE Gartner has always seen themselves as a service provider who combines the art of craftsmanship and engineering to produce custom-made façades according to the clients’ requirements. Since construction and production are
SOME OF THE PROJECTS DR. GARTNER IS PARTICULARLY PROUD OF (AMONG OTHERS!)
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IGS BIG INTERVIEW • Dr. Fritz Gartner interviewed by Dr. Jochen Mignat
concentrated on the factory premises, coordination and decision-making can be done quickly. This also promotes understanding for one another. Alongside construction and production, logistics, installation and maintenance are playing an increasing role in façade construction. Here, we also provide custom-made concepts. Only in this way can we install high-quality façades on time and permanently guarantee a good function. Finally, holistic thinking is required in façade construction today. Façades as complex and large as Apple or Bloomberg can only be built by a few companies worldwide. How does Gartner stand out from the competition? Our ability to innovate and our reliability. We stick to our commitments and don’t run away when things get difficult. We find new technical solutions based on
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our extensive experience and expertise. Our façades are therefore always unique, but we also love small, challenging projects.
WE STICK TO OUR COMMITMENTS AND DON’T RUN AWAY WHEN THINGS GET DIFFICULT Another advantage is our integration in the Permasteelisa Group with their international network and resources. This infrastructure helps us, for instance, in terms of façade installation in Asia and the United States. The takeover by Permasteelisa in 2001 opened up our familyowned business to new markets and perspectives, to be able to also take on very large projects. Permasteelisa operates in the same sector and we were able to build a
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close relationship and trustful way of working together. At the same time, we managed to preserve the feel of a family-owned business where people support and help one another like a family. This can be seen in Gundelfingen, where many of our employees, for example, have worked with us for generations.
confidence in the capabilities of young people and encourage them. In this way, they learn to take on responsibility.
What makes Gartner employees special?
CAPABILITIES OF YOUNG PEOPLE
In addition to a good technical education, they should also be curious and courageous enough to tackle new tasks. Listening to clients and colleagues carefully, detecting and defining problems to develop new solutions as a team. For this reason, we also train employees ourselves and take great care of our apprentices, trainees and students. As Managing Director, along with the design and sale of façades, I was also responsible for apprenticeship training. My father always said that you should do the most difficult work with your apprentices. If I need usable models for façade fittings or other constructions, I always go to our apprentice workshops. Then I explain my sketches and designs to the apprentices and work out the models with them. This takes longer, but it’s unbureaucratic and provides the apprentices with an exciting way of learning by doing. You must have
HAVE CONFIDENCE IN THE AND DO THE MOST DIFFICULT WORK WITH THE APPRENTICES Gartner was founded 150 years ago and is likely to be the oldest façade manufacturer in the world. What are your hopes for the future? The enthusiasm for façade construction may never end! Designing and producing façades is a fascinating task. Requirements to a building may change with time, however, people should always be the main concern. We can improve air conditioning, comfort and sustainability even further. That is a rewarding task for our young employees. But, most of all, I hope that we will continue to create high-quality buildings and façades which are worth preserving through generations.
Dr. Fritz Gartner discussing facade constructions with Gartner managers
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Curves or
HOT CURVES
Bent
You Choose!
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By Jürgen Wax, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Josef Gartner GmbH New technical developments facilitate the use of large curved functional glass panes in facades. This produces glass sculptures with organic forms and lifelike building shells with changing appearances depending on the lighting and weather conditions. The transparency of a building can also be increased by highly-transparent and large-sized facade elements with convex or concave curved glass panes. Cold and hot bent panes can be used to form homogeneous and seamless curved surfaces, which expand the design vocabulary of the architecture. However, when installed in the building the curved panes must fulfil high structural and physical properties and must be able to withstand wind loads. For example, there are specific properties that must be taken into account with the construction and installation of curved facades to ensure that the panes do not break.
HOT CURVES
Curved facades open up many new possibilities in terms of architecture as they avoid disruptive corners, edges and offsets. Turns and twists in the building can be elegantly illustrated on the building envelope and create new horizontal reflections. Whilst horizontal and cylindrical curves can be planned and designed two-dimensionally, large, curved, free-form surfaces can only be designed and engineered with the help of expensive 3D programmes. As a general rule they require more effort in terms of planning. Today, three by fifteen metre, highly-transparent glass panes, such as those used for the new Apple headquarters in Cupertino, can be cold bent during lamination and installed into a two-dimensional facade construction. With the 462 m-high Lakhta Center in St. Petersburg the panes were cold bent in the 2.7 x 4.2 m parallelogram-shaped facade elements by up to 40 mm. Thermal bending allows for even greater curvatures to be created, as can be seen with the Elbphilharmonie Hamburg, where up to 5 m-high and 3.-m-wide multi-functional insulating glass panes with a rise of 350 mm have been built into the facade. In the 88 m-high Soho-Tower in New York the corners of the building are clad with a construction made from hot bent insulating glass panes with a radius of one metre and a height of up to five metres. Incidentally, all of the facades mentioned in this article were made by Josef Gartner GmbH. Before presenting individual projects with cold and hot bent facades, the common and the new techniques for the construction of bent facades and glass roofs will first be outlined.
1. TECHNIQUES USED FOR MANUFACTURING CURVED GLASS FACADES 1.1. Curved facades and glass roofs with planar, segmented surfaces In the 1920’s, curved, single-glazed window elements were already being used in buildings to round off corners, for example. With modern coated and printed functional glass panes this was only possible to a limited extent in facade construction until around twenty years ago, as the technical know-how about the bending of glass panes like this was lacking, and with hot bending most coatings that had been applied to the glass surface were damaged. To create free shapes, planar insulating glass units which were then built over triangular or scaled facades needed to be used.
Musée des Confluences, Lyon Photography: Copyright by Karin Jobst
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Elements arranged like shingles are an option to create vaults or shaped glass roofs in case the glass panes are not triangular but quadrangular. The curved
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HOT CURVES
Robert And Arlene Kogod Courtyard, Washington DC Photographs: Chuck Choi Architectural Photography, Brooklyn, NY
surfaces are segmented and made with planar elements; the framing members surrounding the glass panes need to address the up and down at the transition from one glass pane to the other. This can be seen with the wavy glass roof construction of the Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard in Washington D.C. The 39 x 84 m elegant glass canopy of the Smithsonian American Art Museum is made up of elements with insulating glass units in an aluminium frame which lie on twisting steel girders. The rounding of the cylindrical tower of the 112 m-high Westhafen Tower in Frankfurt has been emulated with triangular facade elements. The double-cone of BMW world in Munich, which is used as the main support for the cloud-like roof structure, is made up of triangular fields. 900 different glass elements were made for this construction which has a diameter of 35 m at its base, tapers in to 12 m in the middle and then tapers back out to 35 m. However, curved constructions such as this do not allow for a homogeneous-looking bending, they limit the architectural possibilities and often require massive, visible metal constructions.
1.2. Free-form shapes with curved functional glass panes The real challenge with cold or hot bending is being able to bend the panes and fulfil high structural and also physical properties such as heat and sun protection at the same time. In order to do this, insulating glass must be coated and printed. Each bending also generates tension which is difficult to calculate and handle. As threedimensional panes are stiffer than flat panes, they can break more easily. Stiffness attracts load.
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Westhafen Tower, Frankfurt am Main Photographs: Gardin&Mazzoli
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Fundamentally, the facade structure must always take the specific properties of the bent panes into consideration. The design of the frame of the facade required to prevent the breakage of glass can only be determined on an individual basis. Curved, three-dimensional framework requires more effort than a planar facade element. The more three-dimensional the elements are, the more difficult they are to construct and handle in order to get them to reach the desired radius and to absorb the operating forces, for example. Once installed, facade elements must also be able to withstand high wind loads and other stresses. To fulfil requirements such as these, an extensive series of tests is required for each object with free-form facades. Above everything else, it is crucial that both the glass benders and the facade builders have experience and know-how as these are not standard components. Curved glass facades can only be made in single-piece production and not on a production line. The highest level of care must be taken with the manual assembly of the glass and frames. As a general rule, rubber seals cannot be used when the curved panes are installed in the frames and therefore most of them are sealed with silicone. For the entire process, from the manufacturing, to the logistics and the assembly, there are increased requirements applicable so that damage is avoided.
1.2.1. Cold formed functional glass panes With cold bending, the facade builders use the elasticity of the glass. During the assembly of the elements, the planar, coated and printed glass panes are bent or rather formed into the three-dimensional manufactured frames. This way, homogeneous, curved panes are formed
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HOT CURVES
Lakhta Center, St. Petersburg Photography: TimeLab
without unevenness and without any coating and printing limitations. The mechanical support of the pane is crucial. However, the degree of bending that can be achieved is lower than that which can be achieved with hot bent panes. The movement of the edges relative to one another can also influence the tightness of the edge seal. A special type of cold bending is lamination bending. In this case, the glass manufacturer bends the individual panes of a laminated glass unit in the autoclave during the lamination process. The coatings applied to the glass cannot burn or oxidise in the autoclaves. In contrast to cold forming in the frames, where the bent glass returns to its original planar form when it is not in frames, the glass bent in autoclaves retains its stable shape.
Eblphilharmonie, Hamburg Photography: Cordelia Ewerth
1.2.2. Thermally bent functional glass panes
2. PROJECTS WITH CURVED GLASS FACADES
In contrast to the cold bent panes, panes that have been thermally bent can have a stronger curvature. If a high rise is planned, it must be checked in advance that the tension from the cold forming and the additional wind loads and other stresses do not exceed the permissible stresses in the panes and necessitate a hot bending.
2.1. Cold formed functional glass panes in the facades of the Evolution Tower, Lakhta Center, Apple Campus 2 and The Circle
With the hot bending of glass, the panes are first coated with a low-e and/or sun control coating and may also be printed whilst they are in a planar state. Only after this has been done the multi-functional insulating glass panes are “softened” at temperatures between 500 and 600 degrees Celsius, and the elastic material is bent into a shape precisely according to the design. The advantages of this technique are the high degree of bending, the ability to change the shape at different points on the pane and the stability of the shape. The coating options are limited and the manufacturing tolerances are more difficult to adhere to. With thermal gravity bending, the sputtered coatings can burn due to the long dwell spent in the bending furnace. Unevenness may also appear on the surfaces of hot bent glass. The panes are installed in the facade profiles after the bending has taken place.
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Like a helical strand of DNA, the new Evolution Tower in Moscow reaches almost 250m up into the sky. Each of the 52 floors of the office skyscraper, designed by the Moscow-based architects ZAO “Gorproject”, is rotated by 3 degrees. In order to integrate the rotation of the individual floors into the facade elements and to avoid any offset of the glass level from element to element, insulating panes, parapet sheets and corner plate structures on the corners of the building were three-dimensionally cold formed. The cold forming allowed for a homogeneous rotation which gave the facade the appearance of a vast, free-form surface and produced horizontal reflections of the surrounding skyscrapers. In total, the tower rotates 156 degrees. Twenty seven geometrically different facade elements measuring 1.5 x 4.3 m were built in and twisted on each floor, then installed at an angle between -15 and +15°. The architecture firm ZAO “Gorproject” also designed the 462m high Lakhta Center in St. Petersburg which evenly
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Evolution Tower, Moskau Photographs: Ilya Ivanov, www.fotoivanov.ru
rotates up into the sky, like a needle or a flame. From a relatively narrow base area on the ground, the highest skyscraper in Europe reaches its largest diameter in the lower quarter of the building and then narrows to a point as it continues upwards. Therefore, the facade is tilted outwards on the lower floors and is then tilted inwards on the upper floors. The floor plan is based on five wings around a circle in the middle which is used as a space for lifts, sanitary facilities and technical rooms. There are offices and conference rooms in the five corners, or wings, of the building. Each floor is rotated 0.82 degrees in relation to the floor below so that the skyscraper rotates by 89 degrees in total and creates a special dynamic. Initially, the architects planned to use small, planar facade elements as this would make it easier to create the rotation in the tower. However, disruptive edges and a high number of frames would have restricted the view from the building. Therefore, together with the architects, Gartner developed large, parallelogram-shaped elements made with cold formed glass which would facilitate the dynamic rotation of the tower without any disruptive corners and edges in an elegant way whilst providing a high level of transparency. The curved, 4.2 x 2.7m facade elements are made from a three-dimensional frame with four straight profiles
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which are put together to create a non-planar element. The aluminium constructions were connected to each other with specially, spatially twisted mitres, in order to achieve a smooth transition between the individual facade elements without any disruptive offsets. During manufacturing, the panes were cold bent on a corner by up to 40mm and were pressed and sealed in this position. This resulted in homogeneously curved panes without any unevenness or coating and printing limitations. The mechanical support of the pane is crucial. The individual elements blend smoothly into one another and create a homogeneous reflection without any disruptive offsets. When presented with the plans for the new Apple headquarters, the company’s founder Steve Jobs compared them to a landed spaceship: “It’s a ring with curved facades the entire way around.” This ring in Cupertino, California, designed by the architect Lord Norman Foster, has an external circumference of 1.5 kilometres and provides space for up to 13,000 employees. The curved glass facade plays an important role in the appearance of Apple Campus 2 requested by Steve Jobs. The 3 x 15m lamination bent glass panes join together in an almost seamless and delicate way to form the curved ring structure. Even the curved canopy
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HOT CURVES
decision to use cold formed glass was taken after it was directly compared with thermally bent glass in a visual mock-up. It was found that the cold forming provided a surface without unevenness and with it, the facades appeared even more homogeneously bent. The elements are up to 2,700 mm x 5,500 mm in size and weigh 1,660 kg.
2.2. Thermally bent functional glass panes in the Prada, Elbphilharmonie, Musée des Confluences and Soho Tower facades
Musée des Confluences, Lyon Photography: Copyright by Karin Jobst
used to provide shade accentuates this structure. The high transparency of the facade elements provides outstanding views of the interior park and the exterior structures, creating an intensive connection between the surrounding nature and the office spaces. The building is naturally ventilated by the automated ventilation slats on the upper edge of the glass facade which allow fresh air to flow into the building. In order to assemble the largest facade elements in the world quickly and safely, Gartner has developed their own aids, such as an assembly robot. At Zurich Airport, the company has just assembled the first curved closed cavity facades at the service centre known as The Circle. The largest construction project in Switzerland, with a usable area of 180,000 m2, follows the ring shape of the motorway. In order to construct a homogeneous, curved outer layer, around 1,600 panes of glass on the ring facade are cold formed on a corner by up to 50 mm. It is the first particularly sustainable closed cavity facade (CCF) in the world with cold formed exterior impact panes. Thanks to the high sound insulation of the CCF of up to Rw = 50 dB, a new city without noise will be created. The ring-shaped facade almost tilts over the motorway, as the parapet wall protrudes over the base by approx. 15m at the point of the greatest external inclination. The
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With the Prada Aoyama Epicenter in Tokyo, the thermally bent functional glass panes emphasise the branding of the fashion house. The building, which was opened in 2004 and designed by Herzog & de Meuron, has become an iconic piece of architecture and was partially vitrified outside and inside with spherically curved insulating glass panes with a rise of 150mm and interior panes made from laminated safety glass. The entire outer shell of the building is made from diamond-shaped glass panes and makes the building, with its irregular pentagonal ground plan and unusual sloping roof, stand out from its neighbours. The diamond-shaped facade grid, with convex, concave and planar insulating panes of glass, creates a multitude of reflections and distortions. So that the movements of the shell with the aluminium construction of the facade are not transferred to the glass, the glass was only fastened at certain points with bolts which slide into the edge bonding of the insulating glass unit. For the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg, the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron wanted to “develop a living facade which constantly changes under different lighting and weather conditions”, according to Project Manager Stefan Goeddertz. Through the geometric forming and the printing of the panes, the facade should produce surface reflections depending on the location and the weather, and should also produce different images of the outer shell when observed from different viewpoints. With the outwardly tilted panes of glass, the visitors to the concert house, which has been open since 2017, should be able to see almost directly vertically downwards – as if they were looking through a porthole of a ship. The convex panes in the Prada building had a rise of 150mm, but with the Elbphilharmonie, there is a rise of 350mm. Never before have glass panes been printed, coated and bent at a temperature between 500 and 600 degrees Celsius precisely according to plans, one after the other. Together with internal and external experts and partners from the industry and technical universities, Gartner has developed new procedures and products. The planning and development lasted for several years, as did the load capacity and durability tests of the spherically
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Soho Project
Prada Aoyama Epicenter, Tokyo Photographs: Daniele Domenicali
curved panes, this work was done together with the University of Applied Sciences Munich. The two standard types of elements are each bi-axial and are either 4.30m wide and 3.33m high or 5.00m wide and 3.33m high and weigh approx. 1,500 kg. Out of the 2,200 glass panes used, 600 pieces are spherically curved and the regular planar panes are made from particularly clear, low-iron oxide glass. Both sizes of elements can be bent outwards and inwards. An oval pivot vent was built into the surfaces orthogonal to the curvature to allow natural ventilation of the rooms.
Strong curvatures and extremely small radii were also needed in the steel construction. Together with the architects, Gartner particularly optimised the intersecting points of the steel construction of the funnel. Each of the approx. 160 tricky intersections were individually designed on a 3D computer model. At each intersection, six steel braces made from rectangular hollow constructions joined together. For each intersection, the orientation and axis of the kick plate was determined in order to make the intersection of hollow constructions possible and to ensure that the intersections have a more elegant design.
A crystal sculpture, designed by the Viennese architectural firm Coop Himmelb(l)au, flooded with natural light dominates the entrance hall of the MusĂŠe des Confluences in Lyon. This 30m-high, funnel-shaped sculpture was formed from panes of glass which were extremely curved in some places. The thermally bent panes were curved on two axes, manufactured in radii of under 500mm and are only kept level through structural glazing at certain points. In addition, the oversized panes, which are up to 4.5m long, had to be manufactured, formed and thermally bent several times. Only then could the edges be sanded and cut down to exactly the right size.
For the 88m-high Soho-Tower in New York, which is made up of two towers containing exclusive apartments which are connected with a steel bridge, Renzo Piano Building Workshop designed a structured and curved facade. This large, transparent and curved glass facade with elements that can be opened for natural ventilation makes the building appear open and soft. The large thermally bent insulating panes of glass on the corners of the building are unique. These 337 thermally bent insulating panes of glass have a radius of 1,153mm, and are between 3,350mm and 4,875mm high.
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SkyGarden
SkyGarden with
and a whole “Our vision was for this inter-communication to take place, a dialogue between both sides of the SkyGarden and the city. And what better material is there to facilitate this than glass? As you walk along the bridge, there is a feeling of floating through the city, a transparent avenue of greenery and cityscapes surrounds the pedestrians on their journey. Glass was the perfect and the only solution for us�.
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SkyGarden
green heart
lot of Seoul In the 21st century, globalization and global interconnectivity have spurred a competition between cities, creating a push toward technological innovations, safer buildings, air quality improvements and sustainable use of resources. IGS Magazine caught up with Kyo Suk Lee, the Korean born architect working with MVDRV, the Netherlands based architectural practice, about breathing life back into previously neglected parts of the urban landscape. Kyo gives us his thoughts on one of the latest projects to cement its place in the skyline of Seoul. The highly elevated Seoullo 7017, affectionately known as the SkyGarden, is a pedestrian passage linking two important sites of the beautiful capital: the Seoul Railway Station and the famous Namdaemun Market. Kyo led the team of MVRDV designers responsible for Seoullo 7017. His design inspiration came from the aesthetics of a large tree trunk with flowing roots and growing branches that extrude from the main structure. Much like an octopus with its many tentacles, the bridge is helping to restore, regenerate and connect the local area. IGS: Biodiversity is one of the most important challenges in any urban environment. What were the primary and secondary purposes of developing the elevated bridge garden in the middle of the urbanely dense district of Seoul? KSL: First of all, the area, Seoul City Center (where the Garden Bridge is situated) is a public space. That is why the current Mayor of Seoul, Park Won-Soon, decided that by developing this unique green space in heart of Seoul with a diverse amount of plant species was a fantastic opportunity to promote Seoul as a green city.
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“It represents a marriage between the concrete jungles built in the 1970s and the vision of a greener, sustainable future. It was a clever repurposing of the architectural style of industrialization brought into the 21st century. While this endeavour proved to be more challenging and expensive than just demolishing the existing structure, we believe the creativity and culturally historic significance of keeping ‘the old’ was a worthwhile undertaking”.
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SkyGarden
A decision was made in 2014 to build a Korean version of Manhattan’s elevated park. A motorway viaduct near the city’s main railway station was the best location as an existing, almost 1 km long viaduct that was dormant, was ready to be redeveloped from a motorway into a pedestrian passage. The location was fantastic as Seoul Station is in a very economic and politically strategic position (a part of the Euro-Asian Railway). From the decision to redevelop it, to the official opening of this pedestrian walk took three years. The time was relatively short, but it was done. And I have to say that this is just the first step completed. Because of our ‘green’ vision, MVRDV was selected out of many other contestants to design the passage as the result of an international competition. We wanted to transform this space into a green diverse pass-way in the inherently strict urban conditions. Our vision was to add many branches, in order to connect the area. What is interesting as well, is that the plants are arranged in a certain order according to the Korean alphabet and planted in specially designed containers behind the glass balustrades, creating a stunning visual effect. For any plant aficionados, this created an easy navigation tool to find and admire the species. To complete our vision of biodiversity wasn’t easy. In Korea there is a problem with access to plant species and this created an obstacle for our landscape designers who had limited options available. Nether the less, we still wanted to showcase as many colourful and diverse species as possible. Here-in lay the biggest challenge as the Korean market has steadily been getting smaller and smaller; not because of climate change, but because of the economic and the political spheres. In contrast to the laissez faire European markets, in Korea, you cannot import species from outside the country. The fact that Korea is an isolated peninsula has also contributed to the difficulty in sourcing original species. This is evident in the number of species that the project could viably source, with 50 plant types covering the bridge. In contrast, countries like the Netherlands can source thousands of options on the free market. Although we were subject to restrictions, our vision was successful, much like a painter’s mixing palate, we were able to create a colourful visual canvas. At its core, The Seoullo 7017 is a floating roof garden. Subsequently we used plant species that were able to survive and thrive in this rooftop environment and climate. It was our hope that that this undertaking could be transfused to any rooftop garden in the urban sprawl of Seoul. Essentially this idea could be used by anyone and may motivate others to contribute to our vision of a green city. The exhibition of over 50 (52 to be exact) families of plants, trees, shrubs and flowers, cover the ever-changing landscape of the bridge. In total, we gathered and planted 24,000 plants, which, depending on the season, contribute to an evolving vista that visitors and pedestrians can enjoy.
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SkyGarden
Mayor Park had the vision to bring life back into the city again. He wanted to create a hub of vibrancy and activity, not only during the day-time commute but a place that could offer 24-hour opportunities for visitors. Indeed, this idea has informed many of cities policies for the future.
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SkyGarden
From magnolias to water lilies and Ginko trees the Skybridge is a visual representation of the diversity of Seoul and Korea. Future plans include mobile tree pots and edible berries which will enhance the pedestrian experience and add to the animation of the area. The whole idea of the bridge is that it is not only a passage, but it also links many outlets together. The strategy is that the SkyGarden will eventually expand its connections to the surrounding areas of the bridge. There will be new passages, streets, green squares and terraces added to the ever-expanding project. The bridge essentially acts as the main body from which satellite appendices expand into their neighbourhoods. We are extremely proud as we think that the green public space that Seoullo 7017 has created in the very heart of Seoul could be a very good example to other cities, pathing the way for sustainable development and regeneration using locally sourced and existing structures. IGS: Why Seoullo 7017? What is the inspiration for the name, numbers and their significance? KSL: The name Seoullo was given by the client, then the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Initially, we wanted to name it the Seoul SkyGarden but the client requested a more symbolic signature for this historic structure. Indeed, the resulting name is engulfed with symbolism and appropriate for an iconic project that epitomises 21st century Seoul. Seoullo has a double meaning, The first: “a Seoul Street” and the second: “towards Seoul”. And the four-digit number? Much like the function of the bridge, the name links past and present. The first part, “70’’ represents the date that the original motorway was built in 1970 and the second part, ‘’17’’ represents the year of its transformation (2017) and opening to the public as a rooftop garden bridge. IGS: The opening of Seoullo 7017 coincided with the inaugural Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism, running 3 months from September to November in 2017. This global forum tackled and addressed issues related to urban planning and architecture. The landscape of our cities is changing, and the objective is to facilitate smart growth for the future. How important was this sentiment in the design and construction of Seoullo 7017? SKL: Seoul is a very big city, more than 10 million inhabitants. It is a typical Asian megacity with people commuting and traveling into the city every day. Between the late 1980s and late 1990s a lot of new satellite towns were built up around the main city on the urban fringe. This resulted in many people escaping and settling away from the centre. Mayor Park had the vision to bring life back into the city again. He wanted to create a hub of vibrancy and activity, not only during the day-time commute but a place that could offer 24-hour opportunities for visitors. Indeed, this idea has informed many of cities policies for the future.
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SkyGarden
I would like to explain the use of the glass for the balustrades. The need to achieve transparency was very important. The reason is two-fold; not only did we want to show the plants and biodiversity to people walking and driving below, but we wanted those on the bridge to view the beautiful vistas of the city.
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SkyGarden
As you mentioned, it was also one of the pertinent issues that the Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism 2017 tackled. How do we bring people to the centre when there is limited space for more residential buildings? How do we maintain the daily hustle and bustle of this metropolis into the evening? The creation of Seoullo 7017 was one of the first solutions that could play a part in this urban rejuvenation. One of the most beautiful features of the SkyGarden is the experience at night; the charming blue lighting creates a vibrant and inviting ambience. In addition, there is abundant life along the concourse of the bridge, not only the plants, but music, restaurants and local coffee bars. IGS: Was it a big challenge to transform the existing but dormant highway into life? How much re-designing was necessary and in what respects did the original structure change regarding its shape and utility? KSL: Seoullo 7017 was and still is an expensive and challenging project. In terms of budget, more than 50% of the 50 million Euro (originally 30 million Euro) was dedicated to the structure of the bridge and its reinforcement, 10 million Euro for the landscaping and 10 million Euro for the extra elevation. The floor plate of the bridge was not strong enough for the transformation we envisioned, so it was necessary to add more side connections to the main structure. The existing highway was intended for lighter vehicular loads and our original concerns were that it could not hold the depth of soil required for extensive planting and the weight of the tree’s that would be planted. To meet our vision of a visible green canopy, that required taller tree’s visible from a distance and from street level, 60 percent of the budget was purposed towards the viaduct’s structural reinforcement. We wanted as much greenery as possible. While we are happy with the aesthetics there was a trade-off that we had to be content with. The result was more grey than green than our original intentions because of the necessary reinforcement work. IGS: The project was criticised for being too grey and heavy because of the extensive use of concrete and steel. But, there are some elements of glass also used, which will of course interest our IGS readers. And obviously a very clever use of plants. Can you give us your thoughts on this? KSL: First of all, I would like to explain the use of the glass for the balustrades. The need to achieve transparency was very important. The reason is two-fold; not only did we want to show the plants and biodiversity to people walking and driving below, but we wanted those on the bridge to view the beautiful vistas of the city.
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SkyGarden
As you walk along the bridge, there is a feeling of floating through the city, a transparent avenue of greenery and cityscapes surrounds the pedestrian on their journey. Glass was the perfect and the only solution for us. There were concerns from some people regarding the use of glass, but we stand behind this design and the experience it gives visitors.
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SkyGarden
Our vision was for this inter-communication to take place, a dialogue between both sides of the SkyBridge and the city. And what better material is there to facilitate this than glass? We achieved this idea; as you walk along the bridge, there is a feeling of floating through the city, a transparent avenue of greenery and cityscapes surrounds the pedestrian on their journey. Glass was the perfect and the only solution for us. There were concerns from some people regarding the use of glass, but we stand behind this design and the experience it gives visitors. Further explanation for the grey aspect of the project: Some comparisons were made to the High Line Bridge in New York. It is a similar project but there is a big difference. The New York bridge elevation is 6 meters from the ground while the SkyGarden in Seoul is elevated almost 17 meters from ground-level. Another integral difference is the primary purpose of both structures. While the New York’s High Line was built preliminary for heavy trains, the SkyGarden was the initially conceived as motorway for vehicle traffic. As highlighted previously, we needed to reinforce the structure which was originally supported by only one column. Latex -modified concrete specified for the walkway was used because of its light weight and the ability to absorb vibrations. Moreover, the choice of circular planters was based on the most practical way to contain large quantities of soil, resulting in the abundance of grey that concrete is associated with. IGS: How does Seoullo 7017 connect the history of Seoul with a present, modern, 21st century vibrant lifestyle? In your opinion, as an architect, is it a symbol of changes towards a smarter city and smarter use of resources? KSL: Seoullo 2017 is not the first challenging project that was undertaken in this redevelopment initiative. In the beginning of 2000, the former Mayor of Seoul, Lee Myung-Bak, demolished another elevated motorway to uncover Cheonggyecheon Stream Canal. This was re-developed and reopened as a landscaped pedestrian recreation route. As beautiful and stunning as South Korea is, surrounded by lush mountains, the city centres lacked the same biodiversity and greenery associated with its periphery. This project added much needed recreational areas to the urban centre and today, it is a very popular destination for local people and tourists. The main aim of the city is to bring history back to the centre. While the canal redevelopment was very important, Seoullo 7017 has a very different significance. It represents a marriage between the concrete jungles built in the 1970s and the vision of a greener, sustainable future. It was a clever repurposing of the architectural style of industrialization brought into the 21st century. While this endeavour proved to be more challenging and expensive than just demolishing the existing structure, we believe the creativity and culturally historic significance of keeping ‘the old’ was a worthwhile undertaking.
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SkyGarden
Seoullo7017 is also one of the best places to explore the city’s unique history and culture as many of the historic sites are within a 20 minute walk from the bridge’s many roots. IGS: Are there any similar projects in the MVRDV’s pipeline that we will be able to follow? KSL: We do many master plans in Europe and outside Europe. An interesting project is Floriade 2022 in the Netherlands. There is another project in the Netherlands and an interesting one in Bordeaux, France. In Asia we have a project in Thailand. All information is available on our website: www.mvrdv.nl/projects Images © Ossip van Duivenbode
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The Edge, Amsterdam
A Catalyst for transition Current thinking about the design of office buildings explores the creation of workspace that helps us to stimulate and nourish ideas; with a focus on people, talent, culture, well-being, level of engagement and opportunity for individual choice. This requires a new typology for the workplace.
The Edge, Amsterdam
The 40,000m² building for Deloitte in Amsterdam sets a new global benchmark for the office environment by prioritising the comfort, health and productivity of its end-users. The project was, for a couple of years, the world’s most sustainable office building, having been awarded the highest rating ever recorded by the Building Research Establishment, the global assessor of sustainable buildings. By employing innovative smart technology, the project achieved a BREEAM new construction certification of ‘Outstanding’ and a score of 98.36 per cent. >
– more than just a smart building igsmag.com
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CASE STUDIES
The Edge, Amsterdam
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The Edge, Amsterdam The workspace is organised around a grand 15-storey atrium providing most of the floorplates with north light. The expansive space, bright and active, contributes to an inspirational business environment that is operationally, aesthetically and environmentally outstanding. The atrium is the lung of the building, ventilating the office space, while the load-bearing structure and smaller glazed openings of the sun-lit facades provide thermal mass and shade. In addition to its role in the environmental strategy, the glowing atrium becomes a window into Amsterdam’s Zuidas. The carbon neutral building uses 70% less electricity than comparable office buildings. The roof and the south-facing facade incorporate the largest array of photovoltaic panels of any European office building, and an aquifer thermal energy storage system provides all the energy required for heating and cooling. In modern office buildings, typically about 10% of the net area of office space is used for gathering, meeting and break-out spaces. In The Edge, the percentage of unallocated net space is 25%, and since the first floors were occupied in the beginning of 2015, these spaces have proved equally as popular and widely occupied as the desk space. The Edge integrates an Ethernet-powered LED connected lighting system, which uses 30,000 sensors to continuously measure occupancy, movement, lighting levels, humidity and temperature. The central control system enables employees to use a smartphone app to regulate the climate and light over individual workspace. This innovative technology - earning one of 21 innovation credits - not only reduces energy costs but serves as a means of providing information and data about the operational performance of the building to drive overall efficiency. The Edge has brought together accountants, lawyers and consultants located in various buildings and cities to a new flexible work environment that inspires connectivity and interaction in continually shifting configurations. The Edge is situated in Amsterdam’s Zuidas business district, 6 minutes by train from Schiphol Airport. It is a striking, modern, crystalline building which opens itself up to the city with its 15-storey atrium. The atrium acts as a window between the world of work and the outside, as well as providing a social heart for the
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CASE STUDIES
The Edge, Amsterdam
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The Edge, Amsterdam building and serving as an environmental buffer to reduce energy use. In many ways, it is an inside-out building, presenting a protective skin to the outside which is moderating air-quality, noise, sunlight (bad) and daylight (good) – while the inside has a warm and welcoming central collaborative community space at its heart. The project is very much a product of its time, and the result of an ambitious, agile and collaborative design process involving the main tenant, the developer and the design team. The client, OVG Real Estate, is a Dutch office development company devoted to product innovation. They pioneered applying the highest level of sustainability as a commercial component of modern office space and recognized early-on the potential of technology to improve the quality of the workplace. The main tenant for the building, business consultants Deloitte, intended to consolidate their employees previously spread around multiple buildings throughout the city within a single environment, at a time when they were consciously preparing for the momentous changes the event of digital technologies would make to the business environment; their own, as well as that of their clients. In the first few design meetings the conversations were about the character and the identity of the workplace. Deloitte had recently opened new headquarters in Rotterdam and in The Hague and though these buildings provided good-looking and well serviced modern office space they were traditional structures, with a reception, amenities and conference at the base and typical offices floors stacked above the plinth. The workers tended to be part of their immediate department, without feeling connected to the larger company. Deloitte’s consultancy offer was adjusting rapidly in line with their professional community’s development and the mix of disciplines became richer and above all more interrelated. What they felt they were missing in their other projects was a sense of community and the first of the two main questions we discussed at the very first meeting was how the new building could have a spatial structure that allowed for a sense of “togetherness”; a way for people to feel part of the whole thing. The second question was how the building could engage with the wider framework of the City of Amsterdam and in which way it could project its identity to the thousands of people passing by each hour
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The Edge, Amsterdam
on the bundle of motorway, train, tram and bus routes to the north of the site. The idea of the large atrium – connecting the office floors internally and with views in and out – came about ten minutes into a seven-and-a-half-year design and construction process. The brief at the onset was to create an inspirational business environment, and this morphed, during the design process, into the need to create a ‘smart building’, intended as a catalyst for Deloitte’s transition into the digital age. Designing a cutting-edge office building that would be futureproof required PLP to anticipate new patterns of work: people in the knowledge economy have the flexibility to work from wherever they want, at any time, and with whatever degree of social interaction they want. In this context, the utilitarian approach to office design developed in the last century has become obsolete, and technological innovation has enhanced the toolbox available to architects significantly. The claims towards ‘efficiency’ that have long been used by architects to justify their workplace designs are no longer relevant. For The Edge, PLP devised spaces that produce a multiplicity of moods and atmospheres within the workplace, leveraging a wide variety of technologies and intensifying social interaction through spatially specific design strategies. To create an exceptional contemporary collaborative working environment, PLP focused on the building’s atrium as the key to its success. More than just a grand statement, the atrium became an integral part of how the workplace was re-imagined. We infused this massive space with vertical layers of activity and transformed it into an essential spatial component, the social nucleus of the building. The brightly day-lit, expansive space forms an architectural response to highly specific occupier demands on the building. The Edge offers numerous different types of working, meeting, and breakout environments and sets a new benchmark for the built environment by prioritising the comfort, health and productivity of its users. When entering the building, one finds oneself in a 15-story-high atrium, flooded with daylight. The triangular “butterfly balconies” along the elevator core are equipped with LED strips that in winter provide subtle lighting effects in various colours. Instead of making occupants feel tiny and lost in this huge space, it feels quite intimate. The excellent acoustics – achieved
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The Edge, Amsterdam through perforated panels hiding sound-absorbing materials – make it possible to have a good conversation at any one of the tables in the coffee bar. The atrium is also the place where new working patterns meet digital systems. Rather than thinking of the technological systems in the building as autonomous and discrete layers, PLP used them to devise new types of workspaces. People have the flexibility to work anywhere in the building; and with the help of a dedicated mobile app, people can find each other, look for a quiet empty desk and adjust the temperature and light levels to suit their own preferences. The technology is also designed to manage energy use by making the workers aware of how much energy they use, wherever they work in the building. While sustainability as a purely technological narrative has been exhausted by its overuse, the Edge creates a radically new working environment which is enabled by sustainable technologies. Fine tuning the shape and orientation of the Edge was the initial step in achieving the exceptional climatic and energy performance of the headquarters. The arrangement of large floor plates organised around a grand 15-storey north-facing atrium allows natural daylight to reach most of the office spaces, while the load-bearing structure and smaller glazed openings of the south facing facades provide thermal mass and shade. The atrium is the lung of the building, ventilating the office space while providing a buffer with the exterior in a way which reduces energy use in both summer and winter. As well as its energyneutral temperature control, energy efficient design and green energy-generating technology, the Edge captures rainwater and stores it underground for use in flushing toilets and watering plants in the interior and exterior gardens. Shortly after the building’s formal opening in May 2015 Bloomberg presented an article, named ‘The Smartest Building in the World – inside the connected future of architecture’. Since then, international interest in the project has barely waned. The collection of data generated by the building has progressed over the years, as has the discussion about its ownership and usefulness, and we are beginning to study the potential benefits of feedback loops. The Edge is a pilot, from which we are still learning every day.
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The Edge, Amsterdam
More facts about the Edge …Smart
An interview with Derk Bots, Commercial Director Benelux, Signify (formerly Philips Lighting) D.B.: It is important to note that we have changed our company name from Philips Lighting to Signify on May 16, 2018. https://www.signify.com/en-gb/about/news/pressreleases/2018/20180516-philips-lighting-is-now-signify Our products are still branded ‘Philips,’ while our lighting management system and IoT platform are branded ‘Interact.’ Q: Completed in 2015, Deloitte office building in Amsterdam, the Edge, awarded by BREEAM as the most outstanding and sustainable office building at that time was quite a complex undertaking, where few companies were contributing to this award and credited for their ‘’smart’’ solutions. Philips Lighting definitely is one them, providing the most remarkable, cutting edge technology lighting system, specifically designed for Edge for its open plan offices. The Philips PoE LED is credited for enabling a creation of the most adaptable and intelligent working space. Was the system created to the specifications of the developer or did Philips Lighting have it ready and waiting for the right project to get it implemented? D.B.: We developed Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology some time ago and considered it ideally suited to The Edge. Smart lighting for a smart building. Q: What is so special about the technology by Philips Lighting used in PoE LED lighting system? D.B.: Firstly, the system is highly energy efficient which fits perfectly the aspiration for the Edge to be the world’s most environmentally friendly office. The LED luminaires by design
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are energy efficient, typically 40-50% more energy efficient than conventional office lighting fixtures. By networking them to our Interact Office software system we can typically save an additional 30% of electricity. Although, energy savings are only part of the story. The lighting can be controlled by an app on a smartphone, so that office workers can tailor light levels to their specific needs, as well control other building services such as temperature. In addition, the office luminaires have built-in sensors that detect when someone is in a room. Information from these sensors has provided building managers with insights into how their office is used. This information revealed that Deloitte was under-utilizing the available desk space. The firm was able to add additional staff to the office. Today, 2,900 office staff, share the 22,000m2 of space allocated to Deloitte. Not all the staff are present at the same time as many work remotely and drop in occasionally. Better utilization of office space is saving Deloitte €3.6M p.a. In addition, cleaning staff can be advised which meeting rooms have been used, so that their cleaning rota can be optimized each day. Q: Going ‘’smart’’ requires the right infrastructure to facilitate it. Do you think that you are a part of this infrastructure? D.B.: Absolutely, think of the lights as digital nodes on a network – an IoT-ready network in your ceiling. The light fixtures are able to communicate information on their performance such as how much electricity they consume - as well as sense and gather information on the environment around them. Such information is useful to an enterprise. An API is available so that the lighting system can communicate with other systems. What’s more, the whole system is easy to upgrade. You know you have a smart office when your lighting system tells you when a desk or meeting room is free. Given that 70% of workers today say they waste up to 15 minutes just looking for a space to meet, such technology will save businesses both time and money. Q: According to the reports by the Edge building, the smartphone is a key element to the LED lighting implemented here, permitting its use to the full and sometimes unexpected potential. How is this working together and what part are the smartphones playing in this duo? D.B.: Our smartphone app enables office workers to personalize the lighting to their needs. For example, if you want to study some technical drawings you may need to turn up the lights. Also, older office staff, of which there are many more these days, need more light to perform everyday tasks. They
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The Edge, Amsterdam
lighting for a Smart building
can personalize their lighting, selecting a light level that’s right for them, even in an open plan environment. Our app also provides access to control other office services, such as temperature settings. It is therefore an integral element of the smart office and being a smartphone app means it’s a control most people are familiar with. Q: Can any smartphone be used here, or in this case, are the smartphones a part of Philips system as well? D.B.: Our app runs on any smartphone that uses IoS or Android, the most common smartphone platforms. And APIs are available to integrate it into other controls or data into other applications. Q: What are the most important attributes that make this system ‘’smart’’ and unique and how does it contribute to the Edge’s classification as a rather outstanding office environment? D.B.: First and foremost, we provide quality lighting. That’s what our customers expect from us. But we have taken light beyond illumination. Our lighting is connected and smart. It can be controlled by office staff to make offices more comfortable, support well-being and to help make people more productive. Also, our lighting system is able to provide all manner of useful information to help enterprises save money and make their operations more efficient. Q: Since the Edge building started to be occupied, has Philips Lighting installed this same system in other new buildings? D.B.: We’ve provided the same technology in offices worldwide as far flung as Toronto, Madrid, Dubai, Bangalore, to name a few.
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We recently equipped the Hamden Bin Mohammed Smart University in Dubai with a connected Philips PoE connected lighting managed by Interact Office. This a university without a light switch. Lighting is controlled by a smartphone app, by motion sensors and centrally from a management system. The lighting also automatically adjusts itself in response to daylight conditions. For this project, Interact Office is integrated into the university’s building management system with HVAC synced to the classroom schedule and switched on just before a lesson starts. That way, students never have to walk into a warm room. When students vacate the classroom, the HVAC and lighting switch off automatically. The university also uses our indoor positioning technology which has yet to be enabled in the Edge. Lights and beacons around the building transmit their location just like an indoor Sat Nav. This information, beamed through the light, may be detected by a smartphone camera, so if the student is using the university’s app, they can locate themselves and be guided to their classroom. For this installation, our app was integrated into the university’s app. As with the Edge, the facility manager has access to valuable operational information, on the performance of the light points, energy use and how the building is being used thanks to data collected by occupancy sensors in the luminaires. Q: Is it possible to adapt existing buildings so that they are able to use your new smart and very complex lighting system? D.B.: Our Interact Office works with PoE and wireless infrastructures. PoE is really most suited to new builds and buildings undergoing major refurbishment, whereas wireless technology is well-suited to existing buildings where you don’t want to perform rewiring. Whatever the building, we have a smart lighting proposition to match.
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Cities within Cities
Cities within – the Bigger Currently 55% of the world’s population live in cities. Over the past two centuries, rapid and unprecedented urbanisation has already led to profound consequences for global sustainability. As a result, most industries including the architecture and construction sectors - have taken great steps to lessen their impact on the environment. But will these efforts be enough to counteract the continued rapid growth of our cities?
FOUR Frankfurt. Project will be completed by UNS + HPP
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Cities
Picture Ben van Berkel & Astrid Piber, UNStudio
Cities within Cities
I
ncreasing numbers of people continue to move to cities in search of work, better housing and improved quality of life, a trend that shows no signs of abating for many years to come. In fact, quite the contrary: In 2050 two thirds of the world’s population will live in urban areas. This means that an additional 2.5 billion people will be living in cities. This growth creates an enormous challenge for our cities environmentally, socially and economically. In order to prepare for this widespread future densification, cities will need to accept expansion in one form or another. They will have to provide adequate means to serve the needs of their growing urban populations, particularly with regard to transportation, energy systems and housing, as well as for employment and services such as education and healthcare. For all of these services digital technology and the connectivity of our global cities become key factors in paving the way forward and creating strategies that correspond with the cities’ physical densification. Logically speaking, there are three possible options to cater for future densification: build downwards, build outwards, or build upwards. The first option may have its quirky appeal, but aside from questions concerning potential negative effects on human health, this option only provides a growth model for a limited number of urban functions. Developing the fringes of the city, or creating satellite housing developments is a tried and tested method. This option however can face staunch Greenbelt policies, or lead to long commuter journeys and a sense of segregation for those who are not in a position to be able to afford to live within the city limits. Vertical expansion is therefore still the preferred option for many of today’s cities and metropoles. That said, urban planners and developers have also learnt from mistakes of the past and are rejecting urban zoning concepts - which separate programmes such as working, living, retail and leisure - in favour of centrally located, large scale, holistic, mixed-use developments that offer 24-hour programmes. In these developments working, living and leisure activities are catered for within walking distance of each other and the use of (valuable) urban land is maximized.
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Cities within Cities
As a result, we are now building cities within cities and creating neighbourhoods in the sky.
Cities within Cities – the design challenge At UNStudio we have designed a number of such developments and are only too aware of the many and complex challenges involved. Immediate considerations include the integration with existing nearby infrastructure and public transport nodes; an appropriate conceptual and formal response to the cultural context of the host city; the seamless integration of public programmes at street level and (at times) up into the buildings; the organisation of complex flows and separate access to the different programmes within the towers and, of course, a considered solution to the overall massing of the development, eventual phasing opportunities and adaptability for future use. In addition to these design related challenges, architects also have to work in line with economic considerations, planning and policy regulations and, last but not least, the overall design must express the unique identity of the host city; something that links to our urban experience, emphasises the uniqueness of a place, and becomes part of the city’s identity. The role of the architect is however not merely to problem solve, it is to add value – not least with a view to designing for the future. As such, each of the separate programme typologies in a mixed-use development requires in depth knowledge of all related tendencies, trends and projections, while the design must principally be user-centric, providing quality of space and flexibility for future change and the integration of new technologies. Whether the programme be one catering to the hospitality industries, to future living, working, retail, culture or entertainment, the architect has to design spaces of experience pertinent to each one; welcoming spaces that people will want to return to again and again. In short, they need to design efficient models that are in line with the client’s plans, alongside performative, relevant architecture that attracts.
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Southbank by Beulah in Melbourne: UNStudio with Cox Architecture.
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Cities within Cities
This begs the question, how do we understand the ‘attraction’ of architecture today? And what role do aesthetics still play in the post-crisis, post-iconic buildings which compose the cities we design for the future? Today we are designing highly performative, sustainable, human-centric, technologydriven, safer and healthier buildings. Although image-making is no longer the priority it may once have been, powerful images can still be generated as a result of these values. It is not the case that architecture is becoming purely utilitarian, but instead that more distinguished and intelligent - perhaps even at times ungraspable - images are being generated. We have referred to this in the past as the ‘after image’: a visual effect, similar to seeing an intriguing movie or painting, that will encourage people to come back to a building, to discover more within the multiple layers of the design.
Renderings by Norm Li
However, with the large-scale mixed-use typology that is typically located in central areas of the city, more evident aesthetic considerations in fact still play a very important role, due to their density and shear physical impact. Aesthetics are, after all, inherent to the profession of architecture and we cannot forget the visual impact that such developments have, both at street level and on the skyline. Architects have to consider how the individual towers in such a development are configured both spatially and visually in order to work together to present a family of forms, both from a distance and from nearby; how they appear within and affect the skyline when seen from all angles, and how their materialisation, detailing and massing respond to the existing built fabric of the city. Such decisions are not driven by a demand for ‘instagrammable’ buildings, they are moreover the result of the crossing points between function, form and context. Three examples from our own work that perhaps illustrate how such concerns can result in very different proposals are the Raffles City project in Hangzhou China, FOUR Frankfurt and Southbank by Beulah in Melbourne. In each of
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Cities within Cities
these projects, alongside material and organisational-related choices, carefully considered massing decisions were of paramount importance in terms of how the developments would, not only provide the best possible conditions to each of the different programmes within the project with respect to daylight and views, but how their massing, in the same terms, would affect the immediate surroundings, the skyline and the city as a whole. In addition to such massing considerations, a tailored response to the cultural context of each unique city is a very powerful determining factor in each of the final designs. Mixed-use projects also need to form an integrated part of their host cities, necessarily forming as they do, the antithesis to a closed-off, ‘gated-community’ model. The vertical city within a city has to be designed to become an integral part of the whole; it has to give something back to its host city by way of a public – and oftentimes cultural - programme that can be enjoyed and experienced by all.
A bigger, bolder, smarter future In the not too distant future new digital technologies will be fully integrated into the built environment. These technologies will soon become so ubiquitous, we will hardly notice their presence - much as has occurred with electricity and telecommunications in the past. Before long, we will also be able to develop localised solutions to such things as energy production and storage, perhaps with the use of microgrids. However for now, sensor technologies mean that we already have the capacity to monitor the use and performance of our buildings and cities. This is of particular interest for the further development of complex large-scale mixeduse developments.
Raffles City project in Hangzhou China © Seth Powers
Currently we are able to monitor, maintain and improve the performance of buildings and their components by feeding data into a cumulative cloud to create a feedback loop between building and planet. But with AI and machine learning potentials, we will soon be unveiling correlations of data allowing for better understanding of cause and effect.
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Cities within Cities
© Hufton + Crow
© Seth Powers
© Hufton + Crow
© Seth Powers
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© Hufton + Crow
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This, in turn, will mean that we can design new collaborative development models between designers, developers, residents and systems, where shared outcomes can be shaped to improve the operation and performance of complex building types that have to cater to mixed programmes, and a range of very different users. In order to overcome the constraints of the exponential growth of urban systems, we have to adopt advanced technologies for water management, energy consumption, transport and communication networks with their social circuits. Each large-scale mixed-use project forms a significant puzzle piece in the bigger picture and as such needs to provide bold solutions for these concerns. These developments also need to be intelligent (or ‘smart’) in how they communicate within and beyond their boundaries. As designers we cannot rely on big data that is seen as a mere commodity in today’s world, we instead need to deploy our focused analysis to enable new solutions for the future. In order to achieve this, we recently set-up the Arch Tech company UNSense. The work carried out at UNSense enables us to continuously learn from cities, their buildings and their respective end users. This feedback-loop in design is essential. We observe daily how the digital revolution is having significant impact on our lives, what we do and what we wish for. And ultimately it is these factors that influence the spaces we use.
Cities within Cities
© Seth Powers
© Seth Powers
The fact that we can now monitor the daily use and performance of our cities and buildings will enable us to better understand and measure the impact that our design decisions have on people’s lives and will greatly improve our ability to create highly tailored design solutions for challenging and complex developments. After all, these large-scale mixed-use projects form parts of the bigger picture. Designing these projects is akin to designing a city within a city; a vertical urban plan that almost always leaves its trace on the skyline of a city; certainly visually impactful, but essentially of purpose to its people.
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Zhuhai International CEC – Phase 2
Zhuhai International CEC – Phase 2 Gordon Affleck Design Partner of 10 DESIGN 10 DESIGN is the Lead Design Architect for the second phase of a world class Zhuhai International Convention and Exhibition Centre in China (Zhuhai International CEC). The development will provide not only an additional new independently functioning convention facility but also most importantly premium office, hotel, retail and F+B spaces to complete the commercial offer of the entire development. State owned Huafa Group anticipates construction completion of Phase 2 by 2020. Phase 1 was inaugurated in 2014. Phase 2 provides a total GFA of 192,000sqm with a breakdown of accommodation including a 55,000sqm convention centre; 24,500sqm of retail of which15,000sqm is F+B within the ‘Urban Ribbon’; 56,500sqm of office; and 56,000sqm of hotel accommodation. The convention centre accommodates a range of meeting facilities including 2 stacked plenary halls of 8,000sqm and 6,000sqm in area, a tiered seating hall for 500 people, and a State Meeting room for 1,200 people. In addition, a series of garden and ground level civic spaces are designed around the convention centre. This Phase provides almost 9,000sqm of elevated landscaped terraces and plaza space, offering dramatic views across the waterfront to Macau. The Façade Design of the Zhuhai Tower was designed by 10 Design
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Photography by Peter Alsterholm at 10 DESIGN
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Zhuhai International CEC – Phase 2
Hotel and office accommodation are located within 2 towers of height at 228m and 200m respectively. Zhuhai International CEC is strategically located at the Pearl Estuary with close proximity to Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau. The overall development comprises an approximate GFA of 650,000sqm. It is designated as the central core of the new Shizimen Central Business District, which has a total investment of over RMB12 billion. It is expected that the development will further catalyze economic development, positioning the wider Hengqin region as Southern China’s primary financial centre.
Outline of client’s vision Gordon Affleck was responsible for the original concept and led the design team from inception at competition stage through to detail design, as International Design Principal at RMJM. Soon after Affleck and his fellow partners founded 10 DESIGN, Huafa Group appointed 10 DESIGN to provide design consultancy on the façade design of Zhuhai Tower (a 330m tall high rise as part of the latter stage of Phase 1), ensuring the design intent was fully realised. Subsequently, 10 DESIGN has been appointed as Lead Design Architect to continue and complete the original intent of the development as a gateway between city and waterfront providing both public and civic amenity. Huafa’s vison was to make a civic gateway building for the city. The client aspires to not only creating a civic statement but also designing a landmark that would be truly interactive with the populace. Convention facilities suffer from being inactive during event down times; therefore, we proposed a sculptural ribbon form (Urban Ribbon) which both physically and visually connects the waterfront to the city. The Ribbon houses a series of public functions such as restaurants, retail, and cultural facilities that continually activate the main plaza and secondary garden areas. These public functions ensure a publicly activated link while at the same time screening the more private areas of the complex. It also ensures that even when convention and exhibitions are being set up, there are always people moving through the plaza. The convention component takes this idea of merging public and civic function further by
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Zhuhai International CEC – Phase 2
Photography by Suo Vision
creating an elevated event plaza with dynamic views becoming a location for public celebration.
Along with the retail and F&B, permanently occupied office and hotel towers ensure integration and activation of the development within the wider urban context.
Context Zhuhai is a major city in the Pearl River Delta Region, being in a unique location geopolitically as a link between Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau. To expedite the growth of the Hengqin area within the city, the Zhuhai Municipal Government endorsed State-owned Huafa Group to develop the new Shizimen CBD. The master plan for the Shizimen CBD is to transform Zhuhai into a leading financial hub by implementing corporate headquarters situated within a world class international convention and exhibition facility development which is further supported by branded hotels, retail, and waterfront public spaces. The convention facility is all about interaction and connection. Pedestrian routes across the site connect perimeter nodes with protected and unrestricted pedestrian thoroughfares. The connection is created by using levels and building forms to link functions while being unbroken by vehicular access. The provision of multiple landscape experiences embraces the region’s reputation as a ‘Garden City’.
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The development further enforces links between city and waterfront through its connection to the MTR station on Nanwan Road. Visitors can walk through the garden plaza leading to the waterfront. Alternatively, they can walk under or within the ribbon itself in air conditioned retail link throughout the summer. The twin towers complete the vibrant waterfront complementing and not competing with the 325m high Shizimen Iconic Tower in Phase 1, the focal point of the entire development.
Design The development compliments and extends the initial concept of phase 1 of providing an activated connection between the main road and the waterfront. The ribbon houses a series of public functions including restaurants and retail spaces that continually activate the grand public plaza, connecting the main road to the waterfront. These public activities within the ribbon screen the more private areas of the complex while at the same time forming dramatic sculptural gateways to
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Zhuhai International CEC – Phase 2
individual components within the development. The new convention component also extends the public space around the Urban Ribbon using a series of elevated terraces that form a number of layered courtyards and informal gardens, serving both public and convention facilities. On a civic and public level, the facility also provides an elevated public plaza view deck of around 8,500sqm which is activated by F&B functions. This way, it provides a true public amenity to the city while greatly increasing the amount of accessible landscape space within the development. While the complex appears fluid and dynamic, the key interior spaces are kept rectilinear and regular to allow multiple subdivision of internal volumes to provide as much flexibility as possible. The more flexible the spaces, the more sustainable the building becomes through its ability to adapt to different events and uses. The Phase 2 Office Towers are located on the waterfront with a staggered volume. Though it has a central core plan, the design allows 75% of the modular units to have direct waterfront views.
Sustainability The building form carries the natural breeze blowing across from the waterfront, inducing air flow through public spaces and up over the elevated terraces. Both upper and lower halls pre-function façades have the ability to open to induce air flow through the pre-function areas. Pedestrian circulation routes, separated from car traffic using level changes, are provided with shades by the sculpted volumes of the convention and ‘Ribbon’ structure, making it possible to walk between all of the complex’s components. Picture windows are recessed within the building volume to provide shading while shaded colonnades provide cover and protection for pedestrians. The ‘Ribbon’ is screened from solar glare with a series of louvres at a density and angle determined by solar analysis. A low level louvred façade along the waterfront supports vertical planting that help to provide shading and reduce the external ambient
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temperature of the surrounding civic space. Planting is used extensively to provide solar screening for key pedestrian spaces not only on grade but also on the waterfront terraces and the 2nd floor elevated plaza. This 8,500sqm park and civic space provides an elevated public amenity with waterfront views, while shading and insulating to lower levels of the extended building volume. Circulation spaces are naturally lit along with the upper convention hall when not in use. ((The key cost after cooling is lighting of the volume for set up and take down of events). Drop offs to the basement levels are also naturally lit through the use of sunken gardens.
Zhuhai International CEC – Phase 2
successfully since the opening in 2014. Huafa Group has engaged National Convention Centre Management Organisation (Bejing North Star) to operate and manage the convention facility. Flexibility of management of the servicing has been planned for multiple operators between retail, office, and convention components if required. Servicing for the convention halls is provided within an on grade loading area which is sheltered by extensive bunding landscaping. Upper floors have direct access to this dock via cargo lifts. All other servicing is via an independent service ramp leading to 3 separate loading bays in the basement with one each for banquet kitchen, retail and offices, thus ensuring no cross over between service and public traffic.
Property & facilities management Zhuhai International CEC Phase 1 has been in operation
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Mass traffic drop offs are located in the basement adjacent to top lit sunken gardens. This provides
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Zhuhai International CEC – Phase 2
protected drop off areas directly into the heart of the convention’s key circulation areas and office lobbies. So that it keeps bus traffic off the ground plane while still providing a good quality drop off. Extensive glazed areas at upper levels are accessible from roof terraces to minimising the requirement for BMU for the convention components. The FM consultancy service is currently under review for Phase 2 and a detailed plan will be available in Q3Q4 2017.
Fulfilling the brief The development of the design has changed significantly from the initial competition winning design to encapsulate as much flexibility as possible in responding to other international convention centres being launched in parallel. This has meant the addition of an extra level of plenary hall so to cater for multiple large events. The facility has multiple entrance points offering the ability to host different events at the same time while avoiding cross traffic between different convention workers and visitors. The elevated park terrace, which acts as a break out area of the upper plenary hall, is an event space in itself.
PROJECT DATA LOCATION Shizimen Central Business District, Zhuhai, China
Maximising the commercial value of the waterfront has been a key concern for the client while keeping the waterfront public. The office and hotel are located in 2 towers that sit on F&B terraces, keeping the waterfront truly public. The towers have central cores for structural efficiency; however, the massing is staggered as the towers elevate. This way, the towers become side loaded core at the upper levels resulting in 75% of the units with waterfront views. The inclusion of F&B terraces incorporated into the upper levels of the convention centre ensures the facility is occupied outside of events, while at the same time offering convention visitors easy access to quality F&B amenities. We feel that the facility addresses and balances the requirements of both the civic and public functions which in turn lead to a positive addition to both the urban and waterfront environment.
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CLIENT Huafa Group DESIGN TEAM Gordon Affleck, Design Partner Miriam Auyeung, Partner Javier Perea, Sonja Stoffels, Wei Liu, Alexey Golbraykh, David Bachan, Javier Manjon, Alessandra Varonier, Daria Ristea, Alex Cozma, Jon Derrin, Shaun Mcleod, Alexander Li, Yan Liu, Emily Xiao PHASE 2 | TOTAL GFA 192,000 sqm • • • • • • •
Convention Centre 55,000 sqm 2 stacked plenary halls of 8,000 sqm and 6,000 sqm A tiered seating hall for 500 people A state meeting room for 1,200 people Retail & F&B Area 24,500 sqm Office Spaces 56,500 sqm Hotel Accommodation 56,000 sqm
PROGRAMME Phase 2 Anticipated Completion: 2020
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“LIGHT FROM LIGHT”
By Graham Coult, Eckersley O’Callaghan Investigative trails. We’ve been involved in many interesting structures, but the most challenging have often been those that seem very simple in nature. This simplicity is often deceptive; more often than not it will be the sole goal in driving the engineering challenge.
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“LIGHT FROM LIGHT�
Can somebody, anybody, separate heat from transparency?
One of the interesting aspects of working with glass as the primary structure is the diversity of additional materials that are used in the typical design, from silicones and epoxy mortars, to a wide variety of interlayers, numerous coatings and methods of adding decorative effects. Throughout the evolution of the design, it is often these secondary materials, or the components fabricated from them, rather than the glass, that dictates the performance of the overall structure. The Steve Jobs Theater (pictured above) provides one such example of how the design leads us down these investigate trails.
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Project Image Without any internal or external structure, the roof had to appear to float above the landscape. Any distortions would detract from this effect. Selecting the method to curve the glass was the critical starting point; different production techniques would lead to different structural capacities, but the decision had to come from a balance with the visual aesthetic. In this case, the quality of the surface that could be achieved. The selected method was lamination bent fully toughened glass. (This is a panel that is formed from layers of flat tempered glass, interleaved with a stiff interlayer which is all then forced over a form, and placed in the autoclave. At the end of the autoclave cycle when the interlayer has bonded to the adjacent glass. There is an initial geometric change when the panel is released from the form. The strain energy in the individual glass plies is redistributed across the full panel thickness. This is often referred to as spring back. The compromise of this process is that stresses are locked in the glass so there is less to use for the structural work. Given that the glass needed to support and provide lateral stiffness to a combined weight of 250 tonnes there was a lot of structural work to do in the connection to the foundation. The preferred option was to bolt the glass but the loads required could not be achieved. The stress concentration involved with holes acts to magnify the local applied stress. The reduction in the residual structural capacity became so great that the method was discounted. Using a continuous adhesive connection across the bottom of the glass was the logical next step. The force could be distributed more evenly. Researching the
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“LIGHT FROM LIGHT�
various bonding technologies, we decided to proceed with a two-part structural silicone. While this is readily used for structural glazing, we understood that this would be the first building in California to use it in the load path of the structural frame. Needless to say, this type of application was not in the Local Building Code. The initial sizing of the silicone joint used published data from Dow, and other test data we had, to satisfy stiffness and strength. In the design of the theatre though, the peak stresses came from the dynamic loads caused by seismic events, and so further testing was commissioned to understand what happened to the silicone under load cycling. The results showed that the silicone was softer than expected. While this could be resolved in the design, we wanted to understand why. After discussing this at length with Dow’s team, this effect
K11, Hong Kong
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“LIGHT FROM LIGHT” Conceptually the facade was to be a series of cylinders, 9m high, 900mm dia., self-supporting structurally while also acting as an insulated unit, wrapping around the building on the Retail floors. We were aware of the glass tubes that Schott and other drawn glass manufacturers make, usually for laboratory use and in the chemical industries.
Above: “At the time of the project, Schott were only able to make the tubes 400mm in diameter and 3.5m long so we looked at ways they could be stacked, and overlapped with semicircular sections”
which varies the softness of the material as it is repeatedly stretched is known as the “Mullins” effect, and it is common to all silicones. It was explained most simply by the material scientist as the reason why stretching a party balloon several times makes it easier to blow up. Under normal glazing design conditions such an effect on the silicone is of minimal concern and possibly negligible when compared to the safety factors. It was certainly important in our case, and the design was adjusted to accommodate these values. We encountered a similar design evolution in the development of the K11 façade in Hong Kong. Again, the premise of the project has a very clear architectural intent, and thus an engineering problem of how to make a series of glass cylinders, and the journey of starting again from choices of manufacturing.
At the time of the project, Schott were only able to make the tubes 400mm in diameter and 3.5m long so we looked at ways they could be stacked, and overlapped with semi-circular sections. Alternatives included modifying the production facility so that the length could be increased, which was a possibility. With that in mind, how could we ensure that the glass tube would remain safe under damage? Safety films were rejected because of difficulty of application and, and so laminating the glass was the natural alternative. However, the laminated panels failed in the autoclave. It was considered that the variation in geometry initiated these failures. The next preferred option was to make the cylinders from a pair of semi-circular panels. We were expecting that more consistent and accurate geometries could be achieved with this slumping process. Thermally bent glass was out of the question because the tight radius was unachievable. Using annealed glass in a scheme that had multiple orientations of exposure required some careful assessment about the likelihood of thermal shock, as the failure stress of annealed glass is low. Dynamic solar modelling gave the worst case differential solar exposure on each of the cylinders. These radiation values allowed the calculation of the temperature and, in turn, a computer model calculated the maximum stresses for the worst condition, which fell within acceptable limits. Similar to the problem of isochoric pressures for IGUs produced and located at different altitudes, this system was even more susceptible to those pressures as the cavity volume was very high, and the structure very stiff. The long-term performance of the seals became a concern. We therefore developed a closed cavity facade system which fed dry
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air to the units via a ring main. This gave a consistent positive pressure to the tubes, reducing gasket performance requirements and keeping the moisture out.
“LIGHT FROM LIGHT�
These projects use glass and its production techniques to their best advantage, harmonising qualities of surface, clarity, strength to best fit the design intent.
more permutations in the final product. However, they are predominantly fixed at the design stage. The future must lie with what is loosely termed as smart glasses. One can think that the transparency, strength and size of the structural glass forms will become the carrier for some amazing technologies to provide other active or reactive qualities.
It has been extremely exciting to be a part of achieving these new forms and structural gymnastics and the future is going to show us even more of the capabilities of glass. We are hoping the quality of glass and production will continue to improve. At our disposal, we currently have an immense range of surface finishes, coatings and laminating materials that combine for even
The shift to managing heat transfer and light transmission must be at the heart of this. Coatings have greatly improved and are the primary tool at the engineer’s disposal. The choice of coatings has also expanded and includes more neutral coloured coatings with less reflectivity. Improved performance has come from the specific selectivity of wavelength, but it is a still static system. A case of best fit.
Morpho Butterfly.
credit Renee Grayson
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Glasses with variable performance could help us achieve much more. Commentary on the varied dynamic mechanical shading options that are available are ignored as they are an additional system to the glass panel. Electrochromic glasses such as Sage, EControl and Viewglass to name a few can switch between polar states to modify the Light transmission and G-value, with some able to achieve intermediate steps. These systems need to be actively switched from one state to another, and that transformation is relatively gradual, taking a number of minutes. The tinting of them varies but is predominantly a dark blue hue. A modified PVB material can also be used to a similar effect but in an analog way compared to Electrochromic’s digital nature. Thermochromic glass uses the suns own energy to passively change the light transmission and solar gain.
There are very exciting research projects that we are involved in, which aims to separate this functionality. Of that very little can be revealed, but going back to an earlier discussion of the glass acting as a carrier for technology, why not use it as a completely variable information carrier? Leaping on from the technology of phase change materials that allows computers to read and write data to optical disks, Bodle Technology in Oxford have taken this one step further and used a modulated phase change alloy in combination with various ultrathin films that change the refractive index of light to create reflected colour. Similar refraction causes rainbows and the beautiful blue Morpho Butterfly wings.
Liquid Crystal technology has also been developed, notably by Merck. It is an active or passive technology, controlling solar heat gain and light transmission with liquid crystal molecules changing orientation with the application of a current. The change is immediate, and the colour of the translucency can be varied by adjusting the dye; both major benefits of the technology.
In the same way that colours can be chosen, so can particular wavelengths, adding the possibility of cutting out solar energy without effecting light transmission. This technology is currently being developed for the higher added-value market of screen technology, but it’s easy to see what this technology could do for the architectural industry, and not just in decoration or signage. The beauty of this technology is that is utilises standard coating materials and systems and so the hope is we might see this in the architectural field in the near future.
In both passive and active cases, the ability of these technologies to modify translucency add the next step in advances to the glass skin. However, the translucency always has an effect on both light transmission and solar gain. Can we have a system that can control either one i.e. change the solar gain while maintaining consistent light transmission?
Right now, the glass industry is a very exciting place to work, to experiment and to learn. We are surrounded by fascinating new products which enhance performance and provide decoration in increasingly inventive ways. Devising new applications for these emerging technologies is only going to get more exciting.
Bodle technology.
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“LIGHT FROM LIGHT”
Credit Bodle Technologies
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THE NIEMEYER SPHERE
Shading the The problematic heritage of shading in modernism – a critical review
and engineers. In a period of renewal, he saw it as the first duty of architecture to create the solution to the “problem house” on which “the balance of the social order” depends. “The revision of the valid values, the revision of the essential elements of a house” was proclaimed for the solution of the problem. Otl Aicher, one of the most influential German designers and co-founder of the HFG in Ulm, sees modernist architecture as based on a social reform program: “It wanted, as it was called, to bring light, air and sun into the apartments. It was opposed to dark street canyons, backyard architecture and bourgeois windows which were padded by multi-row curtains creating semi-dark rooms. The opposing position was clearly documented by Le Corbusier’s Pavillon Suisse in Paris from 1930 / 32. Its entire south side consists of a glass front, large windows that extend from the floor to the ceiling and occupy the entire width of the rooms behind. My first visit, shortly after the war, was this building, resting on a few central pillars. I felt this architecture as the announcement of a new era.”
Author: Harald Kern “You can also make an architectural revolution!” Le Corbusier wrote in 1929 in “Statements.” With the slogan “Form follows function”, functionalism became the most important attribute of the new architectural movement of the thirties and at the same time a new aesthetic was proclaimed. The focus was almost exclusively on the engineers’ mobile technical industrial products: aircrafts, ships or cars meant the maxim of aesthetics, function and quality for Le Corbusier, the “master of modernity”, based on the “strict demands of an inevitable program” which the engineers obey using the “shape-generating and shape-indicating elements” and thereby create “clear and impressive facts of design.” Here, according to Le Corbusier, the “law of economy imperatively steering the doing and thinking” of architects
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In addition to the many positive effects of modernism on architecture and urban planning, the architect and journalist Bernd Faskel sees the mistake that the modernists made in an “architectural alignment, the one essentially unchanged program for all people, in all situations, regardless of habits, behaviours or climatic conditions “. Architect Konrad Wachsmann would probably comment this: “Stop. I know what you are going to say now: The inventors of the international style have uniformed the world, and industrialized architecture has left the rest of architecture behind. But that’s not true. The epigones took care of the uniforms, those unimaginative architects who had not thought of anything, for them architecture is only a problem of style and form. [...] “ “Today - in the time of international traffic, the international economy and technology - I recommend a single construction model for all countries, all climates: The house with proper breathing ability. [...] I set up a factory for precise air [...] The Russian house, the house in Paris, Suez or Buenos Aires, the luxury steamer that passes over the equator: all of them will be hermetically sealed. In the
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THE NIEMEYER SPHERE
Niemeyer Sphere
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THE NIEMEYER SPHERE
with Oscar Niemeyer’s ministries in Brasilia, which line up with the long façade-sides in east-west direction along the “Monumental-Axis”, the slope down to the National Congress: Presumably in order to leave an uninterrupted view towards the Congress only on the east sides of the ministries vertical brise-soleil made of aluminum where provided, while the Congress -oriented west sides consist of steel-glass facades with internal sun protection. One might think that the traditional Arabic architecture with its Maschrabyyas has provided the modernists with the decisive impulses for the invention of the brise-soleil.
winter it will be warm, in the summer it will be cool - that means inside there will always be pure and good air of 18 ° C. “ Otl Aicher writes about the air quality of air conditioning systems, the “factories for precise air”: “Basically, a room without opening windows is a physiological cage. The air from the air conditioning system is one of cans. Air is a high-grade stimulation factor. The air conditioning never gets the fresh, tingling air of a rainstorm or the dry working air of a summer morning or the soft air of an August evening. “ Worldwide, people became aware of the problem of “air from cans” as the sick building syndrome. A fundamental architectural error of modernity which causes the need for the air conditioning and the related problems, describes Aicher disillusioned after his expectant visit to the Pavillon Suisse: “ [...] what stayed was a disappointment. In the rooms behind the windows was an air that had been overheated by the sun and was stuffy. It was too bright to work in the sun. Everything was light and shadow, there were no transitions. Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer later mounted the brise-soleil on the buildings - prominent sun visors made of concrete or metal which should let light, but no longer direct sun into the interiors. Le Corbusier often used these elements for formal as well as functional reasons. At the Unités and buildings in Chandigarh, the location and orientation of the “Sunbreakers,” as Le Corbusier calls them in his German writings, does not always correspond to the compass, e.g. with brise-soleil to the north. The same can be observed
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The fact that this resulted in a misinterpretation in terms of execution of shading elements in traditional Arabic architecture, states the Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy: “The modern European architect who has built glass walls, so you get a better view of the outside, ignores the temperature factor. A 3x3 meter glass wall lets the outside heat into the room, especially in direct sunlight. To solve this problem the architects have installed concrete solar shading. But this protection also absorbs heat that is radiated back into the room. This protection prevents the view from the glass window and the contrast between the wide sloping protection and the light in between damages the eyes. All photos of these sunscreens are always taken from the outside, so you do not see this contrast. The architect who builds his building like an oven, and then uses air conditioners to live in, sees the architectural problems as inferior. This results in a planning that is below the level of architectural art. “ Le Corbusier wrote in 1929 about the building envelope: “Since architecture is the artful, correct and magnificent play of the buildings that gather under the light, the architect has the task of bringing life to the outer skin that encases those structures without this being a parasite that consumes or absorbs the building: but that is the sad story of the present.” With the “parasite that consumes or absorbs the building,” of course, he meant the ornament - in the form of the role of the parasite in the antique comedy, which appears on the stage as a hungry, gluttonous and fawning parasites figure that disturbs the scene. The sad story of the present is that symptomatic to modernism which has not been adopted to a “genius loci” a – ok, let`s call it parasite – can be observed almost everywhere in Southern Europe in the form of condensation-dripping air-conditioning units as a result of uncontrolled solar energy input into glazed facades. And elsewhere it sits hidden on the roof. It can be said that the buildings that suffer from “climate machine infestation” are primarily those that were created
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THE NIEMEYER SPHERE
in the style of international modernism and have a lack of solar -input balance through the window panes. They serve the paradigm of “Form following function” only for a serving function of architecture in a sense that it can be used for certain necessities. Otl Aicher’s opinion of 1991 is still assessable today: “Glass and frame grids are hip, the latest thing. How to control the climate is not the theme of architecture any more. There is the lighting technician, the air conditioning technician, the heating technician. The architect retreats into the realm of beauty.”
Shading-mechanisms in traditional methods of construction Traditional construction methods have brought forth various location-based mechanisms of shading. These include primarily basics, such as building orientation; structural elements such as self-shading by ledges or back jumps in the facade in respect to the building openings or the setting back of the window openings into the façade; seasonal shading such as green pergolas, which reduce the solar radiation during hot seasons and lose the foliage in the cold season so that the entry of solar energy is roughly regulated during the course of the year. Moreover, there are additional elements such as canopies, awnings or mechanically controllable elements - here is primarily the folding shutter mentioned, by which the penetration of solar energy can be regulated depending on weather conditions, seasonally and in the daily routine. The traditional exterior shutter, when properly operated, is one of the most effective ways to control the input of solar energy into the window openings of a building.
Shading the Niemeyer Sphere: “The invisible window shutter” – LCW technology During our work on the Niemeyer-Sphere, that is an extension of the restaurant for Kirow-company in Leipzig, designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 2011, we repeatedly came across the problem of shading because in a “glass ball” – the geodesic steel-glass parts of the sphere - the solar input, due to the always right-angled arrival of solar radiation onto the building skin, is still far higher than in a classic vertically arranged glass façade. Additional shading elements would have interfered too much with the given architecture. “Static” insulating glazing with low g-values inevitably lead to a constant and considerable darkening of the interior so that artificial interior lighting would have been necessary even during the day - one would have had the feeling of having the outer space only to be able to experience through permanent sunglasses.
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The attempt to work with conventional, electrochromatic insulating glazing led to a not really convincing result as well: a variety of the given glass geometries would not have been able to be produced and the reaction time of the glasses for darkening and brightening is very long. In addition, one is bound to the rather unattractive bluish-brownish window colouring which is absorbed unattractively on the human skin and also the inside-environment. And the food - in the Niemeyer Sphere is a gastronomic operation - would not look exactly appetizing by the given colour. After further research, we came across the Liquid Chrystal Window – (LCW-) technology, which is just now entering the market for façades and seemed to largely exclude the negative features of electro-chromatic glazing, whereby the positive features remain. In various model experiments, a pleasant and neutral, almost transparent starting grey tone was found which turns into a neutral black when fully shaded. Thus, the g-value of between 0.17 and 0.36 can be controlled automatically or manually in an eye strike with a light transmission of between 0.02 and 0.43. And almost all of the given glass geometries can be produced. These characteristics led to the decision to use LCW glazing as “invisible shutters” for the Niemeyer Sphere in order to control glare, heat and light transmission when needed and so reducing the demand for airconditioning without interfering with Oscar Niemeyer’s architecture. LCW glazing might give also an encouraging tool for the problematic heritage of shading in modernism in the sense of a reflective modern that can renew out of itself.
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The Incredible Light Smart? Dynamic? And what these words mean for today’s glass design world. BRUCE NICOL, MERCK GROUP Lightwellness – Essentially, what we mean, is a glass that can somehow change performance within the body of itself to the better fulfillment of well being and comfort to those people using the space. What that means, and how “smart” or “dynamic” these glass types are, await to be seen. The aim, of course, is to create great architecture and still contribute to energy efficiency. What this means for facade designs are building envelopes that no longer require the layering of shading devices, or extensions such as double skins or closed cavities to enhance the performance to reduce solar heat gains, and by extension, a reduction of cooling loads thus saving energy and costs. The trick of course is to balance all the energy saving, space enhancing, reduction of long term maintenance costs, provide high levels of occupancy well-being and comfort, whilst keeping maximum transparency. Transparency – our most important connection to the outside world. The overall Lightwellness of being. Back in 1982 the British director Ridley Scott made the iconic film Blade Runner. A dystopian view of a future where technology drives the world and people are squeezed into the whole vertical urban expansion. Set just around the corner in a Los Angeles of 2019, the views of city living gave rise to some of the most iconic cinematography of the time. Dense urbanisation, vast media facades, flying cars (of course) and ideas of future technology. One striking image, and an example of predicivity getting it right, was the appearance of a dynamic glass façade. A glass type that appears to change density of light just within the very body of itself. Looking at this today it would appear the film makers saw a fast changing Liquid Crystal glass type the like of which is just coming on stream for development of façade projects today. LA 2019 is indeed ready now for this glass. >
DYNAMIC – (OF A PROCESS OR SYSTEM) CHARACTERIZED BY CONSTANT CHANGE, ACTIVITY OR PROGRESS. SMART – (OF A DEVICE) PROGRAMMED SO AS TO BE CAPABLE OF SOME INDEPENDENT ACTION. 114 | Intelligent Glass Solutions | Winter 2018
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wellness of Being
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ONE STRIKING IMAGE [IN BLADE RUNNER], AND AN EXAMPLE OF PREDICIVITY GETTING IT RIGHT, WAS THE APPEARANCE OF A DYNAMIC GLASS FAÇADE. A GLASS TYPE THAT APPEARS TO CHANGE DENSITY OF LIGHT JUST WITHIN THE VERY BODY OF ITSELF.
The use of glass in facades is well discussed by the whole design community. In fact, I’d go so far to say that everyone we know thinks they know what glass is. Everyone has opinions. It’s a material that means so much more that its own actual physicality. As in “People in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones” has little to do with modernity of space and light but says a lot of what the public perception of glass is. However, the question now is not so much why we need glass? But more of where can we go with this material? So, when Mies designed the glass tower for Friedrichstrasse, Berlin in the early 1930s it was a statement about living/working expectations for future generations, forward thinking, space and light taken to extremes, breaking the mould of a few centuries of architectural decadence forming the urban fabric of the day. Timing was not great, as political boundaries exploded, and the world crashed, leaving these ideas to hibernate for almost a generation before establishing a norm for design and façades future next generations to come. Glass plays an all important role in the process of Lightwellness. This connection between natural light and
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the spaces we occupy throughout our lives. To maximise transparency we have to minimize the solid. As codes have changed, primarily to save energy, so therefore have façade designs had to change. More stringent codes have pushed the development of the high-performance coatings on glass up to their physical limits. Facades have become ever more complex as the performance drive has required other materials, or ideas, to be introduced. Each bringing degrees of complexity. Layering of double skins or closed cavities, for example. But what of the glass? We all know how fast/slow the industry moves. Innovation is difficult to introduce when float lines run every second of everyday producing basic float glass for 15 – 18 years at time. Over 500 float lines worldwide producing millions of tonnes of glass weekly. Not difficult to see why innovation might not find a strong foothold. This is one of the reasons why innovations tend to come from “left of field”, “out of the box”. The ones that succeed need tenacity and perseverance. A strong belief that the idea will succeed. Most of the dynamic glass family could fit into this “Left of field” thinking. It must be said that there are already a few members of this family, some older than others, with some being more adaptable to change as well. A glass that changes personality is not a new concept. There have been thermochromic glass types around for many years. Glass which changes with temperature. Photochromic glass, changing with light. Both are passive systems that are reacting only to certain conditions. No real smartness at all. Suspended Particle Device Glass,
again is not intuitive enough to be really termed “smart”. Liquid Crystals for privacy is also a common glass type that has been around a few decades. Most people are familiar with the On/off, clear/translucent states. Still interesting in a gimmicky kind of way. One of the main issues is still with haze, ie the glass was never truly clear. That technology stagnated and is only now being revisited with some positive movement on haze free clarity. Also the poor use for this privacy glass type for external facades is now only just being readdressed aswell, hopefully with good benefits, to true glare control. The realization of these solutions will come from the Liquid Crystal developers themselves. Which leads us into the two main technologies for the glass types that can change performance whilst remaining clear. One is electrochromic technology which again is relatively old in todays terms. The oldest commercially available electrochromic glass being introduced almost 20 years ago. Some of the issues from back then still remain, being colour and speed. Again, it could be argued, this goes back to how innovation can get suppressed sometime within the industry. The second is Liquid Crystal solar technology, which whilst being new into the façade glass world is much older than maybe initially imagined. Merck in Darmstadt have patents for liquid crystal going back to 1904. The first products being developed in the 1960s for calculator screens before morphing into the whole display screen, tablet/smart phone, touch screen technology we are all comfortable with today. As stated previously sometime true innovation is coming “out of the box”. With Merck coming out of quick moving
TO BE TRULY BOTH SMART AND DYNAMIC THE GLASS HAS TO BE CAPABLE OF CONSTANT CHANGE AND BE CAPABLE OF BEING PROGRAMMED FOR INDEPENDENT ACTION
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touch screen technology field into, what seems to be a good match of technologies, façade glass, with true dynamic capabilities, it is somewhat like the unstoppable force hitting the unmovable object. In this case however, the Merck technology has not stopped at all but is now starting to rapidly pick up momentum.
of neutrality. There needs to be a high percentage of the colour rendering index values to avoid internal surfaces, including skin, food and furnishings for example, to start being affected by the colours themselves. Liquid Crystals have a high colour rendering index, close to that of basic low iron glass.
So back to those initial definitions on what is Smart and what is Dynamic. Dynamism – constant change and Smart – capable of independent action.
But to be truly both smart and dynamic the glass has to be capable of constant change and be capable of being programmed for independent action.
The electrochromic process is basically an ionization process, not dissimilar to the chemical reaction within a battery. This takes time and is affected by the physics involved. The colour coming from the metallic coatings used and the control speed from the slow reacting ionistaion process across the coated surface.
The case study of the Niemeyer Sphere, Leipzig (below), designed by Oscar Niemeyer is a prime example of where today’s technology is being applied to have these two attributes of constant change and independent action.
The Liquid Crystal solar technology is a mechanical process involving rotating crystals mechanically using an electrical power to initiate this movement. Hence the switch speed from dark to light is around 1 second and is variable to suit the design intent. This also means that there is no effect in colour from the metallic coating at all. In fact Merck being the “godfathers” of liquid crystal also have been producing pigments for many years in their architectural platform of materials. These pigments can be tailored to suit the solar performance of the Liquid Crystals themselves, thus creating a palette range of virtually any colour. This being said, the most important point regards to the use of colour is to keep a high degree
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Using sensors and BMS controls every glass unit is told where in the world it is located and what is the optimal shading and light conditions required for the benefit of well-being and comfort to the occupants. So, at any given time of the day, any day of the year, under any light conditions the whole dome structure will give the best performance possible with regards to shading and light transmission. Each glass unit will change independently reacting in real time to constantly changing weather conditions and the position of the sun over that part of Leipzig. Only Liquid Crystal technology can provide this level of sophistication today for façade design. That’s Lightwellness. Welcome to eyrise 350.
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NOW IS TOMORROW | TECHNOLOGY
Chairman’s brief: …“make it the most beautiful building in Beijing”…
This project began for Gensler in August 2012. The brief was straightforward; provide 40,000m2 of office space for Harbin Bank as their new headquarters in Beijing. Some of the lower floors may be sublet until Harbin Bank assumes full occupancy. The other major instruction from the Chairman of Harbin Bank was, … “to make it the most beautiful building in Beijing”.
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Principally there are two main design moves, firstly the transparency of the exterior wall to maximize natural daylight and views for the occupants, and secondly for the building to be energy efficient by working with local sun conditions, negating unwanted solar gain in summer and harnessing useful solar gain in winter. The Harbin Bank HQ is located at the intersection of the third ring-road and the airport expressway in Sanyuanqiao area, just to the north of the emerging CBD of Beijing. It is approximately 16 stories high and will accommodate a data centre and supporting amenities, including restaurants, cafeteria, retail banking, conferencing facilities clubhouse and visitor apartments. In an area that is very well served by public transport this alleviates the need for on-site car parking requirements.
Harbin Bank HQ Sanyuanqiao District, Beijing The initial concept and Gensler design driver, was to create a faรงade system to take advantage of cooling warm air flow in summer and warming colder external air in winter to act as a climate moderator all year round. This makes sense because the Beijing climate has distinct heating (winter) and cooling seasons (summer), with very short mid-seasons (spring and autumn/fall), therefore the building is very distinctly either in heating or cooling mode. The technical driver established we asked the question, how do we provide an elegant solution to make this work beautifully? In addition, the design team also considered a local factor regarding the weather conditions. Not only does Beijing suffer from some hazardous air quality conditions creating low visibility, it also often has naturally occurring overcast (grey) skies. Our preference was to avoid a body tint to the glass as this would diminish the amount of daylight available on the many very overcast days. The aspiration was to provide a solution that could provide adequate protection from solar glare and external environmental conditions for the seasonal extremes, but also provide optimum occupancy comfort and clarity on those days with overcast skies. We decided to develop an approach that would provide as much transparency and daylighting as possible on those year-round overcast days, whilst providing a calibrated approach to the changing seasons and extreme opposing conditions in summer and in winter, prioritizing year round occupancy comfort. During the early concept design stage multiple plan forms and concepts were explored (around 17 in total). The client chose a split core elliptical plan form of typically 2500m2 floors orientated on a NE/SW axis. The geometry of the plan form began to influence the overall look and feel of the building appearance. The building shape developed into a very graceful form in both plan and section and further justified the facade approach. The building perimeter is a flat ellipse along the long axis and has a tighter radiused curve on the minor access. To avoid a faceted glazed effect it was decided that if the outer skin were single glazed we could more easily achieve the smooth elegance desired without too much cost premium for curved glass. Most of the single glazed
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exterior panels along the long axis are flat and fixed into place with a point fixing system throughout the length and height of the envelop. The two bull nosed ends (NE & SW) have bespoke curved geometry.
duvet’. A transparent layer of air that is akin to having a summer (lighter) duvet and winter (heavier) duvet to ensure optimum comfort levels for the building occupants all year round.
The inner skin is a standard floor to floor double glazed system in a series of 1200mm flat panels on the longer shallow curved axis. The inner double-glazed skin does not follow the full elliptical plan form, rather we have formed a series of stacked three story atria to the NE and SW ends of the building, so that the inner glazing can still be formed with the standard 1200mm insulated glazing module. It should be noted that both the outer and inner skin would both have a low ‘e’ coat applied.
In summer we can ventilate the cavity from top to bottom allowing the warmer outside air to percolate through the cavity by use of the stack effect. The single glazed outer skin outer and the cool conditioned occupied area are separated by an insulated double glazed inner skin. The air temperature in the cavity is lower than the outside temperature but slightly warmer than the occupied area so that the cooling systems operate efficiently as they do not have the full solar load on the building.
The combination of the (low iron) single glazed outer skin and the (low iron) inner double-glazed skin forms a cavity (850mm wide), within this space we employ a fully automated mechanized blind system for both solar and glare control. The inner and outer skins can accommodate the thermal and weather protection performance functions without any detriment to daylighting and views for the building occupants. An operable blind system deals with any solar and glare control issues. Unlike a rectilinear building, the curvilinear building shape means that only those portions of the facade that are exposed to direct solar gain need to mitigate these effects, leaving the occupants of unaffected areas to enjoy the daylighting and views from the building.
Conversely in winter the system is reversed. On very cold winter days in Beijing the temperature is frequently below freezing. By closing the cavity top and bottom and retracting the blind system, full advantage can be taken of low angle passive sunlight, a frequent characteristic of Beijing weather. This natural weather phenomenon of low-angled sun heats up the cavity, increases the air temperature within it, requiring less heating for building occupants. As in the summer cooling months, this significantly reduces the heating energy costs in winter, up to 50% more efficient than the China Energy Code requirements (CEC).
This responsive approach to facade design together with the use of the large cavity has allowed the design team to incorporate a buffer zone which we call a ‘thermal
122 | Intelligent Glass Solutions | Winter 2018
The other key component in the cavity is the use of a fully mechanized perforated blind system that has 3 major settings; open, closed 45 degrees, and fully closed, depending on the sun angle and the time of day. When the blind is not required for solar or glare purpose then
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the blind is fully open or retracted, maximizing natural daylight and reducing or eliminating the need for artificial light (electrical energy). The initial strategy for the air conditioning system was to use an ‘Active (Chilled) Beam’ (AB) rather than the more frequently used all air “Variable Air Volume’ (VAV) system. Despite their prevalence, all air systems are less energy efficient and also rely on re-treating re-circulated air which results in inferior health for the building occupants. An AB system does use conditioned air, but only 20% of the air required for a full VAV system and only ‘once through system’, meaning that the air is not continually re-circulated but only used once for reheating or re-cooling new fresh air depending on the season. Vertical riser space in the building core can be much smaller using an AB system, studies suggest by as much as 8% of core area, less mechanical equipment is required, resulting in saving 3+% of area that can otherwise be leasable. Running costs and energy savings are significant as is the first cost installation, since less central plant is required than with a VAV system. There are virtually no moving parts in an AB system reducing maintenance to replace filters or other parts. One of the most important benefit is that the AB system provides optimum comfort conditions for building occupants. Credible research from the Green Building Council reports that productivity is higher, absenteeism is decreased, and the asset value of an otherwise identical building with an air-based system is 7% higher due to the installation of the water-based system.
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The primary reason for developing the all year round ‘thermal duvet’ was in direct response to the climatic and environmental conditions that prevail in Beijing. Air quality particularly in the winter months is often so bad that it is dangerous to bring outside air into the building for heating or cooling purposes without extreme filtering and ongoing maintenance. This can be problematic for Chinese Facilities Management strategies. Therefore, using the cavity as thermal moderator and only 20% of the outside air to condition the building, the effect of harmful particulates is minimized. These conditions can be achieved in an elegant and extremely high performance, low energy building. The building as shown in the construction photographs has undergone some variations of the initial aspirations over the subsequent design and construction phases. The approach to the facade design and most of the critical design factors remain. The building still has an externally ventilated facade system. The external skin is single glazed with low-iron glass and the curved panels to the NE and SW triple height atria remain. The internal skin remains as double glazed however the low iron glass was a concern from the client, so a higher performance glass with a modest shading coefficient was introduced and is currently being installed. The mechanized automated blind system remains albeit in the form of stayed retractable mecho-shade type system and will form an important branding aspect of the building with the opportunity the banks logo colors on show when they are deployed. The cavity has been modified from the initial concept
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where it was anticipated that it would be full height to maximize airflow in the summer months and facilitate closing the cavity in the winter, but the current code restricts this possibility. Due to fire code and regulations the cavity is required to be ventilated floor by floor, so a glazed and fire-resistant floor separator has been introduced meaning that the ventilation of the facade occurs on a floor by floor basis rather than as a continuous void. In addition, the HVAC system is now a more conventional direct outside air system (DOAS) rather than the active beam as previously described. This decision was based on the local Beijing real estate market rather than code requirements. Although the client was interested in the benefits of the AB system to individual occupants in the bank, there was some reticence as to future proofing the building should it be partially sublet or sold entirely in the future. Keeping the façade
clean in such a polluted environment will need regular maintenance. To make this as easy as possible for the building owner we have designed a cleaning strategy to facilitate access to the panels on both sides of the void, so that particulate matter does not buildup on the surface to obscure daylight entering the occupied areas, and optimizing views out. Keeping the gem sparkling in the future could serve as an example to the city. Gensler has designed an elegant, energy efficient headquarters building for Harbin Bank. The initial approach was ambitious from an energy performance perspective, and even with the modifications that have occurred during the design development and construction stages, the building remains faithful to those early ideas and on completion will provide a worthy addition to the Beijing skyline.
Gensler’s has designed an elegant, energy efficient headquarters building for Harbin Bank.
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Choose your Glass with
GLASSPRO: Physico-realistic rendering
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The physical properties of glass are invaluable and unequaled when it comes to the architect’s material palette. From the time of the cathedrals and the brilliantly colored stained glass that served a functional and didactic purpose, to the modernist liberation of the floor plan and the exquisitely-framed horizontal views provided by ample windows, architects have turned to glass to achieve not only aesthetic but also the best performance in their projects.
By Saint Gobain BGE-facade@saint-gobain.com Today, Architects face an increasing array of choices in specifying and designing with glass for building facades, as glass manufacturers propose a greater variety of colors, textures and patterns than ever before. A wider range of coatings and treatments has also been developed, allowing for a finer selection of glass panes with a combination of light transmittance, reflectance and absorption to meet the needs of outstanding architectural projects. These options affect the aesthetics and energy performance of the glass, and therefore of the overall building. Thanks to advanced calculation tools, energy performance can now be anticipated accurately, but the graphic representation of glass is still a challenge, and yet a crucial need for architects. Traditionally, glazing would be chosen based on the perception architects get from a small glass mock-up. But the observation depends on the lighting and environmental conditions, and the process is neither fast nor efficient, as it is harnessed by production and logistics constraints. 3D modelling and computer generated renderings today complete the picture, allowing architects to make an educated guess about how the glass façade of a building will look. But even in the best renderings, the depiction of glass remains quite inaccurate, as the rendering is not based on actual data about the lighting conditions on site or the type of glass suggested. Hence, this is not enough to choose the perfect glass for a project.
GlassPro app user illustration
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Physico-realistic spectral rendering is completely changing this landscape, and SaintGobain is proud to lead the revolution. The #1 European glass manufacturer has developed unique digital services: the Glass Pro app and Glass Pro Live.
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Firstly, the GlassPro app is an application for Apple iPad which enables the user to visualize virtually all Saint-Gobain’s standard glazing products on a standard building façade. This is not just about 3D images or photorealism. The big innovation is that the Glass Pro app embarks close to 4000 physico-realistic images, rendering the real color and physical properties, such as light transmission and
reflection, of the selected coated glass. The visualization can be done under different angles, various lighting conditions (overcast or sunny), several interior design settings (with or without pale/dark blinds), and urban or rural environments. Additionally, the Glass Pro app allows you to compare the aesthetics and properties of two glass products, displaying them simultaneously on the screen. And all this is done within seconds, on your iPad.
GlasKubus scene of the GlassPro app, under sunny sky (left), overcast sky (middle) and simulating a double skin facade (right)
GlassPro rendering of head of the new Saint-Gobain Tower
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This cutting edge technology is the fruit of thorough research and continuous improvement of physics oriented 3D modelling, with real glass samples as a starting point to render the physical characteristics of coated glass products. The result is accurate predictive imaging and daylight simulation matching the real world.
allows architects to appreciate the look of coated glass on their own building, as if it was real, before it’s even built! Computer graphics artists and researchers produce physico-realistic rendering with customized glazing configurations meeting the needs of the project, and integrate them into the architect’s 3D model.
Using the very same technology, GlassPro Live is SaintGobain’s on-demand service of glass facade rendering. It
The new Saint-Gobain Tower was designed by the renowned Parisian architects Valode & Pistre, who tested
Urban Scene (standard building) of the GlassPro app, under overcast sky (left) and sunny sky (right)
GlassPro rendering of the interior of the head of the new Saint-Gobain Tower
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the service while it was being developed in 2015. They wished to see what the glazing would look like before producing the mock-ups, and to visualize the effect on the building. From the first image until the final rendering, the method for producing the images was refined step by step, to achieve more accuracy. Most challenging was to manage BIM’s huge amount of data in a smooth workflow between the architects’ team and Saint-Gobain’s R&D teams, extracting 3D data from Revit files and converting them into a format suitable for the rendering software. Modeling and texturizing the surrounding buildings of the soon-to-be built Saint-Gobain Tower in La Défense district were also a crucial point, to obtain accurate and realistic reflections on the façade. In total, 28 000 m2 of façade were rendered with physico-realistic images.
GlassPro rendering of the new Saint-Gobain Tower, done before the construction
GlassPro Live proved to be an effective tool to simplify and modernize the process of choosing the appropriate glazing. This state-of-the-art technology seduced Denis Valode as being a “relevant and reliable decisionmaking assistant for glazing products throughout the different phases of building design and construction”. Besides, it allowed for a more economical and more sustainable approach of prototypes management, as real glazing prototypes were successfully replaced by digital prototypes. Hence, less glass actually needed to be produced, processed, transported, stored and recycled. After this first success, the GlassPro Live service has been adopted for iconic architectural projects by top design agencies like the Renzo Piano Building Workshop and Ateliers Jean Nouvel. Up to now, more than hundreds of projects were realized internationally. The GlassPro app and GlassPro Live are unique services, bringing new perspectives on building design and glazing prototyping through digital simulation. Accurate predictive glass façade rendering reduces the need for physical glass mock-ups, which opens the door to a more sustainable approach for prototyping, and accelerates the decision-making process with regards to selecting the ideal glazing with the desired aesthetics corresponding to your design intention.
The new SaintGobain Tower under construction at La Défense, taken in September 2018
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Designing curtain wall façades to accommodate building movement Danny Birrell M.Sc. MCIBSE, Technical Director of Kawneer UK Ltd Introduction The interaction between a building’s façade and its structure is frequently ignored in the design phase. Analysis of the structural movements, architectural intent and specified glazing system are required during the early stages of a project design. Glazing and cladding systems need to be designed to allow for building movement without compromising the performance or safety of the system - failure to provide sufficient allowance for inservice building movement in the connections between façade and structure may result in leaks, cracks, failure of connections, buckling of mullions and breakage of glass.
Temperature, Moisture. Floor loading, Wind loading, Snow loading, Live Loads, Dead loads, Settlement Creep, Seismic sway
Due to the extension of structural spans seen in todays building designs, slab deflection is increasing placing additional demands on the façade design team to accommodate this differential movement between slab and façade. We explore this in more detail over the page.
Early engagement with system specialists is the answer Analysis of the structural movements, architectural intent and specified glazing system is usually carried out by the specialist façade contractor or system supplier. It is imperative that main contractors and building designers engage with the system specialists during the early planning stage of a project to ensure that the proposed façade system can accommodate the associated building movements and is in line with the proposed site installation methodology. If the specified glazing system is not aligned with the building structure and installation plan at the early stage of a project, it can cause unforeseen delays and costs when it is aligned at a later stage.
Selecting the most appropriate glazing system at the early stages in a project is very important and can have a major impact on the intended appearance and lifetime performance of the façade. For example, wider framing members can accommodate more building movement, and in some instances double transom details are required at floor slabs for the accommodation of differential building movement.
Factors influencing façade and building movement Accommodating building movement and the resultant interaction between the façade and structure is complex and specifiers should consider many different factors examples of which are:
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Differential slab deflection One of the main complexities is designing the façade to accommodate differential slab deflection. These movements caused by post installation dead and live loads are commonly found in the structural engineer’s report which are typically defined by a span ratio. Due to a desire to extend structural spans in modern structures, slab deflection figures based on the span ratio are increasing significantly making façade design and movement accommodation even more challenging. Arguably, floor slabs in real life don’t deflect anywhere near to figures being documented but it is essential to design façades as if they do - including an allowance for manufacturing tolerances and thermal movement.
IGS Interviews Q How did you enter the façade industry? A. I started working at Solaglass on the shopfloor when I was 16 fabricating curtain wall, windows and shopfronts. I also worked with my father from a young age fitting windows, conservatories and general glazing works. My father has worked in the industry for 46 years and is without doubt the best glazier in the land! It goes without saying, I learned from the best. I then left the factory environment to work on site installing curtain wall, windows, structural glass, rain-screen cladding etc. After 6 years on site, I then moved into the design office as a draughtsman and eventually worked my way up to become the design leader of the advanced facades business stream within Saint-Gobain.
Determining the limitations of a particular system or offered solution must be understood before complete alignment can take place. Failure to provide sufficient allowance within the system (or to design/specify a system with serious limitations), and failure to correctly design/detail the critical connections between the façade and structure may result in leaks, cracks, failure of connections, buckling of mullions and breakage of glass.
Throughout my career I have been actively involved in many aspects of envelope design at different stages of the construction lifecycle; projects include large commercial developments, residential schemes and large refurbishments. Q What brought you to Kawneer? A. Whilst Design Leader in my last position, I completed a M.Sc. in Façade Engineering at Bath University and this made me hungry for the next step – the position as Technical Director at Kawneer was just the sort of challenge I was looking for. Q. What challenges and opportunities do you see? A. Kawneer has a strong dealer base, an
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Danny Birrell
A small selection of Danny’s completed projects:
excellent technical reputation and great products…….I see my role as to ‘hone’ our customer focus, so that we are delivering better façade design, giving great technical advice and guidance and truly having real empathy with fabricators and their challenges. Q. How are you going to meet these challenges? A. We are investing in our people – we are
Winnersh Triangle London
expanding the team, bringing in apprentices and graduates in product design and engineering and adding further value to existing staff through enriching their training. Our aim is to go the extra mile for our clients to provide them with a more responsive service not just with the staff initiatives, but through further investment in 3D design, 3D printing, BIM, thermal modelling, facade engineering, early concept design etc.
Former Royal Eye Hospital Manchester
Maintaining a good relationship with our clients is very important to us, delivering on time, constant communication and frequent updates is key to building a strong relationship. This shows our professionalism and good work ethic. We pride ourselves on offering a high quality, friendly, knowledgeable and professional service, and will continue to develop our service to meet and exceed customer expectations and contribute to the success of Kawneer.
1 Bedford Av London
We believe that Kawneer’s technical service already separates us from the rest of the competition and will continue to improve as these initiatives develop. We want to be seen as the go to system supplier in the UK! BSKYB Believe in Better Building London
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Help is at hand…and not just a product solution
Evaluating the various curtain walling options Conventional stick curtain wall is widely specified in the UK and can offer a cost-effective façade solution. However, compared to unitised curtain wall, it is very limited in terms of accommodating differential slab deflections. Kawneer UK – with a long track record of dealing with building movement - has recognised this and has recently developed a movement/expansion joint for their AA®110 ‘stick’ curtain wall system that can accommodate up to +/- 15mm of differential slab movement - so copying the ability of unitised solutions to accommodate movement whilst offering the cost effectiveness of a ‘stick’ solution. This expansion joint solution comprises a specialised engineered foam which expands and contracts with the movement of the structure. A unique transom profile is used at each floor level which allows the spandrel glass/ panel to slide within the glazing rebate whilst maintaining airtightness, ventilation, and weathertightness of the system. A bespoke breather membrane is used on the bespoke floor transom which is designed to allow any excess water in the glazing rebate to escape - it is also designed to expand and contract with the racking movements of the glass when subjected to the 15mm slab deflection. One of the key aspects of the development was the performance test methodology to ensure that the system would perform when subjected to this level of movement. Kawneer worked closely with CWCT to develop the test method which was an enhanced version of the sequence B which included a structural movement regime comprising of 3 cycles of +/- 15mm deflection of the structural beams supporting the test specimen.
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Kawneer now has a systemised solution tested in accordance with CWCT standards that can be readily tailored to the requirements of each project. Kawneer is also launching its ‘Façade Workshop’ which consists of a team of façade specialists set up to work collaboratively with developers, architects and engineers during the early stages of a project. The aim is to provide a unique design and consultancy service working across every aspect of the façade to ensure that the design intent and every detail is realised. The thinking of the Kawneer team is early involvement always leads to a successful outcome for the project. Kawneer are committed to providing expert advice not only to solve problems for clients in terms of building movement, but to ensure that façade selection and key design issues are highlighted and resolved with as early as possible. The Kawneer technical team have a diverse skill set, and understand the challenges associated with façade design and their construction. The holistic approach is set up to classify façades by function, materials, mullion type, glass type, key components, structural safety, thermal performance and future maintenance. Furthermore, we understand architectural trends and features are a key part of the buildings identity - we are committed to turning these features and daring concepts into reality to meet the desired aesthetics of the building. As stated above early engagement is the answer to reducing these incidents of façade/building conflicts and with its no obligation ‘Façade Workshop’, the company is offering to help refine the design, ensure the scheme is ‘value engineered’ and can be built on site safely. To engage the Kawneer ‘Façade Workshop’ team on your next high rise building, contact Danny Birrell, Technical Director at Kawneer on 07831 406449 or email danny.birrell@arconic.com
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Smart Silicone Innovations for Modern Glass Facades Pure glass façade designs are becoming more and more popular. Technical complexity, environmental changes and requirements for energy efficiency and overall sustainability are some of the key challenges in modern architectural designs. Structural silicones are enabling technologies which help realize structural designs, however, one might be surprised by the untouched potential silicones can offer in response to the ever-changing world of architecture, engineering and construction for smart aesthetics, energy efficiency, durability or profitability of high performance façades. The Smart Power of Crystal Clear …enhancing aesthetics, performance and efficiency Architectural trends in modern commercial façades are moving towards larger glass surfaces and slimmer frame designs utilizing structural glazing, which produces sleek and flush façade skins, free flowing structures and finally increased transparency of the design. Although necessary, the structural and weather seal joints which are the anchoring and connecting elements between the transparent glass lites, represent the remaining visible ‘bottleneck’ in the continued architectural quest to maximize facade transparency and blur the visual barrier between the interior and exterior environments, as (typically) the adhesives being used are not necessarily both transparent and durable. Transparent structurally performing silicones such as crystal clear film adhesives DOWSIL ™TSSA/TSSL or crystal clear sealants such as DOWSIL™ 2400 Silicone hotmelt [1, 2] have enabled increased transparency of the façade and continue to push the boundaries of creativity, strength and aesthetics. Fully transparent designed insulating glass units are unfortunately not always possible when glare management and energy efficiency are also priorities. An elegant way to maintain a flush glazed façade
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By Valérie Hayez, Dow Silicones Belgium sprl
and avoid exterior/interior blinds is to work with a combination of glass and different ‘filter’ elements such as metallized plastic meshes, capillary systems or timber veneer elements. These elements all provide an aesthetically pleasing daylighting control [3] capability but are typically integrated into the cavity of an insulating glass unit since their make-up prevents them from being laminated between two glasses at high temperature using conventional interlayers such as PVB. A new, fully transparent, silicone technology was recently developed to allow for large scale decorative lamination at room temperature. Successful trials have confirmed the potential of the process to laminate a metallized mesh insert without aesthetic impact to the filtering medium and provide it with long term protection typically obtained through the use of durable silicone. Technically a decorative silicone laminate provides a “perfect edge” as it is compatible with the other façade silicone technologies it is in direct contact with. To produce laminates with conventional interlayers, a significant amount of energy is needed by autoclaving. A room temperature curing laminate can help lower cost whilst enhancing overall sustainability. A smart way of realizing aesthetics and performance whilst enhancing process, cost and efficiency.
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Heat loss
Heat flow is concentrating on the path of least resistance, which the secondary sealant has typically become in optimized IGU designs, bonded on a frame or purely glass to glass
The Smart Power of “Warm” Silicones …enhancing energy efficiency, performance and cost Designs should not only focus on aesthetics but also take into consideration functional requirements. Energy regulations and climate policy targets have established strict requirements for future buildings. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, by 2020 all new buildings in the EU will have to be built as “Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings” (NZEB) [4]. These targets impose high expectations on building envelope performance and
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pose challenges in building design. This NZEB initiative is stretching the limits of façade systems or elements, which brings a significant contribution to the heat flow in the building. Amongst them, vision panels often present a preferential path across the façade as far as heat transfer is concerned. To improve performance, the insulating glass industry developed improved systems, like triple insulating glass units (IGUs) and inert gas filled IGUs. In such a system the center of the glass pane typically exhibits excellent thermal insulation properties. Since heat flow favors the path of least resistance, it will be more significant at discontinuities in the envelope including edges of glazing. The better the insulation at the center glazing, the higher the relative contribution of the losses at the edge. In some cases it even becomes the limiting factor to meet industry specifications, thermally efficient spacer bars have been commercialized in order to reduce the contribution of the edge to the heat flow. These devices are referred to as “warm edge” spacers in the insulating glass market and are commonly used in thermally efficient façades. Further energy optimization of curtain walls comes at a high price and often in conjunction with a design change, since the achieved performance improvements are not sufficient, which adds complexity and costs to the system design. The challenge is therefore to develop solutions providing a better performance at a reasonable cost and low complexity to ensure ease of adoption by the market and, consequently, a significant impact on the improvement of the building stock.
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Using DOWSIL ™ 3364 WARM EDGE IG Sealant as a secondary silicone sealant, the heat flux is reduced
Coming back to IGU optimization, with the above mentioned incremental performance improvements through gas filling and warm edge spacer, the “weak point” is now the secondary sealant as part of the IG edge. Where the secondary sealant may seem to make a limited contribution in comparison to the surface of the glass and gas filling, the total linear meters of sealant do add up on a façade and could become a significant element of its performance. Linear heat loss at the glass edge can be as big as the heat loss through the framing system itself. Reducing the linear heat loss through the edge is therefore a potentially important contribution to the reduction of the overall heat loss through the vision area and additionally mitigating risk of condensation around the perimeter of the glazing. The use of the newly developed “warm edge” structural silicone for insulating glass, such as DOWSIL™ 3364 Warm Edge IG Sealant, with a thermal conductivity of 0,19W/mK -about 45% lower compared to a standard silicone with 0,35W/mK [5]-, leads to significant improvements in the reduction of the heat loss through the edge and results in a reduced heat flow through the façade: a complete “WARM EDGE”. Depending on the type of system, unitized, toggle, frame type, dimensions, etc the overall façade UCW-value improvement can be as high as 5 % in thermal efficiency [6] - which is significant at the façade component level. To achieve that, only the conventional sealant needs
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Ucw,eff gain (%) for different IGU dimensions using DOWSIL™ 3364 Warm Edge IG Sealant instead of standard silicone on a conventional toggle system (Schueco, FW60+ SG frame)
to be replaced with the DOWSIL™ 3364 – no design change is needed, no change of frame, glazing or other components. It is interesting to also note that the improvement by using DOWSIL™ 3364 is proportional to the energy performance of the facade. The better the facade is, the more it will benefit from the use of the DOWSIL™ 3364 as a secondary sealant. Designing façades with the “warm edge” silicone can help to enhance living comfort by reducing condensation and mold growth in proximity of the pane edges with the observed increased surface temperature (up to +1°C). Hence, the importance of this material will continue to increase with energy demands put on facades.
The Smart Power of Fast Cure Performance & 3D Printing …enhancing productivity and efficiency The construction industry has traditionally been conservative, slow to innovate and relatively unsuccessful at boosting productivity [7]. In recent years, innovations during the actual construction phase are being observed as construction sites are modernized dramatically by digital fabrication technologies, such as robots for automated production which will help avoid delays, overspending and skilled labor shortages. In comparison with the speed of production possible today thanks to these automated technologies, silicones used for structural bonding are typically slow in use, needing several days up to weeks to achieve full
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hardening and adhesion properties, either in factory or on site. In order to answer the need for increased speed, DOWSIL™ 994 Ultra-Fast Bonding Sealant offers an adhesion build up to glass of 30 minutes which permits a significantly reduced cycle time in production while maintaining the required strength and durability of conventional silicones. DOWSIL™ 994 addresses the requirements of the ETAG002 [8] for structural applications in commercial façades, and by extension can be utilized in bonding applications across the commercial and residential construction space for windows, metal panel systems, natural and manufactured panels, solar/thermal applications, internal partitions, and more.
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Additive manufacturing – also referred to as 3D printing - goes one step further in enabling productivity in the construction industry, in this instance through digital fabrication. One of the earliest uses for 3D printing in construction was to print tabletop scale models for architecture firms. However the many advantages of 3D printing in construction [9, 10] make it a near perfect match for the construction industry and several organizations have started experimenting using 3D printing to produce modular components of fullscale projects. Printed building elements only use the necessary amount of material, reducing costs and waste and lowering overall CO2 emissions of the project. From a productivity point of view, additive manufacturing can reduce labor through automation. It also offers increased
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production resolution which could be leveraged to reduce tolerances and hence improve construction time on site. Recent developments in 3D printing technologies offer the potential for near limitless freedom of design and the possibility to fabricate complex shapes on or off-site achieving the high degree of customization increasingly which is increasingly ubiquitous in today’s construction projects.
References
Making the concept of additive manufacturing in the construction industry more interesting is the increasing variety of 3D printable materials that continue to become available through innovation. The variety of possible materials which can be printed today span the spectrum of the familiar: cements, concrete, mortars, ceramics, metals, polymers, etc., to the not so familiar: biomaterial, cellulose, aerogels, and glass. Concrete printers have been used for residential houses [11] and bridges [12, 13]. Efforts are undertaken to use different local material including dirt, mud and sand [14] as the basis for construction, making it even easier and cheaper to construct in the first place. However, all the existing materials are rigid and few options are available to print flexible AND durable materials which are typically desired or needed to connect construction elements together. Under the EVOLV3D™ [15] umbrella Dow has created a range of 3D printable Si based elastomers. These materials possess the silicone performance well-known to the construction industry and introduce the power and versatility of silicone technology into the realm of 3D printing. Dow is actively innovating to make additive manufacturing for the construction industry a reality [16]. Additive manufacturing of strong, flexible and durable construction components supports the efficient and sustainable approach to the design and construction of highly customized built environments that are typically costly and time consuming to achieve through traditional means of heating, beating, and treating building materials to suit the desired purpose of the moment.
4. Official Journal L 153, 18 August 2010 p. 0013 – 0035 Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings.
Unleashing the Power of Silicones for Commercial Facades Well known in the construction industry for more than 50 years, the unique properties of silicone continue to surprise and to bring innovative silicone-based solutions. Transparent and durable silicones address the demanding aesthetic needs and support the continuous pursuit of full transparency. Highly insulating silicones help provide a thermally homogeneous façade and answer the legal requirements of energy performance for buildings, with a minor impact on design and cost. Fast curing silicones and 3D printable silicones are the missing link which will enable a fully automated, fast and reliable construction process.
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1.
Silicones enabling crystal clear connections, V Hayez, IGS, 2016
2. Silicones enabling crystal clear bonding, V. Hayez, D.Culot, S. Yee, M. Plettau, Engineered Transparency (2016) 3. Okalux website https://www.okalux.com/
5. EN ISO 10456:2010-05, Building materials and products – hygrothermal properties – tabulated values and procedure for determining declared and designed thermal values, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2010. 6.
A newly developed silicone technology to improve thermal performance of curtain walls , V. Hayez, F. Gubbels, N. Buljan, Engineered Transparency, 2018
7.
Will 3D printing remodel the construction industry? 23/1/2018, r. de Laubier, M. Wunder, S. Witthöft, C. Rothballer,www.bcg.com
8. ETAG002, Guideline for European Technical Assessment for Structural Sealant Glazing Systems, EOTA, 2012 9. A history of 3D printing in construction and what you need to know, Heather Head, 19 May 2017, Connect&Construct, www.connect.bim360. autodesk.com 10. 3D printing of buildings: construction of the sustainable houses of the future by BIM, Energia Procedia 134 (2017), 702-711 11. You can now 3D-print a house in under a day 12. https://iaac.net/research-projects/large-scale-3dprinting/3d-printed-bridge/ accessed 8/11/2018 13. https://mx3d.com/projects/bridge-2/ accessed 8/11/2018 14. www.3Ders.org, ETH Zurich uses sand 3D printing to build 80m2 concrete Smart Slab for DFAB House, Jul 31, 2018 15. https://www.dow.com/en-us/news/press-releases/ dow-3d-printing-evolv3d accessed 8/11/2018 16. Patent applications: WO2016044547, WO2017040874, WO2017044735, WO2018183806, WO2018183803
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EVERYTHING must change Rouven Seidler, SEEN GmbH glasstec, the world’s leading glass trade fair closed its doors on October 26th after four eventful days. From an architectural perspective, the fair exhibited an array of new products, particularly focused on the façade sector and technologies related to smart glass, AI (Artificial Intelligence) and the sophisticated modernization of ‘all things glass’. While glasstec showcased the majority of the world’s leading technologies in the glass sector, some products from suppliers, for different reasons, slipped through the cracks and were not able to find their way to the fair. Glas Trösch AG in Bützberg was one such company. Within the structural glass construction sector, SWISSGLAZING BOND has provided solutions to architects that are unparalleled in the market. Solutions to what you may ask? To the design of large format glass facades without visible construction. The solution is two-fold; On the one hand it enables the design and construction of curved elements utilizing the SWISSGLAZING BOND adhesive technology, and on the other hand, it removes any visible signs of a glass edge that may disrupt the design aesthetic. Moreover, the technology has some practical advantages, including high transparency due to the load-bearing glass structure and a very low-tension load transfer which also contributes to its extreme durability. Additionally, spans of up to 9 meters are possible, making it beneficial for use in façade and roof designs.
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…nothing stays the same Bruno Kassnel-Henneberg, Head of Constructive Glass Construction at Glas Trösch comments on the benefits of their new technology: “Highly transparent structural bonds very much facilitate architecturally appealing detail connections. With the possibility of being able to do this with bent glasses and now also on the glass edge of special laminated glass, the range of applications for the designing architect has considerably expanded. With their extensive know-how, Glas Trösch AG can decisively support the design process and also ensure successful implementation of the project. “ Two other interesting products that work in conjunction with glass have created unqiue effects and offer new possibilities in the design process without comprimising on technical aspects. They have afforded architects and planners a new avenue to explore and produce visually, yet practical architectural arrangements. With increased modernization and technologies, high demands are placed on the facades of today: while there is still a need for visually ‘pleasing’ and optically effective surfaces that lend the building life and movement, emphasis is continually placed on the technical advantages of building materials. The need for technically sound solutions continues to grow, not least in the face of the aforementioned advances in the structural glass construction sector. As the old-adage goes, innovation spurs innovation. The first of the two products concerned is the combination of stone (more precisely extraordinarily thin stone) and glass. The use of this material merger
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particularly in façade as well as interior design, has become increasingly popular. This comes as no surprise, what is more beautiful than the merging of nature, the physical uniqueness of each stone slab, each single stone veneer combined with transparency, daylight and artificial light that glass offers. In essence, a marriage of nature and one of mankind’s greatest material achievements. This combination is by no means new to the architectural world, many of you may be aware of projects that have been successfully realized using these products in tandem. Nevertheless, the devil is in the detail; this is where the small, subtle but decisive advances lie. Until now, the use of marble and onyx, laminated between glass has been common in the façade sector. However, both belong to the soft stone category, with onyx, in particular being a very porous and weak material. The holes, typical of these stones, are usually filled with casting resin. This ensures high light transmission, although designs are compromised by stone thickness of 20mm. Additionally both are subject to more disadvantages: (1) strong moisture absorption rates require an essential and reliable protection of the edges (2) glass-marble / onyx-glass laminate can only be created using laminated glass (3) the span is limited to smaller dimensions (4) most glass processors can only offer a stone veneer on untreated glass and (5) with marble, the 5-8mm stone veneer allows only a limited amount of light transmission.
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So, this WAS the status quo. Now you are left wondering what has changed? To summarize it briefly and succinctly, EVERYTHING! If you own a solid stone kitchen counter at home, you already know some of the key benefits of hard rocks like quartzite, granite or conglomerate: chemically resistant, scratch-resistant and low liquid and moisture absorption are just a few of the positive benefits of hard rock. A new, patented type of stone processing now makes it possible to process not only marble and onyx but also these hard stones to stone veneers, thus ensuring high light transmission. In numbers: Architects and designers now have several hundred stone types that can be incorporated into their designs, the maximum dimensions have now significantly increased to 3100 x 1600mm with a miniscule stone thickness between 0.7mm and 3.00 mm. Subsequently the combination of thin stone and tempered (even bent) glass is no longer an obstacle. The stone veneer can literally be wrapped around two fingers! A decisive advantage of stone veneers made of hard rock and laminated in glass is its inherent technical performance, creating a vibrant substitute for laminated safety glass. In depth research and testing has cited a selection of quartzites such as Taj Mahal, Ice Flake or Nacarado Gold (the latter also known as Van Gogh)
as stones that fulfill this technical function. The range of tested stones is also constantly being extended to broaden the depth of materials that could be used. With regard to façade design, two primary methods are available. In the first instance, stone veneers may be laminated between two glass panes, allowing for similar applications as laminated safety glass. Secondly, they may be hand laminated as a step glass in the spaces between panes. Usually, glass-stone laminate in insulating glass is combined with one or two low-e coatings. G-value and light transmission can then be partly controlled by the stones thickness, working with tolerances of +/0.1mm. In the interior, stone on glass is often a popular solution as the feel of the stones surface remains palpable. A decisive and important criterion for most architects and designers is in fact this aesthetic nature of stones that can add texture and depth to a façade. The absolutely unique form of stone work combined with the emotionality that it conveys is what captures architects and builders when it comes to choosing the right stone. Every stone slab in its unlikeness to others, makes any project special and unexampled. Occasionally, arguments from competitors emerge, contending that the same affect can be achieved by means of a printed insert. However, if you experience the naturally beautiful effect that this stone processing contributes to a project, coupled with the advances in ultra-thin material depth, then you will be assured that they are not interchangeable. To reiterate the opening sentiments of this article and to quote Rouven Seidler, managing director of SEEN GmbH: “Nothing is more beautiful than nature!”. Quick fact: Chances are if you have ever travelled in a jet with a stone floor, you have already been acquainted with this type of stone processing. In addition to architecture, lightweight construction is the second most important
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pillar driving the market for this technology Seen GmbH is a company that has pursued innovations using a combination of glass and other materials. The official launch under the name SEEN Glass is planned for the World Architecture Festival in Amsterdam at the end of November. Due to personal unforeseen circumstances, participation in the glass technology live show at glasstec this year was unfortunately cancelled. Refocusing on the demands of modern facades, several dynamic outcomes need to be met: views should be clear, color neutral and transparent while rooms should be flooded with light without overheating. For architects the choice of using metals as a primary material is often an impossibility as they seldom meet the criterion mentioned above. There is generally a marked contrast between design concept ideals and practical implementation possibilities using this material. Seen GmbH (a Swiss company) have designed a solution to this problem. Introduced exactly 10 years ago at glasstec, the basic ideals of the company have remained the same: to produce a material with a metallically coated front, which, depending on the light and angle of view offers a variety of reflective colors from the outside while maintaining privacy and transparency for occupants on the inside. Common to all SEEN Glass is the standard black back, although other options are available. Advances in technology over the years have improved processing of this product, increased span up to 3200mm and enhanced design flexibility. The result is a multi-layered element flexible in size and shape. Each element is applied by machine on a carrier material which is then laminated in the next step with safety glass. As with fabric, regular shaped covers can be realized as well as partial surfaces and gradients. Depending on the density of the material and viewing
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angle, a play between light and transparency can be created. Lettering and logos are also feasible, making this material especially interesting for interior design. Aluminum, titanium and titanium nitride as well as additionally lacquered or printed variants are available, as well as three dimensional and color-changing surfaces and structures. With the exception of white, the entire color spectrum can be covered. In addition to the aforementioned benefits, two technical aspects stand out. First and foremost, the product has exceptionally good lighting properties. A 50% coverage of the glass surface leads to a reduction in the g-value of approximately 44% and in the light transmission of 45%. In combination with the already described partial surfaces or progressions, combinations with a denser covering in the marginal or less visible area and open areas in the direct field of vision are almost adequate. Secondly, according to two independent institutes in Switzerland and Germany, the technical form of this product makes it especially useful for bird protection. The typical grid designs and color variants are very successful in deterring birds that are often confused by clear, transparent glass. To conclude, glass in combination with other structural elements offers an interesting and above all, purposeful material for architects and designers. The structural properties of glass coupled with natural stone, metal, and ‘foreign’ materials expands the possibilities of design far beyond what we have ever imagined. While this article provides a brief glimpse into the advances in technology, there are many other companies investing in broadening the practical application and aesthetics of mixed material products that will have a positive effect on façade design in the future.
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AUTHORS DETAILS WINTER / GLASS SUPPER SPECIAL 2018 ANTONY WOOD CEO of CTBUH The Monroe Building 104 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA Tel: +1 (312) 283 5648 www.ctbuh.org E-Mail: awood@ctbuh.org
JÜRGEN WAX CEO, Josef Gartner GmbH Gartnerstrasse 20 89423 Gundelfingen an der Donau Germany Tel: +49 (0) 9073 84 0 www.josef-gartner.permasteelisagroup.com E-Mail: gartner@permasteelisagroup.com
FRANCES MOFFETT-KOUADIO British Trade Commissioner Consulate General for Hong Kong & Macau Hong Kong
RON BAKKER PLP Architecture Ibex House 42-47 Minories London EC3N 1DY United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 203 006 3900 www.plparchitecture.com E-Mail: rbakker@plparchitecture.com
VIVENCIO B.DIZON President & CEO Bases Conversion & Development Authority (BCDA) The Philippines www.bcda.org.ph IAN RITCHIE Ian Ritchie Architects 110 Three Colt Street London, E14 8AZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7338 1100 www.ianritchiearchitects.co.uk E-Mail: iritchie@ianritchiearchitects.co.uk STUART BAILLIE Head of Planning For London and South East Director GL Hearn United Kingdom 280 High Holborn London WC1V 7EG United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 7851 4994 www.glhearn.com E-Mail: stuart.baillie@glhearn.com
KYO SUK LEE Senior Project Leader, MVRDV Achterklooster 7 3011 RA Rotterdam The Netherlands Tel: +31 (0)10 477 2860 www.mvrdv.nl E-Mail: office@mvrdv.com mirunadunu@mvrdv.com NICK CORDINGLEY Partner, 10 Design 3,F East Town Building 41 Lockhart Road Wanchai Hong Kong Tel: +852 3975 2010 www.10Design.co E-Mail: info@10design.co
MIRKO AREND Exhibition Group Director Messe München / BAU 2019 Messegelande, 81823 München Germany Tel: +49 89 949 20110 www.bau-muenchen.de E-Mail: mirko.arend@messe-muenchen.de
ASTRID PIBER Partner, Senior Architect UN Studio Stadhouderskade 113 1073 AX Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel: +31 20 570 2040 www.unstudio.com E-Mail: a.piber@unstudio.com k.murphy@unstudio.com
DR. FRITZ GARTNER Chair of Supervisory Board Josef Gartner GmbH Gartnerstrasse 20 89423 Gundelfingen an der Donau Germany Tel: +49 9073 840 www.josef-gartner.permasteelisagroup.com E-Mail: gartner@permasteelisagroup.com
GRAHAM COULT EOC Engineers 236 Grays Inn Road London WC1X 8HB United Kingdom +44 (0)20 7354 5402 www.eocegineers.com E-Mail: graham@eocengineers.copm
HARALD KERN Harald Kern Architektur Leipzig Karl-Heine Strasse 93 04229 Leipzig, Germany BRUCE NICOL Head of Global Design Merck Window Technologies De Run 5432, 5504 Veldhoven The Netherlands Tel: +31 6 286 32087 www.merckgroup.com E-Mail: bruce.nicol@merckgroup.com RUSSELL GILCHRIST The Buildings Leader, Pricipal, Gensler Chicago, IL 60602, USA TEL: +1 312 386 3300 www.gensler.com E-Mail: Russell.Gilchrist@gensler.com MAUREEN TSAGOURIA Product&Market Manager Façade Business Unit Building Glass Europe, Saint-Gobain Les Miroirs, 18 Avenue d’Alsace 92096 La Defence, France Tel: +33 1 47 62 35 19 www.saint-gobain E-Mail: Maureen.tsagouria@saint-gobain.com DANNY BIRRELL Kawneer UK Ltd United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1928 502 500 www.kawneer.co.uk E-Mail: danny.birrell@arconic.com ROUVEN SEIDLER SEEN GmbH Kronbergstrasse 11, 9104 Waldstatt, Switzerland Tel: +41 71 351 2596 +49 176 7549 7564 www.seengmbh.com E-Mail: rs@seengmbh.com VALERIA PERAZZINI Dow Europe GmbH Rue Jules Bordet, 7180 Seneffe, Belgium Tel: +32 64 88 8000 www.dow.com E-Mail: vperazzini@dow.com VLADIMIR MARINOV Define Engineers Studio 13, The Trampery 1 Waterden Road, London, E15 2HB United Kingdom www.defineengineers.com E-Mail: vlad@defioneengineers.com
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