HOUSE HOME M ATERIALS
Design Process Studio: Materials 12 September - 16 September 2011 In this assignment you will work in groups and research new/alternative building materials and put the information together in a presentation. This means that we will have a large archive of knowledge that you can use later in your own individual projects. - Each group has to find 10-15 possible building materials and show how these are meant to be used. - Each group also has to make a field study of a contemporary housing project and suggest how the use of an alternative construction/material could produce additional architectural qualities. Relate this investigation to your own interests and think especially on the following questions: What relation has it to the field of architecture? If used as the basis for architectural conceptualization what kind of architecture does it/could it produce? What aesthetics are produced?
Design Process Studio: Autumn 2011 KTH-A
www.unrealstockholm.org
Ass. Professor Tor Lindstrand +46 (0) 70 751 57 72 tor@llp.se
Students: Magnus Adalmundsson Sara Bergström Lorenz Boigner Elton Chan Yik Tung Maja Claesson Dan Engberg Maria Fredriksson Jonas Frick Josefin Gustafsson Anna Ingebrigtsen Lillill Jakobsson Stephanie Maloney Kristin Nedlich Emelie Lindgren Nielson Ingrid Nordstrand Sofia Nyman Camilla Silander Elsa Smeds Therese Svalling Gustav Svärdhagen Laurence Sutherland Gregor Hanna Syrén Fredrik Vidigs Linus Yng
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING MATERIALS Large industries use cheap and sturdy materials, both in the building process (on the construction site) and for the final product (the factory buildings). These industrial buildings are constructed in efficient ways with regards to time, space and cost. The techniques and materials used can be adapted for use in housing, with many advantages. The mass production of materials results scrap waste that cn be reused or recycled, leaving less waste for the environment.
Advantages: Mass produced Cheap Reusable Strong and durable Able to reach large spans Quick and easy to put together / take apart Easily maintained
Disadvantages: Not usually considered to be aesthetically pleasing. Insulation is not considered as high a priority in industrial buildings (in comparison to housing), however this can be added.
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING MATERIALS Scaffolding Scaffolding is a flexible system that is used on construction sites. The structure is easily extendable if the program were to change / expand. It is easy to assemble / disassemble if needed. The steel tubes are load-bearing and light at the same time. Scaffolding systems are mass-produced and therefore cheap.
Metal strip In reference to the Chilian Architecture Biennale, scaffolding is used as the primary structure and refurbished aluminum strips to create a woven facade. The strips used are made from alluminium, a recycleable material, but given the large amount of energy required for the recycling process, it´s better for the environment to discard it. Reusing this material is saving the required energy needed for recycling, which results in making this a commercial product.
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING MATERIALS Containers Many containers are shipped into Sweden with imported goods, but a lot less are sent out for exports. This means that we have a good opportunity to reuse these unused containers. Besides transportation, containers are normally used for storage and temporary offices, at building sites for example. It is rare to see them used as housing or for more permanent uses. The most common containers are 20 ft X 40 ft. (6m. x 12 m.), with a height of 2.6m. They are built to be stacked together, and it is also possible to cut into the walls to join several together. The containers are not insulated but it is possible to easily add isulation on the inside of every unit.
Advantages: Cheap Enviornmentally friendly due to reuse (they are already available) Easily stackable Strong and durable Easily adapted to many uses Easily maintained
Grating Grating is another product used in many industrial buildings. It is a strong and cheap material. It can carry heavy loads, while at the same time being light weight and allowing light to pass through it easily. Jean Nouvell uses this material, along with many other industrail materials, often in his social housing project, Nemausus 1 in Nimes, france.
Sheet steel elements (Paroc) A Facade System Today this method of construction is mainly used in industrial and storage buildings. Paroc is a sandwich element that can be used for outer walls, inner walls and ceiling. A fast and simple assembly, where the elements are attached to a wooden or steel frame makes it a low cost prefabricated element. The elements are available in different sizes and with different levels of detailing.
Advantages: Prefabricated elements Quickly assembled / disassembled Bendable Easily adapted Other elements are easily attached (windows, doors etc.) Fire Resistant
The elements are bendable
Clean aesthetic qualitiy in various finishes Surface: steel sheet metal Core: Mineral wool
Perforated Steel Sheeting Advantages: Relatively easy to handle
Uses:
Little maintenance required Can be designed individually
Sunprotection
Cheap to manifacture
Fencing
Creates a semi-transparent
Stairs
surface
Steel sheet elements with a perforated steel facade
Fibre Cement Cladding Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers In appearance fibre cement siding most often consists of overlapping horizontal boards, imitating wooden siding, clapboard and imitation shingles. Ca 250kr/kvm
Advantages: The external cladding products require very little maintenance once installed and painted The thicker/denser fibre cement products have excellent impact resistance. Quite versitile: can act as a facade as well as roofing
Disadvantages: The thinner, less dense products need to be protected from impact
Straw Bale Construction: Method: Straw bale construction typically consists of stacking rows of bales (often in running-bond) on a raised footing or foundation, with a moisture barrier or capillary break between the bales and their supporting platform. Bale walls can be tied together with pins of bamboo, rebar, or wood (internal to the bales or on their faces), or with surface wire meshes, and then stuccoed or plastered, either with a cement-based mix, lime-based formulation, or earth/clay render.
How it works: In load bearing straw bale structures, the bales themselves may actually provide the structural support for the building by carrying the vertical loads. Alternatively, bale buildings can have a structural frame of other materials, usually lumber or timber-frame, with bales simply serving as insulation and infill, which is most often required in northern regions and/or in wet climates because of the potential snow–loading. In-fill structures rely on the framing to carry the vertical loads. Lateral loads, or shear strength, is carried by the wall assembly as a whole. The bales, the structural wire mesh, and the plaster all play a part in the handling of lateral loads.
Advantages: Roughly three times as efficient as conventional framing. Over the life of a typcal thirty year mortgage, this superior insulation can reduce energy costs by up to 75%, saving money and vital natural resources. Superior sound absorption compared with conventional houses. Readily available- less transportation costs- less fossil fuels. Cheap and renewable (approximately $5 / square foot). Exceptionally fire resistant.
Disadvantages: Susceptible to rot if straw gets wet during construction. Space taken up by straw itself.
FIBREOUS CONCRETES Papercrete Papercrete is a recently developed construction material, which consists of mixing repulped paper fiber with Portland cement, clay and/or other soil.
Method: Papercrete can be poured into moulds to form blocks and stacked to form a wall. These blocks are joined with papercrete slurry. It can also be poured as in-situ concrete into moulds.
Advantages: Readily available: The paper to be used can come from a variety of sources; newspaper, junk mail, magazines, books, etc. obtained from the local dump or from waste bins are all useful. Very versatile: Papercrete can be mortared, drilled, hammered, nailed, used as plaster and as an infill between poles or studs. The pulped paper fibres alone can also be used as insulation. Cheap (paper can be obtained freely). Only cost involved is the sand, cement and labour (Straw to Cement to Sand Ratio: 6:2:2).
Disadvantages: Papercrete must be entirely covered in a waterproof sealant due to its tendency to absorb water.Still requires a percentage of cement to guarantee structural support.
FIBREOUS CONCRETES Fibre Optic Concrete Another method of strengthening concrete with fibreous material is to embed optical fibre cables into the concrete. The fibres help reinforce the wall, while also giving a translucent effect to the concrete. Daylight and shadow images can pass directly through a thick solid-concrete wall. This method of mixing concrete and glass fibre optical strands creates a solid yet translucent block suitable for floors, pavements and load-bearing walls.
Advantages: Structurally secure concrete walls suitable for load-bearing. Translucent although solid.
Disadvantages: Extremely expensive ($1,069 for a three x three foot LitraCon block). Same enviornment factors as standard concrete.
Hemp as building material: Industrial hemp referrers to the raw material fibers obtained from the cannabis plant. These fibers are known to be one of the strongest natural fibers in the world and have been utilized for for thousands of years, one of these purposes, the building industry. Industrial hemp although obtained from the cannabis plant is not to be confused with its more notorious and close relative, harvested for other purposes than its fibers. When it comes to buildings, hemp can be put to many different uses.
Advantages: Extremely versatile, some uses include: - Fibreboard - Insulation - Carpet - Ropes
- Cement blocks - Concrete - Stucco - Canvas
When mixed with lime stone composite:
- Fiberglass substitute - Mortar - Bio-composite, non-load bearing insulation 1. Fire resistant 2. Pest resistant
Easily grown and requires often much less care than many of its biological “competitors� Dramatically reduce the carbon footprint of the building industry Grows without the use of pesticides and requires less watering (since its root system is deeper than most agricultural plants) Robust and fast growing Produces more fiber per acre than any other plant No. 1 biomass producer on earth (10 tons per acre in approximately four months) It is claimed that hemcrete is carbon negative as it locks up more CO2 in the growth process than in the production and building process. Hemp can be processed to possess certain aesthetic qualities Environmental friendly and up to 100% recyclable
Disadvantages: Reliance on expensive imported fiber because of misguided laws which restrict the growing of non-psychoactive strains of the plant in many countries. Lack of modern processing machinery
It is an excellent replacement for wooden chip board because it is up to two times stronger.
Rammed Earth Method
Compressing earth materials together to form a construction is one of the oldest and most durable methods of building known to man. Using readily available building material (the ground you stand on) is an inventive and obvious way to go about. Being this ancient building method it of course includes many different techniques, both in regards to materials, their properties as well as building methods. But the principal is the same; you build with the most suitable material locally available. Obviously this is one of the most sustainable ways to build and you simplify and reduce side effects generated around transportation and the manufacturing process. How it works. One and probably the oldest ways of building from earth is to build a mold, fill in a layer of moist dirt (clay and small grain earth substances preferred, sometimes also mixed with concrete). The material is compressed (rammed together) and then the next layer is added, the mold is then moved around to build the next section of wall. A drying process takes over and voila, you have a house that could last a thousand years.
Advantages
Probably the biggest advantage and the most important one is that this is one of the most sustainable ways to build. Locally available materials are used and most of the material process on site. Materials are recyclable, after demolition you can use the materials again‌ or just leave them were you found them‌ as dirt. Unique aesthetic properties.
Disadvantages
Labor intensive and more time consuming than many other building methods. Perfect for warmer more stable climates, building in more diverse climate (northern hemisphere i.e. Scandinavia) requires additional insulation and complicates building process. High levels of construction quality control are required. Adding cement stabilization can compromise environmental credentials There are different reasons why earth building has not caught on in modern western society but lack of public knowledge is probably the most common reason. Other might be that it is a specialized process not readily available, misconceptions and the fact that earth building are nearly impossible be standardized and adapted to building codes as the material used varies greatly. Also building in northern regions of the world (i.e. Scandinavia) produces technical difficulties.
Gabion Method
Baskets fabricated of thick galvanized wire filled with stone and stacked on one another. Lifespan is around 50 years The Gabion origins from a medivel version made out of wicker work open at top and bottom, these were then filled with eart and stone on site to create a temporary protection.
Use
Today Gabions are used mainly for retaining walls, temporay flood walls, military use,
Advantages
The content of the gabions are pretty flexible and depending of the density of the metal fabric they can be filled with different sizes of material. They drain water. They conform to ground movement
Future
The Gabions could be varied moore in size and shape to work as building blocks. They could be filled up with recycled material, from tourn down buildings or filled with material directly from the site.
Hesco Bastion The Hesco Bastion is a modern version of the Gabion used mainly by the military. HESCO Concertainer units consist of a steel mesh framework lined with nonwoven geotextile material and filled with locally available material such as rocks, rubble, sand, gravel, or soil. Each set of Concertainer units comes with joining pins for connecting individual units. When filled, the cellular structure results in a sturdy wall. The standard unit size is three feet square and comes in a set of five to create a wall 15 feet long, and in turn, these can be linked to create a wall of unlimited length.
Sand Bags Sandbags may be used during emergencies for example, when rivers threaten to flood, or a levee or dike is damaged. They may also be used in non-emergency situations (or after an emergency) as a foundation for new levees, or other water-control structures.
“Stone coffin” A “stone coffin” (stenkista) is traditionally a wooden structure filled with stone. It is then lowered into the water to create a foundations for a bridge or building.
Same method Tyres filled with earth as foundation
Same concept... The idea of having an empty building element to fill with available material has infinite possibilitys. The desired use for it determine the modelling of it. Depending on the purpose it could be: Loadbearing Insulating:
- Sound - Temperature Strapt Plastic bags filled with clothes.
Recycled material could be used in a large extent, for both the elements and the infill.
Building Blocks Out of Recycled Material Material compressed together to create a building block. Possibilities of the material used can be endless. If necessary, the material can then be coated or covered to protect against outside climate, possibly with a recycled material such as adobe.
PHZ 2, Dratz Dratz architects
Concept, PHZ 2, Dratz Dratz architects
Bitublock BituBlock is a high-performance product that is about six times stronger than traditional concrete block. It’s made by mixing waste products like recycled glass, metal slag, sewage sludge and incinerator ash with a sticky binder called bitumen, also used in road paving. The mixture is compacted in a mold and heat-cured, which oxidizes and hardens the bitumen.
Södra Hedvigslund, Älta, Nacka Trädgårdsstaden New residential areas for housing around Sweden are more or less constructed in the same way. Single-family villas, pair houses and row houses are often built by companies with conventional techniques and design such as Småa, Anebyhus, Arkitekthus and Nordiska kvalitetshus to mention some. We visited a constuctionsite in Älta for a new residential area by Småa. Next to it was one part built only some years ago and it was interesting to see the result of a finished area so close to the building site. The site is in a suburb to Stockholm with a lot of forest but the plot was flat and without trees. Little was left from the natural ground after excavation. It was clear that a lot of the building elements are prefabricated before it is transported to the flat site. All the houses had their foundations done and two houses had all of their walls already. The foundations, are concrete on the ground, the structures are prefabricated wood frames with some iron beams and the roofs are sheet metal.
Adjust the site after the building
Adjust the building after the site
Assemble prefabricated elements
Build from scratch on site
Standard material despite site
Local material on site
Permanent fixed structure
Flexible structure
Fixed apperence
Flexible and variated apperence
Foam glass Info: Foam glass is a lightweight construction material with exceptional thermal and acousticc insulation properties. it is also solvent free, fireproof and weatherproof. The insulation is manufactured primarily from recycled glass (> 66 %) and natural raw materials that occur almost without limit in nature. Use: Used as exterior and interior insulation where the demands on energy efficiency are high. References: Grazer Kunsthaus (Peter Cook/Colin Fournier), Turning Torso, Malmรถ (Santiago Calatrava) Cost: Foamglas is significantly more expensive than the other insulation materials Links: http://www.foamglas.se/hem/
Polycarbonate panels Info: Polycarbonate panels are manufactured out of a hard plastic polymer substance known as Bisphenol A (BPA). Polycarbonate makes an excellent substitute for glass or acrylic, and there are a multitude of uses for panels made of polycarbonates. Polycarbonate plastic is moldable, durable, lightweight, flame resistant, shatterproof, energy efficient. recyclable, and extremely weather resistant. Use: Often used as a structural material for agricultural outbuildings and greenhouses, lightweight room divider, roof for walkways, patios and terraces and also more and more used in facades of industries, sports halls, etc. References: LABAN-Center, London (Herzog & de Meuron), Terminal 1A at Airport Vienna, Austria, etc. Cost: More expensive than glass Links: http://www.rodeca.de/EN/index.htm
Recycled glass Info: 100% recycled glass has the combined characteristics of glass and natural stone and is a new sustainable material. It offers either natural stone’s opacity, levels of translucency or even transparency. No harmful resins are used in its manufacture so it is both environmentally sound and fully sustainable due to its composition from recycled glass. Use: Recycled glass can be used in many architectural contexts, such as facades, or interior details in kitchens, bars, reception desks, bathrooms and also in furniture, such as glass tables. References: Museum Folkwang, Essen (David Chipperfield Architects), Esslingen Stadthalle and Hotel, Stuttgart, Germany (archimedialab), Lenne’- Dreieck Berlin (office/residential building) (Petzinka, Pink & Partner), etc. Cost: Probably more expensive than “standard” glass Links: http://www.greenhouseeffect.co.uk/recycled-glass.php
SPU InsuIation Info: SPU (polyurethane-based insulation) boards are ideal for lowenergy and passive energy construction, as they offer better thermal insulation performance than any other insulation material. Compared to a traditional wool-insulated solution, the same thermal insulation rating can be achieved using half the thickness, and with no need for separate vapour or air barrier layers. Use: For insulation of both interior and exterior walls, and also roofing. The qualites of the SPU insulation makes low-energy and passive energy buildings not having to be thicker than those of a normal house, and translates into significant savings in both material and labour costs. References: Industrial and agricultural buildings where the demands for heat insultion is high, retail buildings and more and more low-energy housing constructions. Also used in saunas (developed in Finland). Cost: More expensive than other traditional insulation materials, but reduces costs for heating and cooling in the long run. Links: http://www.spu.fi/en
Mud, Clay and Hay Info: Mud, clay and hay are one of the oldest building material in the world. Its an ecological way to build a house and if you do it right it can hold for hundreds of years. Use: It can be used for walls, floors and foundation. It works good as isolation and as surface/ fasade material. It is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level. References: Neubau Lehmhaus Rauch, Austria, by Boltshauser Architekten. Kapelle der Versรถhnung, Berlin,Germany by Rudolf Reitermann and Peter Sassenroth. Musgum clay house, in Cameroon. Cost: Cheap Links: http://www.greendiary.com/entry/musgum-clay-houses-promote-earliest-natural-building-materials/ http://www.dailytonic.com/neubau-lehmhaus-rauch-in-schlins-austria-by-boltshauser-architekten-ch/ http://www.ehow.com/how_6472795_build-house-out-clay-mud.html http://www.byggahus.se/artiklar/byggde-hus-av-halm-och-lera
Neubau Lehmhaus Rauch, Austria, by Boltshauser Architekten
Kapelle der Versรถhnung, Berlin,Germany by Rudolf Reitermann and Peter Sassenroth
Musgum clay house, in Cameroon
Thatch Info: Thatch is one of the oldest building materials known. Grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. In Europa thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favor as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top. Use: Its a common roofing material. (Its available to a lot of people in the world). References: Living on the Edge, Netherlands by Arjen Reas, Carabanchel Social Housing, Spain by Foreign Office Architects Cost: Cheap Links: http://www.arjenreas.nl/?p=494 http://www.archdaily.com/1580/caranbachel-housing-foreign-office-architects/
Living on the Edge, Netherlands by Arjen Reas
Bamboo
Carabanchel Social Housing, Spain by Foreign Office Architects
Fibre cement Info: A frequently used composite material that can be provided as flat or corrugated sheets in different sizes, colours, structures and textures. The main ingredients are cement, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), cellulose fibres, recycled paper and filler. Fibre cement is a fireproof, frost resistant and sustainable material. Use: Exterior/interior cladding, roofing, insulation References: Kvarteret Barnmorskan, Vertical House/Lorcan Oherlihy Architecs, Beachhouse/Inarchitecten Cost: Middle Links: cembrit.se, ivarssonsverige.se
Plywood Info: Plywood is made by gluing together an number of thin layers of veneer, or chipped wood, (usuallly pine or fir). The surface can be made up by a number of different kinds of wood; beech, birch, oak and more. It comes in various sizes and thicknesses and can be made to order. Environmental effects: The production of the veneer or chips is mostly based on renewable resources, but the glue is based on fossil recources. Use: It can be used as an interior element, such as wallcladding, furnitures, etc. It can also be used as a facade material if treated with oil and paint. It can also be used as a material for building concrete moulds. When treated with heat or steam it can be moulded in to varius curved shapes. References: Tham & Videgård Hansson Arkitekter/House in Stocksund, Rucksak House Tham & Videgård Hansson Arkitekter/Tree Hotel, Polish Pavilion Shanghai Expo 2010 Cost: approximately 10- 30 € /m2 Links: tvark.se, spacedid.wordpress.com/2010/01/27/rucksack-house, weburbanistcom/2011/01/17/faux-finishes-awesome-plywood-mdf-architecture/
SIP, Structural Insulated Panel Info: Different materials are joined to wall, floor and ceiling boards. This construction method is known as the sandwich technique. By combining different materials with different properties, self-supporting components are created, with no additional support needed. This means that our house is tight and does not leak heat. Thanks to the self-supporting construction, it is possible to place the house on plints. Costly and time-consuming excavation work can be avoided. A sandwich panel consists of a thick core of insulating material and the two glued coatings which has better strength properties. The mechanical properties of the sandwichpanel is comparable to an I-beam. The nuclear material that we normally use is EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) and XPS (Extruded Polystyrene). EPS and XPS are very suitable as insulation by low thermal conductivity, low water absorption, resistant to moisture and it is not influenced biologically. As the outer coating, we normally use hot-galvanized and painted sheet steel or fiber cement boards, both of which are moisture resistant and dense material with excellent weatherability. Use: Load bearing wall References: Villa Insjรถn, Nacka Links: http://www.videhus.se/index.php?id=teknik http://www.annapang.se/projects/villa-nacka-insjoen/
Acrylic glass
Tw
Info: Acrylic glass, or PMMA - polymethylmethacrylate, has an ignition point of 460 ̊C and forms carbon dioxide and water during combustion. It has less than half the density of glass and the production requires about two liters of oil to make one kilogram PMMA. The material is UV-stable and age resistant, making it suitable for outdoor applications, but it is sensitive to scratches. Important to consider is the extreme length extension of this material; in a design temperature range of 100 ̊C it is estimated to 7 millimeters of expansion per meter. This means that when you can not allow continuous motion you are limited to relatively small sheeting formats. The sheets were attached with an acrylic foam tape with due dimensions in width, thickness and correct choice of foam. Tape thickness must be a third of the calculated thermal expansion; thus a tape of 2 millimeter thickness was selected. The tape was applied to a surface-treated steel batten since a galvanized surface is unstable over time.
Info: partic Twins Klima • opti • no a • exce • low • exce • easy • com • hom * U va
References: Villa outside of Gothenburg, Unit arkitekter Cost: Cheap, as long as the oil isn´t too expensive. Acrylic glass is supposed to be recyclable. Links: http://unitark.se/plasthus/
Use:
Links
1) Insulation: lightweight concrete 3) Loadbearing: limestone 4) Vertical tongue and groove system 5) horizontal tongue and groove system 7) Running Through e-channel
Twinstone Info: Twinstone always comprises one insulating and one bearing part. Twinstone light is particularly suitable for the efficient construction of detached and semi-detached houses. Twinstone light comprises one cellular concrete insulation board and the proven Klimanorm stone. • optimum heat insulation • no additional thermal insulation: ideal for low-energy and passive houses • excellent living climate and natural moisture compensation • low weight and extra-light handling • excellent sound insulation and maximum fire protection • easy, fast handling as usual – in one step • completely windproof thanks to triple tongue-and-groove system • homogenous rendering base, inside and outside * U value = 0.125 W/m2K corresponds to an average lambda = 0.064 W/mK Use: Walls Links: http://www.greisel.de/Twinstone-light.64595.0.html?&L=2
Church of the Holy Cross Jyllinge, Denmark 2008 KHR arkitekter 50 cm wide boards of GRP with trancluscent isolation.
Fiberglass Info: Fiberglass, also called glass-reinforced plastic, GRP, is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass. It is a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust material. A fiberglass component is typically of a thin “shell� construction, sometimes filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity and tolerances of the mold used for manufacturing the shell. Glass-fibre reinforced polymer can be designed with the identical coefficient of thermal expansion as that of glass. Thus, it is possible to bond both materials with stiff adhesive. Through obtaining an integrated structural system, the window frames or facade profiles can be reduced to a minimum. Use: Common uses of fiber glass include boats, automobiles, baths, hot tubs, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding and external door skins. Glass reinforced plastics are also used in the house building market for the production of roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys, coping systems, heads with keystones and sills. The use of fiberglass for these applications provides for a much faster installation and due to the reduced weight manual handling issues are reduced.
Radhus i Aspudden
Co2-Structure- a new building material CO2 Structure (created by TIS & Partners) is a new alternative for concrete and brick. It is made out of silica (oxide of silicon) a sort of sand and when CO2 is blown into silica, it instantly converts the silica into a material as hard as brick. To achieve sufficient strength, so the structural material can be stretched and bent without incorporating steel rods, it needs to be combined with an organic material, such as epoxy or urethane. The material is twice as strong as normal concrete and can support large structures without nearly as many steel reinforcements. CO2 Structure also is ready within a day while regular concrete can take around 28 days to fully harden. However, CO2 Structure only has lifespan of approximately 50 years. As the first model example using CO2 Structure, TIS&Partners plans to install a double dome at the UIA World Congress, at Tokyo International Forum on September 25, 2011.
Sample of the brick
The picture shows the process of adding CO2
Hemcrete - a new walling material Buildings account for thirty-eight percent of the CO2 emissions in the U.S. U.K.-based Lhoist Group, Tradical速 Hemcrete速 has developed a new building material that is not just carbon neutral, but is actually carbon negative. The material is a bio-composite, thermal walling material made from hemp, lime and water.
Material-sample
Facade made of Hemcrete, Private house
Timbercrete-recycled timber Timbercrete blocks, bricks, panel and pavers are made of sand, cement and its main ingredient is recycled timber waste. The bricks and blocks are produced in a mould at normal tempratures and they have an insulation value over 4 times better than normal bricks. It has high fire resistance rating and it is impervious to rot and termites. Timbercrete bricks and blocks can be made in any size, shape or texture. It is made of relatively cheap raw materials and has low energy consumption during production and transport. And it is easy to use because it can be nailed and screwed into, like timber.
Material-sample
Private house
PTFE - teflon architectural membrane materials The composite is made of fiberglass and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE products are available in a range of strengths and light transmission levels, providing the user with a choice of membranes to cover virtually any size structure from a full-sized stadium to a relatively small skylight. All membranes conform to rigid fire and building codes for permanent buildings.
PTFE detail Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
TIMax TIMax enables a translucent glass facade to have thermal insulation. It is made of very thin yarned glass fibers united with a light-stable binder. The air caught between the glass fibres acts as a very effective insulator. The light that comes through the material, although without some of its original intensity, preserves its color and creates a homogeneous illumination. Besides providing thermal insulation in winter, TIMax also controls solar radiation in summer and reduces heat gain.
TIMax detail
TIMax system sample
TIMax facade, Art-school, Waiblingen
TIMax interior, Art-school, Waiblingen
TIMax interior, Art-school, Waiblingen
Efte- ethylene tetrafluoroethylene ETFE stands for Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene, a transparent polymer that is used instead of glass and plastic in some modern buildings. Compared to glass, ETFE: Transmits more light Insulates better Costs 24% to 70% less to install Is only 1/100 the weight of glass ETFE is strong enough to bear 400 times its own weight ETFE can be stretched to three times its length without loss of elasticity ETFE can be repaired by welding patches over tears ETFE has a nonstick surface that resists dirt ETFE is expected to last as long as 50 years ETFE does have disadvantages, however. ETFE transmits more sound than glass, and can be too noisy for some places ETFE is usually applied in several layers that must be inflated and require steady air pressure Working with ETFE is too complex for small residential projects Detail of facade, Efte-cushions
Allianz -Arena, Munchen, Germany
National Aquatics Center at Beijing’s Olympic Green
Media-TIC building, Cloud9 architects
Cross-laminated timber
Cross-laminated timber provides an innovative massive building system, it is commonly applied for external and internal walls, ceilings and roofs. CLT offers a short assembly time at the building site because of the prefabricated boards. There is no break in the insulation layer and no need for a moisture barrier in walls. The board properties provide a lot of advantages: air tightness, fire resistance, thermal insulation and acoustic insulation and of cource sustainability. - Big board dimensions: 2,95 m x 16 m with a thickness of up to 40 cm - Prefabricated boards with cut-out doors and windows ready for assembling - Multi-layer board with crosswise arrangement of lamellas - Dry building system with a minimum of swelling and shrinkage of the boards - Best performance in static and physical properties
Waingels Collage, Reading, UK.
Enso Nature centre, Haltia, Finland.
Termite pavillion at Pestival 2009.
Steel frame modul -industrial module reused There are many examples of reuse of industrial pre fabricatel steel frames and modules. The reuse or change of original construction or use provides a cheap alternative to client tailored steel structures. There are many companies that provides cheap and easy to-build-up steeel components, as the example of the student housing project that Luleå University recently presented. The thought is to reuse bathroom modules from the company Part in Kalix, Sweden to get the costs down. Another company we have come across is the italian company New House that do pre fabricaded steel structures and aluminium covered modules for fast building. This company has spezialised in container- and cabin building, modules are prodused in industries and at a very low cost.
Student housing project, Luleå University, Luleå, Sweden. Construction site, Kv. Glasstaven, Linköping by Fakab.
Fakab is a swedish full-service company situated in Linköping who are specialized in industrial buildings and offers pre fabricated modules as well as client adapted solusions at a low cost and who could also put the structure up for you.
New House industrial production, Italy.
New House pre fabricated steel frame, Italy.
Construction site, Kv. Glasstaven, Linköping by Fakab.
New House pre fabricated cabin, Italy.
Cellfab -material cell reinforcement Only half as much steel - but the reinforcement will be just as strong nonetheless. Here is the secret that can save time and money on construction.
Newly started company Cellfab in Kalix develops an entirely new type of reinforcement for concrete, asphalt or other materials. The technique is called cell reinforcement and consists of rows of linked rings that are built together into the desired shape. - The circle is the strongest geometric shape. With our method one can more than halve the amount of steel and still get the same strength, says co-founder and innovator Johan Persson. Less steel provide an environmental benefit, reducing both cost and weight. Another advantage is that the link structure increases reinforcement strength. It allows one to use high-strength steel, providing greater cargo capacity, but which tend to be too brittle for reinforcements. Labor costs decrease because you do not have to cut and bend the rebar, and the process of building molds simplified since cell reinforcement helps to raise the pressure of the concrete before it hardened. The idea is that cell reinforcement will be delivered in finished sections that build up the customer to tailor the reinforcement of the structure will be strengthened.
Expanded metal The manufacturing process produces a 3-dimensional expanded metal mesh. It is good for environments that require high security at night and a robust exterior. Where the metal mesh really comes into its own in terms of functionality is on multi-story car parks. It provides a secure surface while allowing the building to breathe without mechanical ventilation. Metal mesh is available in an almost limitless range of sizes, material types and surface finishes. Its expanding characteristics mean that the energy used to produce each square meter of cladding is kept to a minimum.
The New Museum of Contemporary Art, designed by SANAA
Young Vic theatre by Haworth Tompkins
Excel building by Grimshaw
Excel building by Grimshaw
The New Museum of Contemporary Art, designed by SANAA
Experiments - Paper,fabric,tactility
The PapierHaus, temporary pavillion, Essen, Germany
Paper tube-structures, Shigeru Ban
Fabric Facade Studio Apartment, Holland
The straw theatre, Tallin,Estland
Cardboard Shelter by architecture student Tine Hovsepian
Vision 80 D
V채stkuststugan
1½-planshus: (inredd vind) Yttertak
Mellanbjälklag
Trägolv (ej våtutrymen) 22 Spånskiva Golvbjälkar 45 Mineralullsisolering Armerad väv 28x70 Glespanel 13 Gipsplank
Betongtakpannor 25x38 Tegelläkt 25x38 Ströläkt Underlagspapp 17 Råspont Ramverkstakstol Luftspalt 290 Lösullsisolering Fuktspärr 28x70 Glespanel 13 Gipsplank
Hanbjälklag
Ramverkstakstol 500 Lösullsisolering Fuktspärr 28x70 Glespanel 13 Gipsplank
2,4m
Yttervägg
22x145 Sveapanel 28x70 Spikläkt Vindskydd 20 isolering på regel 220 Regelstomme 240 Mineralullsisolering Fuktspärr 45 Regelstomme 45 Mineralullsisolering 13 Gips
2,5m
Bottenbjälklag
Trägolv (ej i våtutrymme) Betongplatta och underliggande isolering ingår ej
--- Cross laminated timber is multilayered, completely and solidly made of wood. Due to the gluing of longitudinal and transverse layers, the “working� of the wood is reduced to a negligible degree. --- It is a solid pre-fabricated element that insulates heat and can simultaneously carry loads. It is fireproof and has a sound absorbing effect. --- About 99.4% timber and 0.6% glue, it is a monolithic building material. Thus, a piece of timber. --- Used for external walls or roofing you combine the elements with layers of insulation. Used as internal walls the cross laminated timber is enough in itself.
Svartlamoen housing by BKark
CR OSS - L A M I N AT ED T I M B ER
PRODUC TION Rammed earth walls are typically formed in a similar way to poured concrete. Earth of a certain consistency is filled and compacted into a formwork in layers and built up successively. Not all soils are suitable and high quality control and detail standards are necessary. Insulation is required either internally or externally. There are also concerns about durability. External insulation may provide protection. USES In these examples rammed earth walls per form the same function as traditional masonry walls. They can be load bearing to support roof structures. Rammed earth walls may require additional protection from rain - such as a projecting roof. COSTS Rammed earth may be a very cheap to produce depending on the availability of suitable soil however a large factor in the cost will be the availability of labour. Construction is relatively slow and could therefore be manually intensive and expensive. Rammed earth may therefore suit self-builders or community building projects such as housing cooperatives where cheap or free labour may be available. ENVIRONMENTAL Natural material Low embodied energy
R AM M ED EARTH
--- What elements make up a home - and what does it take to make us feel at home? At this year’s Copenhagen Design Week IKEA teamed up with Erik Juul Architects to create a remarkable shipping container home that provides all of the basic necessities and questions how many things the average household really needs. --- ‘HomeLessHome’ is a small home composed of rough frames that was built entirely from standard parts and materials like scaffolding pipes, bright red shipping containers, and waterproof plastic mesh, creating a super-basic house.
SCAFFOLDING AND CO N TA I N E R S
--- ModCell are prefabricated panels of straw bale and hemp construction. --- ModCell insulation value is up to three times better than current building regulations demand. --- Panels can be used either as load-bearing panels, up-to three modules (9m) high, or free -standing, as non load-bearing cladding panels, where a structural frame is to be used. --- The panels are 410 mm to 480 mm thick. The panels are structural up to 3 stories high. --- www.modcell.com
STR AW B A L E
CASE STUDY STROHAUS in ESCHENZ, SWIZERLAND FELIX JERUSALEM PRODUCTION Straw is compressed to form panels. The outer layers (40mm) are compressed to higher density (600kg/m2) and perform the load bearing function. The inner layer is less dense (300kg/m2) and performs the insulative function (170-200mm). The materials are bound together using non-formaldehyde glues. USES Panels are created which can be combined to form wall, roof and floor elements. They need to be protected from moisture. In this case the consruction was elevated from the moist ground and clad in a cheap coloured corrugated plastic material. COSTS Supplier information and costs aren’t easily available. ENVIRONMENTAL • natural material • non-formaldehyde glues • quicker to grow than timber • recylable
COM P RES S ED S TR AW (S IPs )
--- UPM ProFi consists of paper and plastic left over from the production of self-adhesive label materials. --- The pieces that Shigeru Ban developed together with UPM ProFi and Artek for the pavillion includes angles, floor ‘boards’, corrugated roof/ wall panels and a unit which could be repeated to generate the pavilion.
Self-adhesive label materials
--- UPM ProFi contains no harmful chemicals so after it’s life cycle it can be disposed of as normal household waste. --- When incinerated, UPM ProFi reacts similarly to untreated wood and creates no toxic fumes. --- During EXPO in Milan 2009 Shigeru Ban also introduced a fully modular furniture range based on the use of an L-shaped unit of UPM ProFi material. The L-unit can be assembled in various positions to form a chair, a table, or a bench.
U PM Pro Fi
--- Regular pallets, worldwide standardized size --- Can be used as wall-, ceiling and facade elements --- Can load up to 2 tons --- Inbetween the slats of the pallet can be inserted insulation, pipes or loadbearing structure elements depending on need
Paletten Haus by Andreas Claus Schnetzer and Gregor Pils
Palettenpavillion by Matthias Loebermann
--- Cheap, costs around 50 SEK / pallet
Manifesto House by Infiniski
PAL L E TS
PRODUC TION Gabions are cages that are filled with stone. The stone can var y in size and geology depending on the availability. Gabions may be pre fillled or filled in-situ.
9 STOCK ORCHARD STREET, LONDON - SWARCH
USES Gabions are commonly used in civil engineering and earthwork projects in foundations and retaining walls. They may have high load bearing strengh (similar to a more conventionally constructed pile or wall). Gabions have been used more recently with aesthetic impact in Domus Winer y (Hertzog & De Meuron) and the maze at Kielder Forest. In a domestic situation gabions may replace concrete in site works, foundation works, forming basements or piles, or to define external or semi-external spaces. Perhaps a gabion wall could enclose an unheated ‘indoor ’ space?
DOMUS WINERY, SPAIN - HERTZOG & DE MEURON (ABOVE) MINOTAUR MAZE, KEILDER FOREST (BELOW )
COSTS Gabions are relatively cheap to construct in comparison with concrete walls/foundations or other masonr y wall types. They require relatively unskilled labour to fill. Cages may require skilled labour to manufacture.
GAB I O N S
--- Based on the traditional technique where quartz is embeded in white plaster as a exterior clad, in this projekt transparent recykled glass bottles were crushed and added to the white cement sur face. --- The building is located in Buenos- Aries and made by ChalĂş house by Adamo-Faiden
Crushed glassbottles
G L A S S B OT T L ES AND P L A S T ER
--- Used traditionally in Japan as a way of treating the exterior wood instead of paint etc.
C HARRED WO O D
PRODUCTION Rigid plastic sheeting is produced from a variety of materials and can be formed into different sectional shapes. Common production materials include: • • • • •
Polycarbonate Glassfibre reinforced polyester PVC plast Acrylic plastic Polyethylene terephthalat (PET )
PET greenest of these solutions. STROH HAUS, SWITZERLAND, FELIX JERUSALEM
In these examples plastic sheeting is used in conjunction with straw bale and compressed straw constructions. The plastic sheeting gives weather and fire protection to the underlying material. USES • Low thermal performance so unsuitable as replacement for conventional glazing. • Suitable for outdoor use or in conjunction with other materials to improve thermal performance. • waterproof
9 STOCK ORCHARD STREET, LONDON, SWARCH
COST low cost waterproof and transparent/ translucent material ENVIRONMENT PET is recyclable
POLYCARBONATE SHEETS IN VARIOUS THICKNESSES
R IGID PL ASTIC SHEE TING
9 Stock Orchard Street is the London home and office of Sarah Wigglesworth and Jeremey Till. They constructed an experimental and sustainable building using a pallatte of alternative materials and structural solutions. This case study draws attention to the use of the following: • • • •
straw bale construction ‘cloth’ facades structural gabion piers ‘sand bag’ facade
9 STO C K O RC HARD STREE T
9 STOC K ORC HARD STREE T
9 STO C K O RC HARD STREE T
9 STOC K ORC H ARD ST R EE T
9 STO C K O RC HARD STREE T
9 STO C K O RC H ARD ST RE E T
The office part of the building is raised on gabions. The undercroft provides space for chickens and for the garden to extend. Springs are mounted onto a concrete pad which is cast on top of the gabion piers. This reduces the vibrations caused by the passing Kingscross trains. The gabions are constructed from recycled concrete blocks. The wire which the gabion cages are constructed from did not meet safety in fire - they would melt and the gabions would collapse. Therefore a ‘sacraficial’ column was cast in the centre of the gabion.
9 STO C K O RC HARD STREE T
VI L L A AT TI T YD FÅG EL B R O
V I L L A AT T I T YD FÅG E L B R O
• lack of storage space • wasted internal volume • awkward geometry and detailing • constructional dishonesty (see section)
VI L L A AT TI T YD FÅG EL B R O
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V I L L A AT T I T YD FĂ…G EL B R O
STRUCTRAL (LOADBEARING)
COMPRESSION
STACKING + FILLING
CONTAINER FILLING
STACKING + GLUEING MODULE GLUE STACKING SUSPENSION
TENSILE STRUCTURE BRAIDING PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE
ROOM DIVIDING SHADING TRANSPARENCY INSULATION WATERPROOF
VERTICAL HORISONTAL
AIRTIGHT SOUND RESISTANT RECYCLABLE RENEWABLE COST
PET BOTTLE
CHICKEN NET
LINOLEUM
CARBON FIBRE
CORIAN
CONES
STARCH
FISHING NET
HORSEHAIR
LEAVES/GRASS
GRAIN
CLAY
WOOL
HAY
SKELETON
TIRES
SYNTETIC FIBRE (~KEVLAR)
GORE TEX
TENT CANVAS
FOOD WASTE
PAPER
CARDBOARD
FIBER GLASS
GLASS BOTTLES
LEATHER
VENTILATION PIPES
PROPERTIES
OIL CANS
LATEX
MATERIALS
STRUCTRAL (LOADBEARING)
COMPRESSION
STACKING + FILLING
CONTAINER FILLING
STACKING + GLUEING MODULE GLUE STACKING SUSPENSION
TENSILE STRUCTURE BRAIDING PNEUMATIC STRUCTURE
ROOM DIVIDING SHADING TRANSPARENCY INSULATION WATERPROOF
VERTICAL HORISONTAL
AIRTIGHT SOUND RESISTANT RECYCLABLE RENEWABLE COST
PET BOTTLE
CHICKEN NET
LINOLEUM
CARBON FIBRE
CORIAN
CONES
STARCH
FISHING NET
HORSEHAIR
LEAVES/GRASS
GRAIN
CLAY
WOOL
HAY
SKELETON
TIRES
SYNTETIC FIBRE (~KEVLAR)
GORE TEX
TENT CANVAS
FOOD WASTE
PAPER
CARDBOARD
FIBER GLASS
GLASS BOTTLES
LEATHER
VENTILATION PIPES
PROPERTIES
OIL CANS
LATEX
MATERIALS
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CORIAN Corian as exterior rainscreen cladding: - Malleable. Ability to make different forms and texture. - Weather and UV resistant. Chemically inert. - Durable, easy to clean and repair. - High fire-rating
CARBON FIBER Carbon Fiber as an alternative of steel structureal components: - CF is 5x stronger and only weighs 2/3 - CF is more efficient and durable. It wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t rust, warp or dent. - CF has a higher temperature tolerance and corrosion resistance. - CF has a lower thermal expansion. - 140
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FIBERGLASS Fiberglass Structural Panels: - Strong, lightweight - Easy to install and maintain - Corrosion resistant - Low electricity and thermal conductivity
Paper Fibers from wood, mainly used for printing, writing, packing and hygiene. Low cost, great quantities, easy recyclable.
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PINE CONES Low cost, great quantities, easy recyclable, superbe aestethics.
Ideas for implementation A. Isolation
VENTILATION PIPES The pipes can be structural both as columns (with reinforcement) or as beams, if prevented from colaps vertcally (the pipe serve as a vault). If cut alongsside you get predeformed steelplates. Around 50 mm - 150 mm in diameter. Made of galvanazed steel or aluminium.
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CHICKEN NET Chicken Net is a net made of thin galvanized steel treads that are braided to a net. It is light and can take suspension. Chicke net can be the skeleton in light weight structures since it is pliable and rather strong along its surface. It can serve both as a container for for example insulation materials or it can serve as sunshading if made in multiple layers. If braided it becomes twice as strong.
FIELD STUDY - HOUSING PROJECT IN HENRIKSDALSHAMNEN
FIELD STUDY - HOUSING PROJECT IN HENRIKSDALSHAMNEN
FIELD STUDY - HOUSING PROJECT IN HENRIKSDALSHAMNEN
FIELD STUDY - HOUSING PROJECT IN HENRIKSDALSHAMNEN
Design Process Studio: Autumn 2011 KTH-A
www.unrealstockholm.org
Ass. Professor Tor Lindstrand +46 (0) 70 751 57 72 tor@llp.se