July/August 2017 – Volume 59 Number 4
SPECIAL FEATURE vector management Company Profile: Curtis Gilmore
ICUP 2017, Birmingham UK report
Pest control industry mergers and acquisitions
Arable production preparing for an uncertain future
New CEPA Chairman elected at AGM
Vineyard biosecurity
More awards for BPCA
July/August 2017
Fall Armyworms march across Africa
www.international-pest-control.com
New mode of action for indoor residual spraying New oviposition mosquito trap Integrated mosquito & vector management Climate impact of vector borne diseases Future potential of neonicotinoid use in public health Why Australia’s mosquitoes are different First new malaria insecticide for 177 30 years
Equipment Insect control
Bird control Wood Preservation
Rodent control
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July/August 2017 Volume 59 Number 4
Contents
Editor: David Loughlin M.Sc. DIC editor@international-pest-control.com
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International News in Brief
ISSN 0020-8256 (Print) ISSN 1751-6919 (Online)
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Association News
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BPCA lands fourth major award in a year
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Amenity forum offer question and answer session at Saltex
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New publication on management of invasive species of mosquito
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European Commission drags its heals on accelerating low risk pesticides
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Glyphosate ban would cost British farmers almost £1billion a year
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New CEPA Chairman elected at AGM
Technical Consultants Clive Boase, B.Sc (Hons), FRES, MAE Martin Redbond, B.Sc Terry Mabbett, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Graham Matthews, B.Sc., ARCS, Ph.D., D.Sc. Rob Fryatt BSc MIoD Publishing Director Ras Patel Tel: +44 (0)1628 600499 raspatel@researchinformation.co.uk Fax: +44 (0)1628 600488 Design: Rebecca Joynt Publishing offices: Research Information Ltd Grenville Court, Britwell Road, Burnham, Buckinghamshire SL1 8DF, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1628 600499 Fax: +44 (0)1628 600488 info@researchinformation.co.uk www.researchinformation.co.uk Subscription Rates: £156 (US$312) Institutional £85 (US$170) Personal £60 (US$120) CEPA/FAOPMA Member © Copyright 2016. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or used in any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except as follows: (1) Subscribers may reproduce, for local internal distribution only, the highlights, topical summary and table of contents pages unless those pages are sold separately; (2) Subscribers who have registered with The Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK or, The Copyright Clearance Center, USA and who pay the fee of US$2.00 per page per copy fee may reproduce portions of this publication, but not entire issues. The Copyright Clearance Center is located at 222, Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, USA; tel: +1 978 750 8400. No responsibility is accepted by the Publishers or Editors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in this publication. Advertising material is expected to conform to ethical standards, but inclusion in this publication must not be construed as being any guarantee of quality, value or safety, or endorsement of any claims made by the advertiser.
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Company Profile – Curtis Gilmore
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Special Feature – Vector Management
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New mode of action chemistry for indoor residual spraying
202 Trends of vector borne diseases in the west and likely climate impact A.M.K.M. Rao 206
New oviposition mosquito trap
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Working together to achieve integrated mosquito management (IMM) Mark Beavers
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Mosquito Control – Needing to implement an integrated vector management programme Graham Matthews
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A brief history and future potential of neonicotinoid use in public health Justin McBeath
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Mozzies are evolving to beat insecticides – except in Australia Ary Hoffmann, Nancy Margaret Endersby-Harshman & Scott Ritchie
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First new class of insecticide for malaria prevention in more than 30 years
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Pest control industry owes its robust success rate to mergers and acquisitions Deepak Bandal
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International Conference on Urban Pests, ICUP2017 David Loughlin
228 Tackling Blackfly (Simulium spp) in Cameroon Pierre Nkot Baleguel, Pierre Didier Baleguel, Jane Nchangnwi Che & Graham Matthews 230
Arable production: science and compliance – preparing for an uncertain future Graham Matthews
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Scientific paper on bees gets publicity in UK and USA Graham Matthews
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Fall Armyworms on march across Africa
234 Vineyard biosecurity project looks to next stage after trial 235
Which way for western hemlock as a commercial softwood species
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London’s largest open space under siege from OPM
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International Pest Control calendar of events
Cover image For more than 30 years, adulticides recommended by the World Health Organisation Pesticides Evaluation Scheme for use in vector control for public health, have relied on only four insecticide classes. In this issue, Bayer explains how repurposed agricultural chemistry should play an important role in uses such as indoor residual spraying, and when used as a combination with a second mode of action, should help preserve their effectiveness until such time as additional options become available.
The official publication for
Confederation of European Pest Management Associations www.international-pest-control.com
Federation of Asian & Oceania Pest Managers Associations 179
Editorial
Technical Consultants
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nnovations in vector management are like the proverbial London bus. You wait for ages for one to come along and then three appear all at once. Or so it seems, as we were compiling this issue and almost simultaneously received details from three of the major players in this market, BASF, Bayer and Sumitomo, who each in their own way are offering innovation to help combat insect vectors of disease.
BASF are introducing a new long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito net (LN) based on new chemistry, chlorfenapyr, David Loughlin, Editor a halogenated pyrrole while Bayer and Sumitomo are International Pest introducing new products based on neonicotinoid insecticides. Control Magazine Bayer has taken the decision to develop clothianidin for vector control, in combination with deltamethrin while Sumitomo Chemical’s new offering for indoor residual spraying is based on clothianidin alone. Our special feature this issue includes more details on these, as well as commentary on the need for Integrated Mosquito Management from Mark Beavers at Rollins and our Technical Consultant Graham Matthews. We cap this off with a look at climate and vectors and the difficulty of managing blackfly in Cameroon and as if that wasn’t enough, we throw in the conundrum of why mosquito resistance is different in Australia and a new oviposition trap. In public health, we welcomed the triennial (once every three years) International Conference on Urban Pest. On the programme were presentations on bedbugs, cockroaches, monster invasions of millipedes, biological control of museum pests, rats and pigeon contraception. Luckily it was on my doorstep this time round so I headed up to Birmingham for three days, camera in hand and you can find my report in the public health section. We had so much difficulty squeezing everything in, we have gone to 64 pages – so consider this your bumper summer issue – ideal for the beach (sorry southern hemisphere). Space however has been at a premium so the agricultural and horticultural sectors are a tad light this issue but we will make up for that in our September issue as we preview ABIM 2017. Should you wish to contribute your latest research on biological control please do get in touch. Anyway, I am off to a 20-year anniversary reunion this weekend, of a group that had a significant impact in vector management and other early pyrethroid applications. That was until the mergers and acquisitions of the 90’s saw its expert personnel disband only to resurface in diverse positions of influence across the globe. If you want to hear more about what happened to Wellcome Environmental Health, catch our next issue. Enjoy your summer.
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Clive Boase runs the Pest Management Consultancy, probably the UK’s longest-running urban pest consultancy. “I continue to be amazed by the diversity of urban pest issues. We now work with a broader range of projects and clients than ever before, including pests and construction materials, poultry pest strategies, development of experimental pesticides, bed bugs and the Olympics, strategies for urban housing, invasive species risk assessments, not forgetting training and legal work. This is a very dynamic sector.” www.pest-management.com Rob Fryatt B.Sc. held senior positions within ICI, Zeneca and Sorex and now leads Xenex Associates who provide advice to agrochemical suppliers, pest management companies and other organisations around the globe. Rob has been a Director of the BPCA, Director General of CEPA and chairs the CEN European Committee developing a common pest management service standard. Rob is a frequent invited speaker at industry events and has written regular opinion columns for a number of international industry publications. www.xenexassociates.com Dr Terry Mabbett is a pest, disease and weed control specialist with forty years of international experience covering research, consultancy and journalism in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, amenity, livestock and public health. His current areas of particular interest are the protection of tropical tree crops and exotic insect pests and plant pathogens of Britain’s native, naturalised and forest plantation trees. Drterrymabbett@btinternet.com Graham Matthews DSc., FSB., FRES. began his career in Africa working on cotton pest management before joining Imperial College. Research and teaching pesticide application at Imperial and overseas has been interspersed with consultancies for international organisations, such as the World Bank. Author of several books, he was formerly an editor of Crop Protection. Retired in 2001 and now Emeritus Professor of Pest Management. www.dropdata.net Martin Redbond B.Sc. has spent nearly forty years working in the crop protection industry where he has held various sales, marketing, technical and regulatory management positions with multinational companies and in contract research. He is the author of a number of important crop protection reports and has been editor of Crop Protection Monthly for the past eight years. www.crop-protection-monthly.co.uk
July/August 2017
International News in brief Germany: Revolutionizing the use of crop protection products
Ran Maidan (left), CEO of Netafim, and Mathias Kremer, Head of Strategy and Portfolio Management at the Crop Science division of Bayer, kicking off the new smart irrigation approach.
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ayer and the Israeli company Netafim are joining forces to enhance the application of crop protection products using a new approach called “DripByDrip”. Both water and crop protection products are distributed throughout the fields via the drip irrigation system and then delivered directly to the roots of the crops. This approach will enable farmers to apply crop protection products in a more targeted way using Netafim’s drip irrigation technology. The companies plan to launch the system in Mexico by the end of 2017. Bayer and Netafim have already conducted several trials, among others on a farm in Mexico for peppers, tomatoes, melons and grapes. The test results showed that yields increased and net revenues rose due to improved quality, and the number of applications was also reduced significantly, in one trial even by 53%. The drip irrigation system also demonstrably reduces the use of water with tests showing that water use efficiency is increased to up to 95% compared to 40% less with traditional flood irrigation. Currently, the system focuses on fruit and vegetable producers in all arid and semi-arid regions of the world, but also crops like cotton, sugarcane and rice are targeted in a second wave. After the joint market launch in Mexico,
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both companies are working towards expanding the system and customizing it to more countries, crops, pest and diseases. Find more information at: https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=EqOrxDwDnxA
USA: AP&G hires Stan Cope
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r. Stanton Cope Jr. is the new AP&G company’s first vice president of products and technical services. The role was created to gear up for AP&G’s rollout of new mosquito management products. Cope holds a master’s degree in entomology and a PhD in public health. In 2014, Cope was elected vice president of the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA), served as AMCA President (2016) and currently acts as past president. He is also the former director of entomology and regulatory services for Terminix International. In his role as VP of technical products and services, Cope will take the lead on R&D and field-testing of mosquito related products. This includes the new Catchmaster Ovi-Catch, an autocidal gravid oviposition (AGO) mosquito trap and monitor developed and tested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Additionally, Cope will advise on all matters related to best practices, product training, regulatory matters and other technical issues across AP&G’s range of rodent and insect pest management products.
EU: Syngenta and Bayer mergers update
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he $43b merger deal of ChemChina with Switzerlandbased seeds and crop protection company Syngenta has now closed. Syngenta will keep its independent operations post-acquisition. Syngenta is targeting an increase in its profit and market share by acquisitions, more partnerships and better sales. The company will expand its funding in digital agriculture, water-saving and CO2-saving technologies and yield-improving crops. Syngenta also wishes to expand its footprint in China. Meanwhile Bayer has filed an application to the European Commission (EC) to secure approval for its merger with Monsanto. The EC can now begin antitrust probe related to the amalgamation, which will make Bayer the world’s leading agrochemical major. The company intends to conclude the takeover by end-2017.
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Australia: Sexy sounds lure invasive cane toads into traps
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nvasive cane toads are a poisonous pest in Australia and are incredibly toxic to anything that tries to eat them, killing off native predator populations and pets alike. A female cane toad may lay upwards of 20,000 eggs per clutch, so removing a single female with eggs from the population is more effective for control than removing a single male. Cane toads (Rhinella marina) are invasive, and males use advertisement vocalisations to attract reproductive females. Some cane toad traps use an artificial advertisement vocalisation
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International News in brief
to attract toads. Researchers at Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, determined whether variation of a call’s parameters (volume, dominant frequency and pulse rate) could increase the capture rate of gravid females in traps. Overall, traps equipped with loud calls (80 dB at 1 m) caught significantly more toads, and proportionally more gravid females, than traps with quiet calls (60 dB at 1 m), and traps with low dominant frequency calls caught more gravid females than traps with median frequency calls. Traps with high pulse rate calls attracted more females than traps with low pulse rate calls. Calls that indicated large-bodied males (low frequency) with high energy reserves (high pulse rate) are often attractive to female anurans and were effective lures for female toads in the study. Muller, B. J. and Schwarzkopf, L. (2017), Success of capture of toads improved by manipulating acoustic characteristics of lures. Pest. Manag. Sci. doi:10.1002/ps.4629
Belgium: new biopesticide spin-out from Ghent University
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phea.Bio has gathered a total of €9M in funding to start working on a new technology to produce biopesticides and biostimulants for European agriculture. The technology behind the new company has been
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spun out from research on the microbiome and plant-bacteria interactions at Ghent University, KU Leuven and the VIB. This new alternative englobes natural biomolecules and living microorganisms as well as genetically-encoded proteins. They target pests specifically without affecting other organisms and decompose faster. These advantages are spurring the rapid growth of the biopesticide market, which is expected to go from €3Bn in 2016 to close to €8Bn by 2022. In addition to microbial biopesticides, the company also wants to tap into biostimulants, which provide an alternative to fertilizers to increase yields by improving nutrient and water assimilation as well as increasing tolerance to stress. The biostimulant market is predicted to reach €2.6Bn by 2021. While Europe struggles with establishing regulations for GMOs, the spin-out could circumvent the issue by going after natural biological alternatives and take a bite off two rapidly growing markets.
Australia: Thousands of feral animals killed in bid to tackle pests
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lmost 4000 feral and wild animals have been captured and killed in Brisbane over the past four years as Brisbane City Council works to tackle the city’s pest problem. From July 1, 2013, to May 31, 2017, 3975 pest animals were captured as part of the council’s trapping program. Cats made up almost 80% of all captures. All of the animals captured are euthanised.
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The council’s lifestyle and community services chairman Matthew Bourke said the council had a comprehensive pest management program that focused on both animals and vegetation. “Pest animals can threaten native wildlife, including endangered species, and harm family pets,” Cr Bourke said. “Council’s pest management program is conducted both proactively and in response to sightings by the public. Trapping is traditionally targeted to natural areas including waterways, bushland and wetlands, as well as in parks and other public areas where pest animals have been seen.” Mr McCallum said trapping and euthanising the animals was the best way to manage the problem. Source: http://bit.ly/2tZVacI
USA: Dow and DuPont receive antitrust clearance for proposed merger of equals.
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uPont and The Dow Chemical Company have announced that they have reached a proposed agreement with the Antitrust Division of the US Department of Justice (DOJ) that will permit the companies to proceed with their proposed merger of equals. In connection with the proposed agreement and consistent with commitments already made to obtain the European Commission’s regulatory approval, DuPont will divest certain parts of its crop protection portfolio and Dow will divest its global Ethylene Acrylic Acid copolymers and ionomers business. The proposed agreement with the DOJ, which remains subject to court approval, does not require the companies to make any additional divestitures. With this agreement, no further approvals are required in the US for the merger to close. The merger is expected to generate cost synergies of approximately $3b and growth synergies of approximately $1b. To date, Dow and DuPont have obtained clearance in many jurisdictions, including approvals in the US, Europe, Brazil and China. The companies expect to close the merger in Aug 2017, with the intended spin-offs to occur within 18 months of closing.
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International News in brief NZ: Could Samurai wasp control stink bug?
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he brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) is one of the horticulture industry’s most unwanted pests. New Zealand Winegrowers (NZW) is part of a horticulture and viticulture industry steering group that is partnering with the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) to explore the possibility of using Trissolcus japonicus, also known as the Samurai Wasp, as a biocontrol agent should BMSB make its way to New Zealand. NZW Biosecurity Manager Dr Edwin Massey is not aiming to release the wasp but to get approval from the Environmental Protection Authority to import it into containment for potential release as a response tool to help counter BMSB. BMSB feeds off a wide range of plants and emits a long lasting, foul smelling odour when threatened, which can taint grape juice. The female samurai wasp lays its eggs inside stinkbugs’ eggs and the developing larvae destroy the host as they eat their way out. The New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (NZIER) have a forecast model that indicates that over 20 years, the Samurai wasp could mitigate losses to the wine industry caused by BMSB by approximately $335 million.
UK: Government bugged – all night debates become uncomfortable.
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he London Houses of Parliament, which spent £103,157 combating mice, flies, months, pigeons and gulls in the last year alone is reportedly crawling with bedbugs. Parliamentary authorities said a pest control team was taking ‘urgent action’ after the parasitic insects were spotted in Westminster.
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A warning on Parliament’s intranet page this week said, “urgent action” is being taken to stop the infestation, which “did not originate” at Parliament and must have been “brought in from the outside”. The statement went on to say, ‘It is clear that the infestation did not originate on the parliamentary estate and was brought in from outside’. Further checks across the estate were reportedly under way. MPs have now left Parliament for their summer recess and will not return to until September giving exterminators a chance to remove the bugs. A decision on whether MPs should depart from Westminster for a multibillion-pound restoration could be made this autumn. The building could remain empty for six years while builders restore the Grade I listed 19th Century palace, described as a fire hazard.
World: WHO recommends new class of insecticide for malaria prevention
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or the first time in more than 30 years, WHO has recommended an insecticide-treated mosquito net that uses a new class of insecticide for malaria prevention, according to a press release. The product, Interceptor G2, is based on chlorfenapyr, a chemical that has been used in agriculture and urban pest control since 1995 but was recently repurposed by researchers at BASF, the Innovative Vector Control Consortium and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine to combat mosquitoes, the release said. The only other insecticide class that WHO has recommended for long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets is pyrethroid, according to the release. Continual use of it, however, increases the risk for resistance. In addition to Interceptor G2, the German-based chemical company BASF announced that another
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chlorfenapyr product, an indoor residual spray known as Sylando 240SC, is also in the final stages of WHO evaluation. The efficacy of both products was demonstrated during independent trials conducted in Benin, Burkina Faso, Tanzania and Ivory Coast. BASF anticipates that Interceptor G2 will be available to health ministries and aid organizations toward the end of this year.
CH: Annual biocontrol event to reach 1000 attendees – ABIM2017
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BIM 2017 is getting closer and the organising committee anticipate that this year they will reach 1000 attendees, the 12th ABIM. The programme offers very informative talks again, a packed and expanded exhibition area and many product innovations will be presented. It is obvious that it is the premier biocontrol meeting on the planet. In order not to miss it, visit www.abim.ch.
EU: In defence of Bacillus thuringiensis, the safest microbial insecticide available
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he issue of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bacillus cereus, (Bc) residues in food is an important one for the industry and resulted in a very high-profile meeting in Copa and Cogeca in March. Since then, Brian Federicci and Ben Raymond, eminent scientists in the area of Bt and microbials, have published an open access paper which strongly defends the use of this safe microbial in modern agricultural production, and criticizes linking human health issues of human pathogenic strains of Bc with commercial Bt strains. Much of the issue surrounds a non-discriminating test used for Bc contamination of food and a lack of initiative from the food industry. Therefore, even though the identification of strains pathogenic to humans is a food industry and health officials’ problem, they currently believe the current test method safeguards them from food contamination. A European Cost Action has just started and steps are now being taken to investigate and propose an appropriate method or series of methods for use by the food industry that is discriminatory
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Meet team Curtis Gilmour. Your favourite manufactures in one place.
The same great pest monitoring and control products available from one place. Curtis Gilmour the new home for Agrisense, B&G and Silvandersson. For enquiries email cpsales@agrisense.co.uk
International News in brief and permits the use of Bt whilst safeguarding against food being placed on the market with contamination of human pathogenic strains of Bc. See: http://bit.ly/2tLJSK1
USA: Biological Products Trade Association To Hold Sustainability Symposium
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he Biological Products Industry Alliance (BPIA), a rapidly growing U.S.-based trade association representing the biopesticides and biostimulants industries, will be holding a Sustainability Symposium in Orlando, Florida on October 11, 2017, for biological products manufacturers and marketers, distributors, food processors, growers, and service providers supporting agriculture, public health, forestry, and specialty markets such as home and garden, turf and ornamentals, and structural pest control. The Sustainability Symposium will include topics such as growing consumer interest in biological products, the role of biological products in integrated pest management, what exemption from tolerance really means, and how to continue building credibility for the biostimulants industry. “BPIA recognizes the important role biological products play in sustainability,” said Scott Peterson, Co-chair of the BPIA Meeting Planning Committee and Eastern Regional Sales Director for Certis. “Consequently, we are holding this Sustainability Symposium on October 11th in conjunction with our annual Fall Meeting on October 10th at the Hyatt Regency Orlando to spread the word about integrating biological products into sustainability goals.” As interest in the biological products sector continues to grow, attendance at BPIA’s meetings, conferences, workshops, and symposiums is also increasing. BPIA anticipates its program in Orlando this fall to be its largest event to date. Register to attend at http://bit. ly/2vI7RY2
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Mexico: Joint Venture announced between Econtrol and 6SenseAI
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Joint Venture agreement has been announced between Econtrol with 6SenseAI, a San Francisco, California based company . The JV will leverage the knowledge and experience of Econtrol of the Mexican, Central and South America markets with the financial and technical strength of 6 SenseAI. ‘Both companies will jointly work in these markets before branching into North American and European and Asian Markets’ said by Mr Ajay Shillon President of 6SenseAI. ‘For Econtrol this is a wonderful opportunity to joint efforts with 6SenseAI to serve the Professional Pest Control Market, Food Safety Programs and the Public Health and Vector Programs in Latin America. There is much to do. The industry growth and consolidation is opening new horizons for technology and innovation and we want to serve these needs.’ said Benjamin Gomez Managing Director of ECONTROL. For more information visit www. econtrol.com.mx and http://cloudida.com
Israel: STK Stockton to speak at Chemical Industry Regulations Conference in September
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uy Elitzur, CEO of STK Stockton will be a featured speaker at the upcoming Chemical Industry Regulations Conference in Nice, France, September 5 – 7, 2017. His presentation, “The 4th ‘P’ of Sustainable Agriculture”, will kick off the Biopesticides Session on September 6. The ‘3 ‘P’s’ for achieving sustainable agriculture are known as “People, Prosperity and Planet” but Mr. Elitzur will introduce the 4th P as ‘Perpetuity’ or the need for ‘perpetual production of food’ in sustainable agriculture programs. STK practices the 4th ‘P’ by launching its first ever hybrid product REGEV, which combines plant extract biologic formulation with chemical pesticides to create a highly effective pre-mixed
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product, thus reducing chemical residues and managing resistance, while at the same time, eliminating the need for mixing or rotating. The hybrid technology allows more farmers to adopt biological solutions and integrate these into their spraying programs. The product from STK represents a bridge between the current chemical programs into a future, where healthier fully-biological programs will be implemented. The hybrids will also introduce biological food protection formulations to row crop growers who are currently less exposed to these products. The new hybrids will be integrated into spraying programs where biologics are currently not in use. In this manner, hybrids will assist in the continuity of food production, while helping growers to evolve toward healthier and safer solutions. For more information, visit www. stockton-ag.com.
Australia: Biology to transform lots of industries
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s Dickinson Professor at the California Institute of Technology, Frances Arnold’s research focuses on protein engineering by directed evolution, with varied applications. Prof Arnold delivered the plenary talk at the Royal Australian Chemical Institute Incorporated centenary chemistry congress in Melbourne in July. “Nature is the best chemist and everything in nature comes from a process of evolution, and we should learn how to use nature and evolution to solve human problems and do new chemistry for sustainable living,” Prof Arnold said. “Specially, I evolve new enzymes and biological catalysts in the laboratory to do chemistry that nature never discovered but humans did, and I make enzymes do that so we genetically design new chemistry.” One of the projects Prof Arnold has worked on is replacing pesticides with insect pheromones. “You can spray a few grams of bug pheromone in a field and they can’t find each other, it confuses the males, and you need much less pesticides,” she said. “They can make this at a much lower cost than conventional chemicals. It’s a whole different way of looking at agriculture. You have to produce these
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International News in brief molecules and chemists have a hard time doing this at a low enough cost to use in agriculture, so with this new technique we started making these in microbes, using enzymes” Prof Arnold said. “A lot of things we now create using synthetic chemical processes one day can be made in biological systems and it’s going to be a new suite of technology that is available to all industries.
USA: Sustainability among cotton’s challenges
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Our goal,” says Craig Brown, National Cotton Council, “ is to convince key people who ultimately send signals on what type of fabric they want in consumer apparel that U.S. cotton is responsibility produced and strives for continuous improvement. “ said Craig Brown, vice president for producer affairs for the National Cotton Council at the joint annual meeting of the Mississippi Boll Weevil Management Corporation and the Mississippi Farm Bureau Federation Cotton Policy Committee. Among the industries efforts, are the continued demonstration to the Environmental Protection Agency that neonicotinoids are being used responsibly by cotton producers, and that they are not harmful to pollinators when used in accordance with labels. Commenting on the Mississippi Boll Weevil Management boll weevil eradication program, Brown noted that the program has resulted in elimination of the pest across the cotton belt, except for a small area in south Texas and across the Rio Grande River
And Finally...US: When biocontrol goes native
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raying mantises are carnivorous insects, generally eating insects or spiders (and notoriously, their mates after mating). On occasions, they consume smaller vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, salamanders or snakes. Zoologists from Switzerland and the U.S. documents have now documented 12 species that preying on small birds in the wild. Aside from the discovery, it seems we humans have unwittingly played. Of the 147 documented cases, more than 70% occurred in the U.S., where mantises grab hummingbirds from feeders. Decades ago alien species of mantises like the European mantis (Mantis religiosa) and the Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis) became popular for biological pest control. In theory, using insects to eat the pests is a great idea – in practice, when non-native insects are introduced, things can go awry. Imported mantis species now constitute a new potential threat to hummingbirds and small passerine birds. For more information see The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 129(2):331344. 2017 https://doi.org/10.1676/16-100.1
Chinese praying mantis (Tenodera sinensis) with a Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) as her prey. Illinois, USA (Image: courtesy “What’s That Bug?”, Randy Anderson).
in Mexico. A boll weevilfree growing environment has saved millions of dollars for cotton growers in Mississippi and across the cotton belt as a result of a
years-long program to eradicate the pest that has plagued farmers for decades. Complete eradication for the entire cotton belt is considered within reach, as soon as the boll weevil is eliminated in the lower Rio Grande Valley and across the river in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Source: http://www.deltafarmpress. com/cotton/sustainability-other-issuesamong-cotton-s-challenges
A boll weevil-free growing environment has saved millions of dollars for cotton growers in Mississippi and across the cotton belt as a result of a years-long program to eradicate the pest that has plagued farmers for decades.
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Association news
BPCA lands fourth major award in a year
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he British Pest Control Association has scooped its fourth national award in less than a year. The trade body’s Professional Pest Controller (PPC) publication picked up the Magazine of the Year prize at the Trade Association Forum Best Practice Awards – an event supported by the Department of Business, Energy
and Industrial Strategy. The magazine, produced in-house, was subject to a major revamp last year and now reaches more than 8,000 people involved in, or with an interest in, the sector. Simon Forrester, chief executive of the BPCA, which has headquarters in Pride Park, said: “A lot of work and resources goes into our PPC magazine,
which forms a key part of the overall communications strategy. We gave the magazine a fresh lease of life last year and it’s proving to be successful, so to win this award is the icing on the cake.” The award, presented to events manager Lauren Day at a ceremony in London this week, is the fourth national accolade picked up by the nonprofit BPCA in just nine months. Communications manager Ben Massey was named young marketing executive of the year by MemCom – a resource for professional bodies – in May. Simon was named chief executive of the year at the Association Awards in November while the body picked up another prestigious accolade for its innovative online training programme.
Amenity forum offer question and answer session at Saltex
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he Amenity Forum will once again be hosting its popular Question Time style Q&A event at Saltex 2017. The event is modelled upon the BBC programme where a panel of people drawn from the sector respond to audience questions on a range of topical issues concerning amenity management. Professor John Moverley OBE, Independent Chairman of the Forum, will act as ‘David Dimbleby’ and this year’s panel includes: Jim Croxton, Chief Executive Officer, BIGGA, Will Kay, Managing Director, Languard, Mark Pyrah, Landscaper & Industrial Business Manager UK and Ireland, IICL and Tony Saunders, Area Manager & Professional Head of Environment, JSD Rail.
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It will take place at 2pm on the first day (November 1st) of SALTEX being held at the NEC, Birmingham. John Moverley says ‘We are delighted to have been invited to once again host this popular event at SALTEX. The IOG are supportive members of the Amenity Forum and this Question Time allows opportunity at this important national event to discuss and debate key issues surrounding amenity management’. A key additional date in the amenity calendar is Amenity Forum conference and the programme announced this year promises to be as topical and relevant as ever. This major conference has very much become the must attend event for all involved or having an interest in weed, pest
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and disease control matters in amenity. It also can appeal to a wider audience for those just wanting to understand more about this important and diverse sector. The conference will be held on Thursday, October 12th, at the Pirelli Stadium, Burton on Trent. The title ‘Keeping Britain Moving’ has been chosen to align with the Forum’s ongoing and very successful campaign to communicate to the wider public the important and essential nature of weed, pest and disease management and why it impacts upon every UK citizen. For further information go to http:// www.amenityforum.co.uk/conference. html
July/August 2017
PEST CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES EXHIBITION Public Health and Pest Control
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EYLÜL 28-29 SEPTEMBER 2017
Association news
New publication on management of invasive species of mosquito
I
n the UK, mosquitoes can create a distressing biting nuisance, which affects the well-being of residents and can pose a major economic problem in areas where tourism is a main source of income to the local community. As a response, the UK Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, in conjunction with Public Health England, has released their latest guidance document on invasive mosquitoes. There is a risk that climate change could make the UK more vulnerable to the problems caused by mosquitoes and there is already evidence of a resurgence of a number of serious mosquito-borne diseases in temperate regions of Europe and the USA. Mosquito control is quickly becoming an essential part of professional pest management. Recent publications have emphasised the need for preparedness in the event of an outbreak of mosquito-borne disease. The risks posed by mosquito-borne
disease have changed significantly in recent years, with continued outbreaks of West Nile Virus in Europe, the spread of invasive mosquitoes in Europe and the subsequent threat from dengue, chikungunya and Zika associated with imported human cases [local dengue, chikungunya outbreaks have occurred in France]. Enhanced mosquito surveillance is essential, on both native and invasive mosquitoes to ensure early detection of invasive mosquitoes. Also vital is updated assessment of the risks posed by native mosquitoes, as well as an enhanced surveillance system to permit vector control ahead of an outbreak of mosquito-borne disease. Early detection and treatment of mosquitoes is essential. This 20-page publication is packed full of useful information on Invasive mosquitoes of concern: Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex modestus.
Management of invasive species of mosquitoes
June 2017
Protecting and improving the nation’s health
Controlling mosq in your garde
There are more than 30 species of mosquito native to the British of these only bite birds and many species are confined to specifi types such as salt-marsh, reedbed, or wet woodland. However species may breed in a range of aquatic habitats in gardens, an these bite people and may cause a nuisance.
Removing any standing water in your garden can reduce the nu mosquitoes in your garden and can help avoid nuisance biting b
To view the publication visit; h t t p : / / w w w. c i e h . o r g / Wo r k A r e a / DownloadAsset.aspx?id=62524
Rain wat buckets, tyres, so can drain
Mosquitoes often breed in water butts. A well fitted lid will help to stop mosquitoes breeding in these containers.
European Commission drags its heals on accelerating low risk pesticides
Permanent, healthy ponds will provide habitat for a range of predators that will reduce mosquitoes in these habitats.
Water in p baths sho refilled ev mosquito
Public Health England welcomes records and mosquito samples environmental health officers, and people who are affected by m like to send mosquitoes for identification please download the fo mosquito@phe.gov.uk
A
fter the near unanimous vote on the Resolution on accelerating low risk pesticides coming to the market in February, the IBMA believe that the European Commission should have acted by now, but there has not been any concrete initiative following the resolution. The Association has briefed the new chair of the ENVI committee of the EP, Ms. Valean, on the need to fill the farmers’ toolbox with biopesticides as soon as possible. Letters were also written to the Commissioner and although in his replies he indicates that he agrees with the need to have low risk pesticides, he refers to the Commission’s Regulatory Fitness and Performance (REFIT) programme that is also underway. It is feared that the Refit programme will take many years to conclude, if anything will happen at all. The association continues to be in contact with the EU Presidency Member State, Estonia. The delegates preparing the agenda for the EU Council fully
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Mosquito Watch: www.cieh.org/policy/npap_mosquito_watch
PHE information: www.gov.uk/government/publications/mosq
support the Motion for Resolution and the actions demanded in it. The coming month will be important to see if the topic of accelerating low risk pesticides topic will be on the agenda and discussed in the Council and if it will lead to action executed by the Commission. DG Sante has signed the contract for conducting the REFIT exercise on 2 pieces of legislation that impact Plant Protection Products (PPPs). One of these pieces of legislation is dealing with mrls and has little direct impact currently on the biocontrol sector. The other piece of legislation is EC Reg. 1107/2009, the major regulation impacting biocontrol active substances and products. EU COM have engaged a firm of consultants to gather data on the performance of this legislation from various groups of stakeholders. IBMA were fortunate to meet the consultants in a meeting with other associations regulated under 1107/2009 (ECPA and ECCA). A report
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is expected to be presented to Parliament and Council in 2019 on the functioning of regulation 1107/2009. It will only be after this that, if indeed any proposals to amend the legislation, are planned to be proposed. However, this report could indeed effect the industry greatly in the long term.
For more information on REFIT see https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/ pesticides/refit_en
July/August 2017
B A LT I M O R E M A RY L A N D
The National Pest Management Association Presents
OCTOBE R 24–27
P E S T W O R L D 2 O1 7 MARK YOUR CALENDAR! Visit www.PestWorld2017.org for the most up-to-date information.
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Association news
Glyphosate ban would cost British farmers almost £1billion a year
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ew figures released by leading economic research house, Oxford Economics and agriculture specialists The Andersons Centre, in partnership with the Crop Protection Association, show the potentially devastating impact of a ban of common herbicides to the British economy and the agricultural sector. A ban by the European Union on herbicides containing glyphosate could have several harmful economic consequences, it would: • Lead to a reduction in farm output of £940 million • Reduce tax revenues generated by agriculture and its supply chain by £193 million, equivalent to the annual salaries of over 7,000 nurses. • See wheat production fall by 20% • An EU wide ban could even push up food prices. Glyphosate is an active substance in the production of herbicides (1), and has been safely used by the majority of British farmers for weed control over the past 40 years. Use of glyphosate has facilitated faster preparation of land prior to plant-
ing, increased the number of crop rotations possible, and led to higher yields than other weed management options. It is key to the agricultural sector, without it modern British farming as we know it could disappear. The European Union routinely reviews active ingredients in pesticides and member states could ban glyphosate by the end of 2017, despite the overwhelming majority of scientific evidence proving glyphosate is safe (2). ‘Our report’s findings are very clear’ said Ian Mulheirn, Director of Consulting, Oxford Economics. ‘A glyphosate ban will negatively impact UK GDP and agriculture, at a time of real uncertainty for British farmers. If glyphosate was not approved for use in the UK but remained available in the rest of the world, this would place domestic production at a considerable disadvantage. An EU-wide ban could even push up food prices for consumers.’ Farmer Andrew Ward responded to the findings ‘The report reveals what we have long feared, a glyphosate ban would reduce yields for some key crops and push up our costs. This could tip struggling farms over the edge. Reckless politics
by the EU is threatening to put British farmers out of business. A ban would also be really bad for the environment. We’d have to use bigger vehicles and do more ploughing which would mean greater carbon emissions and less biodiversity.’ Adding the association views, Sarah Mukherjee, Chief Executive, Crop Protection Association, commented, ‘The debate around the use of glyphosate is more about politics than science. Glyphosate is and always has been safe, with over 40 years of robust scientific evidence showing no risk to safety. Clearly the UK government should continue to champion a science-led approach to decision making in Europe and vote to renew glyphosate’s licence. Failure to do so risks damaging the economy, the environment and the agricultural sector.’ References 1 http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/ approval_active_substances/index_en.htm 2 http://www.nfuonline.com/cross-sector/ science-and-technology/crop-protection/ crop-protection-key-content/glyphosate/ glyphosate-news/glyphosate-the-independent-evidence/
New CEPA Chairman elected at AGM
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t the CEPA General Assembly in June, Henry Mott became the newly elected CEPA Chairman. In his acceptance speech, Henry expressed how he was very honoured to be chosen as the next Chairman of what is undoubtedly the leading pest control body in Europe and arguably the world, to represent the industry. Although it is an unpaid role, Henry firmly believes that without organisations like CEPA and related associations around Europe, he probably would not have a business at all. He explained how it is not just the associations that protect the industry and livelihoods of those who work within it, but the people who work within them. It is the countless hours put in by often unpaid members running meetings, organising events, dealing with the day to day issues that make things work, he added.
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Henry went on to thank all those members of CEPA at the AGM, who had taken up the various board positions, acknowledging that they all lead busy lives and whether working in large organisations or small, the pressures on time are ever present. He thanked board members and those who regularly attend meetings, realising that giving up time to help the industry progress can directly impact on earnings. The average size of a PCO business has just four staff in Europe. There will no doubt be many challenges ahead but with the support of the team around him, Henry believes CEPA are more than capable of dealing with them and will continue to improve the image of our industry both in Europe and through the CEPA-NPMA alliance, across the globe.
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Henry Mott accepting his new position and thanking Bertrand Montmoreau, Past Chairman and CEPA Member for Life, for his contributions over the past four years. (LtR: Bertrand Montmoreau, Henry Mott).
July/August 2017
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Expertise in the Authorization Jungle
www.biogenius.de
July/August 2017
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Company Profile
Curtis Gilmore a leading global pest control products manufacturer Specialists in consumer and retail supplies
Curtis Gilmore also has extensive experience in producing retail or private label products for multi-national customers worldwide. Both Agrisense, from its base in South Wales and Silvandersson, located in Knared, Sweden are long established suppliers of insect trapping solutions to the home and garden markets. Silvandersson
The Dyna-Jet L-30 is an entirely electric powered ULV generator that produces the industry’s most consistently sized spray droplets not achievable by conventional nozzles.
W
ith over 200 years of combined experience in the pest management industry, few are likely to have heard of Curtis Gilmore. Consider the names of their group companies however, which includes B&G Equipment Company (Georgia USA), Curtis DynaFog (Indianapolis, USA), Agrisense Industrial Monitoring Ltd (Wales, UK) and Silvandersson Sweden AB (Knared, Sweden) then the depth and breadth of the organisation becomes very apparent. The name originates from Curtis in Curtis Dyna-Fog and the G of B&G, from George Gilmore and since 2013, the company has steadily formed a portfolio of world leading manufacturing expertise. Today the combined subsidiaries make Curtis Gilmour, a leading global manufacturer of speciality insect and rodent control equipment and disposables and a key supplier to consumer and professional customers alike. Professional Products of Choice
In any pest situation, professional pest controllers need two essential elements: a means to detect and identify the pest and a means to reliably and effectively treat them. Detection requires an ability to attract pests and a system of retaining and capturing them. In combining insect attractants with speciality adhesives, Agrisense and Silvandersson have an 196
extensive product line of insect monitoring and trapping devices. Semiochemicals are ‘message carrying’ chemicals that are used in nature for communication between living organisms. Pheromones are the best-known group of semiochemicals and operate between individuals of the same species, bringing them together for mating, feeding, swarming, etc. Whether for use in speciality environments such as food processing plants or museums, or in sensitive situations such as in residential or hospitality facilities, with the Curtis Gilmore catalogue in hand, professionals can choose from a range of effective and specifically designed monitoring and trapping solutions, whether tailormade glue boars for EFK machine or sensitive traps for bedbug detection. When it comes to eliminating pests, professionals also depend on having reliable and effective application equipment at their disposal that can perform in all situations and take demands that daily use requires. From space spray application, whether that be indoor for insect management in poultry, mushroom, glasshouse or factory shed, or outdoor for fly or mosquito control. The combined range of B&G and Curtis Dyna-Fog covers all droplet size spectra to effectively target any insect pest target.
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Silvandersson Sweden AB, started in 1982 as a family-owned company first run by Mr. Åke Silvandersson before passing to his two sons, Kenneth and Kjell. The family sold the company to Venteco Plc in 2006, who had also acquired the Cyronite technology. (Cryonite has been spun out in the USA as a separate company and is not part of the acquisition by Curtis Gilmore, although Silvandersson retain some distribution rights). Ownership passed to Swedish facilities management company, Skandrenting in 2012 before joining Curtis Gilmore in 2016. During this period of transition, the Silvandersson family members have continued to play an important role in the company and this has helped maintain a loyal and supportive client base. The company objective has always been to supply the pest control and consumer markets, with high-quality, effective and most importantly non-toxic insect management products. From day one, they set out to offer an alternative to, or to simplify and help reduce the use of chemicals to manage insect pests. Consumers are increasingly aware of food quality production methods. The demand for food produced in an ecologically correct way is increasing, and consumer organizations throughout the world are very concerned about the residues of insecticides in foodstuffs, and subsequently informing consumers of the results. Consumers are therefore, increasingly using alternative products for the control of flies, insects and roaches. The pest control industry is also undergoing major changes, driven by an increased and broadened awareness July/August 2017
Reliable Application Curtis Dynafog
Agrisense and Silvandersson have developed expertise in specific technology areas including insect pheromones, controlled release technology, insect glues and trap design.
of the impact of products used for pest treatments. Regulators have taken action against some well-established products, such as in the EU directive effective from 2014, which prohibits the usage of toxic chemicals if there are other, more environmentally friendly, alternatives available. Silvandersson is convinced that more and more markets will begin favouring toxic-free solutions and for that reason the company continues to develop innovative products that meet these market demands. Agrisense
Wales-based Agrisense was established in 1984, as Biological Control Systems Ltd, by University College Cardiff and Leiner Gelatins Ltd. It has seen a variety of owners in its 33-year history. Expanding rapidly, in 1988, BCS was acquired by the newly formed joint venture between Phillips Petroleum and Dow Corning in the US, and the UK division, Agrisense-BCS Ltd. was formed. Combining the partners’ strengths in pheromone and controlled release technology, resulted in several innovations in pheromone delivery appearing in the following years. It became a subsidiary company of Biosys, in 1993 and then Thermo Trilogy Corp., in 1997, both US companies. Ownership moved to Japan (Mitsui group, 2001) and then back July/August 2017
There is a wide array of products available to pest management professionals, to effectively control any pest. Applicators and professional operators must consider what is the best application method, to ensure the active ingredient of choice is carried or deposited to where it can have maximum effect. Sprays and sprayers have evolved considerably over the years and the correct choice of application equipment is vital to maximise product performance. Curtis Gilmore offers both space and residual spray application equipment to meet any requirement. Curtis Dyna-Fog specialises in space spray equipment that deploys both cold and hot aerosol or fog while B&G has traditionally been the brand of choice for residual spraying equipment. The equipment can be adopted for wide range of applications. It is not just ideal for mosquito, other flying and crawling insect control, but also bird repellent fogging, smoke and odour abatement, heavy commercial fogging, stored crops, military and police force training, special effects and more. Founded in 1947 in Dayton, Ohio by Russell R. Curtis and his father W.H. Curtis, and under the original name Curtis Automotive Devices, the compa-
to USA (Suterra, 1996) before joining Curtis Gilmore in 2016. The company sits among the industrial valleys of South Wales, that once echoed to the sound of coal mines and steel foundries. Today it is a region of spectacular scenery, castles and good hospitality. Agrisense has been a major developer and manufacturer of insect pest monitoring and control products based on pheromones and other attractants for many pest markets. The company has developed expertise in specific technology areas including insect behaviour modifying chemicals, controlled release technology for volatile compounds, insect glue technology and trap design. Agrisense has developed ways of using these naturally occurring chemicals to gain more accurate knowledge of pest populations. 90% of Agrisense products are exported to all 5 continents for which the company has received the prestigious “Queen’s Award Did you know that Dyna-Fog is one of the world’s largest for Exports” twice. producers of Light Traps for monitoring mosquito activity?
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Company Profile ny specialized in manufacturing valves for the automotive and aircraft industry. In 1952 the company moved to Bedford, Indiana to be closer in proximity to its major customers. The company began doing some development work, using acquired Pulse-Jet Engine technology that had commercial potential. One of the first pulse-jet products they produced was the Dyna- Jet “Red Head” miniature engine for use in model rocketry. After years of refining existing designs, by 1954 the first commercially available pulse-jet mosquito fogger (The Curtis Junior Model) was being produced. By 1956, more than 4000 machines were being produced each year. As a result of increasing demand for the machines, Russell Curtis moved the company in 1958 into a newly constructed 20,000 square foot facility in Westfield, Indiana, which remains the current site for manufacturing and the R&D Facility. Reliability and longevity in use are trademark qualities of the Curtis DynaFog company. The Golden Eagle fogger, now available in an Electric Start version has served customers successfully since the 1970’s. It easily, effectively and economically dispenses oil based insecticides, fungicides, germicides, disinfectants, odour control and other chemical products. It is positioned for those hardto-reach areas indoors or outdoors, and for the little as well as the large jobs such as mosquito control to combat malaria and dengue fever.
George Gilmore got together to design and construct a Compressed Air Sprayer for their senior project. With a background in pest control, upon graduating, they saw the potential for their invention within the professional pest control market and opened their first manufacturing facility in Plumstead Ville, Pennsylvania. That year they manufactured and sold six. Today B&G occupies a state of the art manufacturing facility in Atlanta, Georgia, with over 85,000 sq. feet of manufacturing space. B&G is known as a manufacturer of quality equipment and the company distributes their equipment throughout the world. B&G attributes their success to innovation, design, and quality of construction. Over the years B&G has adapted and innovated its equipment in line with changes in application amounts, concentrations, formulations, active ingredients and in delivery systems. Many of these have gone unnoticed. Application used to involve high volume and spray to run off whereas now treatments target the harbourage. The volume of liquid insecticide applied indoors has dropped dramatically, and efficacy has increased. Part of the credit goes to the insecticides available, and part goes to smart application. Treatment methods have changed to match the limited volume: crack-andcrevice treatment has nearly replaced broadcast (base board) applications. Traditional (1 gal.) tank sprayers are now sharing the appli-
B&G Equipment Company
In the late 1940’s, as students in the first pest control course held at Purdue University, Bill Brehm and
cation time with small (1 pint) ‘beltloop’ sprayers. These compact sprayers are designed for precision crack and crevice applications and limited surface spraying - in locations where the standard B&G is more than is required. The future of applications will require specific tools to fit the pest, the level of infestation, and the site and over the years B&G has demonstrated its ability to stay ahead of demand to meet market needs. The future for Curtis Gilmore
The strengths of Curtis Gilmore group companies come not just from the combined expertise in their respective business areas; nor from the longevity of business relationships that is a shared phenomenon across all enterprises; or the staff loyalty and dedication with many employees developing long and satisfying careers with the respective brands, but for the future, the global position that Curtis Gilmore occupies presents significant opportunities for the years ahead. Common to all companies has been the drive to develop export markets and today Curtis Gilmore products can be found in all major markets. With operating bases in USA and Europe, there are considerable synergies in distribution that can been explored and developed. Customers can only benefit from the new structure and the potential to grow further is limitless. The 200 years of combined experience in pest management also places Curtis Gilmore in a unique position. These are no modern-day start-up companies but have worked long and hard to build and establish a rich and varied culture of innovative research and development. All companies have faced severe competition and survived and the future looks good. For more information of the company visit www.curtisgilmour.com.
A range of B&G product includes on right, the Versa-Fogger which is the first gasoline powered backpack fogger. Specially designed for pest control and co-developed with sister company, Curtis Dyna-Fog.
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
New mode of action chemistry for indoor residual spraying
The new mode of action chemistry for indoor residual spraying which represents a critical breakthrough in the fight against insecticide resistance. Based on clothianidin, Sumitomo’s new product is designed to help combat insecticide resistance.
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nsecticide resistance is one of the major issues facing the global fight against malaria, affecting 75% of countries with ongoing transmission of the disease. Rotating insecticides is one of the key strategies for avoiding resistance, however nearly 90% of affected countries are failing to do this, largely due to a lack of choice. To meet this market need, Sumitomo Chemical have launched a new mode of action chemistry for indoor residual spraying which represents a critical breakthrough in the fight against insecticide resistance. Based on the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin, SumiShield® 50WG is designed to help combat insecticide resistance. Benefiting from a non-repellent formulation and low mammalian toxicity, the product is simple to use and has light-weight packaging for easy transportation. The non-repellent properties mean resting mosquitoes can be exposed to the applied formulation for longer than many other insecticides, increasing
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mortality and reducing the chances of resistance developing. Field trials have also shown the residual effect lasts at least 6 months after spraying, even against resistant mosquitoes. Packaged in 150g sachets, the product is a freeflowing, water-dispersible granule or WG which can be readily shipped by air or sea and put on the back of a bike for easy and efficient delivery to villages. It has low mammalian toxicity through skin contact and is practically non-toxic to bird Packaged in 150g sachets, the product is a free-flowing, water-dispersible granule or WG which can be readily shipped and aquatic life. SumiShield 50WG is by air or sea and put on the back of a bike for easy and currently entering the final efficient delivery to villages. stages of the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), For samples and further information following extremely encouraging results please contact: info@sumivector.com. in extensive independent trials. or visit www.sumivector.com www.international-pest-control.com
July/August 2017
ULV optimised droplet spectrum – effective and
economical vector control
ULV AEROSOL GENERATORS U5M
Made in Germany DIN EN ISO 9001:2008
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IGEBA Geraetebau GmbH 87480 Weitnau-Germany
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
Trends of vector borne diseases in the west and likely climate impact Rao, A.M.K.M.*
V
ector-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted by organisms harboring pathogens that cause disease in susceptible populations. Such diseases lead to human deaths as well as debilities, impacting the economics of small families. Control of such disease transmitting vectors is essential for the maintenance of health. Mosquitoes, ticks, cockroaches, flies, rodents, lice and bedbugs are all vectors capable of transmitting diseases (Emden and Service, 2004). Many vector-borne diseases are zoonoses caused by pathogens having nonhuman animals as their natural host. Because they are not part of the natural transmission cycle, humans are only infected incidentally.
Mosquito
Mosquitoes have drastic effect on human health transmitting Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever, West Nile Fever and recently Zika Viral Fever (Emden and Service, 2004). Mosquitoes thrive in warm and wet environments, so a rise in the average temperature could make Europe and the USA more attractive destinations. This could then lead to an increase in three diseases – Malaria, Dengue Fever and Chikungunya. Climate change is predicted to permit the expansion of this species across Europe, including the south of the UK. Since 1990, five different tropical species of mosquito have become adapted to the *Joint Director (Retired), National Institute of Plant Health Management, (Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Email: mohanrao.arasada@live.com
temperate climate of Europe. These species are potential vectors of the tropical diseases Dengue, Chikungunya and Yellow Fever. Tick
Ticks are among the most important vectors of human and animal diseases after mosquitoes caused by protozoa, rickettsiae, bacteria, viruses and helminths of vertebrates (Anon, 2017; Thomassin, 2017). Moreover, ticks transmit a greater variety of infectious agents than any other arthropod group. Current rising temperatures and mild winters offer potential for tick-borne diseases like Lyme Disease and Q Fever, Colorado Tick Fever, Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Tularemia, TickBorne Relapsing Fever, Babesiosis, and Tick Borne Meningoencephalitis.
A female Anopheles arabiensis mosquito which is a known vector for malaria.
Cockroach
Cockroaches repeatedly have been recognized as a common source of indoor allergens (Hu, 2006). In the United States 63% homes have detectable levels of cockroach allergens. Low-income households and older homes are also among the factors frequently associated with U.S. residences having high concentrations of mouse and cockroach allergens.
A male Cayenne Tick, Amblyomma cajennense, a known North, Central and South American vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, which is the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF).
Bedbug
Bedbugs (Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus) are brown and flat hematophagous insects that feed on humans. They are found globally (Delauney et al, 2011) and have in recent years been spreading rapidly in parts North America and Europe. Numerous authors have postulated that these species could
Bites from the common bedbug Cimex lectularius can result in clinical manifestations; the most common are small clusters of extremely pruritic, erythematous papules or wheals that represent repeated feedings by a single bedbug.
Cockroaches can pick up disease-causing bacteria, on their legs and later deposit them on foods and cause food infections or poisoning. Periplaneta americana (Credit Alex Wild). 202
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transmit pathogens to humans, although consensus on their medical impact remains limited. Mite
There are only a few mite species that cause medical problems for human beings (Olkowski et al 1991). Scabies Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) burrows into the skin, feeds on cell liquids and lays 10-25 eggs along a horizontal burrow. The house dust mite (American House Dust Mite, Dermatophagoides farina, and the European House Dust Mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), found in most homes, causes allergic reactions in sensitive people. Due to current raise in temperatures, their populations are also on the increase.
Annoying houseflies may spread typhoid, cholera, dysentery and diarrhea. They can carry these disease causing organisms from garbage, sewage and fecal matter to food or to a person’s hands or lips. Creative Commons CC0 1.0
Rodent
Lice
Louse infestation appears to become more prevalent worldwide and is associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions. The Body Louse, Pediculus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing (Raoualt and Roux, 1999; Foucault et al., 2006). Louse infestation transmits Relapsing Fever and is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene.
Lateral view of a female body louse, Pediculus humanus var. corporis, as it was obtaining a blood-meal from a human host.
Housefly
The Housefly, Musca domestica, occupies human and livestock premises and acts as a source of nuisance and annoyance to them (Iqbal et al., 2014). They act as carriers of disease causing agents like bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella spp.). Current erratic rainfall patterns and inadequate garbage disposal are likely to increase the diseases of amoebic dysentery, helminthic and rickettisial infections etc including bird flu. Sand fly
The Sand Flies (Phlebotomus & Lutzomyia) are vectors of a small group of flagellates Leishmania, which causes internal visceral disfiguring and external ulcerative diseases in humans and dogs (Banerjee et al, 2015).
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A Norway rat Rattus norvegicus in a Kansas City, Missouri corn storage bin. R. norvegicus is known to be a reservoir of bubonic plague (transmitted to man by the bite of a flea or other insect), endemic typhus fever, rat bite fever, and a few other dreaded diseases.
Sand flies such as this P. papatasi, are responsible for the spread of the vector-borne parasitic disease Leishmaniasis, which is caused by the obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania.
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Rodents are vectors, as well as reservoirs for several pathogens. Deer Mice and Prairie Dogs are reservoir species to plague (Kugeler et al 2012). From a first reporting in San Francisco (1900–1904) plague has rapidly expanded its geographic range in 1926-64 and is further expanding due to drought in western parts of USA. In UK, plague created an epidemic during 1665. Some of the deadliest diseases in history are making a comeback in the UK, and plague is one among them. There were 10 suspected cases of the plague at hospitals in the past five years, the most recent reported between 2014 and 2015, although unconfirmed. These reports led experts to warn and highlight the need for extra vigilance to protect the public from killer conditions more commonly associated with centuries ago. Rodents are also vectors for Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira bacteria (Rao, 2006). Although it is transmitted by other wild and domestic animals, the most common animals that spread the disease are rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine. It is rare in the UK, with less than 40 cases reported in England and Wales every year. It is prevalent in USA with three cases reported recently. Rodents are also vectors for transmission of Salmonellosis with typhoidal and non-typhoidal serovars (Gal-Mor et
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management al, 2014). Salmonella enterica is mostly associated with human disease. Hanta viral diseases also being transmitted by rodents (Chandy and Mathai, 2017). Impact of changing climate on vector borne diseases
Most vector-borne diseases exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern coinciding with vector populations, indicating their weather sensitivity. Rainfall, temperature, and other weather variables affect both the vectors and the pathogens they transmit. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures affect the pathogen’s rate of multiplication within insects, which in turn affects the rate of salivary gland infection which assist in successful transmission to another host. Similarly, insects regulate their body temperature by taking in heat from the environment. As such, increases in temperature could help them survive and incubate, thereby spreading the diseasecausing organisms. Extremes of rainfall (both drought and floods) associated with El Niño events are linked to variability in vector incidence in different regions. The prolonged drought in Western USA led to expansion of plague incidence due to migration of rodent reservoirs (Deer mice). Similarly, heavy floods due to El Nino events can spread Leptopirosis due to flood water. Mite populations also will raise due to favourable climate impacting disease burden. The current trend of urbanization coupled with the above stated environmental deterioration, creates favourable habitats for vectors to increase their populations. In the urban scenario, heavy rainfall, accumulation of trash without timely disposal makes all urban pests to raise in their population. Expansion of villages in to forest areas and industrialization in rural areas also encourage the build-up of urban pests and vectors. The mosquito Aedes albopictus, a native of Southeast Asia appeared in Albania in 1979. It became established as a vector in most of the USA states through human and possible bird migration. Similarly, West Nile Virus appeared in the Americas in the 2000s, transported by aircraft and possibly by virus infected birds and established in neighbouring Mexico and Canada (Embden and Service, 2004). It is possible that in the context of climate variability, pest/vector populations are likely to raise in their populations and thereby pathogen
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transfer also raising serious public health issues. It is very essential in this context, to have more technical manpower in vector control. In India, efforts are under progress by Government of India to initiate employable skill development oriented capacity building programs in vector management (Rao, 2016). Considering the above, several actions are identified for remedial measures and presented as under: Suggested measures to attenuate the situation of growing vector problems
1. Clean environments to keep the vector populations and diseases incidence low. The Municipal authorities should alert the public on the need of garbage and trash collection for its proper disposal. Unclean environments invite all vector species. 2. Based on feasibility, local authorities should undertake mosquito and rodent control activities, either at their cost or with a fee. Whole community based programs will yield high success instead of individual level, some of whom will not undertake the job. Penal actions of non-compliance are needed as already being done in some cities. 3. The Public Health Departments should be involved in licensing, technical planning, implementation and in identifying appropriate outsourcing agency. 4. Capacity enhancement among the pest management professionals needs to be developed for the management of the vectors to increase the strength of the pest management industry. At the same time provisions for licensing to undertake pest control activities needs rationalization. 5. Sensitization of health care providers needs to be undertaken to update them on vector related management issues. 6. Awareness creation needs to be developed among the pubic on the ill effects of vector populations in their premises to facilitate voluntary participation. 7. Bio-medical research on vector species and trends in their management in relation to changing environs, needs encouragement and funding may be provided for pro actions. 8. Studies on the impact of extreme weather events (such as flooding and drought) on the risk of infectious disease are needed to be
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undertaken involving environmental organizations to develop sustainable management plans to prepare for a disease outbreak resulting from an extreme event. This information should be shared among all stakeholders for optimum results. All images, unless otherwise credited, are courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). References Anon 2017. Tick borne diseases of United States – A reference manual for Health Care th professionals. CDC 4 Edition, 21 pp. Banerjee, D., Ghosh, S. and Ansar, W. 1915. Medical and Veterinary Entomology: The good and bad flies that affect human and animal life. Sch J Agric Vet Sci., 2:220-239. Chandy S. and Mathai D. 2017. Globally emerging hantaviruses: An Overview. Indian J Med Microbiol. 35(2):165-175. Delaunay, P., Blanc, V., Giudice, P.D., LevyBencheton, A., Chosidow, O., Marty, P and Philippe Brouqui 2011. Bedbugs and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 15; 52(2): 200–210. Emden, H.F and Service, M.W 2004. Pest and vector control. Cambridge University Press, 349 pp. Foucault, C., Brouqui, P., and Raoult, D. 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases. www.cdc. gov/eid 12 (2), 217-23. Gal-Mor, C., Boyle, E.C .and Grassi, G. A. 2014. Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ. Front Microbiol. 2014; 5: 391. Hu, YH 2006. Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering, Volume 2, CRC Press, 1000pp Iqbal, W., Malik, M.F., Sarwar, M.K., Azam, Irm, N. and Rashda, A. 2014 Role of housefly (Musca domestica, Diptera; Muscidae) as a disease vector; a review. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2: 159-163 Kugeler K.J., Staples J., Hinckley A., et al. 2015. Epidemiology of Human Plague in the United States, 1900–2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21(1):16-22 Olkowski, W., S., Daar, and Olkowski, H. 1991. “Common-Sense Pest Control.” The Taunton Press, Newtown, CT. Rao, A.M.K.M 2006 Preventive measures for Leptospirosis: Rodent Control. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 24 (4): 325-328. Rao, A.M.K.M. 2016. Current status of urban pest management in India. Pestology 11 (12): 42-45. Raoult, D. and Roux, V. 1999. The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 29(4):888-911. Stenseth N.C., Atshabar B.B., Begon M., Belmain S.R., Bertherat E. Plague: Past, present, and future. PLoS Med. 2008 5(1): e3. Thomassin, C. 2017. Colorado tick fever. Wedscape 20 March, 2017.
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
New oviposition mosquito trap
A
t the National Hardware Show in May 2017, Stuck brands launched a non-toxic indoor and outdoor mosquito trap, designed to be attractive to mosquitos using water. “Our patented sticky screen technology is what captures and kills the gravid mosquito and any deposited eggs,” says owner and president, Joseph DiMeo. Female mosquitoes, searching for a water source to drop their eggs in or near, land on the sticky screen, rendering them immobile. Male and non-gravid females find the trap shape and moisture content attractive as well, but end in the same fate. Company researchers began their design process over three years ago to attract Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that carry diseases such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. “A major goal was to design an affordable, easyto-use and effective trap for common home dwellers to protect the health of
their families. With millions of people affected yearly by mosquito-borne diseases and
billions at risk of infection, our products are combat tools for retailers, national and international mosquito control associations and global relief organizations,” says DiMeo. A patented double and staggered screen allows free flow of water molecules from the trap opening, the company says. Once trapped, the screen provides blocking to prevent insect vectors’ eggs from dropping into the water of the vessel reservoir below. The application of glue on both sides of the screen prevents mosquitoes and their eggs from getting beyond the surface screen. To learn more, visit www. stuckbrands.com.
Left: The mosquito trap design is constructed of three main parts and when put together, create an artificial oviposit site that attracts mosquitoes. Top: The double-sided sticky screen is the element that captures and kills the mosquitoes.
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
Working together to achieve integrated mosquito management (IMM) Mark Beavers* Operations: Planning, Responding and Communicating
An Aedes aegypti mosquito, Courtesy of the CDC Public Health Image Library
I
ntegrated Vector Management (IVM) is top of mind for organizations across the globe, due to the great diversity of potential vectors, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas and more. As an extension of IVM, Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) is also a top priority for government entities and pest control companies, especially with an increasing presence and risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika, West Nile and malaria. While there are very few vaccines to protect against such diseases, under the right conditions, these are preventable. Organizations, focused on public health and pest management, should work more closely together on a global and local scale to maximize resources and minimize and prevent vector-borne disease outbreaks. There are more than 4 billion (1) people in 128 countries at risk of diseases transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito alone, and half (2) the world’s population is at risk for malaria, the world’s biggest killer. Such widespread risk has resulted in an acknowledged need for global and local attention
from government organizations, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), academia and pest control companies alike to partner on strategies and tactics to reduce mosquito populations and disease incidence for at-risk populations. Most government entities and NGOs are set up for large-scale control operations, while most pest control companies are organized to address more localized mosquito control operations by serving one customer at a time. With both groups focused on control, there is an opportunity for them to work together, share expertise and leverage resources to maximize success. In this article, we’ll focus on mosquitoes and IMM as an example of IVM by reviewing some areas for potential synergy between large-scale initiatives usually led by governments and NGOs alongside more localized efforts performed by privately-owned pest control companies to achieve optimal IMM success. These areas include operations; education and awareness; and research and product development.
* Managing Director of Technical Services, Rollins Inc.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends (3) enhancing risk communication and public outreach in countries where there is an increased presence and potential of vector-borne diseases. In order to do this, organizations first need operational response plans that include clearly defined operational goals such as breaking disease cycles by rapidly reducing adult versus larval mosquito populations; an overarching strategy or strategies to accomplish the agreed upon goals; and specific plans to achieve those goals. Beyond developing goals, routinely revisiting and reviewing strategies and plans through time will help ensure the best results. Orkin uses the AIM Method, which provides an easy acronym for remembering three basic steps for developing and implementing mosquito prevention and/ or reduction programs. It can be applied by small and large-scale operations to address outbreaks as well as routine control. • Assess: Since every situation is different, start by evaluating current conditions and ask: What is the current infrastructure and logistics? What are the current capabilities of the organizations that have the responsibility of conducting routine IMM and/or emergency control operations? Where can (or should) pest control companies enhance current capabilities? From a biological and epidemiological perspective, are the species of mosquitoes and their breeding sights known? Is there adequate training to ensure mosquito surveillance and larval and adult control are executed properly? This assessment should be thorough and unbiased to develop the most effective program. • Implement: Once the goals, strategies and plans from the assessment are approved by decision makers, the information should be communicated to all levels of operational leaders to ensure everyone understands their
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pregnant women in areas where Zika is a concern. This outreach, including public education about the objectives and tactics being used to reduce disease risk and keeping impacted populations up-to-date on the implemented program itself, is paramount. People need to be reassured a situation is being brought under control, and they need to feel confident about the information they receive. Government entities, NGOs, academia and pest control companies can all work together to develop and distribute these educational resources to the public. It bears repeating that all planning, response and communication should take into account the value of building and keeping trust with the public. As a part of this, agencies need to reinforce with the public that the people engaged in such programs are appropriately trained and certified and that there is teamwork and coordination between all parties. IMM efforts are increasing around the world, especially as they relate to the Aees mosquitoes. Here are the most common Aedes mosquitoes in the United States.
roles and the impact they will have on reducing mosquito populations and disease risk. Once implemented, all engaged parties need to remain diligent to ensure all aspects of the plan, including surveillance and control, public outreach, and logistics are properly executed. • Monitor: Monitoring consists of ongoing due diligence to ensure optimal outcomes throughout implementation and execution of the plans. Things such as reductions in mosquito numbers or number of new cases of mosquito-borne diseases should be closely monitored to ensure accurate measurements of that success can be assessed. Monitoring also helps detect changing conditions or circumstances, so adjustments can be made to ensure the program’s continued success. In addition, monitoring helps identify areas for improvement and provides senior leaders and policy makers
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the information they need to make decisions about future operations. Ideally, operational assessment, implementation and monitoring will occur on a local, regional and national level. To help guarantee all assets are brought to bear, pest control companies should be aware of their government’s plans, and vice versa. Keeping open and active lines of communication is one way all organizations can assist each other in regular and emergency situations. While planning and establishing mosquito control programs, these organizations should also assess the public’s knowledge and perception of the potential diseases in the region. This will help organizations tailor communications to best address information gaps and other potential concerns. For instance, the WHO also recommends (3) paying special attention with communications to women who may become pregnant and www.international-pest-control.com
Education and awareness
A primary goal of education and awareness efforts is to increase community knowledge and engagement through messaging efforts about mosquito control and reducing disease risk. Public service announcements, educational courses and town meetings conducted by local, regional or national government agencies or NGOs help educate the public and alleviate potential concerns. While pest control companies can and do participate in such efforts, their regular interactions with individuals are somewhat different since they have a contractual agreement with their customers. A pest control company’s primary mission is to improve their customers’ well-being through customized service at their location. Because of the unique relationship a pest control company has with each customer, their increased collaboration with government agencies and NGOs has the potential to create more public trust and greater receptivity about the actions deemed necessary by those agencies. Resources in terms of funding, 209
SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management personnel and time are finite. As such, all organizations need to look for increased opportunities to work together on informing people about the risks of vector-borne diseases, whether mosquitoes or other insects, the measures they can take to protect themselves and their families, and what is being done in the area on their behalf and by whom. Make sure such information includes describing what mosquito-borne diseases are of concern; what the risk is where they live or travel; what they can do to help prevent exposure; what they should do if the think they’ve become infected; and who they can contact, with questions or concerns. The good news is that in recent years, public and private organizations from around the world have increasingly come together to share developing research, best practices and lessons learned regarding mosquito control and reducing disease risk. These meetings provide open forums where various vector and mosquito management professionals from around the world can share what works and does not in different regions. This collaboration also brings to light new opportunities across the entire IMM spectrum (i.e., surveillance, control, monitoring, outreach, etc.) where organizations can work together to more effectively formulate research criteria and desired outcomes.
Therefore, it is essential that those involved in IMM maximize the opportunities afforded by advances in science and developing technologies to continue advancing mosquito control and disease prevention capabilities. This includes developing better products for combatting mosquitoes, devising more effective and efficient product delivery systems, and improving methodologies to detect and predict mosquito population levels and disease risk. While there has been an increase in funding research and development (R&D) to control mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, such funding is low when compared to the impact mosquito-borne diseases have on people and the global economy. Therefore, expanding collaborations in the R&D arena is another area where all organizations, including pest control companies, can work together to share resources and achieve improved synergies. For example, governments, NGOs and academia are engaged in many excellent efforts to improve mosquito control and reduce disease risk. However, many of these efforts run the risk of failing in the field because of the lack of sustained support in terms of manpower and logistics streams. Pest control companies may be a potential resource in reducing those risks. In addition, and unfortunately, promising technologies often fail to make the transition from the laboratory Research and product development bench to “real-world” applicability Government regulatory requirements, either due to financial or logistical as well as mosquitoes and the envi- infeasibility. This failure rate could ronment they live in, potentially be significantly reduced are always if the pest control industry had more evolving. opportunities to actively engage in the early stages of development. Such engagement could provide researchers with real-world, operational input about what would and might not work in the marketplace, which would in turn result in a higher return on investment (ROI) for agencies investing in such efforts. Finally, if pest control companies are more engaged in Mark Beavers, PhD, Managing Director of Technical Services, all aspects of mosquito Rollins Inc. 210
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R&D, product familiarity would be significantly improved, and the transition to using them in the field could be more rapid as well as effective. For example, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hosted an Aedes aegypti Vector Control Summit earlier this year that included representatives from around the world, and the Chinese Pest Control Association (CPCA) recently initiated and hosted the inaugural World Pest Day. At both events, leaders and subject matter experts from around the world discussed how the pest control industry can help improve public health initiatives and raise awareness about their efforts. Moving forward
There are countless opportunities for further collaboration between all entities to improve IMM. Working together to improve planning, policies, products and education, will naturally identify better treatment and best practices. Above all, it will ensure the public has an accurate understanding of potential threats of vector diseases and how to protect themselves. No one has a crystal ball to predict with certainty what this year or future years will bring regarding IMM and by extension, IVM. However, we do know there is a tremendous amount of work being done by many dedicated groups around the world, including scientists, technicians in the field, and industry activists, to reduce the risk of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and other arthropod vectors. Developing synergies across these experts and organizations, in combination with successful techniques already available and being developed, will enhance everyone’s goals of moving the science and pest control industry forward in the area of IVM. References 1 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/4-billion-people-at-risk-of-being-infected-withthe_us_58c76db4e4b0d06aa6580452 2 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/ factsheets/fs094/en/ 3 http://who.int/mediacentre/news/ statements/2016/2nd-emergency-committee-zika/en/
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
Mosquito Control – Needing to implement an integrated vector management programme Graham Matthews*
O
n World Malaria Day 2017, WHO published “Malaria Prevention Works – Let’s Close the Gap”. Between 2010 and 2015, the rate of new malaria cases globally fell by 21%, while the death rates fell by 29%. In Africa, the reduction in cases of malaria is largely where the younger children (<5 years) are sleeping under insecticide treated bed nets (ITN). Mosquitoes can bite usually at night between 6pm and 6am, so when DDT was used in the 1950’s for indoor residual spraying of houses, it was highly successful in reducing malaria, as most people stayed inside their houses and the mosquitoes were either repelled by the DDT or killed when they rested on treated walls. The world has changed significantly since then. The availability of electricity has transformed the situation, even in many villages well away from the larger towns. Visiting Africa now, it is easy to see people staying outdoors throughout the evenings, or even indoors, watching television. A recent study in Tanzania indicated that people were frequently bitten by mosquitoes during the evening when outdoors. They stayed outdoors in the early evening to undertake domestic tasks that could not be conducted indoors, especially as their houses had poor ventilation (Moshi et al., 2017). Mosquitoes can still easily enter most houses as their quality has not always been improved with screens on windows, doors or other openings. Latrines are usually outside, thus exposing people to mosquitoes at night. Another recent study in Cameroon, showed that in the villages where 5000 ITN’s had been distributed, it was only the young children that benefitted and that the nets (Fig 1) were not very effective after 3 years of use (Che et al., 2017). The WHO has rightly requested that a system is introduced to ensure ITNs are replaced after 3 years and that people at risk of malaria, sleep under a properly maintained and
* IPARC, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY. 212
Cases of malaria in villages with insecticide treated bed nets before and after net distribution for different age groups.
ITNPre
ITNPost
Fig 1. Major decrease in malaria for under 5-year old children following distribution of insecticide treated bed nets.
treated net every night. The WHO has also advocated that at least 80% of homes in targeted areas should be sprayed. So far indoor residual spraying (IRS) has depended on national teams, largely financed by funds from the USA through the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) programme. This requires training teams of people to travel around the country. The scale of this task means not every village is treated immediately before the start of the rainy season. Countries need to create a system that trains a small team in a village – a village intervention team - that can spray all the local houses, just days before the rains occur. Control early when the first rains occur is crucial to prevent the mosquito population building up during the wet season. However, IRS is complicated at present by the prolonged exposure of mosquitoes to pyrethroids insecticides used on bed nets, so they are now resistant to this class of chemistry. New molecules are needed, but when they are introduced, they need to be used so that a variety of modes of action are rotated through different areas within a country to reduce the selection of resistant mosquitoes. Another recent paper has added attractive toxic sugar baits as an outdoor treatment to complement those indoors (Zhu et al, 2017). Using treated nets and IRS will not solve the problem of malaria and as Killeen et al (2017) point out, an expanded vector control toolbox should be developed in Africa for eliminating www.international-pest-control.com
malaria. In comparison with high income countries, where mosquito-proofed housing and management of larvae is combined with large scale insecticide space sprays with cold fogs, managed at the local level, that significantly reduce mosquito populations rapidly over a wide area, the low to middle income countries in the tropics, continue to suffer from extensive malaria transmission. Improvements in equipment include the development of a constant flow valve fitted to compression sprayers has improved the delivery of a more uniform spray deposits. A lighter plastic compression sprayer designed to meet the WHO Specification is lighter to carry and may be more suitable for individual spray teams in villages. There has been an increase interest in larviciding, which is a key technique used in the USA and was successful in several countries prior to the arrival of DDT. More insecticides are suitable for larviciding and include use of products based on Bacillus thuringiensis isrealensis. There are however problems in Africa where several different species of Anopheles mosquitoes can occur in the same village and these have different breeding habitats, making it much more difficult to detect where the larvae are. It may be that modern technology can detect wet areas, especially in parts of Africa, in the dry season just prior to the rains, where the initial focus of a mosquito population may occur. July/August 2017
Fig. 2 Treating swarms of mosquitoes in Burkina Faso 2015.
Fig 3 Close up of Knapsack
Fig 4 Vehicle-mounted cold fogger – Treatments in evening when Anopheles mosquitoes are active.
Fig 5 Aerial spraying of mosquitoes in Florida, USA.
Space spray technology needs to be evaluated in both urban and rural settings with properly timed sequential treatments to determine its effectiveness in Africa, where access to some housing areas may require different types of equipment, such as a combination of vehicle-mounted and manually carried equipment. Timing of treatments will need to be determined to ensure that larvae, that emerge as adults after the first treatment, are killed before they transmit disease or oviposit. Operational trials are needed to assess this technique under African conditions. So far, the application of a fog has been confined to examining the possibility of treating swarms of male mosquitoes. Using an aerosol application with a pyrethroid/ carbamate mixture, it was possible to kill males significantly, as well as a few females present in the swarms at the time of intervention, and thus reduce the mosquito population by as much as 80% (Sawadogo et.al. 2017). They also
reported a significant decrease in female insemination rate and a significant shift in the age structure of the male population, with a higher proportion of younger males incapable of mating. In Burkina Faso a recent trial of a knapsack cold fogger was used to spray swarms (Figs 2, 3). A more general area-wide application of a cold fog therefore is a potential new tool to control mosquitoes in Africa. Space spray treatments have been carried out in Asia, mainly to control the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, but seldom has the techniques been used correctly. After one successful treatment, people complain that the mosquito population builds up quickly again. This resurgence of mosquitoes is because the requirement for sequential treatments has been ignored. In the USA, use of truck mounted and aerial space sprays is standard practice to keep mosquito populations low (Figs 4, 5). Last year when the Zika virus was detected in an area of Miami, USA, an aerial application of larvicide
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and adulticide was successfully made to prevent further spread of the virus. Efforts are also needed to determine whether using an aircraft would be economically feasible in some areas with a high human population to make the cost per person protected affordable. In some areas, a future development of the application system may allow remotely controlled unmanned aircraft (drones) to be used in some settings. Looking further ahead, the release of genetically modified mosquitoes has already started with the Oxitec Aedes aegypti GM mosquitoes being released so that all the offspring of these after mating with the wild population produce only male mosquitoes that neither bite nor transmit disease to humans. References Che, J.N., Baleguel, P.N., Baleguel, P.D. and Schmidt, W-P. (2017) Impact of distribution off long-lasting insecticidal nets in an area of Cameroon as shown by hospital records. Outlooks on Pest Management 28, 101-3. Kileen, G.F., Tatarsky, A., Diabete, A., Chaccour, C.J., Marshall, J.M., Okumu, F. O., Brunner, S., Newby, G., Williams, Y.A. ,Malone, D., Tusting, L. S. and Gosling, R. D. (2017) Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination. BMJ Global Health 2, 211 Moshi, I.R., Ngowo, H., Dillip, A., Msellemu, D., Madumla, E.P., Okumu, F.O., Coetzee, M., Mnyone, L. L. and Manderson,L. (2017) Community perceptions on outdoor malaria transmission in Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania. Malar J 16:274 Sawadogo, S.P., Niang, A., Bilgo, E., Millogo, A., Maiga, H., Dabire, R.K. Tripet, F. and Diabete, A. (2017) Targeting male mosquito swarms to control malaria vector density. PLoS ONE 12, Zhu, L., Müller, G. C., Marshall, J.M., Arheart, K.L. Qualls, W.A., Hlaing, W.M., Schlein, Y., Traore, S.F. Doumbia, S. and Beier, J.C. (2017) Is outdoor vector control needed for malaria elimination? An individual-based modelling study. Malaria Journal 16, 266. 213
SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
A brief history and future potential of neonicotinoid use in public health Justin McBeath*
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or more than 30 years, adulticides recommended by the World Health Organisation Pesticides Evaluation Scheme for use in vector control for public health, have relied on only four insecticide classes. Several of these insecticides even share the same mode of action. Since insecticidebased interventions still play the most significant role in vector-borne disease control, established or emerging resistance to these existing insecticides highlight the urgent need for new modes of action. Currently, two new indoor residual spraying (IRS) insecticides are under evaluation by the WHO pre-qualification team, including the insecticide clothianidin, which represents the class of chloronicotinyls (also known as neonicotinoids). Originally repurposed from agriculture, this molecule represents a new mode of action for vector control and will provide an important additional option for including in an integrated vector management approach. Specifically, it
has the potential to reduce resistance selection pressure on some of the existing insecticide classes. As the potential availability of these products for vector control approaches, it seems appropriate to reflect on the history of the development and availability of this class of insecticides in the broader sense of pest control for public health (e.g. against cockroaches, flies, fleas and bedbugs). The origins of neonicotinyl chemistry (previously chloronicotinyl chemistry) dates back to the IUPAC Zurich Conference in 1978 when a new insecticidal chemical class called nitromethylenes was introduced. Nithiazin was the most active analogue, and around 1984 the chemists at NIHON Bayer in Japan took up this lead compound to further develop what is well known today - imidacloprid. This was the first neonicotinoid in widespread use, and Bayer subsequently developed it, not only in agriculture but also in animal health, as an ectoparasiticide. It was first presented as a new active
* Market Segment Manager â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Malaria Vector Control, Bayer AG, Environmental Science Email: Justin.mcbeath@bayer.com
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substance for crop protection in 1991 (Elbert et al.). During the late 1990s there was a surge in interest by R&D companies to develop new bait technologies to control cockroaches â&#x20AC;&#x201C; driven primarily by the activity profiles of new insecticide families such as the phenyl pyrazoles (e.g. Fipronil from Rhone-Poulenc) and chloronicotinyls/neonicotinoids (imidacloprid from Bayer). These compounds were generally less active against public health pests through contact action, but highly active orally and could be formulated into lowdose gel baits. They also exhibited no repellent action at the dose rates required to achieve mortality. Cockroach control by professional pest managers was never the same again, and the next wave of innovation in this field (during the early 2000s) focussed less on new modes of action, but rather on addressing aversion by cockroaches to the bait components in the gels. We continue to see neonicotinoids (and phenyl pyrazoles) used in cockroach baits today, with one of the later neonicotinoids, clothianidin, being introduced by Bayer in recent years, July/August 2017
first registered as Maxforce Platin, in the USA in 2014. Neonicotinoids are also active against Diptera; both imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were developed as baits to control houseflies a few years after this class was incorporated into cockroach gel baits. Formulated with various attractants, this new mode of action presented a welcome, less toxic, alternative to some of the former active ingredients used in fly baits (which included, for example, the organophosphate azamethiphos and the carbamate methomyl). The same features that were desirable in a cockroach gel bait, were just as applicable in fly control. Oral activity against flies was fast, hence the first brand name QuickBayt™, for Bayer’s first introduced imidacloprid-based granules and spot baits. Just as neonicotinoids were becoming mainstream in professional pest management for use against flies and cockroaches, another pest started to re-emerge from the past: the bedbug. After fading in prominence over the course of many years, this pest started to become more and more important in the professional pest control landscape. The reasons for this are not fully known, but changes in pest control practice (e.g. more focussed applications of baits versus residual surface sprays) and development of insecticide resistance, are generally regarded as two likely factors. Some strains of bedbugs were found to be highly resistant to various families of insecticides, including pyrethroids and carbamates -– throwing into question the effectiveness of insecticide-based control practices. An array of alternative control technologies was developed, presenting excellent opportunities for a truly integrated management approach, but new insecticide-based solutions were still needed. Bayer scientists in the US then started to look at the activity of neonicotinoids against bedbugs. Although aware that the speed of contact activity of imidacloprid (and other July/August 2017
neonicotinoids) can be a limiting factor against certain pests, they immediately saw the benefit of a combination approach, using a pyrethroid plus a neonicotinoid. Temprid™ (imidacloprid plus betacyfluthrin) achieved its first bedbug registration in the US in 2010, and rapidly became the ‘go-to’ solution by professional pest managers to combat pyrethroid resistant bedbugs. Registration of Temprid followed in Australia in 2011, and in subsequent years in other countries. Clothianidin tends to exhibit stronger contact activity than imidacloprid and certain other neonicotinoids, but it tends to be slower-acting than the other ‘traditional’ chemistry used until now in malaria vector control. The standard measurement of mosquito mortality at 24 hours after exposure in bioassays may not reveal the full effectiveness of the compound; but delayed mortality effects (e.g. up to 72 hours after exposure) reveal a different story. The degree to which the delay in these effects impacts disease transmission, is currently under discussion as part of WHO policy review. The successful results of the combination approach used in Temprid to control highly pyrethroid resistant bedbugs, as well as strong evidence that collars impregnated with a neonicotinoid and pyrethroid successfully control ticks and fleas on dogs and cats (Stanneck et al., 2012), triggered the same thinking in Bayer scientists in Germany when considering malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. A precedent also existed in agriculture, and particularly in anti-malarial drugs where a combination of two modes of action is now recommended to maintain effectiveness, even under conditions of varying levels of resistance to one of the compounds. Bayer took the decision to develop clothianidin for vector control, in combination with an existing mode of action. This not only enhances the speed of effect (compared to clothianidin alone) in many situations, but should www.international-pest-control.com
also slow down the development of resistance to either compound compared to the single compound approach. Since neonicotinoids are widely used in agriculture and also in Africa, the role of agricultural insecticide use in contributing to selecting insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, is a widely discussed topic (Reid and McKenzie, 2016). A combination approach was seen as a means to reduce the risk of accelerated resistance development in areas where widespread use of neonicotinoids in agriculture may have selected for reduced susceptibility in local malaria vectors. The new combination product (Fludora Fusion) is currently the subject of a trial program involving field evaluations across 15 countries. WHO pre-qualification evaluation is also underway. The ideal scenario would be to have several different new modes of action available for use in vector control, all of which are fully effective against all currently identified resistant strains. That position is anticipated with R&D work underway in a number of companies in conjunction with the IVCC, but may still be some 6 - 8 years away. In the meantime, repurposed agricultural chemistry such as clothianidin, from the class of neonicotinoids, should play an important role in uses such as indoor residual spraying, especially when combined with a second (faster) mode of action. For more information of Fludora Fusion and the Bayer vector range, see www.vectorcontrol.bayer.com/ Portfolio_and_Innovation/IndoorResidual-Spraying/Fludora-fusion References Reid and McKenzie (2016) Malaria J 15 p 107. doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1162-4 Stanneck et al. (2012) Parasites & Vectors 5, p73. http://www.parasitesandvectors. com/content/5/1/73
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
Mozzies are evolving to beat insecticides – except in Australia Ary Hoffmann*, Nancy Margaret Endersby-Harshman** & Scott Ritchie*** Developing resistance
Mosquitoes are the main vectors for dengue and zika. Insecticides are our best weapon against them. Credit Ary Hoffmann
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hemical pesticides have been used for many years to control insect populations and remain the most important method of managing diseases carried by pests, including mosquitoes. However, insects have fought back by evolving resistance to many pesticides. There are now thousands of instances of evolved resistance, which make some chemical classes completely ineffective. The Aedes mosquito, largely responsible for the spread of viruses like dengue and zika, has globally developed resistance to commonly used chemicals, including pyrethroids. Pyrethroids are the most used insecticides in the world, which includes the control of dengue outbreaks and quarantine breaches at air and sea ports. In Asia and the Americas, pyrethroid resistance in Aedes mosquitoes is now widespread. In Australia, our mosquitoes have not developed these defences and pyrethroids are still very effective. The difference lies in our stringent and careful protocols for chemical use. As the global community fights zika and other mosquito-borne diseases, there are lessons to be learned from Australia’s success.
Mosquitoes usually become resistant to pyrethroids through the mutation of a sodium channel gene that controls the movement of ions across cell membranes. Mutations in a single gene are enough to make mosquitoes almost completely resistant to the level of pyrethroids used in insecticides. The mutations first arises in a population by chance, and are rare. However, they rapidly spread as resistant females breed. The more times a mosquito population is exposed to the same chemical, the more the natural selection process favours their impervious offspring. Eventually, when many individuals in a population carry the resistance mutation, the chemical becomes ineffective. This can happen where insecticide “fogging” is common practice. Overseas, fogging is sometimes undertaken across entire neighbourhoods, several times a month, despite concerns about its effectiveness as well as its environmental and health impacts. Once resistance develops, it can spread to non-resistant mosquito populations in other areas. Pest species, including mosquitoes, are often highly mobile because they fly or are carried passively (in vehicles, ships and planes) at any stage of their life cycle. Their mobility means mutations spread quickly, crossing borders and possibly seas. We can still control Australian mosquitoes
Despite this, Australian populations of Aedes mosquitoes remain susceptible to pyrethroids. Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) is the main disease-carrying mosquito in Australia. Its population is restricted to urban areas of northern Queensland, where dengue can occur. Recent research found that all Australian populations of this species are still vulnerable to pyrethroids. None of the hundreds of mosquitoes tested
*Professor, School of BioSciences and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne **Research Fellow, University of Melbourne ***Professorial Research Fellow, James Cook University
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had any mutations in the sodium channel gene, despite the high incidence of such mutations in mosquito populations of South-East Asia. We believe these mosquitoes remain vulnerable to pyrethroids because in Australia pressure to select for resistance has been low. Australia does not carry out routine fogging. If dengue is detected in an area, pyrethoids are used in highly regimented and limited fashion. Spraying is restricted to the insides of premises within selected house blocks, and then only for a short period. Importantly, water-filled artificial containers, which can serve as a habitat for larvae, are treated with insect growth regulators, which do not select for the pyrethroid resistance mutations. Exporting resistance
With chemical resistance growing around the world, it is more urgent than ever that we co-ordinate action to control and reduce risk of resistance. Unfortunately, no global guidelines exist to minimise the evolution of resistance in mosquitoes. Adopting pesticide resistance management strategies has proven to be effective against other pests – for example, the corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera). Guidelines include rotating different class of pesticides to deny pests the chance to develop resistance, and investing in non-chemical options such as natural predators of target pests. Resistance management strategies are particularly critical for new pesticides that have different modes of attack, such as preventing juvenile insects from moulting, or attacking various chemical receptors. To prolong the effectiveness of pesticides, we must develop these strategies before resistance begins to develop. North Queensland may be an example to the rest of the world on the best path forward. This article was first published in the Conversation and republished with permission and under creative commons licence. For original see, http://theconversation.com/ mozzies-are-evolving-to-beat-insecticidesexcept-in-australia-80269
July/August 2017
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SPECIAL FEATURE - Vector Management
First new class of insecticide for malaria prevention in more than 30 years
Interceptor® G2 from BASF is the first WHO-recommended mosquito net based on nonpyrethroid chemistry to beat insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Its distinctive black and white stripes distinguish it from currently used mosquito nets. Volker Frenz, development chemist for Interceptor® G2, checks a net sample in the laboratory.
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ASF has received a recommendation from the World Health Organization (WHO) for Interceptor® G2, a long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito net (LN) based on chlorfenapyr. Chlorfenapyr is a completely new insecticide class, halogenated pyrroles, for combating mosquitoes for public health. This is the first WHO recommendation for a product based on a new insecticide class in more than 30 years. Working with the Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC) and the About chlorfenapyr Chlorfenapyr was derived by isolating a toxin from the Streptomyces fumanus actinomycete bacterium. It is new to the public health market, but has been used in agriculture and urban pest control, including in homes and food handling areas, worldwide since 1995. Chlorfenapyr belongs to the pyrrole class of chemistry and has an entirely different mode of action from current WHOapproved insecticides for public health. It works by disrupting the insect’s ability to produce energy. This makes it unlikely to show cross-resistance in mosquitoes that are resistant to currently registered public health insecticides. Further information is available on www.publichealth.basf.com.
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London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in a collaboration lasting over a decade, BASF’s scientists successfully repurposed chlorfenapyr to be effective on mosquito nets and meet stringent WHO performance thresholds for public health. Dave Malone, IVCC Technical Manager, said “The collaboration with BASF gave us access to an insecticide with a rare combination of attributes: New to public health, effective against resistant mosquitoes, and able to coat polyester netting with a long-lasting formulation.” A second chlorfenapyr product, an indoor residual spray named Sylando® 240SC, is also in the final phases of WHO evaluation. Long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets (LN) and indoor residual sprays are the cornerstones of malaria prevention, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. But 60 countries have already reported resistance to at least one class of insecticide used in them. Part of the problem is that there were previously only four WHO-recommended insecticide classes for adult mosquito control: Only one of them, the pyrethroid class, was recommended for LNs. Continual use of the same insecticides enabled the highly-adaptable mosquito to develop significant levels of resistance. Medical entomologist Professor Hilary Ranson from the Liverpool www.international-pest-control.com
School of Tropical Medicine has studied the problem for many years. “We’ve got to take insecticide resistance very seriously,” she said. “In some countries, the local mosquito population has increased its level of resistance 1,000fold. It has been years since a new class of public health insecticide has appeared on the market. Alternatives are urgently needed.” Following the WHO recommendation, preparations are underway to launch the new product for malaria prevention. Depending on local registration processes, the new mosquito net is expected to be available to health ministries and aid organizations starting towards the end of this year. “New resistance management products are desperately needed to prevent mosquito-borne diseases and save lives,” said Egon Weinmueller, Head of BASF’s public health business. “This development breakthrough strengthens my personal belief that we really can be the generation to end malaria for good.”
There are more than 200 million cases of malaria each year and almost half a million deaths. Infants, children under five and pregnant women are the most vulnerable groups. Most cases occur in Africa, but other regions are significantly affected: Latin America, South East Asia, Western Pacific and Eastern Mediterranean.
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focus on public health
Pest control industry owes its robust success rate to mergers and acquisitions Deepak Bandal*
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est control and pest management are the need of the hour, with an increased number of victims to malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and the zika virus. With unhygienic living conditions, a plethora of mosquitoes, rodents and tick- borne illness are striking at an alarming rate. The industry has witnessed a rise in the demand for pest control services across the United States. Reports have mentioned that the pest control operators have registered a 10.8% rise in revenues from pre-construction termite treatment. Besides this, bed bugs are said to be the fourth highest revenue generator for the industry, creating a revenue of $1 billion, over a five-year span. In 2015, North America and Western Europe were regarded as the largest markets for pest control management systems and together they represent a revenue share of 60%. The area of Asia Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ) will expect an increase of 6.5% CAGR in the years to come. The years between 2001 and 2004 have seen a break-out of multiple communicable diseases including swine flu, bird flu and SARS. Lyme disease has an
increasing presence in the U.S state of West Virginia and the increase in tick population can in turn be blamed on the rise in deer and rodent populations that pass on Lyme Disease the ticks. Minnesota is witnessing a massive surge of carpenter ants during the summer months. Calling for effective and efficient pest management systems can be a tough task due to these hard-to-tackle bugs. To combat these problems, new solutions are coming up in the market. In the USA, BASF has launched Fendona CS that claims to eliminate over 60 bugs from a wide range of interior and exterior surfaces. Containing alpha-cypermethrin, it is said to be four times more effective than cypermethrin. With reference to the news media, an article in Times Live from South Africa, considers the use of pest control management systems as a ‘grudge purchase’ due to the lack of skilled personnel. President Louis Linderberg, from the South African Pest Control Association, stresses the need to have effective pest control management systems. He states that there remains a communication gap between the public and managers of pest control companies.
* Sr. Digital Marketing Executive, Allied Market Research https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pest-control-market 220
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The Global Pest Control Services report by Allied Market Research states that the pest control market was valued at $ 16m in 2016 and is estimated to grow to $ 23m by 2023. The CAGR will be 5.4% during this forecast period (20172023). With industrial advancement, a requirement for new pest control systems is urgent. The type of pest control, will depend on the segment that demands the service, residential or commercial. The North American pest control market is showing steady growth from 2016 to 2023, with profits at $867m to an estimate of $ 1,141m by the end of the decade. The global pest control market is filled with many small players who are now looking forward to mergers and acquisitions to gain the limelight on a more global platform. In North America, there are a reported 40,000 operators. Rentokil’s acquisition of Ehrlich was estimated at $141m and the acquisition of Steritech Group was estimated at $425m. Rentokil Initially announced its joint venture with Franz Haniel & Cie towards the end of June 2017. The agreed merger will take place in 10 countries, focusing on Central & Eastern Europe. The London based organization will receive a sum of Euro 520m in cash and an 18% stake in the venture. Chief Executive Andy Ransom, states that the deal will enhance their ability to invest in the core growth category of Pest Control and Hygiene. The deal will also represent a change in the execution of their strategy with 80% of the group revenues they draw from Pest Control and Hygiene services. In May 2017, ChemChina announced that they had successfully acquired Syngeta, valued at a whopping $43b. China expressed their desire to use Syngeta’s highly valued portfolio to improve their domestic agricultural output. This was China’s biggest acquisition till date. Orkin has an active acquisition presence in Europe, U.K and Australia, recently acquiring Safeguard Pest Control and Environmental Services in the UK and Statewide All Pest and Murray in Australia. With a robust success rate, the pest control industry can see more potential in its growth.
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International Conference on Urban Pests, ICUP2017 David Loughlin*
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he UK once again paid host to ICUP in its 9th iteration, having started 24 years ago in Cambridge, England. Each conference is organised by a local Organising Committee which exists only for the three years it takes to plan and execute each conference. This yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s venue was Aston University, Birmingham, UK and the organising team was led by Killgerm Technical Manager Dr Matthew Davies. The International Conference on Urban Pests (ICUP) brings together those with a professional interest in urban pests. Participants from academia, industry, government and professional pest control, come from all over the world to meet at the ICUP and share experiences and ideas. This year 250 delegates attended and papers covered both invertebrate and vertebrate pests. As with Zurich three years ago, papers and posters on bedbugs dominated, with 11 papers and 3 posters and the meeting concluded with a threehour bedbug workshop. After the initial introduction by Executive Committee member, Bill Robinson (B&G), and a welcome by Matthew Davies, the meeting stayed as one for a morning of plenary presentations before breaking into two parallel sessions for Monday afternoon and three parallel programmes for Tuesday and Wednesday. Add to this an additional
one-day workshop for pest management professionals on the Tuesday and delegates had to be very selective on which presentations they caught and quick on their feet to room-hop. The full proceedings of the 9th ICUP has already been published and we can only provide a flavour of the event here. My apologies if you feel left out.
Conference Aston at the University in Birmingham provided a very central and convenient venue for those willing to venture out on the Monday night.
Mondayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plenary programme commenced with an analysis by Matthew Bertone (North Carolina State University) of insect distribution within domestic environments. Using an initial assessment of 50 properties near to the university, the study revealed that the average house studied harbours an incredible breadth of life. Over 10,000 specimens were collected but most were not considered pests. Some pests were associated with the presence of lights within the home and some such as midges (Cecidomyiidae) and book lice (Liposcelididae) being unfamiliar to the householder. The study is now moving to other international locations where the results we the same, but also different. Whilst each location had ants, cobweb spiders, and chironomid midges, the most prominent groups differed: flies were universally present, especially in Sweden, Japan had ants and Peru termites.
ICUP Executive Committee members Clive Boase and Bill Robinson who first established ICUP back in 1993. Clive was among the presentations on Mondays plenary programme looking at fly management in the UK and how changes in one set of regulations can have unintended consequences. For examples, the introduction of a Landfill Tax in 1996 has successfully reduced the quantity of organic waste going to landfill but has created a fly problem in areas that manage waste, especially where these neighbour urban residential areas. Conversely, legislation improving the welfare of egg laying hens has changed the way in which manure is managed, which has in turn led to a reduction of fly problems.
* Editor, IPC Magazine
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Having recently been published also within IPC, Partho Dhang from the Philippines, reviewed climate change impacts on urban pests. Increased urbanisation and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s increasing adoption of choosing to live an urban life, has made climate change a relevant subject to urban pests. Independent consultant, Partho explained how he believes climate change is impacting on pest dynamics and the tools and methodologies currently in use to control them.
Matthew Davies, ICUP2017 Chairman, invites Kimio Hirabayashi, Shinshu University, to eat his own words, and sample a packet of Japanese edible insects he brought from home. This followed Kimioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recount of a massive occurrence of aquatic insects (mostly Trichoptera) that invaded a bookstore located on a canal near the Chikuma River, Ueda City and the efforts of trapping with black and fluorescent lights.
In a session on medical entomology which included three paper son mosquitoes, Olivier Sparagano, Associate Pro-ViceChancellor (Research) at Coventry University, discussed the emergence of the Red Poultry Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, a well-known pest of poultry, that is also now a difficult to diagnose and control mite of human medical importance. An EU-funded project involving 28 countries (FA 1404-COREMI) is pulling together expertise and scientific knowledge to identify new holistic approaches, immunologic, biological and chemical control measures.
In the US, there are 5m bed occupancies every night. Michael Potter of the University of Kentucky provided an insight into the travellers attitudes to bedbugs and how this will impact the hospitality industry. Even though most travellers cannot identify a bedbug, most are now aware and of surveyed respondents, 86% said they would not stay in a hotel if they knew it had had an incidence of bedbugs, even if it was 12 months prior to a planned stay.
Jeffrey White, technical director of BedBug Central, provided a review of bedbug presence in the USA, with every state now affected. With increasing resistance and poor residual pesticide product performance more effort is needed to promote product rotation and improved application, especially dusts.
New pesticide chemistry is a rare topic at todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s symposia but Peter Miller of the University of Technology, Sydney made the long trip north to present trials results against mosquitoes, housefly and cat fleas using a synthetic variant of the naturally occurring, plant compound flavosone. Not only novel, but with a novel, although as yet not fully appreciated mode of action, flavosone presents itself as a resistance breaker in IPM programmes against urban pests.
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focus on public health Marco Pellizzari of Acmedrugs, Italy was among the few presentations considering vertebrate pests. Pigeons are a universal nuisance pest in urban situations. Modern systems in use by professionals are designed to deflect pigeons and move away from problem areas rather than control. Acme Drugs have developed an approach that uses the side effect of a 50-year old poultry treatment that affects egg fertility. After many years of establishing pigeon population control in several Italian cities, the programme is now being introduced to international markets. A session on Wednesday morning on structural and museum pests included a look at biological control of biscuit (Stegobium paniceum) and spider beetles (Gibbium psylloides) with a parasitoid wasp (Lariophagus distinguendus) by Pascal Querner of the University of Natural resources and applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. Varied success was found over several years and although biological control using mass release of parasitoid wasps may have a future in protecting museum objects, success appears to depend very much on local circumstances.
Meanwhile, Stephan Biebl of the IngenieurbĂźro fĂźr Holzschutz, Germany considered the practical application od a braconid wasp (Spathius exarator) for the control of Furniture Beetle, Anobium punctatum. As with Pascals talk, there is more potential than practical results although two examples cited, in historic churches, gave between 80-100% reduction in emerging beetles. More practical experience is required to optimise the treatment.
Reiner Popischil of PMP-Biosolutions, Germany, considered the continual problems Europe has faced with Lyctinae or Powder Post Beetles since they arrived 70 years ago. Although L. brunneus was the species most commonly found until the end of the twentieth century, more recent surveys and insect identifications have revealed more occurrence of L. cavicollis. Both species are potential risk to housing as they are readily found in dry firewood.
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Matthew Green of Rentokil-Initial took delegates through the process of new product design from the conceptual idea of a pitcher plant firing lasers to the creation of new LED based UV light trap for housefly monitoring and control. The LED market is predicted to grow over the next 10 years. UV-A LEDs are now powerful (and cheap) enough to offer credible alternative light sources to the fluorescent lamps currently in use in fly light traps. The new Rentokil Lumnia LED fly trap uses high attraction output LED lamps that automatically adapt from day to night to reduce energy consumption and offer average energy savings of 61% compared to equivalent fluorescent fly traps.
www.international-pest-control.com
July/August 2017
One-day workhop for pest management professional
On Tuesday, there was an additional parallel session that was open to UK pest control companies to attend for one day only. This provided speakers to come in just for the Tuesday or for several of the main presenters to present a slightly longer paper to a different audience. Perhaps talking to the converted, Alan Buckle of Vertebrate Pest Unit, University of Reading explained the workings of the UK Rodenticide Stewardship Scheme. Alanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s talk immediately followed a paper by Andrew Brigham, Rentokil Initial, which introduced a new palatable paste formulation of chloralose, an acute rodenticide that would help to combat resistance in mice. Alan was concerned that the arrival two or more rodenticide with differing mode of action, could open up the debate to remove second generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGARS) from the market altogether.
Dini Millar, Virginia tech University, recounted her work in the US in how challenging it is to effectively monitor and treat for bedbugs in a typical US property that is full of clutter and the inadequacies of some professional heat treatment approaches in combating infestations in such conditions. In a study of fourteen apartments in Virginia, clutter was not seen as a major contributor to the time or efficacy of whole home thermal treatments but the effective placement of monitoring was in order to correctly identify cold spots.
John Simmons was kept busy over the 3 days with four presentations (or two presentations repeated). In the morning session, John looked at controlling house mice in the food industry and how the use of an electronic monitoring system indicated that conventional monitors could be unreliable with behavioural resistance reducing performance. In the afternoon, perhaps unusually for a UK pest situation, he explained the practical application to control a mosquito infestation in a subterranean water habitat, using a water surface treatment (Aquatain).
Sandra Baker of Oxford University, highlighted the double standards in vertebrate trapping in the UK. Whilst Spring Traps require welfare approval, break back traps, for mice, rats and moles, do not. In a study looking at 50 mole traps, the primary cause of death was acute haemorrhage suggesting an inhumane end. Similarly, the presence of many rat and mouse traps from unregulated sources, raised doubts also on their humaneness and Sandra suggested there was strong case for certification to be applied to such devices, although the audience raised concerns as to how supply of inferior, copycat products can be managed in such a scenario.
Working to improve the professionalism of entomology internationally, Christopher Stelzig of A.C.E. (Associate Certified Entomologist) explains how the ACE program was started by the Entomological Society of America in 2004 and has grown rapidly. Since 2004, pest management professionals in the United States who do not have a higher degree in entomology have been able to earn a certification - the Associate Certified Entomologist, or ACE. Holders are not qualified as entomologists, only a degree from a university can do that, but an ACE is widely recognized as a mark of high achievement in education, training, and learning in the pest management community.
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focus on public health Posters
Not all the submitted and planned 41 posters were on display. Had they been, the range of topics would cover almost every urban pest situation. Cockroaches featured strongest with discussions on population distribution, resistance, disease transmission and control with both traditional and biological preparations. The number and themes of the posters was as follows: Cockroaches 9 Mosquito and biting flies 8 Medical entomology 5 Rodents 3 Bedbugs 3 Stored Product and Museum Pests 3 Birds 2 Others/general 8
Gloria Isabel Jaramillo discusses the findings of her study on knowledge, attitudes and control practices of 309 residents in Villavicencio, Columbia, regarding the disease vector Aedes aegypti. Improved understanding of the threat by residents will enable them to take better preventative measures.
José-Maria Cámara (left) of the Vector Control Unit in the Environmental Health Department of the City of Madrid presented one of nine papers on cockroaches. Treatment of municipal cockroach infestations especially in sewers remains a challenge for municipalities who do not always appreciate the extent or locations of infestations and the tools available to the industry are still insufficient. The use of lasers to deter bird populations from disturbing sites in the UK and elsewhere in the world. Constantin Swartz (Rentokil) learns how the laser applications by the Dutchbased, Bird Control Group has grown in popularity in recent years (https:// birdcontrolgroup.com).
Yuliya Lopatina (centre) of the Lomonosov Moscow State University reviewed the incidence of pyrethroid resistance in body lice from Russia.
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Commenting on this year’s ICUP, Executive Committee member and IPC Technical Consultant, Clive Boase said ‘So, this was our 9th conference. Another venue, another 250 delegates, over 35 countries represented, over 110 oral and poster presentations, and three days of dis-
Kerstin Büchel (right) of IS Insect Services GmbH, looked at a novel method to attract and trap the tick Ixodes ricinus, using CO2 , a variety of test compounds and entomopathogenic fungi.
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cussion. Although it may seem as though each Conference glides along effortlessly, it happens only through the careful planning, hard work, freely-given time, and attention to detail of each Organising Committee. Matt Davies and his team have done a great job over the last three years, putting this one together.” The various coffee and lunch breaks were taken within the Aston site, and the layout was such that there was little or no need to move around the campus during the days and there was maximising the opportunity for discussion and networking. As Clive also noted, “One aspect of ICUP that we have worked on over the years, is the opportunity for informal discussion. By keeping our delegates together under one roof, by providing generous coffee and lunch breaks, by ensuring time for questions after each presentation, and the workshops themselves, we aim to stimulate an inclusive dialogue that will last beyond the conference itself. Science works best through communication and cooperation.”
July/August 2017
There were ample opportunities for engagement with the audience, many of whom were attending as speakers in their own right.
“For those who have not yet attended ICUP and therefore don’t have copies of the Proceedings, all the presentations from all the previous conferences are available on-line (www. icup.org.uk), with the 2017 papers being uploaded soon. This is now one of the largest accessible collections of urban pest science papers, anywhere. In 2020, we are looking forward to seeing everyone at the 10th ICUP in Spain. Doubtless the world will have changed in many ways by then, but the urban pests stay with us In his closing remarks, Matthew Davies, said “The 2017 Organising Committee would like to thank all participants, for their outstanding support and contributions to the Conference. The collective efforts of all involved have contributed greatly to the legacy of the International Conference on Urban Pests. All that remains is to say, ‘see you in 2020’ and we wish the new Organising Committee the greatest of successes in developing the event for the future.” Spain has been chosen to be the host country for the next ICUP. Although the final venue has not yet been chosen, the next event is likely to be an equally busy and active event. For more information see www.icup.org.uk.
July/August 2017
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focus on public health
Tackling Blackfly (Simulium spp) in Cameroon Pierre Nkot Baleguel*, Pierre Didier Baleguel*, Jane Nchangnwi Che** and Graham Matthews***
Fig 1. The larval stage of Blackfly, Simulium damnosum ,lives in oxygenated water in rivers, so occurs where there are natural waterfalls, but with large hydroelectric dams being constructed, a vast increase in blackfly populations has been noted due to flow of turbulent water from the dams.
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he main effort to control river blindness (Onchocerciasis) in Africa in recent years has been by mass drug distribution. Merck made available Mectizan (ivermectin) to con-
trol the Onchocerca volvulus filarial worm by taking one tablet annually. In most places, this has increased to two tablets, but now there is evidence of sub-optimal response to the drug. This
Fig 2 Blackfly data from Cameroon, using sticky traps at two sites at each of 6 locations, showing fly numbers in the treated area and further upstream as an untreated control. On some dates insecticide was not available for treatment, as indicated by numbers >50. In untreated areas, water-flow affected some counts. Sticky trap data Blackflies per day/trap
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may be partly due the parasitic worm becoming resistant to the drug, but also reinfection as the effect of the drug decreases. This has renewed interest in controlling the insect vector of the disease, the blackfly Simulium damnosum. The larval stage lives in oxygenated water in rivers, so occurs where there are natural waterfalls, but with large hydroelectric dams being constructed, a vast increase in blackfly populations has been noted due to flow of turbulent water from the dams (Fig 1). So far, efforts to control the larvae have involved putting an insecticide, temephos or permethrin, into the sections of the river with turbulent water. In smaller rivers, the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis isrealensis can be used. In Cameroon in recent years, the programme has been to apply 3 weekly treatments from a boat (Baleguel et al., 2011), at 7 points along part of the Sanaga river and repeating the cycle according to data on black fly adults detected on sticky traps (Fig 2), located at certain positions downstream of treated areas. However, this technique is only effective for a limited time, so the treatments have to be repeated. *The Yaounde Initiative Foundation, PO Box 3878, Messa, Yaounde, Cameroon **London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine & Yaounde ***IPARC, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, UK
July/August 2017
Fig 3. The flow of water along certain sections of the river could be improved by a series of small weirs to keep the water level above rocks and other obstructions that create the white water.
In the drier savannah parts of Africa, the insecticides were applied using aircraft for about 20 years in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP). The aim to eliminate the disease was largely successful, especially as mass drug distribution was possible towards the end of the project. However, there are signs of a recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the OCP area, possibly due to infected blackflies re-entering the area, or from people migrating into the area. A meeting was held in Cameroon recently to set up a survey to obtain the current situation regarding onchocerciasis in all parts of the country. However, a new strategy to control black flies below a nuisance threshold is needed. This will certainly use an integrated approach and the involvement of the local population for sustainability. What is the alternative? It has been suggested that the flow of water along certain sections of the river could be improved by a series of small weirs to keep the water level above rocks and other obstructions (Fig 3) that create the white water. Although it would involve a large investment, it would also provide water for some small irrigation schemes along the river. The biggest challenge will be to overcome the problem at the large dams. These may require continued chemical treatment, unless an alternative means of controlling the adult flies, such as attractant traps or insecticide treated screens can be devised. Reference Baleguel, N.P., Ghogomu, T.R. and Baleguel, P.D. (2011). Spraying from a boat to control Simulium larvae alongthe Sanaga river, Cameroon.International Pest Control. 53 144-6.
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focus on agriculture
Arable production: science and compliance – preparing for an uncertain future Graham Matthews*
Stephen Howe, (Deputy Chairman BCPC Board of Trustees), oversees the morning session question and answers with Guy Horsington (DEFRA Head of Future Farming Policy obscured), Will Gemmill (Head of Farming, Strutt & Parker), Guy Smith (NFU Vice President) and Cecilia Pryce (Head of Research, Openfield).
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he British Crop Production Council (BCPC) and the Voluntary Initiative jointly held a one-day conference at The Farmers’ Club London attended by 63 delegates on 10th July to give consideration of the practical considerations and possible solutions for the UK farming community, to help it start preparing for life outside the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Presenting to a full-house, the speakers in the morning session – Will Gemmill (Head of Farming, Strutt & Parker), Guy Horsington (DEFRA Head of Future Farming Policy), Guy Smith (NFU Vice President) and Cecilia Pryce (Head of Research, Openfield) - covered some of the problems likely to be facing farmers. There is a need to plan for change now, even though the Brexit discussions have hardly started and politics within the UK has not settled after the second election. In the Queen’s Speech there were two new bills – one on agriculture (the first Agriculture bill since 1947) and another on fisheries - but progress on defining the impact, with the current uncertainty in Parliament, may take a long time to complete.
*IPARC, Imperial College, Silwood Park.
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There was a consensus that farmers will get fewer subsidies and these will be directed at environmental improvement and rural development rather than area payments, which are considered to provide undue benefits for arable farmers and large landowners. A big challenge for UK agriculture was illustrated by the increased costs of the UK abiding by high animal welfare standards; production of pig meat has declined and been offset by imports from countries that are not necessarily maintaining the same standards. In the UK, the cost of producing wheat varies considerably among farmers, with few keeping costs below £125 per tonne, while about 20% had costs over £175 per tonne. The key question is - how can farmers get production costs down with skilled labour costs higher than in other countries?? Can costs be reduced by using new technology and data? Currently 80% of the regulations affecting agriculture come from the EU, but it will take time to sort out what changes can be made after Brexit and there are unlikely to be major beneficial changes soon, even though there is political will to return to a scientific risk analysis of using plant protection products rather than the precautionary principle. There will be logistical problems
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with increased exports of cereals to other continents, which will require much larger tankers, taking greater quantities of cereals in one shipment, yet these will be required to offset reduced exports to the EU and imports of the wheat, required for bread in the UK. In the afternoon, Jim Orson (NIAB, BCPC Board of Management, and VI director) began by showing how wheat yields had benefitted first by the arrival of herbicides to control broad leaved weeds, then by the introduction of short-strawed varieties, with higher yield. The application of fungicides also improved yields – but these have now plateaued out. He gave an account of how a farmer changed to a sevenyear crop rotation, namely winter barley; winter oil seed rape, winter wheat, sugar beet, winter wheat, spring barley/ spring beans and winter wheat. This was accompanied by shallower cultivation and only using glyphosate four times in 7 years. Using the rotation, there was less flea beetle attack on oilseed rape; the soil benefitted by having a longterm plan improving the biomass in the soil; and farmers were getting more interested in brassica cover crops. Northants farmer, Andrew Pitts, also commented that the Government, stimulated by the environmental NGOs, wants an increase in environmental
Jim Orson (NIAB, BCPC Board of Management, and VI director) during his presentation in the afternoon on improving crop yields and crop rotations.
July/August 2017
management and will reduce area payments, and farmers need to look hard now at their costs of production. He demonstrated how, by using yield and soil maps, it was possible to sort out which parts of a farm were most profitable. By cutting out the worst 10% performing areas of fields, and using them to create wild flower meadows, to attract pollinators and natural enemies of insect pests, it was possible to increase an overall return of £126 to £565. Increase this, to remove the worst 20% poor yielding areas and the income rose to £992. He commented
on the need to work together on a landscape scale to achieve sustainable integrated management plans for a living environment. This theme was followed up by Chris Musgrave (Managing Director of Musgrave Management Systems) with his presentation - Profitable Farming with Care for the Environment by Embracing Change. With farmers working together, much more can be achieved than as individuals. He gave examples where farmers have grouped together; the Marlborough Downs Nature Enhancement Farming Ltd. was
the one farmer-led proposal to Defra which was chosen out of a short list of 12 projects to enhance our environment. One outcome has been stringing a necklace of ponds on a ribbon of wildflowerrich habitat, linking them to one another and to grassland and woodland wildlife sites. See www.spacefornature.net. He ended with a quote from Socrates — ‘The secret of change is to focus all your energy, not fighting the old, but on building the new.’ A new generation of farmers will need to be supported, starting now, to succeed in this time of unprecedented change.
Scientific paper on bees, gets publicity in UK and USA Graham Matthews*
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cientists at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, together with colleagues in Hungary and Germany, have published in Science a paper, entitled “Country-specific effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on honey bees and wild bees”. Interestingly, this was featured as part on the BBC’s Countryfile programme on 2nd July, as there is clearly considerable interest in the arguments in favour or against a ban on neonicotinoid insecticides. The paper considered data from large field experiments, to assess the effects of neonicotinoid-treated crops on three bee species across three countries (Hungary, Germany and the United Kingdom). Winter-sown oilseed rape was grown commercially, with either seed coatings containing neonicotinoids (clothianidin or thiamethoxam) or no seed treatment (control). Their main finding pointed to neonicotinoids causing a reduced capacity of bee species to establish new populations in the year following exposure. BBC Countryfile’s Tom Heap referred to the battle between intensive farming and wildlife and asked the question ‘Do neonics harm bees?’ The answer seemed to be that the aggregated data suggested there could be a steep decline in bee populations over time. The results are a snapshot in one season. In Germany, the bees did well while the oilseed rape was in flower but that may have been due *IPARC, Imperial College, Silwood Park.
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to bees feeding elsewhere! Later in the programme, a farmer, Guy Smith, who could not grow oilseed rape without a neonicotinoid insecticide, due to extensive damage from cabbage stem weevils, had planted sugar beet instead and was increasing his area of wild flowers to help the bees. The American Council on Science and Health¹ commenting on the Science paper on 30th June, pointed out that there ‘were 258 data points, nine of which were negative, seven were positive and four were inconclusive. So 238 of 258 showed no effect. By my count, over 90% of the hives had no detectable levels of the neonicotinoid insecticides’. They also pointed out that the UK bees had weaker hives and more Varroa mites, so they were far more likely to have greater losses regardless of any agricultural pesticide. Their concern was with the environmental Twittersphere already abuzz, saying that they have a smoking gun for neonicotinoids and bee health. Just the opposite of what an impartial analysis would find. Bayer’s representative on the TV programme said there was a vast amount of data from the experiment and it would take time to sort out. Clearly there is a complex problem to be solved but it should be scientists that unravel the conflicting views. The agro-ecosystem is far too complex for politicians to judge the situation. The seed treatment, used sensibly without dust escaping into the environment, undoubtedly
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helps bees, in contrast to sprays that may drift downwind and affect bees outside a treated crop. Bees can suffer a drastic drop in populations due to extreme cold winters and still recover the following year. Rather than a ban, maybe there should be a rationing system so that neonicotinoids are reserved for crops most exposed to severe losses due to insects. If there was a rationing system within a region, it would also reduce the selection pressure for resistance. Undoubtedly bees, even with lots of nectar and pollen, like to also visit other flowers. According to Stanley and Stout (2014) in a study on oil seed rape commented that more than half the insects also carried pollen from wild plants as well as from the crop. Perhaps with larger areas of a farm with wild flowers bees will relish a varied diet instead of vast areas of oil seed rape! References Stanley D. A. and Stout, J. C. (2014) Pollinator sharing between mass-flowering oilseed rape and co-flowering wild plants: implications for wild plant pollination. Plant Ecology 215, 315-25. B. A. Woodcock, B.A., Bullock, J. M. Shore, R. F., Heard, M. S. Pereira, M. G., Redhead, J., Ridding, L. Dean, H., Sleep, D., Henrys, P., Peyton, J. Hulmes, S., Hulmes, L. Sárospataki, M., Saure, C., Edwards, M., Genersch, E., Knäbe, S. Pywell, R. F. (2017) Country-specific effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on honey bees and wild bees. Science 356, 1393–1395. ¹Text taken from an ACSH email sent out on 30th June 2017.
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Fall Armyworms on march across Africa
A woman holds an Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) she found feeding on her maize crop at a Farm near Harare, Zimbabwe. They can fly long distances.
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all Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), FAW, is an insect pest that feeds on more than 80 crop species, causing damage to economically important cultivated cereals such as maize, rice, sorghum, and also to legumes, as well as vegetable crops and cotton. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, with the adult moth able to move over 100 km per night. It lays its eggs on plants, from which larvae hatch and begin feeding. High infestations can lead to significant yield loss. Farmers in the Americas have been managing the pest for many years, but at significant cost. Map of areas affected by Fall Armyworms. FAo Briefing Note on FAW Source FAO briefing note on Fall Armyworm of areas affected by Fall Armyworms (as of 15 June 2017) in AfricaMap (30th June 2017).
Detected and officially reported Detected awaiting official reporting
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FAo Briefing Note on FAW Date: 30 June 2017 Email: Food-Chain-Crisis@fao.org Web site: http://www.fao.org/food-chain-crisis/howwe-work/plant-protection/fall-armyworm/en/
FAW was first detected in Central and Western Africa in early 2016 (Sao Tome and Principe, Nigeria, Benin and Togo) and in late 2016 and 2017 in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and it is expected to move further. Although it is too early to know the long-term impact of FAW on agricultural production and food security in Africa, it has the potential to cause serious damage and yield losses. FAW’s presence in Africa is irreversible. Largescale eradication efforts are neither appropriate nor feasible. Gathering and analysing experiences and best practices from the Americas will help design and test a sustainable FAW management program for smallholders in Africa. Joseph Huesing who works as an advisor to the United States Agency for International Development, or USAID, suspects the Fall Armyworms were transported to Africa from the American state of Florida or islands in the Caribbean. He says the insects are attacking maize crops in African countries south of the Sahara Desert. The Fall Armyworms were given their name from fall, or autumn, the time of year when they do the most
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damage in the northern United States. The first published report describing their presence in Africa appeared in early 2016. It suggested the insects had already been there for a year. For several reasons, the fall armyworms may pose more problems for farmers than the African Armyworm, which is native to Africa. Fall Armyworms can reproduce continuously under warm, moist conditions. As adults, fall armyworms can fly up to 100 kilometres a day if pushed by winds. Some armyworms have found a ride on modern aircraft. For this reason, communication is especially important. Ethiopia’s Plant Protection Directorate reported that as of July 10, fall armyworms have infested more than 440,000 hectares of crops. It said that about 305,000 hectares had been protected. Traditional agrochemical treatments may be less effective with the new invaders than with the African armyworms. The fall armyworm enters the plant and feeds from inside, making the insect harder to recognize and harder to kill. The species is defenceless in cold weather, but freezing conditions are rare in much of Africa. FAO is currently supporting the design and testing of a sustainable pest management program for smallholders in Africa. First steps are to look at experiences of farmers and researchers from the Americas. Then, the best recommended practices will be tried and adapted in the field via Farmers’ Field Schools. The best recommendations will then be communicated and shared with farmers, farmers’ organizations and governments across Africa. A recent USAID report noted that Brazil spends an estimated $600 million each year to control the insects. One control measure experts are taking is to more carefully inspect food arriving at African airports. The Fall Armyworms may have arrived on the continent through a food shipment from overseas. The Fall Armyworm is not causing a crisis yet but no one is taking the situation lightly. For more information see http://www. fao.org/food-chain-crisis/how-we-work/ plant-protection/fall-armyworm/en/
May/June 2017
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focus on HORTICULTURE and amenity
Vineyard biosecurity project looks to next stage after trial
Vinehealth Australia’s Suzanne McLoughlin worked with 31 vigneron during the Boundary Rider trial. Image credit: James Elsby.
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inding a balance between maximizing the biosecurity benefit and the ease of use for grape growers and wine producers will play a key role in determining the future of software to help keep pests and diseases out of vineyards. A six-month trial of a vineyard visitor management app in South Australia has ended with relevant agencies expected to soon decide on its future. The Vinehealth Australia pilot project, known as Project Boundary Rider, involved virtual fences surrounding 130 separate land parcels managed by 31 viticulture businesses in Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale from December to June. GPS technology was used to detect the movement of each person carrying a smartphone with location services enabled. A purpose-built app called BRider then logged movement of the individual in or out of each geofence. The visitor movements were collated into an electronic visitor book for each geofence, providing the visitor name, date of visit, timestamp and visit duration. The total number of boundary crosses for the pilot was 8,388. There were no significant biosecurity threats reported during the trial, which included the busy vintage period from February to April. The trial has 234
attracted inquiries from as far afield as the United States and Spain. Canadian technology company Be Seen Be Safe provided the geofencing software for the trial, which was adapted from the poultry industry in Ontario. Participating growers included Chapel Hill Winery, Charles Melton Wines, D’Arenberg, Dorrien Winemaking, Gemtree Wines, Henschke Cellars, Noon Winery, Scholz Estate, St Hallett Wines, Torbreck Vintners, Wirra Vineyards and Wright Vineyard Trust. Vinehealth Australia Technical Manager Suzanne McLoughlin, who managed the pilot project, said teething problems included significant battery draw on mobile devices and inaccurate fence mapping. She said finding a balance between a user-friendly system while still providing enough detail to be a valuable biosecurity tool was crucial. “If you are going to use it for biosecurity you really want as many people involved as possible,” McLoughlin said. “We really need to decide now with industry what the best way to go is … we’re at the point of deciding what the value proposition should be and how do we make it simple.” Vinehealth Australia is preparing a report on the trial for participants, Be Seen Be Safe and Primary Industries and Regions www.international-pest-control.com
South Australia (PIRSA), which funded the trial. PIRSA will then decide whether further funding for the project is warranted. However, it is likely that additional industry or government organisations would need to invest in the project if it was to be rolled out more broadly. South Australia produced 51% of the Australia’s crush in 2016 and about 75% of Australia’s premium wine from some of the oldest vines in the world. Biosecurity is of particular importance to the South Australian wine industry because it is phylloxera free. The movement of people and vehicles is a key biosecurity risk for vines, as pests and diseases such as phylloxera can be spread on footwear and tyres. McLoughlin said the greater the take up of the app by vignerons, if and when it was rolled out again, the greater the benefit. ‘If you are going to look at it from a holistic biosecurity perspective then you really want it to be all in for it to be as effective as possible,’ she said. ‘We definitely see the value in it we just need to consider the whole package now and work out what would be the best system to go with if we were to launch it going forward. Realistically it could be used anywhere, even in states where they do have phylloxera they could potentially quarantine around infected zones and risk zones for example and communicate messages to people who are crossing those boundaries.’ Vinehealth Australia CEO Inca Pearce said geofencing was a powerful tool to help growers and the broader industry respond to pest and disease incidents and prevent further spread. ‘Phylloxera doesn’t respect vineyard boundaries or state borders. We must ensure our biosecurity is rigorous and we must be looking at new technology to support vineyard owners in their efforts’ she said. ‘The biosecurity landscape is constantly evolving, with trends in trade, tourism, climate change and business ownership increasing the extent and nature of biosecurity risks.’ Source: This is a Creative Commons story from ‘The Lead’ news service in South Australia.
May/June 2017
focus on Forestry & Plantations
Which way for western hemlock as a commercial softwood species Terry Mabbett*
A large area of Wwestern Hemlock, (planted in 1960’s) being clear felled in the Surrey Hills (south of London in England) in February 2017. (Picture Dr Terry Mabbett)
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estern Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is one of several New World conifers native to the Pacific Northwest region of the USA and Canada and on which commercial forestry in the United Kingdom (UK) may well come to rely on in the future. However, any future for Western Hemlock in UK commercial forestry is at risk following the arrival and rapid spread of Phytophthora ramorum, a fungus-like pathogen which has already destroyed Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi) as a commercial softwood timber tree in the UK. P. ramorum is a generalist pathogen possessing a very broad host range. The pathogen and symptoms of disease has so far been identified on at least 130 host plant species across 75 genera in 40 different plant families. UK Forestry Commission (FC) records Western Hemlock as susceptible to infection by P. ramorum. The tree is a known natural host and also a laboratory host with bark and leaves/ shoots showing moderate and low susceptibility, respectively, to P. ramorum. Foresters are advised to exercise caution when using Western Hemlock planting material to re-stock felled *Director, Dr Terry Mabbet Consultants. Email: drterrymabbett@btinternet.com
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of Western Hemlock in part due to the gaps left by Japanese Larch. ‘However, Western Hemlock is like marmite’ says owner David Gwillam. ‘Some foresters love it while others simply do not know what to do with the tree and therefore avoid the species’, says David. He says that in contrast to the tree’s ability to freely regenerate in forest plantations, the species is quite difficult to germinate in nursey seedbeds. It is tempting to think that because P. ramorum has been present in the UK for at least 15 years then if Western Hemlock was susceptible to P. ramorum it would have succumbed to the pathogen and disease by now. However, it took eight long years from the very first identification of the pathogen and disease on Viburnum in the horticultural sector during 2002 to finding the first infections on Japanese Larch in western England in 2010.
Japanese Larch stands that that were affected by P. ramorum. Should that advice be heeded to the point of not planting Western H e m l o c k ? Perhaps not because the generalist p a t h o g e n potential and wide host range of P. ramorum means that virtually anything i n c l u d i n g Eucalyptus could eventually prove susceptible if planted. A number of native Australian plants including Eucalyptus regnans have Aug 11-12, 2017 recently tested as highly Gold Coast, Australia susceptible to Phytophthora ramorum. Prees Heath Forest Nurseries in Shropshire, BOOK NOW AT England reports RAPIDSOLUTIONS.COM.AU increased sales
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focus on Forestry & Plantations
London’s largest open space under siege from OPM Terry Mabbett*
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pping Forest, which is London’s largest open space covering 2400 hectares and representing some of England’s most iconic Ancient Woodland has been hit by Oak Processionary Moth – OPM (Thaumetopoea processionea). Following the finding of old OPM nests on Epping Forest’s north-western edge in the County of Essex during the 2016/2017 winter survey, Forestry Commission (FC) inspectors, working alongside Epping Forest Officers from City of London Corporation, identified active OPM nests during June 2017, in woodland in the southernmost part of Epping Forest. City of London Corporation said nests and surrounding oak trees within a 50 metre radius were sprayed on 8th June 2017 ‘with a natural pesticide that will control any caterpillar larvae that may be present.’ They were referring to Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) an entomopathogenic bacterium
*Director, Dr Terry Mabbet Consultants. Email: drterrymabbett@btinternet.com
which is used as a commercial biological insecticide. Btk acts specifically against larvae of lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) but cannot control OPM larvae much beyond the L2 (second instar) stage because the gut wall becomes too strong for the bacterial toxin to penetrate. The newly discovered OPM nest are unlikely to have originated from the main west London outbreak discovered in 2006 but more likely to have been linked to a later East London outbreak originating in the London Borough of Newham. This was discovered in 2014 having originated on egg-infested oak trees sourced from Europe and planted at the Olympic Park in Stratford (2013). The outbreak is now well established, having moved into the neighbouring London Boroughs of Waltham Forest, Hackney, Tower Hamlets and Redbridge. The new infestation crystallises why efforts have so far failed to eradicate or even contain OPM despite an operational budget spending of £1.2 million¹ for 2016/17 (Oak Processionary Moth Programme: Operational Report
2016. January 2017. FC/Defra) Reasons why OPM containment has failed are: • There has been too much reliance on Btk which is inappropriate for the control of OPM larvae much beyond the L2 stage. First record of hatching OPM larvae during spring 2017 was 31st March at Richmond in south west London. This means the OPM larvae sprayed with Btk on 8th June were almost certainly way past the L2 stage and therefore beyond the control capabilities of the biocontrol agent. • New and separate OPM outbreaks like that at the Olympic Park continue to be found, despite EU plant passports accompanying all imported oak tree planting material imports since March 2008 and UK inspection of oak tree planting material imports from EU by APHA (Animal and Plant Health Authority) since January 2013. ¹Excludes spending by private landowners and stakeholders.
Calling all poster authors •• Have you written a poster for a conference, seminar or exhibition? •• Do you wonder where they all go to? •• So do we! Following the success of our PestEx poster competition, International Pest Control magazine has created a web space to host all the posters that were on show. Not just the winning entries. Rather than stop there, however, we have opened up the facility for all posters to be available long after they have fulfilled their initial brief at their specific meeting or event. We ask only that the subject be related to pest control and pest management. If you have a suitable poster, we invite you to submit a 300 word abstract and the poster file to posters@international-pest-control.com The abstract should be in Word format and posters as PDF format. The archive will be open to all – no subscription necessary. As the archive develops, we will include a search function for easy retrieval.
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International Pest Control Special Features 2017 Jan/Feb 59(1)
Bird Management
A look at various avian pests and how different management both new and traditional approaches can help.
Mar/Apr 59(2)
Application Technology
Pesticides application is as important as the pesticide itself. We consider whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new and how to get the best from application equipment.
May/Jun 59(3)
Amenity & Facilities Pests
Urban and commercial spaces provide ideal environments for pests. In this double feature we look at pest management, inside and out.
Jul/Aug 59(4)
Vector Management
Bugs that bite are frequently in the news and those that transmit disease are the deadliest. We look at the latest research.
Sept/Oct 59(5)
Biocontrol
Adoption of biological pest control is rapidly growing. We look at what these agents have to offer and preview ABIM 2017.
Nov/Dec 59(6)
Invasive Pests
Pests now travel more freely with global trade and travel. We consider new threats that have appeared in recent years and management tools being applied to minimise their impact.
July/August 2017
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March/April 2017 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Volume 59 Number
2
The Rice Apple Snail
Rentokil in India
Disease management in cocoa
Spotlight on rodenticide use here to stay
Good practice for coloured sticky traps
Global push to stop Red Palm Weevil
Biological control of wasps Records fall at PestEx
March/April 2017
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SPECIAL FEATURE APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY Developments in soil fumigation Recent developments in application technology IPARC wins award Two world spraying records Electrostatic mist-blowers for mosquitoes What is a certified IRS compression sprayer? 65
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CALENDAR
International Pest Control calendar of events Please find below a list of key international events in the world of pest management. If you know of a exhibition or conference that is not listed here, please send information to editor@international-pest-control.com. It is sadly not possible to list all the events in the pest control world,
however we will aim to publicise as many as possible. If you have attended an event and believe the discussions might be of interest to our readers, we are also interested in receiving reports and photos that you are happy to share with our readership.
Date
Days
Event / Venue / Website
09-Jul-17
4
9th International Conference on Urban Pests (ICUP) / Birmingham, UK / http://www.icup2017.org.uk/
13-Jul-17
2
Biocontrols Africa 2017 / Cape Town, South Africa / http://www.agribusinessglobal.com/
16-Sep-17
3
Science Protecting Plant Health 2017 / Brisbane, Australia / http://sciplant2017.com.au/
20-Sep-17 3
FAOPMA 2017 - New Perspective of IPM in Urban and Public Health / Bangkok, Thailand / http://faopma-pest summit2017.com
28-Sep-17
2
Parasitec 2017 / Istabul, Turkey / http://turquie.parasitec.org/index.php/fr/
03-Oct-17
2
The BCPC Congress 2017 / Brighton, UK / www.bcpc.org/event_BCPC-Congress-2017_374.html
10-Oct-17
2
BPIA Sustainability Symposium / Orlando, Florida / http://bit.ly/2vI7RY2
12-Oct-17
1
Amenity Forum Conference / Burton-on-Trent, UK / www.amenityforum.co.uk/conference.html
23-Oct-17
3
Annual Biocontrol Industry Meeting (ABIM) / Basel, Switzerland / www.abim.ch/home-abim.html
24-Oct-17
4
PestWorld 2017 / Baltimore , USA / http://conference.npmapestworld.org/
05-Nov-17
4
Entomology 2017: Ignite. Inspire. Innovate /Denver, Colorado, USA / http://entsoc.org/events/annual-meeting
15-Nov-17
1
PestTech 2017 / Coventry, UK / www.npta.org.uk/pesttech
22-Nov-17
3
FAOPMA-Pest Summit 2017/ Chiang Mai, Thailand / www.faopma.com
22-Nov-17 2
Ag Formulation and Technology Congress and R&D of Agri Products Congress / Amsterdam, Netherlands / www.agformtechnology.com www.agriproduct-rd.com
03-Dec-17 4
3rd International Conference on Global Food Security/Cape Town, South Africa / http://www.globalfoodsecurity conference.com/
24-Jan-18
Pest Protect / Bremen, Germany / http://www.pest-protect.eu/
2
14-Mar-18 1
PPCLive2018 / Three Counties Showground, Worcestershire, UK/ http://www.bpca.org.uk/pages/index.cfm?page_ id=314&ppc_live_2014
03-Sep-18 5
6th International Conf. on Rodent Biology & Management and 16th Rodens et Spatium/Potdam, Germany / https://rodents2018.org/
International Pest Control intends to be at the following events, we hope to see you there. zz BCPC Congress 2017, Brighton, UK, 03-04 Oct 2017
zz PestTech 2017, Coventry, UK 15 Nov 2017
zz ABIM 2017 Basel, Switzerland, 23-25 Oct 2017
zz FAOPMA 2017 Chiang Mai, Thailand 22-24 Nov 2017
zz PestWorld 2017, Baltimore, USA, 24-27 Oct 2017
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Germany
24th to 25th January 2018
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Join us and be part of our Trade Fair!
www.pest-protect.eu organized by German Pest Control Association - Deutscher Schädlingsbekämpfer-Verband e.V. (DSV)