SHARES OF THE WORLD’S INTERNATIONALLY MOBILE STUDENTS, 2012 THE UK IS THE SECOND MOST POPULAR DESTINATION IN THE WORLD FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
International Higher Education in
Facts and Figures OCTOBER 2015 Source: OECD (2014) Education at a Glance
1
CONTENTS
1
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT TRENDS
3
2
WHAT INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS WANT
8
3
TNE & OUTWARD MOBILITY
13
4
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH & COLLABORATION
19
5
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION
22 1
1 INTERNATIONAL STUDENT TRENDS
SHARES OF THE WORLD’S INTERNATIONALLY MOBILE STUDENTS, 2012 The UK is the second most popular destination in the world for international students
United States
16.4%
United Kingdom
12.6% Germany
6.3% France
6.0% Australia
5.5%
Canada
4.9%
Other OECD and non-OECD countries
48.4%
Source: OECD (2014) Education at a Glance, tertiary-level students
COUNTRY
2000
2012
CHANGE
United States
22.8%
16.4%
-6.4%
United Kingdom
10.7%
12.6%
1.9%
Germany
9.0%
6.3%
-2.6%
France
6.6%
6.0%
-0.6%
Australia
5.1%
5.5%
0.4%
Canada
4.5%
4.9%
0.4%
Russian Federation
2.0%
3.9%
1.9%
Japan
3.2%
3.3%
0.1%
Spain
2.0%
2.2%
0.2%
China
1.7%
2.0%
0.2%
Other OECD and non-OECD countries
32.6%
37.0%
4.4% 4
OVERSEAS STUDENTS BY REGION OF DESTINATION The number of international students globally has more than doubled since 2000 to 4.5 Million
YEAR
5M 4.5M
NUMBER OF FOREIGN STUDENTS
4M 3.5M 3M 2.5M 2M 1.5M 1M
2000
2012
UK
222,936
568,816
Europe (excl. UK)
712,943
1,592,058
North America
569,640
961,967
Asia
334,562
806,281
Oceania
118,646
330,886
Africa
100,031
196,568
Latin America & the Caribbean
28,945
71,468
0.5M 0K 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
UK
Europe (excl. UK)
North America
Oceania
Africa
Latin America & the Caribbean
Source: OECD (2014) Education at a Glance, tertiary-level students
Asia
5
TRENDS IN NON-EU STUDENT ENROLMENT The number of international students in the UK has risen by more than a third since 2004, but growth has slowed
NUMBER OF NON-EU STUDENTS ENROLLED IN THE UK
350K 300K 123,940
250K 200K
142,440
134,660
129,740
146,945
152,355
112,215 98,310
99,210
104,445
102,900
150K 100K
134,220
128,165 97,835
91,610
111,245
121,845
124,960
80,010
82,990
24,810
24,855
26,065
27,365
27,855
28,655
29,230
30,500
31,180
32,880
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
50K 0K
Undergraduate Source: HESA (2015) Students
Postgraduate Taught
Postgraduate Research 6
TOP 20 COUNTRIES OF STUDENT ORIGIN, 2013-14 More than one in five international students in the UK came from China in 2013-14
China India Nigeria Malaysia United States Hong Kong, China Germany France Ireland Greece Cyprus (EU) Italy Saudi Arabia Singapore Pakistan Spain Romania Bulgaria Canada Thailand Source: HESA (2015) Students
87,895 19,750 18,020 16,635 16,485 14,725 14,060 11,500 11,490 10,670 10,295 9,550 9,060 6,790 6,665 6,585 6,515 6,355 6,350 6,340 7
2 WHAT INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS WANT
STUDENT SATISFACTION AND THE COST OF STUDY IN THE UK Of the top four English speaking international student destinations, a UK undergraduate education is the most affordable
Overall satisfaction
Recommend
US $
91%
45K 40K 35K 30K 25K 20K 15K 10K 5K
42,093
Arrival
85%
39,229
Learning
90%
35,045
32,140
90%
87%
Annual cost of living 36,564
Support
Living
88%
Annual fees
Annual total
29,947
16,777 12,941
12,905
12,627
10,729
9,460 5,642
Australia Singapore United States
United Kingdom
Source: Above: International Student Barometer, I-graduate (2015) Below: HSBC
Hong Kong, China
Canada
France
Malaysia Indonesia
Brazil
China
Mexico
India 9
IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS International students choose the UK for the quality of its education
25%
RANK IN 2014 FACTOR
PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS
20%
15%
10%
5%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
1
Quality of education
2
Internationally recognised qualification
3
Career prospects
4
University reputation
5
Opportunity for employment while studying
6
Safety
7
Multicultural society
8
Opportunity to learn a new language
9
Country Reputation as being desirable
10
Low tuition fees
11
Low cost of living
12
Want to move overseas
13
Qualification recogised in my home country
14
Ease of obtaining a visa
15
Course duration
16
Friends/relatives there
17
Information available
— Quality of education
—U niversity reputation
—M ulticultural society
18
Simplicity of course application
— Internationally recognised qualification
—O pportunity for employment while studying
—O pportunity to learn a new language
19
Other
20
Expectation of parents
— Career prospects
— S afety
Source: Integration of international students: A UK perspective, British Council, 2014
10
EU & INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS BY CHOICE OF SUBJECT AREA IN 2013-14 The wide range of subjects international students study demonstrates the strength and diversity of the UK HE sector: from Business to Engineering, the Creative Arts and Social Sciences
% of all students in subject area 105,575 24,635
39,580 / 12,410 26,985 / 13,025 16,035 / 10,350 16,180 / 6,110 13,170 / 8,210 11,315 / 10,055 13,445 / 7,395 12,435 / 6,320 8,605 / 5,465 8,410 / 3,585 6,955 / 3,875 7,830 / 2,750 7,010 / 3,405 5,645 / 3,485 6,505 / 2,315 2,020 / 945 1,545 / 780 950 / 190 Source: HESA (2015) Students
EU
Non-EU
39% 33% 19% 16% 25% 8% 10% 18% 20% 15% 24% 22% 16% 6% 10% 21% 5% 13% 19% 11
NON-EU STUDENTS BY SUBJECT CHOICE & NATIONALITY
UK universities appeal to diverse interests: Nigerian and Malyasian students prefer STEM subjects; Business is popular with Chinese and Indian students; and US students have a flair for the Arts, Humanities and Socal Sciences 120,000
NUMBER OF STUDENTS ENROLLED
100,000
China
India
Nigeria
United States
80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 STEM (excl. clinical)
0
Business
STEM
Arts and Social Humanities Studies
Clinical
Malaysia
Clinical Social Studies Business
China
India
Source: HESA (2015) Students
Nigeria
US
Malaysia
Other non-EU
Arts & Humanities 12
3 TNE & OUTWARD MOBILITY
LOCATION OF TRANSNATIONAL EDUCATION STUDENTS, 2013-14 Hundreds of thousands of students study for UK qualifications outside the UK
North America 31,970
TOP 20 COUNTRIES OF ACTIVITY
Other Europe 18,910 EU 75,170
Asia 308,905
Africa 141,630
Oceania 3,390
Middle East 56,640
South America 2,235 Total number of TNE students in 2013-14 = 638,850
NON EU
84,905
478,775 52,930
22,240
Number of students
100K
EU
Undergraduate incl. FE
200K
300K
400K
Postgraduate
500K
600K
Number of students
Source: HESA (2015) Aggregate Offshore Record * Students registered at Oxford Brookes University accounted for over 40% of the total population of the Aggregate Offshore Record in 2013-14. The majority of these students were registered with an overseas partner on Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) programmes.
14
TRANSNATIONAL EDUCATION STUDENTS BY NUMBER, TYPE AND LEVEL OF PROVISION UK TNE student numbers have grown by 65% since 2008: the vast majority are studying for their first degree TRENDS IN TNE NUMBERS
700K
First degree | 514,475 | 81%
500K
PGT | 102,005 | 16%
300K
Other UG and FE | 17,235 | 3%
100K
PGR | 5,140 | 1%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 -09 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 REGISTERED WITH OVERSEAS PARTNER REGISTERED WITH UK UNIVERSITY/ DISTANCE/FLEXIBLE/BLENDED REGISTERED WITH UK UNIVERSITY/ OTHER ARRANGEMENTS REGISTERED WITH UK UNIVERSITY/ BRANCH CAMPUS OTHER
374,490 119,755 116,035 19,615 8,955
100K
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
200K
300K
400K
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
Other UG and FE Source: HESA (2015) Aggregate Offshore Record
First degree
PGT
PGR 15
ERASMUS MOBILITY TO AND FROM THE UK* The number of UK students studying and working abroad under Erasmus have doubled since 2006
TRENDS IN ERASMUS MOBILITY TO AND FROM THE UK
30K 25K 20K 15K 10K 5K 12K 10K 8K
16,508 7,235
2006-07
19,120
20,850
10,278
10,826
24,474
25,760
27,182
22,650 11,723
12,833
13,662
14,572
Incoming to the UK 15,566
Outgoing from the UK
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2013-14
2012-13
6,826 4,458 4,178 3,435 4,428 2,112
6K 4K 2K
2,296 1,001 1,621 637 913 361
630 358
656 283
650 244
807 82
643 228
497 284
582 186
617 95
454 194
297 228
338 142
256 143
272 58
221 43
l nce Spain rmany Italy rlands eden lgium nmark oland inland ustria public urkey reland erland rtuga orway reece ngary thers O P I T Fra A Re G Hu F N Sw Be De Po itz he Ge t w h e S c N Cze Source: European Commission, Erasmus Statistics (2013), British Council, Erasmus statistics (2014) *Please note 2013/14 data is not yet available on inward mobility to the UK.
Incoming to the UK
Outgoing from the UK 16
ERASMUS MOBILITY ACROSS ALL MEMBER STATES The number of students taking Erasmus work placements has almost tripled since 2007 TOTAL ERASMUS PARTICIPATION
300K 252,827
NUMBER OF STUDENTS
250K 200K
182,697
150K
162,695
213,266
198,523
177,705
168,193
231,408
204,744
268,143 212,522
190,495
100K 50K
Study placement 20,002
2007-08
30,330
35,561
40,913
48,083
55,621
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Work placements
MOST POPULAR HOST COUNTRIES IN 2012-13
SPAIN 40,202
GERMANY 30,368
Source: European Commission, Erasmus Statistics (2013)
FRANCE 29,293
UK 27,182
ITALY 19,964 17
NUMBERS OF NON-UK ACADEMIC STAFF The UK attracts top academics from across the globe: one in four academic staff in the UK comes from overseas ACADEMIC STAFF BY FUNCTION
Teaching & research
9,360
Research
12,740
8,310
4,145
Teaching
10,665
ACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT FUNCTION
% WITH NON-UK NATIONALITY
Teaching and research
23%
Research
42%
Teaching
19%
Neither teaching nor research
9%
Grand Total
26%
ALL ACADEMIC STAFF
5,725
22,140 Neither teaching nor research
29,225
95 (EU) 55 (Non-EU) 0K
2K
137,650 4K
6K
8K
10K
12K
14K
Number of academic staff EU Source: HESA (2015) Staff
Non-EU
Unknown domiciles have been excluded.
UK
European Union
Non-European Union 18
4 THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH & COLLABORATION
THE UK’S TOP 10 COLLABORATION PARTNERS, BY NUMBER OF CO-AUTHORED PAPERS The UK’s top collaborative partner country is the US and 13 out of the UK’s top 20 collaboration partners are EU member states
9
Canada
21,860
France
3
33,454
6
Netherlands
2
24,147
10 7
Spain
Germany
45,250
Switzerland
16,589
8
23,258
China
22,813
1
United States
89,579
4
Italy
27,789
Source: Elsevier and BIS (2013), International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base – 2008 to 2012
5
Australia
24,403 20
CITATION IMPACT FOR UK INTERNATIONALLY CO-AUTHORED ARTICLES WITH ITS TOP 20 COLLABORATION PARTNERS, 2008-12 Bubble size is proportional to the number of co-authored publications with this partner. Bubble colour represents the field weighted citation impact (adjusted citation per paper) of these collaborations, with dark shades representing the highest field weighted citation impact.
Rank ry
Count
rative Collaboations public I C FW
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
United States
Germany
France
Italy
Australia
Netherlands
Spain
China
Canada
Switzerland
Sweden
Japan
Belgium
Denmark
Ireland
Greece
Austria
Norway
Finland
Poland
89,579
45,250
33,454
27,789
24,403
24,147
23,258
22,813
21,860
16,589
14,131
12,657
11,840
9,313
8,608
7,714
7,092
7,026
6,919
6,610
2.75
2.75
2.88
2.77
2.73
3.16
2.70
2.00
3.25
3.34
3.14
2.51
3.34
3.46
2.28
2.33
3.28
3.01
3.09
3.04
UK international co-authorship is associated with 61% greater field-weighted citation impact compared to UK institutional co-authorship.
Source: Scopus data in Elsevier, report for BIS, “International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base
47.6% of UK authored published articles were co-authored with at least one non-UK researcher in 2012
21
QUALITY & IMPACT OF UK RESEARCH INTERNATIONALLY The UK has more articles per pound and per researcher than our major competitors
Global population
R&D expenditure
Researchers
0.9%
3.2%
4.1%
Source: Elsevier and BIS (2013), International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base – 2013
Research articles
Global citations
World’s most highly-cited articles
6.4% 11.2% 15.9% 22
QUALITY OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS OVER TIME The UK’s scientific research institutions are now ranked second in the world for quality
1 2 3
Switzerland United Kingdom
4
Israel United States
RANKING
5
Belgium
6
Netherlands Japan
7
Germany
8
Australia Finland
9
Canada Denmark
10
Sweden
2008-09
2009-10
Source: World Economic Forum (2014)
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
Qatar 23
5 THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION
TOP 10 COUNTRIES ON THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX (GII) The UK is second in the world on the GII, which measures innovation capabilities
RANKING
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
1
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
2
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
3
Singapore
Singapore
United Kingdom
Sweden
Sweden
4
Hong Kong, China
Finland
Netherlands
Finland
Netherlands
5
Finland
United Kingdom
United States
Netherlands
United States
6
Denmark
Netherlands
Finland
United States
Finland
7
United States
Denmark
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Singapore
8
Canada
Hong Kong, China
Singapore
Denmark
Ireland
9
Netherlands
Ireland
Denmark
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
10
United Kingdom
United States
Ireland
Hong Kong, China
Denmark
Source: The Global Innovation Index (2015), by Cornell University, INSEAD Business School & the World International Property Organisation (WIPO)
25
LEVELS OF EU FUNDING UNDER FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME 7 UK universities are by far the most succesful in winning EU research funding, receiving 45% more funding than any other country
Germany
¤2,690
United Kingdom
¤4,903
France
¤722
Italy
¤1,227
Netherlands
¤1,777
Spain
¤779
¤4,446
¤7,136
¤2,037 ¤4,421
¤6,940
¤5,143 ¤2,363
¤3,590
¤1,553
¤3,330 ¤3,256
¤2,477
¤2,000
¤4,000
¤6,000
¤8,000
FUNDING IN ¤ MILLION
Other organisations Source: European Commission (2013)
HEIs 26
RESEARCH INCOME FROM INTERNATIONAL SOURCES
UK universities have grown the research income leveraged from international sources by 44% since 2009: almost a quarter of UK universities’ research income is now earned from overseas 1,167,495
1,200K
1,067,600
1,000K INCOME £'000
800K
923,269 804,114
741,435
600K 400K 200K
2009-10
2010-11
Non-EU charities
Non-EU industry
EU industry
EU other
2011-12 Non-EU other
2012-13 EU government bodies
2013-14 EU charities
PERCENTAGE OF ALL RESEARCH GRANTS/CONTRACTS INCOME FROM INTERNATIONAL SOURCES 2009-10
17.1% Source: HESA (2015) Finance
2010-11
18.1%
2011-12
20.5%
2012-13
22.4%
2013-14
23.0% 27
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NON-UK STUDENTS Non-UK students generate nearly 11 billion for the UK economy, and all UK regions benefit Ulster University £62M £34M £27M
Queen’s University Belfast £61M £14M £48M
International revenues Student expenditure off-campus
Based on HESA data on England and Scotland from 2011-12, data on Northern Ireland from 2012-13, and data on Wales from 2013-14.
Scotland £837M North East £457M North West £848M Yorkshire & Humberside £802M West Midlands £802M East Midlands £638M East of England £836M London £2,500M South East £1,256M South West £558M Wales £576M
£577M £260M £244M £213M £461M £387M £422M £380M £394M £408M £345M £293M £467M £369M £1,300M £1,200M £707M £549M £288M £270M £273M £303M
Sources: Universities UK (2014) The impact of universities on the UK economy; Universities Scotland (2013) Grow, export, attract, support; Universities Wales (2015) The economic impact of higher education in Wales. Universities UK (2015) The economic impact of Queen’s University Belfast and Ulster University on the Northern Ireland economy
28
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