International Higher Education in Facts and Figures Autumn 2013
UK Higher Education International Unit International higher education in facts and figures covers the majority of the UK higher education sector.* The data are derived from a variety of sources; please see the notes to each table. *It excludes higher education at foreign and private higher education institutions operating in the UK and some higher education provided at further education colleges because comparable data are not available.
Further information can be obtained from: UK HE International Unit T: +44 (0) 20 7419 5405 www.international.ac.uk info@international.ac.uk #InternationalUt
Contents Largest source countries of students from outside the UK, by level of study, 2011-12
4
Top 20 countries of student origin by level of study, 2011-12
5
Trends in non-EU student enrolments by level of study, 2002-03 to 2011-12
UK HEI transnational education students by level of study, 2011-12 17
6
Year-on-year change in the number of first year students from Asia, 2011-12
Number of students participating in Erasmus in 2011-12 (top 10 countries)
18
7
Number of students participating in Erasmus, 2011-12 (top 10 countries)
19
Students from outside the UK as a percentage of all enrolments by subject area, 2011-12 8 Outwardly-mobile tertiary-level students by country of origin, 2009 and projection for 2020
9
Non-UK student enrolments by location of institution, 2011-12 10
UK HEI transnational education (TNE) students by location of study, 2011-12
16
Destinations of UK students participating in Erasmus, 2011-12 (study only) 20 Investment in higher education as a percentage of GDP, 2010
21
FP7 participation - total European Commission requested financial contribution to participants
22
11
Proportion of students within higher education systems that are from overseas, 2011
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, as a percentage of GDP, 2011 or latest year
23
12
Academic staff with non-UK nationality, 2011-12
24
Changing shares of the international student market, 2000 and 2011
13
University hotspots - geographical distribution of highest impact institutions, 2009
25
Foreign students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destinations, 2000 to 2011
14
World share of 25-34 year-olds with a tertiary degree across OECD and G20 countries, 2010 and 2020 projection
International comparative performance of the UK research base - Changes in key input and output indicators for the UK and key comparators - (world share)
26
15
University-industry collaboration in R&D, Executive Opinion Survey, top 15 countries
27
Contents
Acceptances via UCAS to full-time undergraduate courses by student country of origin, 2012
3
Largest source countries of students from outside the UK, by level of study, 2011-12 China India Nigeria United States
Level of Study
Germany
Undergraduate
Ireland Malaysia
Postgraduate Taught
France
Postgraduate Research
Greece Hong Kong, China Cyprus (EU) Saudi Arabia Pakistan Italy
Students: International
Poland
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
Number of students (nearest 1,000) Non-UK students: Level of study
Non-EU
EU (excl. UK)
TOTAL
Undergraduate
142,440
83,090
225,525
Postgraduate Taught
129,740
35,405
165,145
30,500
14,060
44,560
302,680
132,550
435,235
Postgraduate Research
4
50,000
Source: HESA (2013) Students
TOTAL
Top 20 countries of student origin by level of study, 2011-12 All levels of study China India
37,240
29,900
Nigeria United States Germany
17,620
6,500 6,605
Ireland
15,075
8,635
Malaysia
14,545 12,835
Hong Kong, China
11,335
5,160
8,250
Pakistan
8,820
3,330
7,770 4,770
465
2,180
600
2,900
8,010
3,625
2,365
6,295
4,420
1,195
Thailand
6,235
Canada
6,115
2,840
2,215
Spain
5,935
3,435
1,785
1,365
940 2,020 675
4,045
Romania
5,915
4,690
920
Bulgaria
5,705
4,805
760
100K 0K
2,190
4,550
Italy
50K
1,710
1,470
Poland
0K
915
4,940
20K
40K
0K
825 1,060 715 305 145 20K
40K
0K
2K
4K
Students: International
10,550
1,285 1,140
3,670
9,400
9,860
2,890 2,480
2,055
5,140
Cyprus (EU)
1,500
4,985
11,350
Saudi Arabia
1,630
9,620
8,515
11,790
4,415
20,140 6,835
15,985
France
Postgraduate (Research) 37,065
8,130
16,335
Greece
Postgraduate (Taught)
Undergraduate 78,715
Number of students
Source: HESA (2013) Students
5
Trends in non-EU student enrolments by level of study, 2002-03 to 2011-12 134,660
140K 128,165
120K
124,710 114,670
111,245
Students: International
Non-EU students enrolled
100K
6
103,540
91,610
77,495
80K 65,440
60K
129,740
75,350
80,010 79,415
97,835 92,620
82,990 82,025
Level of study First degree Other undergraduate Postgraduate taught Postgraduate research
86,750
83,300
65,840
40K 23,010
24,495
24,810
24,855
19,910
18,895
17,185
2003-04
2004-05
26,065
27,365
27,855
20K 19,485
19,600
17,695
19,590
28,655
29,230
20,400
19,550
30,500
17,730
0K 2002-03
2005-06
2006-07 Year
Source: HESA (2013) Students
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
Year-on-year change in the number of first year students from Asia, 2011-12
South Korea -3%
China +19% Pakistan -22%
Saudi Arabia -31%
India -32%
Source: HESA (2013) Students
Thailand +6%
Hong Kong +15%
Malaysia +8%
% change -32%
Bangladesh -8%
+19%
Sri Lanka -25%
Singapore +15%
Students: International
United Arab Emirates -1%
Taiwan -6%
7
Students from outside the UK as a percentage of all enrolments by subject area, 2011-12 Non-EU students
Subject area
Business & administrative studies
28%
Engineering & technology
8%
28,095
35.9%
38,740
13,035
32.0%
16%
6%
15,320
5,980
22.3%
Law
16%
7%
14,590
6,215
22.2%
7,365
4,050
19.6%
6,280
4,120
19.0%
5%
6,020
2,140
18.9%
3%
850
175
18.4%
25,560
13,235
17.4%
14,500
8,770
17.1%
7,740
2,860
15.6%
14,315
10,935
13.9%
7,940
5,085
13.7%
1,470
945
11.4%
13%
Mass communications & documentation
7%
11%
Mathematical sciences
8%
14%
Veterinary science
15%
Social studies
11%
Languages
11%
6%
Medicine & dentistry
11%
4%
6%
Creative arts & design
8%
6%
Physical sciences
8%
5%
Agriculture & related subjects
7%
Region EU Non-EU
4%
Biological sciences
5%
5%
10,220
9,350
9.8%
Historical & philosophical studies
6%
4%
5,490
3,760
9.3%
14,575
8,465
7.7%
4% 2%
7,385
4,340
5.8%
Combined 2% 1%
1,900
990
3.0%
Subjects allied to medicine Education
5% 3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Percentage of all students enrolled in subject area Â
8
102,410
Computer science Architecture, building & planning
Students: International
8%
24%
EU % of students who are students from outside the UK
Source: HESA (2013) Students
Outwardly-mobile tertiary-level students by country of origin, 2009 and projection for 2020
2009
2020
Malaysia 58
05
5 58 ina Ch
Sou
th
Ge
000s
Kor e
a1
rm
France 67
Source: British Council and Oxford Economics
an y1
27
4 y8 rke Tu 82 sia lay Ma 7 ria 6 Nige stan 67 Kazakh
2 y7 rke Tu 68 nce Fra n 67 khsta
Russia 62
Kaza
Ca na d Jap a 4 6 an Vie 47 tna m5 0 Italy 54 Moro cco 5 4 USA 55
a1
rm
000s
Kor e
on Ru esia ss 5 roc ia 53 0 Sau co di A rab 53 ia 54 Pakis tan 57 Vietnam 59 USA 63
th
an y1
00
34
Students: International
Sou
Ge
India 296
Iran 37 UK 38 il 41 Braz 41 ico 3 x e 4 M we 45 b a b al Zim Nep ly 45 8 Ita da 4 na Ca
Mo
India 211
Colu m Bela bia 3 rus 2 Uzbe kista 34 n 35 Hong Ko ng 35 Ukraine 36 Japan 36
Ind
Ch ina
56 8
ed ist rtl 472 ho r s ies he ntr Ot cou
ed ist rtl 403 ho r s ies he ntr Ot cou Me Rom xico ania 31 UK 31 Brazil 32 3 Nigeria 2 3 Saudi Arabia 4 34 Hong Kong 34 Greece 35 37 Pakistan 9 esia 3 Indon 39 n a ist k e 40 b Uz nd Pola an 44 Ir 44 us 45 lar Be aine r Uk
9
Non-UK student enrolments by location of institution, 2011-12 About Tableau maps: www.tableausoftware.com/mapdata
UK country of institution
Students: International
% of all students in region
Number of Non-EU students
% of all students in region
England
105,185
5%
251,980
12%
Scotland
17,475
8%
28,500
13%
Wales
6,020
5%
19,250
15%
Northern Ireland
3,875
7%
2,950
6%
English region of institution
Number of EU students
% of all students in region
Number of Non-EU students
% of all students in region
East
9,395
7%
23,340
17%
East Midlands
6,060
4%
19,890
12%
London
10
Number of EU students
North East
35,260
9%
67,720
17%
3,750
3%
15,105
13%
North West
9,320
4%
24,955
10%
South East*
16,690
7%
31,735
13%
South West
6,895
4%
17,015
10%
West Midlands
9,825
5%
26,320
13%
Yorkshire & the Humber
7,845
4%
25,810
12%
Source: HESA (2013) Students
In 2011-12, internationally-mobile students at UK HEIs paid ÂŁ3.9bn in tuition fees (net of scholarships) and ÂŁ6.3bn *Excludes Open University in living expenses.
China
Switzerland
South Korea
Sweden
Pakistan
Poland
Spain
Canada
Lithuania
Nigeria
Italy
Norway
USA
India
Greece
Bulgaria
Romania
Singapore
Germany
Ireland
France
Cyprus
Malaysia
-20%
-30%
Students: International
Source: UCAS
Hong Kong, China
% change on previous year
2012 acceptances
Acceptances via UCAS to full-time undergraduate courses by student country of origin, 2012 7K
6K
5K
4K
3K
2K
1K
20%
10%
-10% 0%
11
Proportion of students within higher education systems that are from overseas, 2011 UK
Australia 16.8%
Canada
Students: International
7.4%
Netherlands
12
Source: OECD (2013) Education at a Glance
4.9%
19.8%
New Zealand 15.6%
Switzerland 16.2%
USA
3.4%
Ireland
6.5%
Austria 14.7%
Source Overseas Domestic
Changing shares of the international student market, 2000 and 2011 24 22 Country United States United Kingdom Germany France Australia Canada Russian Federation Japan Spain China New Zealand Italy Austria
20
Market share (%)
18 16 14 12 10 8
2000 (%) 22.9 10.8 9.0 6.6 5.1 4.6 2.0 3.2 1.2 1.8 0.4 1.2 1.5
2011 (%) 16.5 13.0 6.3 6.2 6.1 4.7 4.0 3.5 2.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6
4 2 0
United States
United Germany Kingdom
France
Australia Canada
Source: OECD (2013) Education at a Glance
Russian Federation
Japan
Spain
China
New Zealand
Italy
Austria
Students: International
6
13
Foreign students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destinations, 2000 to 2011 Region Worldwide
2000
2011
2,071,963
4,265,579
Europe (incl UK)
920,140
2,033,082
North America
569,640
913,464
2,500,000
2,000,000
Asia
214,744
500,947
Oceania
118,646
343,298
Africa
99,117
176,990
Latin America & the Caribbean
31,058
78,760
4,000,000
Europe (incl UK) North America
Worldwide
Asia
3,500,000
Oceania Africa
Students: International
Number of students
3,000,000
14
Latin America & the Caribbean
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Source: OECD (2013) Education at a Glance
World share of 25-34 year-olds with a tertiary degree across OECD and G20 countries, 2010 and 2020 projection 2020 204 million 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education
2010 129 million 25-34 year-olds with tertiary education
Other 17% Other 20%
China 29%
China 18% Germany 2% UK 4%
Germany 2% Mexico 3%
USA 14%
France 3%
Mexico 3% France 2% Korea 3%
Korea 4% Indonesia 4% Japan 7%
India 11% Russian Federation 11%
Japan 4% Russian Federation 7%
Source: OECD (2012) Education Indicators in Focus
USA 11%
Indonesia 6%
India 12%
Students: International
UK 3%
15
UK HEI transnational education (TNE) students by location of study, 2011-12 Top 20 countries of activity Total number of TNE students in 2011-12 = 571,010
Europe 93,290
North America & Caribbean 31,070
Asia 319,535 Africa 121,960
Central & South America 2,420
Transnational Education
Undergraduates 53,380
Oceania 2,735
Postgraduates 22,980
421,230 Area
All TNE students, including FE 76,360
73,075 Non-European Union
494,650 European Union
Malaysia Singapore Pakistan China Hong Kong, China Nigeria Ghana Ireland Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates Oman Greece Kenya Egypt India Germany Mauritius Saudi Arabia Russian Federation Sri Lanka
66,920 51,770 39,080 38,275 30,100 24,000 17,225 15,715 13,565 13,460 13,275 12,335 10,940 10,125 9,845 9,615 9,550 9,230 9,100 8,770 0K
30K
60K
90K
Number of students
16
Source: HESA (2013) Aggregate Offshore Record
UK HEI transnational education students by level of study, 2011-12 Type of provision
Other undergraduate
Further education 345 0%
14,950 3%
459,655 80%
Postgraduate taught 92,220 16%
Students registered at Oxford Brookes University accounted for 44.1% of the total population of the Aggregate Offshore Record in 2011-12. The majority of these students were registered with an overseas partner on Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) programmes.
Source: HESA (2013) Aggregate Offshore Record
Overseas partner organisation
342,910
Distance, flexible or distributed learning
116,535
Other arrangement, including collaborative provision
96,075
Overseas campus of reporting HEI
15,145
Other arrangement
345
Transnational Education
Postgraduate research 3,840 1%
First degree
Number of students
17
Students: Erasmus
Number of students participating in Erasmus in 2011-12 (top 10 countries)
18
Work placements
Total
Change over three years
Country of origin
Studies
All participating countries
204,744
48,083
252,827
27%
Spain
34,103
5,442
39,545
44%
Germany
27,593
5,770
33,363
20%
France
25,924
7,345
33,269
18%
Italy
20,404
2,973
23,377
21%
Poland
12,106
3,209
15,315
14%
Turkey
10,268
1,558
11,826
52%
UK
9,094
4,568
13,662
26%
Netherlands
6,449
2,861
9,310
33%
Belgium
5,807
1,284
7,091
19%
Czech Republic
6,059
945
7,004
16%
Source: European Commission, Erasmus Statistics
Number of students participating in Erasmus, 2011-12 (top 10 countries) Ratio of outward to inward students
Spain Germany
Spain 1.01
France
Germany 1.20
Italy
France 1.15
Poland
Italy 1.16
Turkey Poland 1.71
UK Activity
Netherlands
Turkey 2.24
Incoming - WORK PLACEMENT
UK 0.53
Incoming - STUDY Outgoing - STUDY Outgoing - WORK PLACEMENT
Czech Republic 40K
30K
20K
10K
0K
10K
20K
Total number of students (to nearest 1,000)
Source: European Commission, Erasmus Statistics
30K
40K
Netherlands 0.94 Belgium 0.83 Czech Republic 1.20
Students: Erasmus
Belgium
19
Students: Erasmus
Destinations of UK students participating in Erasmus, 2011-12 (study only)
20
Source: British Council
Country France Spain Germany Italy Netherlands Sweden Finland Denmark Austria Belgium Czech Republic Switzerland Portugal Norway Turkey Poland Malta Hungary Cyprus Ireland Iceland Estonia Greece Romania Slovenia Lithuania Slovakia Bulgaria Croatia Latvia Luxembourg Liechtenstein
Students 2,520 2,144 1,183 787 472 309 227 220 171 169 159 114 107 101 66 63 52 42 39 29 29 26 25 11 10 8 5 3 2 1 1 0
Change over three years 323 385 191 117 111 33 15 48 50 34 30 114 16 11 38 0 32 20 28 -3 7 9 -24 -4 0 7 -9 -6 2 -3 -1 -1
Investment in higher education as a percentage of GDP, 2010 2.8 Investment
2.6
Private investment Public investment
2.4 2.2
Percentage of GDP
2.0
OECD average =1.65%
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6
0.2
Italy
Slovak Republic
Iceland
Czech Republic
Spain
Slovenia
Mexico
United Kingdom
Poland
Portugal
Argentina*
Japan
France
Austria
Ireland
New Zealand
Estonia
Russian Federation*
Israel
Australia
Norway
Sweden
Netherlands
Denmark
Chile
Finland
Korea
Canada
United States
0.0
*Countries that are non-OECD and so do not form part of the OECD average
Source: OECD (2013) Education at a Glance
Finance: GDP investment
0.4
21
FP7 participation - total European Commission requested financial contribution to participants*
Germany United Kingdom France Italy
HEIs Other organisations
Spain
Finance: FP7 Participation
Netherlands
22
Switzerland Belgium Sweden 0
2,000
4,000
Total EC financial contribution (â‚Źm) *Funding received/to be received from the EU
Source: European Commission
6,000
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D, as a percentage of GDP, 2011 or latest year
4.38
2.78
3.37
Israel
Sweden
4.03
3.11
Austria**
2.77
Iceland*
United States
3.78
3.09
2.24
Finland
Denmark
France
3.39
2.88
2.23
Japan
Germany
* Iceland figures from 2009
Singapore
Australia***
Canada
Belgium
1.85
Czech Republic
China
**Austria figures from 2012
Source: OECD (2013) Main Science and Technology Indicators
1.74
2.04
1.84
United Kingdom
1.30
New Zealand
1.25
Italy
1.70
1.09
Ireland
Russian Federation
1.33
Spain
0.86
Turkey
Finance: R&D
Korea
1.77
2.20
***Australia figures from 2010
23
Academic staff with non-UK nationality, 2011-12 40%
4,805
40% 35%
Staff: International
Number of academic staff
20K
24
30%
3,775 15K
25%
8,660 7,455
21% 20%
10K
5K
20% 15% 10%
10,745 8,670
8%
5% 0K
25
35
EU
Non-EU
Source: HESA (2013) Staff
0% Percentage of staff with non-UK nationality
Percentage of all HEI staff with non-UK nationality
25K
Academic function Teaching only Research only Teaching & research Neither teaching nor research
University hotspots - geographical distribution of highest impact institutions, 2009 50
Country Australia Belgium Canada 7
40
10
7
France Germany
35 12
30
Denmark
10
16
Hong Kong, China 8
Ireland Italy Japan
25
Netherlands Sweden
20
Switzerland United Kingdom
15
United States
10 5 0 Social sciences
Agricultural and biological sciences
Medicine
Environmental science
Earth and planetary sciences
Biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
Neuroscience
Research: International
Location of top 50 universities by main subject area
45
Subject area
Source: OECD (2011) Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard
25
26
World share (%)
Research: International
World share (%)
International comparative performance of the UK research base - Changes in key input and output indicators for the UK and key comparators - (world share)
Population Researchers GERD (US$) Articles Usage Citations Highly-cited articles Competencies Patents
Population Researchers GERD (US$) Articles Usage Citations Highly-cited articles Competencies Patents
2006 0.9% 4.4% 3.7% 6.7% 10.0% 10.5% 12.3% 2.4%
2006 1.9% 11.9% 14.3% 7.1% 7.3% 7.7% 6.4% 31.1%
UK 2010 Change 0.9% 0.0% 4.2% -0.2% 3.0% -0.7% 6.4% -0.3% 9.4% -0.6% 10.9% 0.4% 14.0% 1.7% 6.8% 2.2% -0.2%
CAGR -0.5% -0.9% -5.4% -1.1% -1.4% 0.9% 3.3%
2006 20.0%
-1.8%
5.8%
Japan 2010 Change CAGR 1.8% -0.1% -1.3% 10.8% -1.1% -2.4% 8.8% -5.6% -11.6% 5.8% -1.3% -4.9% 5.9% -1.4% -5.3% 6.6% -1.1% -3.8% 6.0% -0.4% -1.4% 6.5% 25.1% -6.0% -5.2%
8.9% 11.9% 6.2% 3.8% 2.0%
2006 4.5% 24.1% 35.5% 26.1% 33.1% 44.4% 57.6% 21.8%
China 2010 Change 19.6% 0.0% 18.9% 13.3% 4.3% 17.1% 5.1% 9.9% 3.7% 7.6% 3.9% 5.0% 3.0% 14.4% 14.3% 8.5% USA 2010 Change 4.5% 0.0% 23.8% -0.4% 35.0% -0.5% 24.0% -2.0% 30.7% -2.3% 41.4% -3.0% 55.8% -1.7% 29.7% 20.2% -1.6%
CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate
Source: Elsevier for the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
CAGR -0.5% 10.4% 9.4% 12.3% 19.4% 25.3%
2006 1.2% 4.8% 6.5% 6.2% 7.1% 9.3% 10.4%
25.3%
7.5%
CAGR -0.2% -0.4% -0.4% -2.0% -1.8% -1.7% -0.8% -1.9%
Germany 2010 Change 1.2% -0.1% 5.1% 0.3% 5.8% -0.7% 6.1% -0.1% 6.6% -0.6% 9.3% 0.1% 11.5% 1.1% 6.5% 7.0% -0.4%
CAGR -1.0% 1.7% -2.9% -0.4% -2.1% 0.1% 2.5% -1.5%
University-industry collaboration in R&D, Executive Opinion Survey, top 15 countries Switzerland
5.8
United Kingdom
5.8
United States
5.7
Finland
5.6
Sweden
5.5
Singapore
5.5
Israel
5.4
Netherlands
5.3
Belgium
5.3
Qatar
5.3 5.2 5.2
Germany
5.2
Australia
5.2
Denmark
5.2 Average across 142 countries 3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Value rating, out of 7 (1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively)
Source: World Economic Forum
6.0
Research: International
Canada Taiwan, China
27
The UK Higher Education sector is: • T he second most popular in the world for international students – 13% of all international students – and educates hundreds of thousands of students in their home countries. • A destination of choice for students across a wide range of subjects – in each of Business, Engineering & technology, Computer science and Law more than 20% of the students are international. • International in its makeup – 24% of all academic HE staff and 16.8% of students in the UK are international. • S econd in the world for research quality and highly efficient - producing more articles and citations per pound of university research funding than other leading nations. • Second in the world for university-business collaboration. • M ore successful at earning EU research funding through FP7 than any other higher education sector in Europe. • Increasing research collaboration – 46% of articles have an international co-author. • S uccessful in a growing global landscape - worldwide students enrolled outside their country of citizenship have more than doubled since 2000. • The second most popular destination in the world for PhD students. The UK HE sector achieves all this with a smaller proportion of GDP invested in higher education and research than the OECD average. 28
Notes
29
Notes
30
Notes
31
About the UK Higher Education International Unit The UK Higher Education International Unit (IU) is the only sector body to represent all UK higher education institutions internationally. It is charged with initiating and delivering projects and activities to support and develop the breadth and depth of the UK HE sector’s international activities. The IU works to support the development and sustainability of the UK HE sector’s influence and competitiveness in a global environment and promotes the sector’s distinctive strengths internationally. It supports the sector’s engagement in European Union and Bologna Process policy debates. The IU is funded by the Higher Education Funding Council for England, Higher Education Funding Council for Wales, Scottish Funding Council, Department for Employment and Learning (Northern Ireland), GuildHE, Universities UK, The Higher Education Academy and the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. UK HE International Unit Woburn House 20 Tavistock Square London WC1H 9HQ T +44 (0)20 7419 5609 www.international.ac.uk info@international.ac.uk #InternationalUt
ISBN: 978-1-84036-292-3 Autumn 2013
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