Contents 01.
摘要 Abstract
02.
场地区位图 Location Map
03.
技术路线 Methodology
04.
阿拉木图市中心发展调研 Almaty city center development analysis 04.01. 历史 History 04.02. 现状 Current Situation 04.03. 社会调查 Public Survey 04.04. “人们的城市”市中心更新项目 “City for people” city center renewal program
05.
案例分析 Precedents Study
06.
设计场地与研究范围选址 Site Selection
07.
场地现状分析 Site Survey 07.01. 场地分析 Site analysis 07.02. 问卷调查 Public Questionnaries
08.
设计思路 Design Direction
摘要Abstract 哈萨克斯坦共和国的前首都阿拉木图市现在是该国最大的城市 它也是文化 教育 商业和经 济的中心 阿拉木图市拥有山区自然景观所营造的自然优美环境 自早期定居以来 虽然情况发生了很大变 化 但是第一个城市规划所规定的原则仍然存在 温和的气候 丰富的绿色植被 方便快捷的交通 山区河流和水上基础设施 浓郁的文化氛围 以及许多其他方面共同创造了世界级城市的环境 然而 近年来 人们忽视城市发展中的重要原则和非刻意的设计 导致了城市环境问题 城市 空间质量的恶化和城市形象的模糊 如今 城市的中心区域是第一个城市规划区域 市中心有许多公共场所 这些空间是分散的 大多数空间之间的联系都很薄弱 许多以前流行且充满活力的公共空间已经失去了原有意义并且 似乎没有得到充分利用 该项目旨在于将阿拉木图市中心最初的城市形象和身份重新联系起来 重新塑造一个融合环境 因素和历史意义的和谐城市景观 为了实现这一目标 我打算完成以下任务 - 保护城市的历史意义 - 选择和强调场地的代表性集体记忆选择和强调场地的代表性集体记忆 - 适应空间的现代条件 考虑一种社会需求 - 可持续的长期基础设施 这种基础设施可以代表城市的独特特征 The city of Almaty, former capital of Kazakhstan Republic, is now the largest city in the country. It is the center of culture, education, business and economics. Almaty city enjoys a wonderful setting created by natural landscape features of the mountainious area. Much has changed since the early settlement, but the principles layed down with the first city plan are still present. Mild climate, rich greenery, convenient streets grid, mountain rivers and water infrastructure with its dithces and fountains, vibrant cultural life, and many other aspects created the setting of a world class city. Unfortunately, in the recent years, neglecting of the important principles and non-deliberate desicions in the development of the city led to environmental problems, deterioration of the urban space quality and a blurred city image. The central area of the city is nowadays the area of the first city plan territory. There is a number of public spaces in the City Centre. The spaces are scattered and links between most of them are weak. A lot of previously popular and vibrant public spaces have lost their significance and appear under-utilized. This project aims at reconnecting the the initial image and identity of Almaty city center , to re-create a harmonious urban landscape that integrates environmental factors and historical meaning.
场地区位图Location Kazakhstan 哈萨克斯坦
Almaty 阿拉木图市
0
Old town area 老城区
To fulfill this purpose, I intend to pursue the following tasks: - The preservation of an urban historic significance. - Selection and emphasizing of the representative collective memories of the site - Adaptation to the modern condition of the space, consideration of a social demand. - Creation of the sustainable long-term infrastructure that may represent a unique identity of the city
N
500
1000m
技术路线 Methodology
Almaty City Growth Dynamics
Cultural identity is the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of a person's self-conception and self-perception and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture.a
The site investigation strategy - 历史研究 Study the city history -分析现状 Analyze current situation
History
-进行公众调查和访谈 Conduct public survey and interviews -分析城市人行道系统 Analyze the city walkways system -案例分析 Precedents study
City cultural identity
-选择网站选择标准 Pick up the criteria for site selection
Functions
Memories
-进行场地现状分析 Conduct a thorough site analysis -结论 Make a conclusion and define design direction
City borders 1937 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945
阿拉木图市中心发展历史
Almaty city center development history
August 8, 1853 Karagalym
To Mr. Corps commander I had the honor to inform Your Excellency about my intentions to explore the summits of Almatu. Having inspected the first and second Almaty and Lieutenant Engineer Aleksandrovsky, we found the valley between them very convenient for getting wood for construction, with vast rugged arable land covered with a system of irrigation ditches, a large number of pastures and haymaking places that far exceeds the tracts in Issyk and Talgar. Therefore we have offered Almaty to be the place of the future settlement... (конец первого листа рапорта сильно повреждён и уничтожен)
The area before urbanization
— Central State Archive of KR, f. 3, list 1, file 7vv
自古以来 不同时期的现代阿拉木图领土上存在不同部落的定居点 “现代城市始建于 1854年 当时俄罗斯人在古老的阿拉木图定居点建立了Zailiyskoye 1855年更名为Verny 的 军事防御工事 该定居点在13世纪被蒙古人摧毁 ” Britannica 然而 目前没有历史早期城 市化的痕迹 现在这个城市的外观是由俄罗斯帝国的军事工程师在19世纪末奠定的 kaya堡垒 然后更名为Verny 忠实 堡垒
该城市始于ZailiysSketch by architect Ripinsky
堡垒本身位于现代市中心的西北部 后来 在堡垒周围有一些住宅区 小和大Stanica 村 Tatarskaya Sloboda 亚瑟港 每个定居点都有自己的社会中心和大教堂 因为俄罗斯 帝国的生活与宗教密切相关 主要宗教是东正教 Since the ancient times, settlements of different tribes existed on the territory of modern Almaty in different time periods. “The modern city was founded in 1854 when the Russians established the military fortification of Zailiyskoye (renamed Verny in 1855) on the site of the ancient settlement of Almaty, which had been destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century.” (Britannica) However, at present there are no traces of the urbanization of the early periods of history.
Verny
The appearance of the city as it is now was laid at the end of the 19th century by military engineers of the Russian Empire. The city began as a fortress Zailiyskaya, and then was renamed into Verny (Faithful) fortress. The fortress itself was located to the north-west of the modern city center. Later, there were a few residential settlements fromed around the fortress: Small and Big Stanica (Village), Tatarskaya Sloboda, Port Arthur. Each of the settlements had its own social center with a cathedral, since life in Imperial Russia was closely connected with religion (the predominant religion was Orthodoxy).
Water system aroung the fortress and city area
后来 决定在堡垒的东南部建造新的Verny城市 城市的位置和边界由自然条件决定 构造断层 沿塔什干街 Tashkent Street 延伸 沿塔什干 街 Tashkent Street 延伸 成为城市的北部边界 另一条沿着城市南部边界的阿拜街 Abay Street 在西部 边界是小Almatinka河 在东部 - Vesnovka河 在住宅区 即南部 它仅限于天然水域 - 头部Aryk 上面开始了当地精英的乡村别墅区 Verny市计划采用规则的长方形网格 从北向南 从西向东延伸的直线街道 人们认为 这种规 划的原因既有战略性 也有环境因素 在发生军事攻击的情况下 直接的街道 形成街区 将很 好地从大炮中扫除 将城市划分为街区的另一大优势是城市以南部山区风势为主 一位英国人斯蒂芬格雷厄姆在19世纪访问了维尔尼 他注意到他的街道与美国城市街道的 长方形布局相似 “如果你要求方向 你会得到一个答案 这是一个街区 四分之一 名称...... 街道以直角相交 “ Sultangalieva A. ”城市和人民“ “ Sultangalieva A. ”城市 与人民“ 实际上 具有南北方向的直接街道网格形成了对空间的特殊感知以及城市居民之间的定向 系统 “上Tulebaev街 ” 即使在其他城市旅行或居住 阿拉木图的人们仍然保持着对城市 “上下”的定义 以方便指明沿着这条街走的方向 在阿拉木图的历史中心区域 大部分建筑的主要入口都朝向街道交叉口 建筑物的一部分 位于街区的一角 通常设计为突出其形状 细节和装饰 这里的街区角落空间通常都经过精心设 计 通常具有“建筑物” 庭院 的建筑形状
1. City hospital 医院 2. Orphanage孤儿院 3. Barracks 军营 4. Grocery store 杂货店 5. Gostinodvorskaya square广场 6. Military assembly 军事集会 7. Archbishop's house 大主教的房子 8. Women’s grammar school女子中学 9. Men’s grammar school男子中学 10. Governor's House 总督府 11. Consistory 宗教会议 12. Convent 女修道院 13. Bazaar 市场 14. Small bazaar 小市场 15. Mental hospital 疯人院 16. Site chosen for Theological Seminary 为神学院选择的地点
Verny city plan 1912
“Verny绝对是一个俄罗斯城市 其独特的木制房屋和几座石头公共建筑类似于西伯利亚 的城市 与塔什干 乌兹别克斯坦首都 的建筑没有任何共同之处 “ - 法国地理学家指出 但 与此同时 这座城市仍然受到中东文化的影响 例如 城市集市 市场 和清真寺是该市公共生 活的中心 Sultangalieva A. “城市与人民” Later there was taken a decision to build the new Verny city to the Southeast of the fortress. The location and boundaries of the city were determined by the natural conditions. The tectonic faults: one runs along Tashkent Street, which became the northern boundary of the city, the other along Abay Street, the city’s southern border. In the West the border was the Malaya Almatinka River, and in the East - Vesnovka river. In the Uptown, that is, the southern part, it was limited to the natural water boundary - the Head Aryk, above which begins the countryside villas district of the local elite. City of Verny was planned with a regular rectangular steets grid with straight streets stretching from north to south and from west to east. It is believed that the reasons for such planning were both strategic and environmental. In case of a military attack, straight streets, forming blocks, would have been well swept from cannons. Another big advantage of such division of the city into blocks was the aeration of the city with the dominant southern mountain winds.
An Englishman, Stephen Graham, who visited Verny in the 19th century, notes the similarity of the breakdown of his streets with the rectangular layout of the streets in American cities:“If you ask for a direction, you will get an answer which is a block (quarter) name... the streets intersect each other at a right angle.” (Sultangalieva A., “ City and People”) . ”(Sultangalieva A.,“ City and People ”) In fact, a direct grid of streets with a North-South orientation forms a special perception of space and a system of orientation among city residents. “Go up Tulebaev street!”. Even when travelling or living in other cities, people from Almaty keep the vhabbit of defining “up and down” of the city for the convenience of denoting the direction in which to go along the street. In the historical center area of Almaty, most of the buildings, have their main entrance facing the streets intersection. The part of the building that is at the corner of a block, was usually designed to stand out in its shape, details and decoration. The blocks corner space here is usually designed carefully, often having the duilding shape a “cour d'honneur”(a courtyard). “Verny is absolutely a Russian city. Its unusual wooden houses and several stone public buildings resemble cities of Siberia and have nothing in common with the architecture of Tashkent (the capital of Uzbekistan).” - French geographers noted. But at the same time, the city was still getting the influence of the Middle Eastern culture. The city Bazaar(market) and mosques, for example, were the centers of public life in the city. (Sultangalieva A., “The City and the People”).
History
The “shifting” city center
“Polycentric city”, “migrant center” - these concepts are not uncommon in the history of urban planning. But there are no many other cities where the center was moving around the city as fast as in Almaty. Unlike most Soviet capitals, where the center was regularly “corrected” in accordance with the current opinions of the party and government, Alma-Ata nomadly left the center that had lost relevance and simply transferred it to a new place (and eventually the entire capital moved to Astana city).
即街道的垂直部分(部分)保持不变 与景观的联系没有中断 并提供了自由流动的山风 对 城市的更多的影响导致了街区的统一和纬度街道的重叠 第一个违反规定的案例是州长庄园 的两个社区合并 因此 Pervogildeyskaya (Zenkova)街道被封锁 以同样的方式 两个 相邻的街区 挡住了大道(普希金街)和未来城市大教堂的视野 被结合在一起
“多中心城市” “移民中心”——这些概念在城市规划 史上并不鲜见 但没有多少城市的中心像阿拉木图一样在 城市中以如此快的速度移动 与大多数苏联首都不同的是 在那里 该中心会根据当前党和政府的意见定期“纠正 ” 阿拉木图经常离开失去了意义的中心 而把它转移到 一个新的地方(最终整个首都搬到了阿斯塔纳市)
(“阿拉木图
苏联现主义代建筑 1955-1991”
2018
(“Alma-Ata: Soviet Modernist Architecture 1955-1991”, 2018)
随着城市的兴起 开始形成城市中心 根据城市总体规划 Sobornaya广场也附属于旧墓地的领 土 墓地本身 由于城市的迅速发展 没有时间成为墓地 被搬到城市北部领土的Starokladbishchenskaya St. (Abylay Khan大道)的尽头 决定普希金广场中心的大道和巴尔哈什(普希金 和十月)街道的交汇处被预留给大教堂 这是维尔尼市最大的广场 后来改名为普希金广场 成为该市大教堂的建筑工地 一个城市中心 开始围绕它形成 一个大型的公共建筑综合体坐落在这里 开发商寻求占地面积大 以高质量 规模 表现力吸引注意力的重要建筑 在一幢建筑物下面 它通常占整个街区(例如 带有教堂的 主教住宅) 在Shtabnaya街和Torgovaya街(Gogol街和Zhibek Zholy街)之间的狭长街区内 坐落着许多城 市的教育机构 如三年级小学 男体育馆的寄宿处 城市男学院 普希金两节女校 在这里容纳 学校两个街区合并成一个 这是为了增加建筑面积而结合社区的第一个例子 同时,合并社区从北 到南子午方向没有带来显著的扭曲的规划结构,有两个原因:首先,最小的社区在城市结构,从北到南100 m,其次,街上的垂直部分(部分)仍然没有失真, As the city started emerging, began the formation of the city center. Sobornaya Square was also attached to the territory of the old cemetery by the general plan of the city. The cemetery itself, which, due to the rapid development of the city, did not have time to become a cemetery, was moved to the end of the Starokladbishchenskaya St. (Abylay Khan Avenue) in the northern territories of the city. The intersection of Boulevard and Balkhash (Pushkin and October) streets, which determined the center of Pushkin Square, is reserved for the cathedral. This is the largest square of the city of Verny, later renamed Pushkin Square, became the site of construction of the city cathedral. An urban center begins to form around it, a large complex of public buildings is located here. Developers seek to occupy large areas, to erect significant buildings that attract attention with good quality, scale, expressiveness. Under one building it is often occupied for a whole block (for example, a bishop's house with a church). In a strip of blocks between Shtabnaya and Torgovaya streets (Gogol and Zhibek Zholy) a number of educational institutions of the city are located, such as the Three-grade Primary School, the boarding house of the male gymnasium, the City Male College, the Pushkin Two-Class Female School. Here to accommodate the school two blocks merged into one. This is the first example of combining neighborhoods in order to increase the building area.
1847年 这位被流放的工程师 我 Paklevsky 开始了城市街道灌溉系统的开发项目 :建造head aryk及其沿街道分布的aryk网络 以前存在的阿拉木图马来亚地区的沟渠系 统随着头沟的建造而被取消 1885年8月27 日 塞米瑞钦斯克地区军事长官的报告中 # 17 305个州“创建于19世纪” 今天的灌溉 系统灌溉了该市2000公顷的土地 ”应该注 意的是,不仅Paklevsky项目的实施提供了城 市的功利主义需要在报告中表示,但也有一个 更大的效应:城市的广泛的绿色植物,市中心的 一个独特的小气候,创造了由于山流的微风和 街道卫生与灌溉运河贯穿整个城市的中心和 创造一种自然的气氛在这个城市的存在 这 一效果因运河中不断传来的潺潺流水声而得 到加强 At the same time, merging neighborhoods from north to south in the meridional direction did not entail a significant distortion of the planning structure for two reasons: first, the smallest neighborhoods in the city structure, stretching from north to south - 100m, secondly, the vertical sections (sections) of the streets remain without distortion,i.e. the vertical sections (sections) of the streets remain without distortion, i.e. the connection with the landscape is not broken and free flow of mountain breezes is provided.Much more consequences for the city caused the unification of neighborhoods with the overlapping of latitudinal streets. The first such violation was the merger of two neighborhoods under the estate of the governor's manor house. Thereby the street Pervogildeyskaya (Zenkova) was blocked. In the same way, two neighboring quarters, which blocked the Boulevard Street (Pushkin Street) and the view of the future city cathedral, are combined. In 1847 The exiled engineer, I.Paklevsky, begins the development of a project for the irrigation system of city streets: the construction of the head aryk and its distribution network of aryks along the streets. The previously existing system of ditches arising from Malaya Almatka, with the construction of the head ditch, was eliminated. In the report of the Military Governor of the Semirechensk region of August 27, 1885, # 17 305 states that “created in the XIX century. the irrigation system today irrigates 2,000 hectares of the city’s territory. ”It should be noted that the implementation of the Paklevsky project provided not only the utilitarian needs of the city indicated in the report, but also had a much greater effect: the city’s widespread greenery, a unique microclimate of inner-city neighborhoods, created thanks to mountain flows breezes and street sanitation with irrigation canals penetrating the whole center of the city and creating an atmosphere of natural presence in the city. This effect was enhanced by the constant murmur of water in the canals, lined with rubble stone.
Almatu rural settlement
1854
1867
1918
1927
Russian Verny Fort built
Vernyi city, Center of Semirechye area of Russian Empire
Formation of The USSR (The Soviet Union)
Alma-Ata city, capital of Kazakh Soviet Social Republic
城堡 The fortress
市政公园 Municipal Garden
红广场 Red Square
http://silkadv.com/ru/node/371
http://webonmobi.info/Город-Верный-Карта-898cca9ea/
1991 Collapse of Soviet Union. Almaty city, capitalof independent Republic of Kazakhstan
1998 The capital moved to Astana city
“新”广场 “New” square
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Площадь_Республики_(Алма-Ата)
https://vlast.kz/gorod/19522-kak-stroilas-novaa-plosad.html
http://alnaz.ru/almaty/pamyatnik-leninu-vucheticha.html
“黄金区” “The Golden Square”
如今 当提到阿拉木图市中心时 人们不再把它与一个地方联系起来 新广场和老广场都失去了它们的 意义 现在中心是关于整个老城区( 这是经常被称为“黄金广场”和一 些流行的文化公共 建筑和餐馆的 咖啡馆 中心的边界是独立的 不 同的人对边界的定义也不同 Nowadays, when speaking of Almaty city center, it is not associated with one place. Both New and Old squares have lost their significance. Now the center is about the whole old city area (which is often being called “The Golden Square” and some of the popular cultural public, buildings and cafes of restaurants. The borders of the center are individual, and are being defined differently by different people.
In 1916 in the city of Verniy, the people's liberation uprising began, which overgrew in February 1917. in the revolution, and in March 1918. led to the establishment of Soviet power. During the revolution, the establishment of Soviet power, the formation of the Republic and the city’s status as the capital, the historical center of the city of Verniy served as the political center of the country. Accordingly, the surviving building of the Vernensky period should be considered as a monument of historical and memorial architecture. In 1921 Verny was renamed to the city of Alma-Ata. The main axis of the capital's center was the government esplanade, 2 square meters wide, stretching from north to south from the railway station of Almaty II to Abay Ave. Esplanade runs a wide strip along the border of the “old” and “new” cities. The compositional dominant of this esplanade was originally the ensemble of building up Red Square, formed from 3 buildings: the Government House (now the Academy of Arts), the Central Telegraph buildings and the Railway Administration. (Tuyakbaeva, “Almaty: the stages of urbanization”). These three major administrative buildings marked the new status of the former Cossack Square - once bordered by the barracks of the parade ground. It was chosen as the main one and named Red because it is connected by a street renamed from Starokladbishchenskaya to Vokzalnaya, the city branch of Turksib fits with the Almaty II railway station. The general plan, developed by Moscow Giprogor in 1932, proposed to make Vokzalnaya Street (Stalin Avenue since 1933, Communist, now Abylay Khan) the main axis of the city and to place the industry on the other side of the Tashkentskaya street. To separate the industrial zone and the city center, there was planned to create a green belt along the two streets. Therefore, the former parade ground was turned into a square with flower beds. This, by the way, followed the local tradition: in Verny city, private residence of the governor-general and other important administrative and public buildings were grouped around the Municipal Garden (the 28 Panfilov guardsmen park now). In 1937, a new, second Government House began to be projected on the site of the military barracks. But the process took a very long time: the project of the Moscow architect Rubanenko was completed only by 1957, and the building in this style could no longer represent the authorities of that time. (Alma-Ata: architecture of Soviet modernism 1955-1991). As a result, both Government Houses have now turned into a university, and there was a new place found for the central square of state power: Satpayev Avenue. Although while discussing a new project as a “center”, all projects rely on a variety of places, but nowhere is it a street crossing of Satpayev and Baiseitova streets, where the square is now. The varied topography not only ascents to the mountains to the south, but there is also a sharp drop to the west. This specificity of the area would allow creating quite a picturesque corner here. This was probably the reason why there is a tourist town with a theater and cinema in the master plan of the 30s on this site. But the city needs a large space for parades, and planners stubbornly connect the square with the “old center” extending Communist Avenue. The street used to be the “vertical of power”, on which all the main state institutions were located: the Central Committee, the Supreme Council, the Council of Ministers, the city committee and the regional committee. This was has layed the new direction of the development of the city - there were territories to the south and south-west added to the city.
1916年 在维尔尼市 人民解放起义开始了 1917年2月起义愈演愈烈 在革命中 在1918年3月 导致了苏维埃政权的建立 在革命期间 苏维埃政权的建立 共和国的形成以及 城市作为首都的地位 历史上的中心城市Verniy作为 国家的政治中心 因此 现存的Vernensky时期的建 筑应该被视为历史和纪念建筑的纪念碑 1921年 信众被重新命名为阿拉木图市 首都中心的主轴是占统治地位的滨海大道 宽2平方米 由北向南从阿拉木图二世火车站一直延伸到阿拜大 道 滨海大道沿着“新” “旧”城市的边界延伸 这片滨海空地的构成主体最初是红场建筑群 由三座 建筑组成:政府House(现在的艺术学院) 中央电报大 楼和铁路局 (图亚巴耶娃 阿拉木图:城市化的阶 段 ) 这三个主要的行政建筑标志着前哥萨克广场的 新地位- -它曾经与阅兵场的兵营毗邻 它被选为主要 的一个 并命名为红色 因为它是由一条街道连接 从Starokladbishchenskaya改名为Vokzalnaya 土 库西布的城市分支符合阿拉木图二火车站 总体规划 由莫斯科Giprogor于1932年制定 计划于1933年将 Vokzalnaya街(斯大林大道 自1933年起改为共产主 义大道 现为Abylay Khan)作为城市的主轴 将工业 置于穿过街道的另一边 并在塔什干一级政府建筑上 创建公园带 因此 原来的阅兵场变成了一个有花坛 的广场——顺便说一句 这个广场遵循了当地的传统: 在总督弗尼的私人住宅中 最重要的行政和公共建筑 围绕着市政花园(现在公园有28名潘费洛夫警卫)
1937年 一座新的 第二座政府大楼开始在军 营旧址上建造 但是was已经建造了很长时间:莫斯科 建筑师鲁巴年科(Rubanenko)的项目直到1957年才完 工 这种风格的建筑已经不能再代表那个时代的权威 了 (阿拉木图:苏联现代主义建筑1955-1991) 结果, 政府的房子现在已经变成了教育机构,以及国家权力的 中心,他们发现一个新地方,Satpayev大道虽然在讨论 一个新项目作为“中心”,所有的项目依赖于不同的地 方,但它是一个街道交叉Satpayev Baiseitovoy 有一 点是清楚的:有一个大的救济救济 而不只是上山向南 但与西方相比也急剧下降 这一地区的特殊性将允 许在这里创造一个风景如画的角落——一个拥有剧院 和电影院的旅游小镇被列入30年代的总体规划并非没 有原因 但是 这座城市迫切需要一个大的空间来举 行游行 它顽固地把共产主义大道拉到了这里——“ 垂直的权力” 所有主要机构都位于这条大道上:中央 委员会 最高委员会 部长委员会 城市委员会和地 区委员会 这与城市发展的新方向有关- -南部和西南 部加在西部
City Center in Verny city
Almaty city center in 1950s
Option of city center structure plan
( V.A. Lavrov “City and its public center”, 1964)
Memories
Mental maps: collective memories of social life
The informal centers 公共空间 “同时是一种社会力量的表达 也是一种帮助塑造社会关系 的力量”(Low和Smith 2006) 公共空间是一个谈判城市身份 的场景和舞台 颠覆当前的结构重组 重塑城市日常生活 质疑被视为理所当然的社会价值
在苏联时期 尽管城市中心在“移动” 但也有非正式的中心和非正式的地区名称 它们 没有非常具体的边界 但在公民的日常生活中发挥着非常重要的作用 这些地区是由社区定义的 大部分以该地区一些受欢迎的公共场所 餐馆或历史遗迹命名 那个时期是这个城市最繁荣的时期 当时 艺术 建筑 工业 科学和教育发展迅速 城市人口并不多 因此在社区内的人们之间存在着非常紧密的联系和基于信任的关系 一些地区的非正式名称和一些公共空间现在仍然存在 但不幸的是 但不幸的是 一些地方和建 筑物被摧毁 并被新建筑所取代 那些时代的记忆和“非正式”的中心生活在老一辈人的记忆中 还存在 但很多新移民和年轻一代对此一无所知
Main Square
为了收集这些记忆 进行了“心理地图”调查 “在行为地理学中 心理地图是一个人 对其交互领域的观点认知 “ - 维基百科 一些市民被要求画出他们对这阿拉木图市的看法 因此 一些区域经常出现在图纸中 也显示了它们与其他空间的联系 这些空间在创造城市居民 归属感方面具有重要意义
In order to collect those memories there was the “mental maps” survey conducted. （“In behavioral geography, a mental map is a person's point-of-view perception of their area of interaction. ” - Wikipedia） Some of the citizens were asked to draw their own perception of the city. Therefore, some of the areas were appearing in the drawings often, also showing their connections with the other spaces that have an important meaning in creating the sense of belonging of the city inhabitants.
Cinema Stolichny Grocery
Flower market
During the Soviet times, despite the “moving” city center, there were informal centers and informal district names that do not have very concrete borders, but were playing very important role in the daily life of the citizens. The areas were defined by communities and were mostly named after some popular public places, restaurants or historical sites in the district. Those were the most flourishing times of the city, when it was the capital of the state. At the time, art, construction, industry, science and education were developing rapidly. The population of the city was not that large, therefore there existed very close connections and relationship based on trust between people within the communities. Some of the “informal names of the districts and some public spaces are still alive now, but unfortunately, some of the places and buildings were destroyed and replaced by the government. The memories about those times and the “informal”centers live in the memories of the elder generations but unknown by many of the new migrant population and younger generations.
Akku
Broadway
Nedelka Karlygash Teatralka
Memories of Alma-Ata of the 70’s public center
“百老汇”——从前的Kalinin街 现在的Kabanbay Batyr 当时 几乎所有受欢迎的餐馆和咖啡馆都位 于在这个地区 例如 “Issyk”餐厅 “Theater”咖啡厅 稍高一点的“Alma-Ata”餐厅 拥有全市 第一家真正意义上的酒吧 总的来说 “Broadway”是1970-80年代这座城市最中心的地方 当时年轻 人在这条街集合 唱歌 弹吉他 Stolichny杂货店也位于“Broadway”街 一般营业到晚上11点 整 个城市丽商品种类最多的商店 "BROADWAY" - the former Kalinin Street, now Kabanbay Batyr. At that time, practically all more or less popular restaurants and cafes were located in this area. For example, the restaurant "Issyk", the cafe "Theater", a little higher - the restaurant complex "Alma-Ata" with the very first real bar in the city. In general, “Brodway” was the most central place of the city, where the stylish youngsters were gathering in front of the demolished building of the old TYU. And the Stolichny grocery store, which was also located on the “Brod”, worked in general until 11 pm, and it had the most various choice of products.
Functions
Infrastructure
阿拉木图GRAD complex进行的分析 阿拉木图市各种公共服务的分布情况 This is analysis conducted by Almaty GRAD complex. The figures shows distribution of various public services in Almaty city.
Social service hot spots
0
City center (blue) and the core areas (red), 1993
500
1000m
2000m
City center (blue) and the core areas (red), 2018
这两个“核心”之间的“空格”一直存在 第一个原因是这里的行政中心 以前中央广场 从来没有用于日常公共休闲和娱乐活动 主要用于节日期间的官方仪式和游行 而该区域的其余 部分是安静的“精英居住区”周围的图列巴耶娃街和国家科学院 The gap between the two “cores” remains through the time. The first reason is the location of administrative center here. The central square was never meant to be used for daily public activities and leisure. It was mostly used for official ceremonials and parades during the holidays. The rest of the area is the quiet “elite residential area”around Tulebayeva street and the State Science Academy.
历史保护遗产 Historical Heritage
现有的行人街道 Existing pedestrian streets
今天 阿拉木图市的人均绿地面积只有4平方米 这是非常不足的 总体规划草案预计将把 这一数字提高到人均13平方米 总体规划的层次——领土的运作 土地的功能用途 在此基础上 还将编制其他规范设计 规范的文件 该项目旨在保护阿拉木图历史部分建筑的外观 扩大历史和文化遗产古迹的名单 Today in the city there is 4 square meters of green space per inhabitant whic is very insufficient. The draft master plan is expected to increase this figure to 13 square meters per person, said Altai Satybaldin. The level of the general plan - the operation of the territories, the functional purpose of the land. On its basis, other documents regulating design codes will be developed. The project provides for preserving the appearance of buildings in the historical part of Almaty, expanding the list of monuments of historical and cultural heritage.
阿拉木图市规划
正在修改
阿拉木图市历史遗产保护区规划
Verny时期的保护建筑
现有的行人街道 Existing pedestrian streets 1. Zhibek Zholy (“丝绸之路”)
2. Tulebayev
http://www.kp.kz/12042-v-almaty-na-arbate-vyyavlyayut-ulichnykh-torgovtsev-i-muzykantov
https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/rekonstruktsiya-ulits-tulebaeva-bayseitovoy-almatyi-novyiy-330763/
“丝绸之路”以前是城市的最受欢 迎的步行街 从早起一直是一条商业街 现在具有一个购物商场 高级时装商店 艺术画廊 剧院 许多咖啡馆 披萨店和 餐馆 不同的音乐家为路人演奏古典音乐 和现代音乐 每年这里都会举办艺术节 年轻人中也会有快闪族
Tulebayeva街与喧闹的Zhibek Zholy 购物街相反 这个地区在苏联时期被认为是城市中最 精英的居住区 只有对国家的发展作出特殊贡献 才能 得到这里的公寓 这里居住着包括中央工作人 员 政府官员 尖端知识分子的创造性 在Tulebayeva街上 故意没有商业点 这条街很安静 绿树成荫 风景优美 这是 当地人最喜欢散步的路线之一
因为建造移动购物商场在接到中间 本步行街变得很短 最近这条街失去了以前的活力和中 药心 人们比优先在购物中心购物 本接到人行为主
不允许机动车
人行道两侧各有一条车道
This is the most popular walking street of the city. There is a shopping arcade, high fashion shops, art galleries, theaters, many cafes, pizzerias and restaurants. Different musicians play for the passers-by both classical and modern music. The ArtBatFest festival of contemporary art is held here annually, and flash mobs take place among young people. There used to be painters and dancing events on the street. In recent years a lot of activity is prohibited.
This area in Soviet times was considered the most elite residential area of the city. The apartment here could be obtained only for a special contribution to the development of the state. There lived mostly workers of the Central Committee, government officials, the creative elite. On Tulebaeva street, intentionally there are practically no commercial points. The street is quiet, shady and densely planted. One of the favorite promenade places of the locals. In this street, the famous film “Needle” was shot with Viktor Tsoi. Now here is a monument tablets with words from the songs of his rock group “Kino”.
Because of construction of a shopping mall in the middle of the street, the street now is very short.
Originally the street was called Fountain street, because this is where the first fountain in the city was installed.
The street is pedestrian only.
One lane of car traffic on each side of the pedestrian walkway.
3. Valikhanov
4. Baiseitova
5. Panfilov
https://newtimes.kz/obshchestvo/64154-almaty-na-puti-k-tsifrovizatsii
它从南部的科学院开始 位于 北部由28名潘费洛夫警卫组成的公 园 沿街有各种各样的科学机构 还有科学家的住所 人行道两侧各有一条车道 It starts from the Academy of Sciences in the south, and rests on the park of 28 Panfilov Guardsmen in the north. Along the street there are various scientific institutions, as well as housing scientists. One lane of car traffic on each side of the pedestrian walkway.
https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/rekonstruktsiya-ulits-tulebaeva-bayseitovoy-almatyi-novyiy-330763/
这条街道被规划为连接城市“ 新广场”和 “旧广场”的步行街 尽管它位于主要城市轴线上 但它并不是一条经常使用的街道 宽阔的交叉街道和KBTU 大学(前 政府大楼)的建筑在几个地方中断了交 通 在轴线的中心对称地构造
这是阿拉木图最新的步行街 在2018年大部分变成了步行街 这条街道连接了南面的国家歌 剧院和北面的“丝绸之路”步行街 对于新的步行街有不同的看法: 虽然它比较收市民的欢迎 但是专家 认为它的设计缺少逻辑性和统一性 沿街没有足够的商业活动 沿 街缺乏各种各样的活动 步行到的一侧有设置单向机动 车道
The street was planned as a pedestrian connection between New and Old Square of the city. Despite its location along the main urban axis, it is not a frequently used street. Interrupted in several places by wide cross-streets, as well as the building of the KBTU (formerly House of Government). constructed symmetrically in the center of the axis.
The “youngest” pedestrian street in Almaty, it was turned into mostly pedestrian in 2018. The street connects the State Opera Theatre in the south and Zhibek Zholy pedestrian street in the North. There are different opinions on the new pedestrian street: most of the citizens like it, but experts insure that it is so only because there is no other long pedestrian street in the city center. There is no enough commercial activities along the street and there is lack of variety of activities along the site. The street design lacks unity and logic.
Two-way traffic in two directions. Some areas are pedestrian use only
Single direction car direction is still allowed on one side of the street.
为主
双向机动车道 未设机动车道
有些阶段人行
城市更新 扬 盖尔 “人们的城市”城市步行化项目 Urban renewal. Jan Gehl: “City for people” city center pedestrianization program. 2015年Jan Gehl Architects受聘在阿拉木图市中心进行调研 提出城市更新建议 打造“以 人为本的城市” 建筑师提出了一系列的概念 使优化城市中心的步行系统而创造更舒适的步行空 间 他们调研的一些结论: 问题1
感觉环境对人类不舒服
- 山脉形成一个盆地 在其中气体被积聚 - 交通拥堵造成的汽车尾气污染破坏了人们对现有机遇的正面印象 问题2
给人留下了不愉快的感官感受
地形给行人造成了障碍
- 对于高速公路的地形 平整的路面是其特点 但人行道的地形是阶梯式的 使其难以通行; - 阶梯式的地形使得进入人行道很不舒服 尤其是对易受伤害的人 而且在冬天很危险 因为人行道 上覆盖着雪 问题3
杨盖尔建筑事务所进行阿拉木图市研究范围
能见度和定位困难
- 不整洁的街道树木挡住了山脉和标志性建筑的视线 - 树木种类的多样性使得街道彼此之间难以区分 - 不整洁的植物封闭了从窗户到街道的视野 使得行人通道没有被动的监督
剥夺了人们的安全感
问题4 水利基础设施限制了进入 - 露天排水沟(aryk系统)增加了路口之间的距离 成为行人过马路的障碍; - Aryki系统指的是城市改造的对象 但由于排水管中经常没有水 使得运河看起来干枯而没有吸引力 - 在雨季
城市中心没有提供适当的废水处理设施
从而在阵雨期间造成城市较低地区的洪水威胁
In 2015 Jan Gehl Architects were hired to conduct a research in the city center of Almaty and come up with recommendations on the city renewal towards a “City for people”. The architects have proposed a series of concepts to make the urban center more walkable and comfortable for pedestrian use. Almaty today through the eyes of an architect Problem 1. Sensory environment uncomfortable for humans -Mountains form a basin in which gas is accumulated. -Cars and gas pollution from heavy traffic spoil the positive impressions of the existing opportunities, leaving people unpleasant sensory experience.
Problem 2. The terrain creates obstacles for pedestrians -Various topograhy of sidewalks creates obstacles, such as steps etc.; -The stepped terrain makes access to footpaths uncomfortable, especially for vulnerable people, and is dangerous in winter, when the sidewalks are covered with snow. Problem 3. Difficult visibility and orientation - Unregulated construction blocks the view of the mountains and iconic buildings. - A small species diversity of trees makes the streets hardly distinguishable from each other. - Untidy plantings close the view from the windows to the street, leaving the pedestrian paths without passive supervision and depriving people of a sense of security. Problem 4. Water infrastructure facilities restrict access - Open gutters (aryk system) increase the distance between crossing points, becoming an obstacle for pedestrians crossing the street; - Aryki system refers to the objects of improvement of the city, but due to the fact that the water in the drainpipes is often absent, canals look dry and unattractive. - In the rainy season, the city center is not provided with appropriate wastewater disposal facilities, thereby creating a threat of flooding of the lower districts of the city during periods of showers.
案例分析Precedents study Vibrant streets in cities center areas 为什么在欧洲的许多地方 适合步行的街道很成功 而在其他地方却没有?简而言 之 欧洲拥有最好的街道设计配方之一——它们定义明确 人性化 视觉上的复杂 拥 有令人信服的详细立面 丰富多样的用途 焦点和重要目的地 以及可供坐下和站立的 地方(雅各布斯 1994) 典型的物理设计元素包括各种各样的小商店 之间方便的来回移动 以及短距离的视线
入口靠近
狭窄的街道
面向商店
I. Strogen, Copenhagen 斯特略特是一个位于哥本哈根市中心的接到 哥本哈根由4条中世纪街道组成 长度达3500英尺(Jacobs, 1993) 这条街道比较独特的是这里的开放广场 广场上的正式和非正式的娱乐和餐厅或咖啡店 及食品摊位和景点(雅各布斯 1993)
Stroget is a street located at the nucleus of Copenhagen and consists of a linear collection of four medieval streets that reaches 3,500 feet long (Jacobs, 1993). What makes the street unique to the human eye are the open, stopping squares for formal and informal entertainments and restaurants or coffee shops that are always nearby, along with food stalls and attractions (Jacobs, 1993).
这个清单还不止于此 欧洲的主要城市都在努力建设一个良好的公共交通系统 (Mckeever, 1969) “没有一个城市像二战以来的美国那样 把自己的铁路网络卖给私 人利益集团 或者肢解脆弱的公共交通系统”(Gratz & Mintz, 1998) 早期 欧洲有意识地意识到公共交通工具的建设所带来的积极影响 应汽车的趋势 而是将注意力转向了交通和交通的替代选择
他们没有顺
诸如提高汽油价格等激励措施有助于激励欧洲公民采取其他可用的交通方式 如 公共交通或自行车(Gratz & Mintz, 1998) 此外 将欧洲市中心改造成数百个市中心步 行区有助于限制汽车交通 消除视觉和大气污染的主要来源(Pressman, 1987) I. WHY EUROPE IS AHEAD OF THE GAME Why are pedestrian-friendly, walkable streets successful in many parts of Europe and not anywhere else? Simply put, Europe has one of the best recipes for street design – they are well-defined, human-scaled, and visually complex with in- credibly detailed facades, enriched diversity of uses, focal points and significant destinations, as well as, places to sit and stand (Jacobs, 1994). Typical physical design elements include a variety of small shops with entrances in close proximity, narrow streets, convenient back and forth movement between facing stores, and short sight distances. And the list does not stop there. Major European cities strive for a good public transportation system (Mckeever, 1969) and “none have sold off their train networks to private interests or dismembered their delicate mass transit systems to the degree Americans have since World War II” (Gratz & Mintz, 1998). Early on, Europe became consciously aware of the positive impact in constructing public means of travel, and, rather than submitting to the automobile trend, they redirected their focus on alternate options for movement and transport. Incentives such as increasing gas prices help motivate citizens in Europe to take other available modes of transportation, like public transit or biking (Gratz & Mintz, 1998). Further, revitalization of European downtowns into hundreds of inner-city pedestrian areas has helped restrict automobile traffic, eradicating a major source of visual and atmospheric pollution (Pressman, 1987).
以
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当一个人沿着街道行走时 每一次经历都是不同的 每走一步都会产生持续的好 奇心(Jacobs, 1993) 街道在物理上也提供了舒适和保护 因为建筑物的自然结构和配置起到了防风屏 障的作用(Jacobs, 1993) Stroget最棒的地方之一是 这条街适合所有人 适合所有类型的人群 把来自不 同背景 文化和种族的人聚集在同一条街上(Jacobs, 1993) 很明显 人们在身体上相互融合 即使群体间的社会互动很少见 他们也会情不 自禁地观察彼此 并在他们面前表现自己(雅各布斯 1993) 人与活动的存在 以及其放松 无忧无虑的环境和各种古老历史建筑的存在 是 使人们如此喜欢漫步在Stroget的因素(Beatley, 2000) Stroget包含了许多重要的特征:狭窄的街道 垂直的建筑 丰富的门窗 以及普遍 的“丰富的视觉刺激”(Beatley, 2000) 没有隔离汽车和行人的限制(Jacobs, 1993) 因为商店老板被禁止遮盖或关闭橱窗 所以Stroget是一个晚上散步的地方(Beatley, 2000) 当商店在晚上和周日关闭时 街道也一样热闹(Walljasper, 2003)
As one walks along the street, each experience is different from the next, creating an ongoing curiosity as each step is taken (Jacobs, 1993). The street also physically provides comfort and protection since the natural anatomy and configuration of buildings act as wind barriers (Jacobs, 1993). One of the best things about Stroget is that the street is made for everyone and is for all types of crowds, bringing people from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and ethnicities together on the same street (Jacobs, 1993) Apparently, people physically blend in with one another and, even though social interactions among groups are uncommon, they cannot help observing each other and be- ing in their presence (Jacobs, 1993). The presence of people and activity, along with its relaxing, carefree environment and the presence of various older historical architecture, are the factors that make people enjoy walking down Stroget so much (Beatley, 2000). Stroget contains many important features: narrow streets, verticality of buildings, abundance of doors and windows, and a general “richness in visual stimulation” (Beatley, 2000). There are no curbs to segregate cars and pedestrians (Jacobs, 1993). Because shop owners are prohibited from covering or closing up their display windows, Stroget is a place to be at night for evening strolls (Beatley, 2000). Streets are just as lively when stores are closed in the evenings and on Sundays (Walljasper, 2003).
https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/streets/pedestrian-priority-spaces/pedestrian-only-streets/pedestrian-streets-case-study-stroget-copenhagen/
II. La Rambla, Barcelona
艾伦b雅各布斯认为兰布拉斯是世界上最好的街道 谁不想呢?当一个人沿着街道 漫步时 奇怪的街头娱乐 许多旅游小贩和微型商店的强烈存在 几乎每隔10英尺就会 吸引和逗乐人们驻足 看看这种狂热到底是怎么回事 在城市和哥特式地区的场所 街 道的自然欢迎感 建筑的质量 所有这些都使兰布拉斯成为一个奇妙的地方 人们可以 散步 见面 交谈(雅各布斯 1993) 宽阔 中央和有篷的兰布拉斯是步行的焦点 引导汽车到两侧 并为中心的行人 专用区腾出空间(雅各布斯 1993) 这条街特色无穷 街道有清晰的起点和终点 有可识别的起点和终点 同样高度 的建筑物 大约5到7层楼高 包围着街道 密密麻麻的伦敦梧桐树的树冠保护着街道两 边的单向汽车交通 几乎每13英尺就有一个商店的入口 有透明的窗户 所以人们可以 看到里面的特殊领带 建筑包含复杂的表面和引人注目的细节 尽管它们并不相同 但 它们彼此非常互补 考虑到一些建筑只有15英尺宽 这里的建筑和入口 窗户一样多 主要目的地遍布大街小巷 包括一个主要的剧院和公共市场 人行道和中央都有 很多卖鸟和花的摊位 还有更大的杂志摊位 餐馆和桌子被汽车道或cartway隔开:服务 员不断地在狭窄的马路上来回提供食物和饮料 这些桌子位于中间的边缘 让拥挤的婴 儿车可以观察到人们的坐姿 饮食和美味的食物 许多户外座位区位于中央正中 通常被使用和占用 因为中位数是行人活动的中 心 所以走在中间是很自然的 而不是在有商店的狭窄人行道上 这意味着在道路上不 断地穿越街道 这促进了“人性化”的效果和司机的暂停 (雅各布,1993) 行人在这条街上被赋予了通行权 为整个环境设定了步调和基调 短距离使街道 适合步行 对行人也很友好 所以那些在中心的人可以认出人行道上的人 即使看不到 里面的商品 也能辨别出店面 突出的位置显著地帮助街道脱颖而出 兰布拉斯山脉的 一个重要概念是 人们和地方都被限制在一个密集的空间里 但这是可行的 和Stroget 一样 狭窄狭窄的街道给人一种神秘的感觉 因为蜿蜒的街道可能不到10英尺宽 高达6 层楼 (雅各布,1993) 总而言之 这条街的设计并不复杂 但很有效 如果游客迷路了 可以把兰布拉 斯当作参考点 兰布拉斯家族的存在总是让人感觉得到 (雅各布,1993) Allan B. Jacobs considers The Ramblas the best street in the world. And who wouldn’t? As one strolls along the street, the strong presence of strange street entertainment, many tourist vendors, and miniature shops invites and amuses people to stop almost every ten feet and see what the craze is all about. The placement in the city and in the Gothic Quarter, the natural welcoming sensation of the street, the quality of the buildings, all make The Ramblas a wonderful place to be for people to walk, meet, and talk (Jacobs, 1993).
Wide, central, and canopied, The Ramblas is a focus for walking, ushering automobiles to the sides and making space for a central, pedestrianized median (Jacobs, 1993). Characteristics of this street are endless. With a distinct beginning and end, the street has recognizable start and stopping points. Similar height of buildings, around five to seven stories high, envelope the street and closely-spaced, interweaving canopies of London Plane trees protect from the one-way automobile traffic on either side. Almost every 13 feet is an entrance to a shop, with transparent windows so one could see the special- ties inside. Buildings embrace complex surfaces and striking details, and although they are not the same, they complement each other extremely well. There are just as many buildings as entrances and windows, considering how some buildings only reach 15 feet wide. Major destinations are spread throughout the street, including a major theater and public market. Both the sidewalk and central medians have many stalls that sell birds and flowers and larger stalls for magazines. Restaurants and tables are separated by the automobile road or cartway: waiters and waitresses constantly serve food and drinks back and forth across the narrow roadway. The tables are located on the edges of the median, allowing crowded strollers to observe the sitting, eating, and delivery of tasty food.
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Many outdoor seating areas are placed in the central median and are typically used and occupied. Because the median is the center of pedestrian activity, it is only natural to walk in the center, not on the narrow sidewalks with stores. This implies the constant street crossing over the roadways, which promotes a “humanizing” effect and a pause for motorists. (Jacobs, 1993) Pedestrians are given the right-of-way power on this street, setting the entire pace and tone for the whole environment. Short distances make the street walkable and pedestrian-friendly, so those on the center can recognize people on the sidewalks and can distinguish storefronts even if the goods inside are not visible. The prominent location significantly helps the street stand out. An important concept of The Ramblas is that the people and place are confined to a dense space, but it works. Like Stroget, the tight, narrow streets create a sense of mystery since the winding streets may be less than 10 feet wide with buildings up to six stories tall. (Jacobs, 1993) To sum up the design of the street, it is uncomplicated, yet effective. A visitor can use The Ramblas as a reference point if he is lost. The presence of The Ramblas is always felt. (Jacobs, 1993)
II. Avenue Montaigne, Paris
https://www.academia.edu/15953765/Comparison_Study_Las_Ramblas_Barcelona_Spain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rambla,_Barcelona#/media/File:Spain.Barcelona.Les.Rambles.svg
一些人认为兰布拉斯没有听起来那么好 因为建筑没有得到应有的维护 条纹混 凝土路面已经消失 但整体上的坚固设计并不适合这些小瑕疵 街道上舒适而随意的氛 围给了行人他们想要的放松 兰布拉斯的确是一个很棒的地方 不缺对行人友好 (雅各 布,1993) 特定的设计元素 如位于中心的me- dian 狭窄的街道 以及邻近的事物 使得 Ramblas成为一条非常适合步行的街道 它的建筑 道路 人行道和树木间距为其全球 成功提供了完美的混合 强调行人的使用 而不是车辆的流动性 也允许群体聚集在整 条街道上 因此 所有年龄和文化的人都随处可见 兰布拉斯是一个产品的战略和天才 的设计;它的简单性让行人每天都能走到一起 更重要的是 它能让他们想要回来买更多 的东西 Some argue that The Ramblas is not as good as it sounds because buildings are not maintained as well as they should be and the striped concrete paving has faded away. But the overall strong design is no match for these small blemishes. The comfortable and informal vibe on the street gives pedestrians the relaxation they desire. The Ramblas is truly a wonderful place to be and is not short of being pedestrian-friendly. (Jacobs, 1993) Specific design elements, such as the me- dian located at the center, narrow streets, things in close proximity, are what makes The Ramblas an incredibly walkable street. Its dimensions of buildings, roads, sidewalks, and tree spacing produce the perfect mixture for its worldwide success. Emphasis on pedestrian use, rather than vehicular mobility, also allow group massing throughout the street, so people of all ages and cultures are seen everywhere. The Ramblas is a product of strategic and genius design; its simplicity works to bring pedestrians together on a daily basis and, more importantly, make them want to come back for more.
蒙田大道:一条优雅的街道 AvenueMontaigne的第一个值得注意的方面是它的财富和权力:建筑 像昂贵的酒店 著名的设计师品牌 和外国政府办公室主导着空间 间接地暗示街道并不适合所有人(雅各布斯 1993) 高时尚和优雅的街道让一些人群远离了这条街 但这并不意味着这条街不能走 这条街的宽度约为格拉西亚大道(Paseo de Gracia)的一半 在狭窄的道路上有两条车 道 一条车道是用来移动汽车的 另一条车道是用来停车的 所以快速的移动是不可能的 这 迫使汽车和行人混合在一起 保持步行速度 随着狭窄的通道 街道成为一个紧凑的 亲密的 大道 定义与对称的平衡 优雅 优雅的建筑 栗树的紧密位置 树枝在顶部相遇 创造了一个假想的尖桩栅栏 将人行道和车辆道路 分隔开来 蒙田大道(Avenue Montaigne)有四条车道:三条车道在一个方向上 而公交车和出 租车在另一个方向上 (雅各布,1993) 知道这条街是在汽车出现之前建造的 或者只有几条汽车存在的时候建造的 这是有帮 助的(Jacobs, 1993) 在交通工具出现之前 先勾勒出街道连接和兴趣点 这对于减少城市扩张和创造更多的 步行空间是一个有利的举措 重复的街道设计策略使汽车交通朝着主导方向发展 而其他的交 通方式 如出租车和公共汽车 则朝着相反的方向发展 因此移动更少是可能的(Jacobs, 1993) 这条街道的一个重要特征是使用者的行为 在这里 司机和行人相互适应 并相应地遵 守共同的街道规则 蒙田大道可能不像兰布拉大道那么详细 也不像Stroget那样适合骑自行车 但它无疑是 一条适合步行的街道 行人在人行道上有自己的空间 在十字路口和街区走在人行道上同样舒 适和安全 街道两侧的植被在人们与车辆之间形成了一道屏障 使人们有一种私密的空间感 并与车辆的运动和交通产生一定的距离感 这些策略是简单的措施 以平衡行人和司机在一个 紧凑的空间 这些技术可以应用在任何地方
Comparison of the scales
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AVENUE MONTAIGNE: A CLASSY STREET The first noticeable aspects of AvenueMontaigne are its wealth and power: buildings, like expensive hotels, famous designer brands, and foreign government offices dominate the space, indirectly implying that the street is not meant for everyone (Jacobs, 1993). High fashion and elegance of the street divert some groups away from this street, but that does not mean the street cannot be walkable. About half the total width of Paseo de Gracia, the street has two lanes on narrow access roads, where one is for car movement and the other is for parking, so fast movement is impos- sible, forcing automobiles and pedestrians to mix and maintain a pedestrian pace. With the narrow access road, the street becomes a tight, intimate boulevard, defined with symmetrical balance, grace, and elegance of buildings. The close placement of chestnut trees, where branches meet on top, creates an imaginary picket fence that segregates the pedestrian sidewalks from the vehicular roadway. Four lanes of traffic run through Avenue Montaigne: three lanes go in one direction, while buses and taxis go the other way. (Jacobs, 1993) It helps to know that this street was built before the automobile or when only a few of them existed (Jacobs, 1993). Outlining street connections and points of interests first before transportation is an advantageous move for reducing sprawl and creating more pedestrian spaces. A repeated street design strategy is making car traffic go in a dominate direction, while other modes of transportation, such as cabs and buses, go in the opposite direction, so fewer movements are possible (Jacobs, 1993). An important feature of this street is the behavior of users, where drivers and pedestri- ans adapt to each other and accordingly to common street regulations. Avenue Montaigne may not be as detailed as la Rambla or as bicycle-friendly as Stroget, but it is no doubt a walkable street. Pedestrians have their own space on the sidewalks and walking across intersections and blocks are just as comfortable and safe on a sidewalk. Street vegetation on the side produces a barrier between cars people, making people have a sense of private space and sense of distance from vehicular movement and traffic. These strategies are simple measures to balance pedestrians and drivers in a tight space and these techniques could be applied anywhere.
Copenhagen, Denmark
Barcelona, Spain
Paris, France
Almaty, Kazakhstan
每一种步行街道是独一无二的 没有两个是相同的 每一条道路都有其成功的 原因 这表明规划者们可以采取多种多样的措施 创造出对行人友好的街道 与身体 类型一样 适合步行的街道在大小 形状和形式上也各不相同;更具体地说 它们包含 了不同的街道维度 细节和概念 所有这些都结合在一起 在一条街道上产生了兴趣
设计场地与研究范围选址 Site Selection 一个充满活力的步行街选址标准 Criterias for a vibrant pedestrian street site selection - 娱乐场所 餐厅或咖啡店Entertainments and restaurants or coffee shops - 持续的好奇心 Ongoing curiosity - 舒适及保护(免受恶劣气候条件影响) Comfort and protection (from unpleasant climate conditions) -包容 Inclusiveness - 互相观察 Observing each other - 历史建筑 Historical architecture - “视觉刺激的丰富性” “Richness in visual stimulation” - 全职使用 Full time use - 积极j建筑立面 Active facades
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Almaty city has now taken the direction of becoming a more walkable, pedestrian city. After studying the urban structural axises, the history of city center devlopment and the existing pedestrian streets, I would like to argue on the following issues: - Bayseitova street which is in the center of the main axis was initially planned to connect the two central squares. Instead, there are a few obstacles (Abay street, the University building, flower market etc.) that break the street into pieces. Although parts of the street were renovated in 2018, it still appears under-used.
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- The “Central park” has poor connections with the city center. 0
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阿拉木图市现在正朝着成为一个更适合步行的步行城市的方向发展 在研究了城市结构轴线 城市中心发展历史和现有步行街之后 我想就以下几个问题进行探讨: -位于主轴中心的Bayseitova street最初计划连接两个中心广场 相反 有一些障碍(阿贝街 大 学大楼 花卉市场等) 打破了街道的碎片 尽管部分街道在2018年进行了翻修 但似乎仍未得到 充分利用 -“中央公园”与市中心连接不良 -老城区活动丰富 历史文化遗产丰富 但大多缺乏适当的步行和空间联系
- The area of old city center provides various activities and posesses rich historical heritage, but most of them have no proper pedestrian and spatial links.
-The site chosen is the two intersecting streets: Baiseyitova (along the main city axis) and Aitike bi street (going through the center of old Verny city center, park of 28 Panfilov guardians)
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-旧的行政中心不再具有政府制度的约束 这个有着地标性建筑和袖珍公园的长场地可以成为一个 充满活力的公共空间和一个连接节点 将分隔开的公共空间以连续的顺序组合在一起 -与艾提克比街相连 可活化28个警卫公园和中央公园 以及连接一些重要的文物建筑
-The old administrative center does not have the frestrictions of the government regime anymore. This long site with landmark buildings and pocket parks can become a vibrant public space and a linking node, setting the segregated public spaces together in a continuous sequence. -The link with Aitike-bi street provides a possibility of activating the 28 Guardsmen park and the Central park, as well as linking together some of the wery important heritage buildings.
所选区域连接两个核心中央服务区之间的“空格”
The selected area is connecting the “gap” between the two core central service areas
场地选址为两条交叉街道:Baiseyitova(沿主城轴线)和Aitike bi街(穿过 Verny 旧城中心 28 Panfilov guardians公园)
场地分析 Site Survey
? 城市绿地
商业用地
公园用地
文化娱乐用地
行政办公用地
中小学用地
居住用地
宗教场所用地
商住用地
市政基础设施用地
教育科研用地
水域
保护建筑 正在讨论成为建筑 Verny时代历史建筑 历史遗产保护区 已杯拆的重要的历史建筑 雕塑 Karlygash
文化保护遗产
土地利用 B
B
B
B
M
B B
B
B B
B
B
B
M
B
B
B
B B B
B
B B B
B
B
B B
B
B
B
居住建筑
B B
行政办公楼
B
规划地铁线
商业建筑
规划地铁站
宗教建筑
地铁线
教育建筑
M
地铁站
酒店建筑
B
公交车站
M
B B
M B B
B
文化建筑
B
服务建筑
自行车租车站点
交通
自行车道 步行街 单向机动车道 双向机动车道
建筑类型
建筑群构图视线终点 Architectural Composition Viewpoing 结构整齐的建筑群 主要的步行链接 河流
景观与视线
城市肌理图
城市规划
街道界面分析 Street cross section analysis 以前是政府大楼 现在是哈萨克-英国理工大学 建筑两侧依然绿意盎然 但大部分区域被汽车停车场所 占据 Previously government house, now it is the Kazakh-British University of Technology. Greenery remained on both sides of the building but most of the territory is occupied by automobile parking.
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3
Section 3-3
斯托里克尼中心是一个混合商住楼 城市 的第一个30层楼高的建筑 是取代一个被拆除的 电影院而建的 该建筑因施工质量低 设计美观 差而受到群众的强烈批评 也被称为降落在这座 历史名城的“宇宙飞船” Stolichny center is a mixed residential and commercial building, the fist 30 floors tall building in the city. Was built in place of a demolished cinema. The building is being higly critiqued by the masses for low construction quality and poor design aesthetics, also being called “a spaceship” landed in the historical city. “内德尔卡” 一个星期 一条长巷子 有一个长长的喷泉和座位 受年轻人欢迎的聚会 场所 近年来已不像过去那样充满活力 在它的 南端 曾经有一个很受欢迎的“剧院”餐馆 现 在被一个新的餐厅取代 “Nedelka” (A week) - a long alley next to the Opera House, with a long fountain and seats aroung it. Popular gathering place for youg people, in recent years is not as vibrant as it used to be. On its south end, there used to be the popular “Theatre” cafe, demolished and replaced by a new restaurant now.
这曾经是镇上唯一的 花市场 今天居住在这里的建筑质量 很差 给步行造成了障碍 This used to be the only flower market in town. The structure inhabiting it today is of low quality and creates an obstacle for pedestrian walk
Section 2-2
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Section 1-1
这条街很窄 大部分是汽车 没有合 适的行人通道 在一些地方 完好无损的老 房子仍然保留在这里 街道在一天的大部分 时间都是阴影笼罩的 因为街道两侧的建筑 之间的距离比较小 而且绿化比较丰富 主 要用于住宅和办公室 The street is narrow and mostly occupied by cars. No proper pedestrian walkways. In some parts, old houses of Verny period in good condition are still remaining here. The street is shadowed most time of a day due to rather small distance between the buildings on two sides and rich greenery. Mostly residential and office use.
Section 8-8
Section 7-7
Section 6-6 建于1978年的今天 它已经失去了作为一 个军事俱乐部的功能 这座大楼被出租用于各种 设施 从办公室 儿童绘画俱乐部到酒吧和夜总 会 它前面还有一座战争历史博物馆和乐器博物 馆 Built in 1978 nowadays it has lost its function as a military club. The building is being rented out for various facilities, from offices, children draw- ing clubs to bars and night clubs. Theres is still a Museum of wars history and the musical instruments museum in front of it. 4
5
6
7
8
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Section 5-5
桑拿浴室-有名的旅游景点 建 筑前面的空间经过重新装修 成为步行 街的一部分 但在街区两侧没有延续 The big Sauna Arasan - one of the tourist attractions. The space in front of the buiilding was recenly renovated as a part of pedestrian street, but does not have a continuation on either sides of the block. 0
25
50
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Section 4-4
社会问卷调查
Public survey results
28潘菲洛夫守卫者公园是历史保护区遗产地 的一部分 这里有许多二战和阿非甘战争的纪念碑 还有维尔尼时期的传统木结构建筑和军官俱乐部大楼 与28Panfilov Guardians纪念碑一起 军官俱乐 部形成了一个对称的结构 这是拟建步行街结构的核 心 为进一步调查市民对28名潘费罗夫护卫队公 园作为纪念性和城市地标重要性的看法 进行了公众 问卷调查 The 28 Panfilov Guardians park is a part of history memorial site. There is a number of monuments to World War II and Afgan War, as well as the heritage wooden buildings of Verny period and the Officers’ club building. Together with the memorial to Panfilov Guardians, the Officers club forms a symmetrical composition which is the core in the structure of the proposed pedestrian street. Further public questionnaire survey was conducted in order to research the opinion of citizens on importance of the Park of 28 Panfilov Guardians as a memorial and city landmark.
1. 您的性别
5. 您觉得这里的公共交通是否方便
9. 您是否经常来到本公园
13. 您是否了解本公园的历史
男 女
很方便
完全不满意
不知道
6. 您觉得这里的步行空间是否安全和舒适
很方便
少于一年一次
1年1-2次
2-3月1次
每个月
每周
Almaly
Auezov
满意
是
否
但有兴趣
否
没兴趣
其他
完全不满意
不知道
14. 您局的纪念场所的最重要的功能是什么
儿童玩耍设施
餐饮场所
公共卫生间
运动场
指示牌
其他
纪念 仪式
Bostandyk
Jetisu
Medeu
散步 5月9日节 约会 酒吧/餐厅 带小孩 运动 跑步 教堂
Other city/country
4. 您家有没有战马
安全性 博物馆
其他
儿童娱乐设施 舒适的座椅
教育
其他
11. 您对城市公共空间的最重要的要求
军官俱乐部
Turksib
不太满意
10. 您觉得本公园缺少什么
7. 您一般到本公园的目的是什么
3. 您所住的城市区域
Nauryzbay
不太满意
多余一周一次
2. 您的年龄
Alatau
满意
绿化 活动多样性
公共休闲
15. 您觉得这些地方是否允许进行改造
饮食站点 需要进行改造 允许进行改造 没所谓 不允许进行改造
其他
8. 您一般由什么方式到本公园
12. 您是否有参观在军官俱乐部的战争历史博物馆 28PanfilovGuardians 纪念碑前的广场 北边入口 西边入口
南边入口
教堂广场
有 没有
第二次世界大战争战马
有 其他
Afgan战争战马
走路
公共交通
其他
16. 您怎么评价28PanfilovGuardians公园作为阿拉 木图市标志物的重要性
私人机动车 是
否
没听说过
其他
但有兴趣
否
没兴趣
-市中心区位 -丰富的历史遗产
-Rich historical heritage
-丰富的绿色植物创造遮阳
-Rich greenery creating sunshade
-便捷的街道网格和街区系 统
-Convenient streets grid and blocks system
-相当便利的公共交通系统
-Rather convenient public transport system
-小Almatinka河边
-Riverfront
-靠近环路的位置
-Location close to the ring road
-宽阔的街道具有设计更好 的街道界面的可能心 从 而改善街道的基础设施
-办公室和行政区域的街 道在白天变成停车场 晚 上则是空旷和黑暗
-Central Location
- 公园里的餐馆和酒吧 大多数不太受欢迎 而破 坏历史公园的风貌
S W O
-Wide streets give the possibility to design better street section in order to improve streets infrastructure
T
- The street in the areas of offices and administration turn into parking during day tine and are empty and dark during night time - The park is filled with restaurants and bars which most of the citizens take negatively
- Panfilov步行街的一大 部分位于公园 几乎没有 活动选择或商业设施
- A long part of Panfilov pedestrian street lies next to the Kazakh British University and the parks of Astana square with almost no activities options or commercial facilities
- 地震危险
-Earthquake danger
- 晚上又黑又危险 - 建设不规范 导致城市 空间质量下降 忽视自然 环境条件
-Dark and dangerous at night time -Unregulated construction leading to decrease of the quality of urban space and neglecting the natural environmental conditions
结论 Conclusion 阿拉木图市现在主要在北部和西部发展 城市新地区没有足够的基础设施和文化活动 与此同时 拥有最重要的城市活动 商业和公共活动的市中心正“向 南”移动 那里的空气质量更高 整体环境更宜人 这导致了南部城 市的扩张 高山上 破坏自然资源和生态 因此 有必要重新激活历史城市中心 激发人们对发展城市北部地区 的兴趣 也有必要振兴城市公园 并重新将它们与城市公共生活联系起来 历史悠久的市中心及其遗产应该得到精心保护 并将其作为振兴该地 区的契机 形成阿拉木图独特的身份 城市历史地段的设计与建设需要出台规范文件
The city is growing mostly in the northern and western directions now. The newly urbanized areas do not have sufficient infrastructure and cultural activities. Meanwhile, the city center with its most important city events, commerce and public activities are “moving” towards the south, where the air quality is higher and environment in total is more pleasant. This leads to urban sprawl in the south, higher in the mountains, damaging of natural resources and ecological issues. Therefore, there is a need to reactivate the historical city center and stimulate people’s interest in developing the northern regions of the city. There is also a need to revitalize the city parks and reconnect them with the city public life again. The historical city center and its heritage should be carefully protected and used as an opportunity to revitalize the area and form Almaty’s unique identity. There is a need of releasing documents regulating design and construction in the historical part of the city.
设计远景Design Vision 中央步行街将成为市中心区域重要历史遗址之间的一个充满 活力的纽带 并与市民的集体记忆相连接 以便形成一系列空间 来提供各种活动 同时考虑到当前的环境问题 并有助于体现 阿拉木图市的特性 The Central pedestrian street is to become a vibrant link between the central area important historical heritage sites and buildings and connect with the collective memories of the citizens in order to form a sequence of spaces that will provide various activities, considering the environmental issues of the present, and help representing the identity of Almaty.
? Arasan
“Fortress” Promenade Almaty of 70s
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