MArch Academic Portfolio Iona Hoggarth by IonaHoggarth

academic portfolio 2 I N T E G R AT E D PAT H WAY : [ PA R A ] S I T U AT I O N S A H E M E D A B A D I N D I A

IONA HOGGARTH S1450039 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE 2019-2021

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

MODULE /COURSE

Orientation

MODULE /COURSE MODULE /COURSE

Portfolio Chapters are organised chronologically,

Under the Architects Act 1997, the Architects

• GC6 Understanding of the profession of architecture and

the bar below allows the reader to orientate work

Registration Board (ARB) has the responsibility

the role of the architect in society, in particular in preparing

within the context of the course; The course year,

for prescribing the qualifications and practical

briefs that take account of social factors.

any additional information, fellow contributing

experience required for entry onto the UK Register

• GC7 Understanding of the methods of investigation and

students and ARB General Critera & Graduate

of Architects. The General Criteria at Part 1 and Part

preparation of the brief for a design project.

Attributes. The bar above

2 levels are now explicitly linked to the 11 points

GC8 Understanding of the structural design, constructional

that form a part of Article 46 of the Professional

and engineering problems associated with building design.

I H - Iona Hoggarth

Qualifications Directive.

C M - Caitlin MacLeod

• GC9 Adequate knowledge of physical problems and

J B - Julia Brookfield

• GC1 Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy

technologies and the function of buildings so as to provide

D S - Desmond Su

both aesthetic and technical requirements.

them with internal conditions of comfort and protection

J P- Jack Parmar

• GC2 Adequate knowledge of the histories and theories of

against the climate.

architecture and the related arts, technologies and human sciences.

• GC10 The necessary design skills to meet building users’

• GC3 Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the

requirements within the constraints imposed by cost

quality of architectural design.

factors and building regulations.

• GC4 Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning and GC11

the skills involved in the planning process.

•

Adequate

knowledge

the

• GC5 Understanding of the relationship between

organisations, regulations and procedures involved in

people and buildings, and between buildings and their

translating design concepts into buildings and integrating

environment, and the need to relate buildings and the

plans into overall planning.

spaces between them to human needs and scale.

TIME FRAME

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

RELEVANT

I N D I V I D UA L / C O L L A B O R AT I O N

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

GENERAL

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

CRITERIA

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

RELEVANT

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

AT T R I B U T E S

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

industries,

STUDIO C

AT R

STUDIO D

Table of contents.

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

YEAR 1

SEMESTER 1

SEMESTER 2

SEMESTER 1

A H M E DA B A D, I N D I A I N T E R G R AT E D S T U D I O PAT H W AY.

03.1 case study | denby dale house derrie o’sullivan & the green building store

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

Denby Dale house was a pioneering and experimental application of the passivhaus methodology to UK construction methods and winner of the 2010 RIBA awards for sustainability, housing, the bronze award and client of the year.6

STUDIO A

METICULOUS CHAOS: A FOOTHOLD IN A FISSURE

Completed in 2010, Denby is known as the first passivhaus to be built using cavity wall construction, with many original junction details developed throughout the project which have subsequently been used in following passivhaus projects.6

STUDIO H

D E TA I L FA C A D E S E C T I O N M O D E L 1:20

The shearing layers model was developed with commercial buildings in mind; this case study provides a starting point for grounding our research within the context of UK housing.

Fig.2

Fig.3

Green Building Store, “Denby Dale Passivhaus”, 2019, https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/denby-dale-passivhaus-uk-first-cavity-wallpassive-house/

ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY REASEARCH

FIELDWORK

Fig.4

ARCHITECTURAL M A N AG E M E N T, PRACTICE ND LAW

DESIGN REPORT

05 YEAR 2

STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEORY

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

Design Studio C COURSE SUMMERY Following on from the previous [para]situation, Studios of Mumbia and Calcutta , this course operates within the principles of Ecosophic Urbanism, developed from a selection of Key Philosophical positions that drive theorisation on how architecture is situated in socio-political, environmental contexts. This course is integrated across four studio modules in across both years

PARA-Situation: {Ahmedabad}; Past, Present, and Possible.

of study—a research-by-design study of the city of Ahmedabad, in Gujarat, India. Studio C takes place prior to the field trip to India; the focus is on developing themes of inquiry, with water as a principal theme

CRITICAL REFLECTION Through Studio C, I have developed and demonstrated strength in establishing a productive conceptual framework to be carried throughout the project, a conceptualisation of ecosophic spatial qualities rooted in understanding environmental and social conditions and communicated in varied representation methods. To develop this further, testing through experiential and material language is required and create a more robust dialogue between concept and context.

LE ARNING OUTCOMES LO1 | The ability to develop and act on a productive

LO3

conceptual framework both individually and in

development of skills in using, differing forms of

teams for an architectural project or proposition,

representation (eg. verbal, drawing, modelling,

based on a critical analysis of relevant issues.

photography, film, computer and

LO2 | The ability to develop an architectural, spatial

workshop techniques), especially in relation to

and material language that is carefully considered

individual and group work

at an experiential level and that is in clear dialogue with conceptual and contextual concerns.

B E H I N D : A H M E DA B A D, G U JA R A AT, I N D I A . 1 5 7 3 A K B A R N A M A B O O K BY A B U ’ L - FA Z L I B N M U B A R A T H E M U G A L C O N Q U E R O F G U J A R AT.

critical

understanding

of,

and

the

Walls, wells, polls and Gates.

T H E R E M A I N I N G F R A G M E N T O F O L D A H M E DA B A D WA L L S , A N D B H A DA R G AT E 2 0 2 0

Ahmedabad INTRODUCTION Ahmedabad is the largest city in Guajarat, India and situated on the banks of the Sabarmati river. Ahmedabad was founded over the ancient settlement of Ashaval in 1411 by Ahmed Shah I of Gujarat Sultanate. He built the first citadel, Bhadra Fort, starting from Manek Burj, the first bastion of the city. The Bhadra Fort had eight gates (Darwaja’s) as entrances to the walled city. When the city expanded, Ahmed Shah built the second fort, Mahmud Begada, which later fortified with twelve gates in 1486. After the arrival of railways, the British built two more gates to facilitate the movement. Over time large sections of the ancient city walls have been demolished, leaving the Dawaja’s standing as monuments. WA L L S W E L L S A N D W E L L WA L L S - P R E FA C E At the forefront of the drive for independence from the British Empire, Ahmedabad held a uniting vision of postindustrial India, prospects of a pioneering India ruled by Indians. The emphasis on the mother tongue and native customs has gone some way to contributing to a cultural surge in the post-industrial city of the western bank, deepening national pride and identity. However, as the AMC’s Sabarmati river front development projects demonstrate, assertions of western ideals of modernity endure. Sentiments of a society that recommences its path to modernity along old European routes, prioritising individual industrial prosperity and commercialising attitudes, have filtered down into the practice of placemaking and the public realm. The once shifting and seasonal flow, thriving with a rich biodiversity and over ten thousand families living on the Riverbank, is now channelled. The banks capped in an unyielding 11.5 kilometres of vast baking hot concrete walkways and manicured lawn, emulating year-round navigable basins of the Seine or Thames. The reclaiming of a valuable 200 hectares of real estate, 20 per cent of which now sit with private developers and a further 28 taken up with four wide lane roads, resulted in the most significant displacement of a population in the city’s history, flooding in 2006 and have lead many to question the integrity, both ecological and political,of those leading the project. The concern is now for how a continued division of public space will affect the social cohesion and both cultural and physical landscape of Ahmedabad ASSIGNMENT 1 BRIEF SUMMARY INTERPRETATION: Investigate two situations, one from along the line of the old city walls and one from along the line of the new retaining walls of the sabarmati riverfront project. develop an understanding of each situation, and link them programatically. by doing so address the erasure of the walls in one situation and the socio-cultural mediation that walls may oportune in the other. design a small scaleintervention that begin the rethinking of territory and architecture as reciprocally enzymatic.

T H E N E W A H M E DA B A D WA L L S : S A B A R M AT I R I V E R F R O N T P R O J E C T 2 0 2 0

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

A S S I G N M E N T 1 : [ PA R A ] S I T U AT I O N

Wall Wells & Well Walls

Ahmedabad

divided

the

Sabarmati

into

two

distinct

halves.

The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by densely packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship. The heritage of these Pols, has achieved Ahmedabad UNESCO World Heritage Status. The colonial period saw the city’s expansion to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later Nehru Bridge. The western part of the city houses educational institutions commissioning globally renowned Architects such as BV Doshi, Louis Khan and Le Corbusier, residential areas, shopping malls, theatres and new business districts.

Situation A; Jathanhi ni Pol The Pols are vernacular co housing clusters and self contained sociological units comprised of many families, of a particular caste, religion or trade. The highly dense unplanned evolved nature from a natural defence. The word Pol is derived from the Sanskrit word Pratoli meaning Entrance to an enclosed area. Unique to Gujarat the urban structures date from 1738 during Mugha Maratha rule ( 1738-1753) in Ahmedabad a time of communal riots and violent unrest. Situation B: Ravivari Bazaar Ravivari is a Gujarati word meaning Sunday. The market runs Adjacent to the Sabarmati between Ellisbridge and Sadar Bridge A 32,00msq Concrete seam between old city wall and new River Wall. The oldest market in consistent location in Ahamedabads history

[ PA R A ] S I T U AT I O N S

once stretched to the waters edge but is now curtained by concrete

SITE A: JAHANHI NI POL

retaining walls and a no mans land of 100 meters

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

S I T E B : T H E S A B A R M AT I R AV I VA R I B A Z A A R

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

A N U N P LOT TA B L E R E F U G E

Gujarat has had a history of successive invasions Ahamedabad has a tragic history of religious and sectarian strife The most recent of which being the 1969 Gujarat Riots which cost over 1,000 lives. As a direct result the purpose of these narrow settlements was to ensure security of each community at times when animosity became dangerous. Each pol has its distinctive architecture and motifs, depending upon its inhabitants and their traditions. These tightly clustered groups of houses have regulated points of entry and gates guarded by their ‘polia’ watchman. Each pol ends either blocked by a dead wall or, through a bari; opening into an adjacent pol usually disguised as a a small Wooden door to a Haveli. To maintain the integrity of the safety precaution the Bari is usualy known only-to the inhabitants that pol. Some of Haveli cellars have air shafts running through the walls, so that they may be used as retreats for men in hiding. Unlike the common conception of community or neighbourhood the pols function more similarly to a co housing intentional community, with communal responsibility and expectation.The property in the pol is to an extent held in common. Formerly individual could sell or mortgage a house to an outsider without first offering it to the people of the pol. When a house is mortgaged or sold, the people of the pol had a right to claim from one-half to two per cent of the money received. At weddings or family occasions, each householder is expected to feast the whole pol, and in some cases all the men of the pol, are expected to attend any funeral that may take place. If the pol rules are slighted, the offender is fined. The money gathered from gifts, fines, and the percentage on house property sales, formed a common fund managed by the leaders, seths, of the pol and spent on repairs.

STUDIO C

AT R

STUDIO D

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

S I T UAT I O N A : JAT H A N H I N I P O L The pols are a winding nest of narrow streets and courtyards beneath jettying upper stories. Chabutros, totem-like bird feeders, standing at the entrance unique to each pol act as signpost landmarks within the labyrinth. The Haveli’s of Jathanhi ni pol not only showcase the intricate craftsmanship with rich facades of carved wood ornamentation, Jali stonework and intricate metalwork but embody hundreds of years of understanding of climate and culture. Design principles inherently present engineering their environment through ; Fixed and flexible façades; layers of shutters and screens, overhanging roofs, minimising

solar gain, central chowk courtyards

TANKAS &

providing natural ventilation, thermal properties of underground Rain water cisterns,

TROUBLED WATER

utilisation of thermal mass.

Hidden Depths; The underground water harvesting solution within the pol Haveli’s

S I T UAT I O N O F The situation of wetness in Ahmedabad, once a finely balanced equilibrium between

CHOWK

torrential monsoon season and stepwells to subterranean aquifers is now one of OTL A

crisis. Since 1974 the central and northern Gujarat water table, has dropped at a

OSRI

KHADKI

PA R S A L ORDO

rate close to 20 meters per decade. Overexploitation of groundwater has left the

RESODU

Fatevadi, Gyaspur and Maktampura districts of Ahmedabad queuing in the 45 degree heat for the visiting water tanker for daily drinking water. The dense and intricate housing clusters that make up the urban fabric within the walled city represent an ecophilosophy inherent within an

Indian vernacular typology. It is through the

distillation and application of this paradigm that a fissured threshold between wet and dry in ahmedabad can be re-imagined. Within the Pols sits a buried and once KHADKI

banned solution to the water crisis. This system emerged to tackle water scarcity in this drought prone city. There are about 10 000 Tankas in

CHOWK

OSRI

ORDO

PA R S A L

OTL A

the Old RESODU

City and their storage capacity ranges from 25 000 to 50 000 litres. A survey by

UTILITY

the AMC in 2005 discovered the water stored in the maintained Tanaka’s surpass the World Health Organisation standards. The survey tested 11 tankas from 16 pols; the water was clear, non -saline and portable, soft and with negligible chemical content. As sunlight does not penetrate the tankas, unlike rooftop cisterns

CHOWK

OTL A OSRI

found across India, Laboratory testing found the water to be without bacteria

OSRI

PA R S A L

ORDO

KHADKI

and cannot harbour any water bourne disease. Each tanka storing about one

RESODU

lakh gallon of water, which is enough to last a year for a family of 10 members Copper Drainpipe systems, Chanel monsoon water in the wet season into deep wells below Chowks the mouth of which has a copper strainer, the underground

Traditional Spaces within typical Pol house ( Haveli) plans

chamber is lined with a particular type of limestone or coated in lime.

Each with specific hierarchical threshold

The 300 year technology was displaced from use following a British government order for their disuse and closure, fearing freedom fighters may use them as hideouts. Now that households have taps, most tankas have remained unused for 70 years

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

M A P P I N G I N V I S I B E WAT E R S : C H O W K S O F JAT H A N H I N I P O L The motif model of inlaid golden threads and bands into hardwood offers a conceptual method of mapping the pols’ spatial qualities and hierarchy, not evident in the plans of paths alone. Through a process of overlaying aerial images and plans, the model traces the glinting lines of hidden copper gutters and plots the Chowks beneath whitch the calm waters of the tankas sit.

TIME FRAME

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

RELEVANT

I N D I V I D UA L / C O L L A B O R AT I O N

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

GENERAL

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

CRITERIA

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

RELEVANT

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

AT T R I B U T E S

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

THE RAVIVARI BA ZAAR S I T UAT I O N B : T H E S A B A R M AT I R I V E R F R O N T

‘Sabarmati’ is derived from the word ‘shvabhra’ , meaning ‘fissure’. The sabarmati riverfront development has severed the connection between Bazaar and waterfront. 32,000 sqm of bustling market is contained between tall concrete retaining walls upon which sits four lanes of traffic on the West and the remaining refurbished old city walls and bastions on the East. The site is one of the only remaining stretches of Eastern Sabermati bank where the busy road deviates away from the bank edge, the opportunity is presented in the seam of land between River bank and market currently standing void of all footfall, for the old city to reclaim its connection to the water and occupy the bank. The challenge of the site is to create a navigable links between the two walls and set up appropriate design parameters in a site cleared of immediate spatial constraints to avoid a mirroring of the isolated and excluding plots of modern institutes on the opposite bank. The Ravivari market site, while vibrant and hectic on Sundays has no attraction throughout the remaining days of the week, for six days a vast expanse of concrete is barren and abandoned. One aim of this project is to reclaim the land once engrained in daily routine to the people of Ahmedbad and re-establish the Ravivari river bank as an appreciated public space, restoring the shared sense of ownership, identity and presence to the area. .

Existing Site: View accross project site from Sabarmati bank facing East to the market site. Old city walls visible the far side of the market and level change.

S I T UAT I O N B : T H E R AV I VA R I B A Z A A R ; S A B A R M AT I E A S T B A N K

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

M E T I C U LO U S C H A O S ; A H A N D I L L I S T R AT I O N C A P T U R I N G T H E PA R R A L L E L I N T E N S I T I E S O F R AV I VA R I

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

STUDIO H

REPORT

& THE POLS

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

AT R

STUDIO D

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

A RECONCEPTION OF GROUND

The invisible waters of Ahmedabad, the subterranean aquifers, and all but forgotten chambers of the Pols Tankas sit in contrast to the water scarcity of the dusty city above, alluding to a Parasituation of wetness above and below ground. The cisterns, hanging below the citadel as a pendulum, counterbalance to the humidity above. The culverted and concreted banks that stretch where once lush wetlands soaked up the Sabarmati can be reimagined as a brittle cap on top of the saturated ground. Brittle and breakable

The opposite sequence of drawing explores the idea of the ‘ground’ within the pols as an assemblage of extrutions; delicate points of connection between wetness above and wetness below ground held in the fissures between the pieces and held together in the compression provided by the old city walls.

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

LENTIC

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

AND LOTIC

The term Lentic (from the Latin lentus, meaning slow or motionless),

refers

standing

waters

such

lakes

and

ponds (lacustrine), or swamps and marshes (paludal). Lotic (from the Latin lotus, meaning washing), refers to running water (fluvial or fluviatile) habitats such as rivers and streams. The conceptual notion of ground and fissure is further explored through the lens of these two parallel conditions of wetness represented above and below Ahmedabad ground. The reciprocity of capture and release within the water cycle highlights the temporary and inconsistant nature of the ground as a threshold. Still waters are captured wetness, whether in a lake or tanka, and running water is released wetness. The aquafissure concept held within the model of the invisible waters can be conceived of as either facilitating the capture of wetness or the release.

The illustrations on the opposite page investigate

the idea

of water standing captured and pooling within the Aqua fissure, creating a lentic situation of wetness, or water being released to etch the fissures deeper into the ground, in a lotic situation of wetness

LOTIC

LENTIC

LOTIC

LENTIC

LOTIC

LENTIC MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

INTERVENTION 1:

Wall well: Capture and Release. A rainfall intervention at the Ravivari

The first intervetion of the thesis follows the ideas of capture and release of water through aquafissures as an intervention of ground at the Sabarmati River Bank. A Proposed rainwater harvesting system via a network of canopies utilises the monsoon deluge destined otherwise to be lost into storm drains and the river basin. Instead, it creates a network of filtration pools, releasing the water gradually slowing down the runoff process and irrigating the river bank. the open pavillion like spaces allow the people of ahmedabad to ocupy and overflow the channeling walls of the sabarmati developement to reach the river edge once more.

The proposed can canopies

provide needed shading during the hot seasons and allow the market to continue throughout the rainy seaso

CATCH & RELEASE : PLAN

Proposed Site Plan 1:500 C ATC H

RELEASE

Aquafissures & Cloud Catchers cad-block.com

cad-block.com

Troubled Water

cad-block.com

The Pols cad-block.com

The situation of wetness in Ahmedabad, once a finely balanced equilibrium between torrential monsoon season and subterranean aquifers is now one of crisis. Since 1974 the central and northern Gujarat water table, has dropped at a rate close to 20 meters per decade. Overexploitation of groundwater has left the Fatevadi, Gyaspur and Maktampura districts of Ahmedabad queuing in the 45 degree heat for the visiting water tanker for daily drinking water.

Wall to wall // Catch & Release Long Section 1:200

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

The word 'Pol' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Pratoli' meaning entrance to an enclosed area. The dense and intricate housing clusters that make up the urban fabric within the walled city represent an ecophilosophy inherent within an Indian vernacular typology. It is through the distillation and application of this paradigm that a fissured threshold between wet and dry in ahmedabad can be re-imagined. Within the Pols sits a buried and once banned solution to the water crisis,

CATCH & RELEASE : SECTION

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

Wall well: Catch

Well wall: Release

The intervention of a water harvesting network for the Ravivari Market, collects water within the' well' created between old wall and new walls and utilised the centuries old technology of the pol's 'Taankas.' An open pavilion like structure allows the people of Ahmedabad to occupy and overflow the channelling walls, new and old, to reach the river once more. The shifting unformulaic nature of the temporary market now free to spill out protected from the sun above and cooled by the water chambers below.

The concrete capped westernised Sabarmati river front has physically separated the people of Ahmedabad from the River. The act of idol submersion within the river, an important ritual of the Hindu festivals of Durga & Ganesh Puja, have been stopped due to the resulting pollution of the River. The second intervention; a mechanically flowing 'Stepped well' breaks the Sabarmati bank and creates filtering submersion ponds using the water harvested at the Ravivari, and created a more ecosophic threshold between the people and the river

cad-block.com

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

AT R

STUDIO D

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

SUBMERSION AND FILTRATIONS POOLS

THE SUBMERSION OF IDOLS

Well Wall: Filtering Submersion Ponds 1:50

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

torrential monsoon season and subterranean aquifers is now one of crisis. Since 1974 the central and northern Gujarat water table, has dropped at a rate close to STUDIO AT R 20 meters per decade. Overexploitation of groundwater has left the Fatevadi, Gyaspur and Maktampura districts of Ahmedabad queuing in the 45 degree heat for the visiting water tanker for daily drinking water.

STUDIO C

enclosed area. The dense and intricate housing clusters that make up the urban fabric within the walled city represent an ecophilosophy inherent within an Indian vernacular typology. It S isC Athrough the T distillation and application of this paradigm that a fissured threshold between wet and dry in ahmedabad can be re-imagined. Within the Pols sits a buried and once banned solution to the water crisis,

people of Ahmedabad from the River. The act of idol submersion within the river, an important ritual of the Hindu festivals of Durga & Ganesh Puja, have been stopped dueAto M Pthe L resulting pollution of the River.S T U D I O The second intervention; a mechanically flowing 'Stepped well' breaks the Sabarmati bank and creates filtering submersion ponds using the water harvested at the Ravivari, and created a more ecosophic threshold between the people and the river

water within the' well' created between old wall and new walls and utilised the centuries old technology of the pol's 'Taankas.' An open pavilion like structure allows the people of Ahmedabad to occupy and overflow STUDIO A the channelling walls, new and old, to reach the river once more. The shifting unformulaic nature of the temporary market now free to spill out protected from the sun above and cooled by the water chambers below.

REPORT

RAVIVARI MARKET CANOPY ; WATER CATCHMENT

Proposed Ravivari Bazaar Section: 1:200

Ravivari MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

Bazar

The

wall

A R B C R I T ES R Ih Aort 1 : 52. 10 06 . 1 . 1n 4 . 1 1 . 1 S2e. 1c t i3 o 1.2 1.3

2.2 2.3

3.2 3.3

4.2 4.3

5.2 5.3

6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

well 8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.6

2.7

Architectural Technology & Research COURSE SUMMERY

Generic study: Upcycled brick in sustainable construction

Architectural Technology Research emulates the role of researcher-practitioner, recognising that architectural projects in the context of a Climate Emergency need a level of technological investigation as a prerequisite to successful low carbon design. The course output is two reports; a generic study and a contextual study undertaken collaboratively in pairs, examining architectural environments, materials and processes with a focus on reducing the global impact of the buildings and places we design.

CRITICAL REFLECTION The report strengths are in their coherent, concise, logically expressed rationale. The approach of examining primary principles in construction, such as material choice (Tradition options versus new technologies marketed as sustainable) and systems of connection; resulted in research that engages with the research question and presents robust findings that will benefit my decision-making process while in practice. The general and contextual reports demonstrate a clear and focused understanding of constructional and material problems associated with sustainable building design. A potential improvement on the Contextual analysis would be to include a building type e.g. modular, temporary, etc., that is specifically designed for dismanteling to allow for a deeper analysis.

LE ARNING OUTCOMES LO1 | An ability to appraise the technological and

LO3 | An ability to analyse and synthesise

environmental conditions specific to issues in

technological

contemporary architecture, eg. sustainable design.

pertinent

and

environmental

particular

context

information (eg.

users,

environment). LO2 | An ability to organise, assimilate and present

LO3 | An understanding of the potential impact

technological and environmental information in

of technological and environmental decisions of

the broad context of architectural design to peer

architectural design on a broader context.

groups

B E H I N D : L I F E G UA R D S TAT I O N , C A L I F O R N I A C O N S T R U C T E D U S I N G BY B O C K S , BY BY F U S I O N .

Contextual study: Adaptability and deconstruction in a housing context

STUDIO C

AT R

55% [of materials consumption], with buildings (including their operation) contributing 50% of total CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) emissions.’¹ In order to adequately perform our duty, we in the construction industry must consider STUDIO A AT new technologiesS Cand processes which mitigate the negative effects of building on the environment.

STUDIO D

the circular economy ASSIGNMENT1: GENERIC STUDY OCTOBER 2019

UPCYCLED BRICK IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION:

IONA HOGGARTH | s1450039

upcycled brick in sustainable construction assessing the value of upcycled building materials in the age of climate breakdown

CAITLIN MACLEOD | s1440163

ASSESSING THE VALUE OF UPCYCLED BUILDING MATERIALS IN THE

“

01 introduction |

01 introduction

We are in a climate emergency, and the construction industry - as significant contributors to climate breakdown - has an ethical duty to address it. According to NBS and BREEAM Mat 6, ‘the construction industry accounts for approximately 55% [of materials consumption], with buildings (including their operation) contributing 50% of total CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) emissions.’¹ In order to adequately perform our duty, we in the construction industry must consider new technologies and processes which mitigate the negative effects of building on the environment.

upcycling vs downcycling

The climate emergency is the biggest challenge facing our planet and our profession. But to have a significant impact we need to do more than make symbolic statements - we need to turn warm words into impactful actions.

down-cycling

up-cycling

BUILDING MATERIAL

RECYCLING PROCESS

• •

SIGN FOR SERVICE 3. DE FOR LONG ESIGN EVIT 4. D Y

LESS VALUABLE MATERIAL

(e.g. ﬁlling material in road construction)

June 2019

BUILDING MATERIAL

RECYCLING PROCESS

LESS VALUABLE MATERIAL

(e.g. ﬁlling material in road construction)

BUILDING MATERIAL

RECYCLING PROCESS

EQUALLY/MORE VALUABLE MATERIAL (e.g. WasteBasedBricks)

Fig.1

Fig.2

Jess Sharman, ““Construction Waste And Materials Efficiency,” NBS, 2018, https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/construction-waste-and-materials-efficiency. E-CSR, “Circular Economy – Definition, Principles, Benefits & Barriers,” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://e-csr.net/definitions/circular-economy-meaning-definition-benefits-barriers/. Felix Heisel, Martha H Wisniewska and Dirk E. Hebel, Building From Waste (Berlin: Birkhauser, 2014), 98.

AGE OF CLIMATE BREAKDOWN

RECYCLING PROCESS

EQUALLY/MORE VALUABLE MATERIAL (e.g. WasteBasedBricks)

INTRODUCTION:

This study examines and compares the processes of making and using

04 quality/output

Various up-cycled materials with those of raw materials, as well as comparing the quality of each. In doing this, we will critically evaluate the effectiveness of specifying up-cycled materials over raw materials through the lense of

In addition to the production process, it is also important to analyse the quality of the final material product - the life of the product after its intial production is highly relevant if the product is to abide by the principles of the circular economy and be able to call itself ‘sustainable.’ We measure this quality through a number of criteria.

emergency.

METHODOLOGY: The report directly compares various factors of each of the material products with regards to both the production process and quality of the final product.

This study aims to examine and compare the processes of making and using various upcycled materials with those of raw materials, as well as comparing the quality of each. In doing this, we will critically evaluate the effectiveness of specifying upcycled materials over raw materials as a means of adressing the current climate emergency.

material when a variety of relevant factors are taken into consideration. The report looks specifically at bricks: as a modular unit it can be examined in isolation from a fully realised built form, and will be useful in terms of comparing different upcycled and raw material products. The upcycled material products we anlysed include:

The processes involved in manufacturing the case study material products will be outlined, following which they will be directly compared according to a number of factors. These factors have been chosen on the basis that they demonstrate how ‘sustainable’ each product is, such as energy and water usage, type and extraction of source material, transport, cost and human (social) factors such as employment provision.

traditional clay-fired brick process

All recycling of building materials embodies the principles of the circular economy, by taking waste from construction and demolition processes (and sometimes elsewhere) and reusing them, and avoiding the consumption of raw materials as far as possible. However, the form of recycling known as upcycling is even more effective, as the process allows a retained or improved value of product to be made from the waste material, thus becoming metabolic in nature. • •

upgradeable fixtures adaptable space

•

convertible building

• •

low maintenance non toxic/allergen-free

•

promote occupant wellbeing

• •

durable components systems approach

•

The standard process for the manufacturing of clay-fired extruded brick in the UK according to the Brick Development Association. 6

methodology

The report will directly compare various factors of each of the material products with regards to both the production process and quality of the final product. This direct comparison will allow us to evaluate the ‘sustainability’ of each material when a variety of relevant factors are taken into consideration.

climate resilience

SOURCE MATERIAL: CLAY

FORMING: AIR REMOVAL, EXTRUSION, WIRE CUTTING

5 The Brick Development Association, “The UK Brick Making Process,” 2019, https://www.brick.org.uk/ admin/resources/g-the-uk-clay-brickmaking-process.

Fig.3

SOURCE MATERIAL: CONSUMER WASTE PLASTIC Does NOT require sorting prior to production process

PREPARATION: SHREDDING, WASHING, DRYING

SHAPING: COMPRESSION IN A BATCH MOLD

FUSION: HEAT + PRESSURE APPLIED IN A CHAMBER

FINISHING: COOLING, DE-LIDDING AND MOULD RECOVERY

FINAL PRODUCT: BYFUSION BRICK

Fig.4

RECYCLING PROCESS

LESS VALUABLE MATERIAL

(e.g. ﬁlling material in road construction)

up-cycling

performance It is important to analyse the thermal performance of a product when used in an inhabited building as this speaks to the lifelong effectiveness of the product in reducing energy demands. It is also relevant to consider how the product contributes to user wellbeing, in order that it adheres to the circular economy principle ‘Design for Service’ (see: Fig. 2), and this encompasses other properties outwith thermal, such as the acoustic performance.

EQUALLY/MORE VALUABLE MATERIAL (e.g. WasteBasedBricks)

Fig.1

Fig.14

1. WasteBasedBrick by Stonecycling

FINAL PRODUCT: CLAY-FIRED BRICK

FINISHING: DRYING, KILN-FIRING

Byfusion’s process for the production of their Byfusion Brick. 7

These will be analysed alongside a traditional clay-fired extruded brick (made with 100% raw material) as typically produced in the UK according to standard EN771 - 1. 5

Stephanie Palmer, “A Circular Economy For the Built Enivronment,” Wienerberger, 2019, https:// www.wienerberger.co.uk/tips-and-advice/sustainable-building/a-circular-economy-for-the-builtenvironment.html.

PREPARATION: CRUSHING + MILLING, WATER ADDITION, MIXING

The clay is triple-milled to ensure the material is ﬁnely granulated

byfusion block process

1. WasteBasedBrick by Stonecycling 2. Byfusion Block by Byfusion 3. K-briq by Kenoteq

EXTRACTION + STOCKPILING: WITH HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR (MOST COMMON)

Sourced from clay quarries

The report looks specifically at bricks in this study: as a modular unit it can be examined in isolation from a fully realised built form, and will be useful in terms of comparing different upcycled and raw material products. The upcycled material products which will be anlysed include:

deconstructability According to leading experts Zero Waste Scotland the ‘deconstructability’ of a building is key to determining its level of sustainability and adherance to circualr Kenoteq’s K-briq is a particularly successful product in this regard. Though a fairly economy principles. They promote the adoption of ‘deconstruction methods of recently developed product with little information widely available on the upcycling defines ‘Designing working to maintain materialMATERIAL value.’29 Similarly the BRE GroupRECYCLING MATERIAL RECYCLING PROCESS production process, the productMATERIAL has been praised for itsBUILDING performance in building. BUILDING PROCESSfor LESS VALUABLE materialElizabeth in road construction) Deconstruction’ (DFE) as ‘one of the key parts of the jigsaw to assist the construction According to(e.g. theﬁlling Queen Prize for Engineering, the brick is ‘specially industry in achieving higher levels of resource efficiency and embedding circular designed to reduce a building’s running costs. With a high ‘thermal mass’...this economy thinking,’ and that this can be achieved by ‘ensuring that components that means they are perfect for keeping buildings cool and cutting air conditioning bills are specified are fit for purpose and can preferably be reused rather than recycled at in summer, and vice versa in winter.’ Additionally, the bricks regulate humidity and Sharman,their ““Construction Waste And Materials Efficiency,” NBS,condensation 2018, https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/construction-waste-and-materials-efficiency. the end of their¹life,Jess maintain[ing] value.’30 prevent due to their ‘breathability.’32

This direct comparison allows us to evaluate the ‘sustainability’ of each

outline per product

The key to shifting from a liner to a circular economy begins with the supply chain, manufacturers of building components the control the implementation of the circular economy principles at the top of the chain. Sustainable manufacturing must therefore consider ensuring the full potential of the material is realised without compromising its next cycle, in addition to the energy, water and waste impacts within the process.

aim of study

reuse of components recycling of materials

BUILDING MATERIAL

down-cycling

the circular economy concept as a means of addressing the current climate

• •

BUILDING MATERIAL

material traceability plan for deconstruction

The Sustainability team at the Brick Development Association have developed a circular economy guide for the built industry specifically, basing their ‘four fundamentals of design’ on the Ellen McArthur Foundation’s Circular Economy Principles 2 and 3.4

- Ben Derbyshire, RIBA President

¹ ² ³

03 production process |

02 aim + methodology

REUSE + REFURB ISHM N FOR ESIG EN T 2. D

With downcycling, the quality of the new product is reduced, as in the example of using construction waste to use as fill under roadbeds (Fig. 1). This means that the material becomes less and less valuable and is ‘downgraded’ with each life cycle. Upcycling, however, retains or improves upon the quality of the product.³ All recycling of building materials embodies the principles of the circular economy, by taking waste from construction and demolition processes (and sometimes elsewhere) and reusing them, and avoiding the consumption of raw materials as far as possible. However, the form of recycling known as upcycling is even more effective, as the process allows a retained or improved value of product to be made from the waste material, thus becoming metabolic in nature.

AMPL

FOR MATERIAL RECOV ERY ESIGN 1. D

Upcycling and downcycling are both examples of recycling, a process which, it can be fairly assumed, we all understand to be a cornerstone of sustainable practice.

The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a charity which promotes ‘the transition to a circular economy,’ defines this phenomenon as ‘gradually decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources, and designing waste out of the system. Underpinned by a transition to renewable energy sources, the circular model builds economic, natural, and social capital.’² (see Fig. 2 overleaf)

STUDIO H PORT With downcycling, the quality of the new product is reduced, as inR Ethe example of using construction waste to use as fill under roadbeds (Fig. 1). This means that the material becomes less and less valuable and is ‘downgraded’ with each life cycle. Upcycling, however, retains or improves upon the quality of the product.³

the circular economy

it can be fairly assumed, we all understand to be a cornerstone of sustainable practice.

“Circular M A T E R I A L PE-CSR, RODU C T S Economy F O R A N–ADefinition, L Y S I S Principles, Benefits & Barriers,” Accessed October 1, 2019. https://e-csr.net/definitions/circular-economy-meaning-definition-benefits-barriers/. Using this focus the Heisel, importance of deconstructability whole Byfusion repordedly excel in2014), the performance department. They are ³ onFelix Martha H Wisniewska inand Dirkbuildings, E. Hebel,weBuilding Frombricks Wastealso (Berlin: Birkhauser, 98. can assess the quality of our case study material products in terms of how they lighter than traditional bricks, but have five times the insulating properties.33 They might facilitate this process. For example, the Byfusion Brick utilises a lego-like also have high acoustic insulation values, and can ‘withstand high lateral forces of ‘interlocking system’ which removes the need for mortar or glue in joining the blocks the kind that occur in earthquakes.’34 The drawback of the product is that, due to 31 together, and making it subsequently easier to pull apart the blocks and reuse the plastic being unable to withstand the compression of heavy loads, they must be material. In contrast, both upcycled case study bricks - the WasteBasedBrick and used as wall fillers e.g. in framed buildings and retaining walls, and cannot be used K-Briq - and our control, the traditional clay-fired extruded brick, require, at best, to bear loads as with a traditional clay-fired extruded brick. some form of recycling, where the material is pulverised and remade into a new BUILDING MATERIAL RECYCLING PROCESS EQUALLY/MORE VALUABLE MATERIAL product (if not sent to landfill). In eliminating this step in the process, the Byfusion (e.g. WasteBasedBricks) Brick can be seen to be more successful in this regard.

2. Byfusion Block by Byfusion 3. K-briq by Kenoteq

CIRCULAR ECONOMY & UP-CYCLE VS. DOWN-CYCLE The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, a charity which promotes ‘the transition to a circular economy,’ defines this phenomenon as ‘gradually decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources, and designing waste out of the system. Underpinned by a transition to renewable energy sources, the circular model builds economic, natural, and social capital. Upcycling and downcycling are both examples of recycling, a process which, it can be fairly assumed, we all understand to be a cornerstone of sustainable

Nick Ribbons . “Circular Economy In Construction”. (Lecture, University of Edinburgh October, 21, 2019). 30 BRE Group, “Design for Deconstruction – Helping Construction Unlock the Benefits of The circular economy”, 2019, https://www.bregroup.com/buzz/design-for-deconstruction-helping-constructionunlock-the-benefits-of-the-circular-economy/ 31 WHeisel, A S TWisniewska E B A S Eand D Hebel, B R IBuilding C K BFrom Y SWaste, T O 114 NECYCLING

practice. With downcycling, the quality of the new product is reduced, as in the example of using construction waste to use as fill under roadbeds. This means that the material becomes less and less valuable and is ‘downgraded

The Queen Engineering prize, “KENOTEQ: Breathing Life Into New Buildings - Create The Future,” 2019, https://qeprize.org/createthefuture/kenoteq-breathing-life-new-buildings/. Expert Skip Hire, “ Bricks Made from Used Plastic Water Bottles,” 2019, https://www. expertskiphire.co.uk/plastic-bricks 34 Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 114 33

K-BRIQ BY KENOTEQ

Fig.15

BYFUSION BLOCKS BY BYFUSION

with each cycle.

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

03 production process |

outline per product

ASSIGNMENT1: GENERIC STUDY

StoneCycling’s process for the production of their WasteBasedBrick.

SOURCE MATERIAL: DEMOLITION WASTE Materials (including ‘glass, concrete, bricks’ and ‘ceramic washbasins’) are collected and seperated at the demolition site

PREPARATION: GRINDING + CRUSHING INTO POWDER

SHAPING: MIXING, FORMING BRICKS IN A MOULD Stonecycling are rather secretive about their process, thus little is known about the composition of mixed materials, or the mixing + forming process

FINISHING: BAKING AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

FINAL PRODUCT: WASTEBASEDBRICK

In comparison the principle (and only) material of Byfusion bricks is recycled plastic waste material, all types of plastic individually or mixed, clean or contaminated with the exception of 100% polystyrene or other ‘foam-based’ plastics.11 As no binding agents or chemicals are required there is no raw material used. Each block containing approximately 20 Plastic bottles.12

Fig.5

k-briq process

Kenoteq’s process for the production of their K-Briq. NB: As a very recently developed material product (2017/18) there is very little information on this.9

CONCLUSION:

SOURCE MATERIAL: DEMOLITION WASTE

The reduction and reuse of waste is a vital step in adressing the climate

PREPARATION: GRINDING INTO POWDER

SHAPING: COMPRESSION

FINISHING: AIR-DRYING

The K-Briqs no heat from fossil fuels or cement to be formed unlike other bricks

K-Briqs do not require kiln drying, reducing emissions considerably

Stonecycling wastebasedbrick products are made on an individual basis using an adjusted ceramic process, with currently 60%+ recycled source material replacing the processed raw clay mineral content. This primary material of wastebasedbricks varies with 65 construction demolition waste types currently being used including ceramic sinks, glass, bricks and concrete which are pulverised, blended, moulded (often by hand) and baked.13 Their material is sourced within a 150km radius of their production facility, a working partnership is required between the demolition companies in order

FINAL PRODUCT: K-BRIQ

to obtain correctly separated materials, it is this sourcing of material that presents the biggest challenge.14 Kenoteq ‘s ‘ K-briq’ is made without raw material and boasts 90% recycled material content of demolition material otherwise destined for landfill, the highest of any product in the UK.15 Most significantly the K-briq does not require any cement as a binding agent - a primary ingredient used in concrete.16 The cement industry being one of the primary producers of Carbon dioxide. 17 transport impacts As most clay brick-works are traditionally located close to their open-pit extraction site transportation impacts during production stages are minimal. There is however, an increasing upward trend to import clays and other raw materials -off site into brickworks which, in the past would have relied entirely on raw materials from the ‘captive’ on site pit. This is a trend likely to continue as specification becomes tighter, however these volumes involved are small and haulage distances short.18 The impacts on sustainability through transport mainly occur through the distribution stages to construction sites, which are almost always by road. Ibstock is a leading and largest brick production capacity in the UK with 22 manufacturing plants, and 23 quarries distributed through the nature of the naturally occurring clay seams across the UK from Southampton to Glasgow. 19

energy use UK clay brick manufacturing is an highly energy intensive process, the most demanding stage of the process being the firing in a kiln of temperatures between1000-1300 degrees centigrade. This up 85-90% of the whole processes energy use. Estimated figures within the 2016 Brick sustainability report suggest a usage of 727 KWh/ Tonne of brick. Natural gas and primary electricity from the grid being the most common source of this energy see, ( Fig.. Insert every use diagram.) Emissions from the combustion of these fuels and gaseous emissions driven off as the clay is fired, including sulphur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride.23 Stoncycling’s wastebasedbrick improves on this technique with the ability to bake their wastebasedbricks at a lower temperature within their similar ceramic process ceramic with preliminary calculations showing an energy saving of 25% throughout the process.24

Fig.7 Fig.8

Fig.7

The Brick development Association, “BRICK sustainability Report,” 2016, https://www.brick.org.uk/ admin/resources/brick-sustainability-report-2016-1.pdf. Byfusion Global Inc., “About,” 2019, https://www.byfusion.com/about/. Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 114-115 Material Lab, “In Conversation with Stone Cyclcing,”2019,https://www.material-lab.co.uk/journal/ stone-cycling/. 14 “In Conversation with StoneCycling” 15 Zero Waste Scotland, “ Manufacturing For The Future: Scotlands’s Innovation Renaissance”, 2019, 11 12 13

The concept of the Byfusion brick is to create a localised solution, allowing local communities to recapture the value within their own waste. Byfusion create the processing machinery to be installed at existing local recycling centres with existing material collection methods. 20

The blocker machinery of Byfusion bricks is also less energy intensive than traditional clay bricks using super heated water and compression within its fusion process rather

“The UK Brick Making Process” Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 114-115 Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 98-100 Project Scotland, “House Brick Can Become Circular Economy Champ,” 2019, https://projectscot.com/2019/03/house-brick-can-become-circular-economy-champ/.

emergency; upcycling waste materials (rather than extracting raw material)

https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/blog/manufacturing-future-scotland’s-innovation-renaissance. Design Building Wiki, “K-Briq”,2019,https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/K-Briq. The Queen Engineering prize, “KENOTEQ: Breathing Life Into New Buildings - Create The Future,” 2019, https://qeprize.org/createthefuture/kenoteq-breathing-life-new-buildings/. 18 Greenspec, “The Environmental Impacts Of Concrete,” 2019, http://www.greenspec.co.uk/ building-design/environmental-impacts-of-concrete 19 Ibstock Brick, ”Our people,” 2019, https://ibstockbrick.co.uk/our-people/ 20 Byfusion Global Inc., “About,”2019, https://www.byfusion.com/about/. 16 17

21 22 23 24

“BRICK Sustainability Report” Byfusion, “About” “The Environmental Impacts Of Concrete” Smithsonian, “This Dutch Startup Is Making Bricks From Industrial Waste,” 2019, https://www. smithsonianmag.com/innovation/this-dutch-startup-making-bricks-from-industrialwaste-180959893/.

Fig.9

03 production process |

comparison

water use As a limited sensitive natural resource water supply is under increasing pressure due to climate change and population growth. Water is essential to the to contemporary clay brick manufacturing processes 120l of mains water is used in the production of 1 tonne of clay fired brick.21 Comparably the steam-based process for fusion and water-cooling system means Byfusion Bbricks require an even more water intensive process. Approximately 2-3 Litres of water are used per byfusion brick, though the water usage varies between each 10kg brick, 200-300 litres per tonne of byfusion bricks. However the impacts of this can be mitigated to a certain extent through 50% of this water can then be recycled in the fusion process again. 22

Fig.6 10

6 7 8 9

03 production process |

comparison

resource use The principle material of conventional clay brick is clay and sand, finite but abundant natural resource requiring mechanical extraction and an extensive milling refinement process. Extraction of raw materials such as clay through open pit-mines has consequential detrimental effects on the natural environment, the mains concerns being destruction of habitats and by extension degradation of biodiversity and damage to fragile ecosystems. Water contamination and increased sedimentation levels in streams due to soil erosion, siltation and smothering of stream beds. However, brick manufacturers have an opportunity to mitigate this through biodiversity through good site management and sympathetic restoration to extraction sites. “There are many sites in the UK, providing valuable natural capital a and benefiting biodiversity. These sites also often work in partnership with conservation and wildlife organisations.” 10

wastebasedbrick process

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

than kiln firing. Although Byfusion energy sources currently vary between electricity and a fuel source such as diesel, natural gas or LPG, the increasing potential for use of renewable energy has meant Byfusion predict a current 41% less green house emissions throughout thier production process than traditional clay bricks.25 Unlike these other examples K-briq is the only process to not involve intensive heating of any kind throughout the process, instead air-drying and compression are utilised. Kenoteq claim an energy saving of 90% when compared traditional clay brick and 10% of the carbon emissions. 26

Fig.10

25 26

Byfusion, “About” Konect, “Local Lab: Building A Sustainable Future,” 2019, https://www.konect.scot/post/local-labbuilding-a-sustainable-future. 27 “Our People” 28 Byfusion, “About”

TRANSPORT

ENERGY USE

SOCIAL FACTORS

Water Intensive: 120 litres per tonne of brick produced

Very energy intensive High usage of non renewable 747KWh/ Tonne

Established employment ,training and apprentiship provider. Financial support within community for social and educational programs.

Lack of information

25% Energy saving compared to traditional brick

Employment base outside of UK 1-10 employees.

CLAY-FIRED BRICK

100% Raw material content. Cement based mortar. Resource extraction process detrimental to the environment.

Resources located on site, minimal transport until distribution stage. Natural Localised distribution

WASTEBASEDBRICK

60 %+ Recycled material content. Construction demolition waste . Labour and time intensive resource collection and separation required.

150km radius of material content Sourcing via road Production limited to Netherlands Shipping required.

BYFUSION BRICK

100 % Recycled material content. Mixed unsorted plastic waste. No unknown binding additives , mortars or chemicals

Very highly water Intensive: Production localised and utilising 200-300 litres per tonne of bricks existing local recycling centres and produced. 50% water recycled within organisation networks. process

K-BRIQ

90% Recycled material Content. Construction Demolition waste. 0% Raw material use

Fuel consumption profile of UK Clay brick production in 2015

Lack of information

41% Energy Saving compared to traditional brick. Potential for future shift to renewable.

90% Energy Saving compared to traditional brick.

deconstructability According to leading experts Zero Waste Scotland the ‘deconstructability’ of a building is key to determining its level of sustainability and adherance to circualr economy principles. They promote the adoption of ‘deconstruction methods of working to maintain material value.’29 Similarly the BRE Group defines ‘Designing for Deconstruction’ (DFE) as ‘one of the key parts of the jigsaw to assist the construction industry in achieving higher levels of resource efficiency and embedding circular economy thinking,’ and that this can be achieved by ‘ensuring that components that are specified are fit for purpose and can preferably be reused rather than recycled at the end of their life, maintain[ing] their value.’30

Localised solution, creation of local jobs and retention of material value within community.

New emplyment base within UK

Fig.13

As ecologically beneficial as upcycled material products undoubtedly are, there are hurdles in place that perhaps prevent these materials from being more widely specified by architects and construction industry professionals in their projects. The following criteria speak to the practicalities of specifying such products. aesthetics If an upcycled material product has the potential to enhance the aethetic quality of the project, this will, naturally, improve the chances of architects/construction industry professionals specifying the product.

Kenoteq’s K-briq is a particularly successful product in this regard. Though a fairly recently developed product with little information widely available on the upcycling production process, the product has been praised for its performance in building. According to the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, the brick is ‘specially designed to reduce a building’s running costs. With a high ‘thermal mass’...this means they are perfect for keeping buildings cool and cutting air conditioning bills in summer, and vice versa in winter.’ Additionally, the bricks regulate humidity and prevent condensation due to their ‘breathability.’32

Using this focus on the importance of deconstructability in whole buildings, we can assess the quality of our case study material products in terms of how they might facilitate this process. For example, the Byfusion Brick utilises a lego-like ‘interlocking system’ which removes the need for mortar or glue in joining the blocks together,31 and making it subsequently easier to pull apart the blocks and reuse the material. In contrast, both upcycled case study bricks - the WasteBasedBrick and K-Briq - and our control, the traditional clay-fired extruded brick, require, at best, some form of recycling, where the material is pulverised and remade into a new product (if not sent to landfill). In eliminating this step in the process, the Byfusion Brick can be seen to be more successful in this regard.

Byfusion bricks also repordedly excel in the performance department. They are lighter than traditional bricks, but have five times the insulating properties.33 They also have high acoustic insulation values, and can ‘withstand high lateral forces of the kind that occur in earthquakes.’34 The drawback of the product is that, due to plastic being unable to withstand the compression of heavy loads, they must be used as wall fillers e.g. in framed buildings and retaining walls, and cannot be used to bear loads as with a traditional clay-fired extruded brick.

32 The Queen Engineering prize, “KENOTEQ: Breathing Life Into New Buildings - Create The Future,” 2019, https://qeprize.org/createthefuture/kenoteq-breathing-life-new-buildings/. 33 Expert Skip Hire, “ Bricks Made from Used Plastic Water Bottles,” 2019, https://www. expertskiphire.co.uk/plastic-bricks 34 Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 114

Nick Ribbons . “Circular Economy In Construction”. (Lecture, University of Edinburgh October, 21, 2019). 30 BRE Group, “Design for Deconstruction – Helping Construction Unlock the Benefits of The circular economy”, 2019, https://www.bregroup.com/buzz/design-for-deconstruction-helping-constructionunlock-the-benefits-of-the-circular-economy/ 31 Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 114

Fig.12

04 quality/output

WATER USE

Fig.11

Byfusion’s aim is to create the processing machinery to be installed at existing local recycling centres, in addition to producing and selling the byfusion bricks themselves as a product.28 This has the potential to create local jobs allowing local communities to recapture the value within their own waste. Each ‘Community blocker’ can be operated by two workers and foreman with a background in basic mechanical systems. Byfusion service engineers train and certify local operators during installation.

REPORT

04 quality/output

comparison

RESOURCE USE

Social impacts he localised and established nature of the UK clay brick manufacturing industry means companies such as Ibstock Brick who provide over 2,500 jobs are very much embedded in the local community surrounding each of their 22 locations across the UK supporting community projects and organisations such as, local Infant, primary and junior schools, community colleges, university lecture series (UWE, Bristol), scout groups, community centres, town cricket and social clubs and even brass bands. Ibstock Brick provide opportunity for 34 4 year apprenticeship schemes providing engineering and mechanical qualifications and an average of 3.25 days training per employee. 27

STUDIO H

Stonecycling’s WasteBasedBrick range features a variety of ‘beautiful and surprising forms, textures and colours’35 , with some impressive, aethetically successful projects in their portfolio as a result. One such project - the Colourful Condo in Amsterdam (Fig 16 + 17) - demonstrates five of WasteBasedBricks colour outputs and two finishes ‘raw’ and ‘sliced.’36 With the option of using the bricks internally or externally and the aforementioned wealth of choice in both colour and finishing options, the product offers designers a good deal of customisability and flexibility to suit their specific needs.

Fig.14

Byfusion Bricks can be cut as needed,37 and can be moulded to various shapes and sizes,38 allowing a degree of customisation (as with WasteBasedBricks). However, the bricks require painting or covering in plaster and cannot be used as facing - the product itself is rather unsightly in its raw state. (Fig 18) cost (to purchase) Unfortunately, it seems that generally, the costs associated with the specification of upcycled material products (in place of traditional, raw material-based products) are significant. Exact figures are difficult to obtain: Stonecycling state on their website that ‘we are not cheap. Our products are mainly used in projects with a strong focus 35 36

Stonecycling, “The Beauty of Waste,” https://www.stonecycling.com/beauty-of-waste Stonecycling, “Colourful Condo in Amsterdam,” https://www.stonecycling.com/projects/2018/5/28/ colourful-condo-in-amsterdam 37 Byfusion, “About” 38 Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 115 39 Stonecycling, “FAQ” https://www.stonecycling.com/faq 40 Otago Daily Times, “Global Interest in plastics recycling machine,” 2010, https://www.odt.co.nz/

Fig.15

on design and sustainability + a budget that matches this.’39 Byfusion bricks have featured in a very small number of realised built projects and there is almost no information on how much it costs to specify the product. In 2010, creator Peter Lewis was looking to create a production version of his brick-producing prototype to sell to investors - which he claimed would cost around 350,000 USD (around 273, 000GBP) - with the hope that this would eventually be mass-produced and sold to recycling centres and local authorities worldwide, however this has yet to be achieved.40 While maintaining that their K-briq reduces the costs associated with waste disposal and the gas costs/carbon taxes usually involved in the production process, there is no information from Kenoteq on the cost of specifcying their material in practice.41 industry standards Even if the aethetic quality is of a high standard and the costs associated with specification are manageable, a material product may not sufficiently comply with industry standards, or have desired certifications, accreditations and ratings to allow for its specification in a project. This is a significant problem: the Ellen McArthur Foundation lists ‘lack of industry standards for recycled materials’ as one of the ‘key barriers to scaling up the looping of building materials.’42

Fig.16

Fig.17

For example, in their FAQ page, Stonecycling answer the question ‘Do your products have any sustainability certification such as Cradle2Cradle?’ with ‘No, not at the moment. In general we use this thing called common sense.’43 Moreover, in terms of warranty, the material product is delivered to standards set by the KNB in the Netherlands - there is no information on the standards set by countries outwith. Dirk E. Hebel and co’s write up of Byfusion Bricks in Building From Waste discloses that with regards to the material product’s fire rating, there is ‘no information:’44 such a lack of vital information would seemingly make the product rather hard for a designer to specify. For a full list of accreditations and certifications of products, please see the table (Fig 19) overleaf. news/dunedin/global-interest-plastics-recycling-machine?fbclid=IwAR0zsR8x59Ma9OLXRtG74Efy7if kx61l5GRIWzUTz6NLPf_Sger4cSIfj_o 41 “KENOTEQ: Breahting life into new buildings,” https://qeprize.org/createthefuture/kenoteqbreathing-life-new-buildings/ 42 “Circular Economy – Definition, Principles, Benefits & Barriers 43 Stonecycling, “FAQ” https://www.stonecycling.com/faq 44 Heisel, Wisniewska and Hebel, Building From Waste, 115

Fig.18

to create material products provides a means for the construction industry specifically to significantly reduce its impact on the environment. Using our method of comparing production processes and quality/output of upcycled

03 production process |

03 quality/output |

comparison

material products alongside a raw-material-sourced product (traditional clay-fired extruded brick), we have been able to evaluate, using a defined set

RESOURCE USE

of criteria, the specific sustainability benefits of specifying these materials in future projects.

limitations exist which must be overcome if upcycled material products are to be more widely used by designers in practice. These include financial limitations, wherein the cost of specifying a new, innovative material which is not yet widely used or available are too great; lack of precedent i.e. not enough realised projects which use upcycled materials; lack of industry standards (largely due to lack of precedent) with regards to official accreditation, certification and ratings, which make the specification of such materials risky for construction industry professionals; inaccessibility, i.e.

COST (TO PURCHASE)

CLAY-FIRED BRICK

Recquires breaking down before recycling waste material

Reliable, time-tested performance in built environment (high thermal mass, known strength etc.)

Variety of options (colour, texture, size etc)

BS EN 771 - Specification for masonry units (all UK accredited clay-fired extruded bricks)

Industry standard

WASTEBASEDBRICK

Can be dissasembled and re-used in its existing form

Wide range of applications (interior and exterior, walls, roofs and floors) Lack of information on performance

Variety of options (colour, texture, interior/exterior use), customisable by client Attractive finish

DIN EN 13501 (Fireproof, noncombustible) Delivered under T&Cs of KNB Netherlands

‘Not cheap’ (see previous page)

Localised solution, creation of local jobs and retention of material value within community.

BYFUSION BRICK

Recquires breaking down before recycling waste material

5x Insulating properties of traditional brick Lighter than traditional brick High acoustic insulation value Can’t bear loads

Cannot be used as facing, requires finishing/plastering over Customisable in size

No fire rating No known certifications or accreditations

Lack of information

New emplyment base within UK

K-BRIQ

Recquires breaking down before recycling waste material

High thermal mass Regulate humidity/prevent condensation buildup

Recent product with no realised project applications as yet

Recent product awaiting testing/ certification by third-parties

Lack of information

Very energy intensive High usage of non renewable 747KWh/ Tonne

Established employment ,training and apprentiship provider. Financial support within community for social and educational programs.

Lack of information

25% Energy saving compared to traditional brick

Employment base outside of UK 1-10 employees.

41% Energy Saving compared to traditional brick. Potential for future shift to renewable.

60 %+ Recycled material content. Construction demolition waste . Labour and time intensive resource collection and separation required.

150km radius of material content Sourcing via road Production limited to Netherlands Shipping required.

BYFUSION BRICK

100 % Recycled material content. Mixed unsorted plastic waste. No unknown binding additives , mortars or chemicals

03 production process |

INDUSTRY STANDARDS

Water Intensive: 120 litres per tonne of brick produced

WASTEBASEDBRICK

However, there is a question of viability to be considered; a number of

AESTHETICS

SOCIAL FACTORS

Resources located on site, minimal transport until distribution stage. Natural Localised distribution

overall.

PERFORMANCE

ENERGY USE

100% Raw material content. Cement based mortar. Resource extraction process detrimental to the environment.

material products adheres to principles of the circular economy, which is

DECONSTRUCTABILITY

WATER USE

CLAY-FIRED BRICK

Furthermore, we have demonstrated the ways in which the use of upcycled

understood to be key in making the construction industry more sustainable

TRANSPORT

outline per product

90% Recycled material Content. Construction Demolition waste. K-BRIQ Raw material The key to shifting from a liner to a circular0%economy beginsuse with the supply

chain, manufacturers of building components the control the implementation of the circular economy principles at the top of the chain. Sustainable manufacturing must therefore consider ensuring the full potential of the material is realised without compromising its next cycle, in addition to the energy, water and waste impacts within the process.

Lack of information

90% Energy Saving compared to traditional brick.

Fig.13

03 production process |

StoneCycling’s process for the production of their WasteBasedBrick.

The standard process for the manufacturing of clay-fired extruded brick in the UK according to the Brick Development Association. 6

processes, recipes and methods of production being protected by private SOURCE MATERIAL: CLAY

We therefore posit that, in order for upcycling to hold greater value in the

EXTRACTION + STOCKPILING: WITH HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR (MOST COMMON)

Sourced from clay quarries

context of the construction industry adressing the climate emergency, the UK must embrace these new technologies, processes and products on an industry-wide scale, thus allowing these limiatations and barriers to success

byfusion block process

SOURCE MATERIAL: CONSUMER WASTE PLASTIC Does NOT require sorting prior to production process

PREPARATION: CRUSHING + MILLING, WATER ADDITION, MIXING

FORMING: AIR REMOVAL, EXTRUSION, WIRE CUTTING

The clay is triple-milled to ensure the material is ﬁnely granulated

SOURCE MATERIAL: DEMOLITION WASTE

FINAL PRODUCT: CLAY-FIRED BRICK

FINISHING: DRYING, KILN-FIRING

Materials (including ‘glass, concrete, bricks’ and ‘ceramic washbasins’) are collected and seperated at the demolition site

Fig.3

MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

SHAPING: MIXING, FORMING BRICKS IN A MOULD

FINISHING: BAKING AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

Stonecycling are rather secretive about their process, thus little is known about the composition of mixed materials, or the mixing + forming process

FINAL PRODUCT: WASTEBASEDBRICK

k-briq process

PREPARATION: SHREDDING, WASHING, DRYING

Kenoteq’s process for the production of their K-Briq. NB: As a very recently developed material product (2017/18) there is very little information on this.9

SHAPING: COMPRESSION IN A BATCH MOLD

FUSION: HEAT + PRESSURE APPLIED IN A CHAMBER

FINISHING: COOLING, DE-LIDDING AND MOULD RECOVERY

FINAL PRODUCT: BYFUSION BRICK

SOURCE MATERIAL: DEMOLITION WASTE

Fig.4

6 7 8 9

MArch

PREPARATION: GRINDING + CRUSHING INTO POWDER

Fig.5

Byfusion’s process for the production of their Byfusion Brick.

to be overcome.

wastebasedbrick process

traditional clay-fired brick process

companies so that reproduction at a local level becomes more difficult.

Fig.19

outline per product

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

PREPARATION: GRINDING INTO POWDER

SHAPING: COMPRESSION

FINISHING: AIR-DRYING

The K-Briqs no heat from fossil fuels or cement to be formed unlike other bricks

K-Briqs do not require kiln drying, reducing emissions considerably

FINAL PRODUCT: K-BRIQ Fig.6

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

images 03 quality/output |

ASSIGNMENT1: GENERIC STUDY

04 quality/output |

comparison

DECONSTRUCTABILITY

CLAY-FIRED BRICK

Reliable, time-tested performance in built environment (high thermal mass, known strength etc.)

INDUSTRY STANDARDS

AESTHETICS

Variety of options (colour, texture, size etc)

Variety of options (colour, texture, interior/exterior use), customisable by client Attractive finish

COST (TO PURCHASE)

BS EN 771 - Specification for masonry units (all UK accredited clay-fired extruded bricks)

Can be dissasembled and re-used in its existing form

Wide range of applications (interior and exterior, walls, roofs and floors) Lack of information on performance

BYFUSION BRICK

Recquires breaking down before recycling waste material

5x Insulating properties of traditional brick Lighter than traditional brick High acoustic insulation value Can’t bear loads

Cannot be used as facing, requires finishing/plastering over Customisable in size

No fire rating No known certifications or accreditations

K-BRIQ

Recquires breaking down before recycling waste material

High thermal mass Regulate humidity/prevent condensation buildup

Recent product with no realised project applications as yet

Recent product awaiting testing/ certification by third-parties

WASTEBASEDBRICK

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Recquires breaking down before recycling waste material

PERFORMANCE

DIN EN 13501 (Fireproof, noncombustible) Delivered under T&Cs of KNB Netherlands

1. MATERIAL RECOVERY

Industry standard

CLAY-FIRED BRICK

05 conclusion

circular economy criteria

2. REUSE + REFURBISHMENT

Suitable for BIM & Brick buildings can be component recovery. adaptable & adjusted in Many uses of recycled material lifetime. Bricks can be widely Traceable material. reclaimed and reused.

3. SERVICE

Provides thermal comfort , fire resistance for occupant. Maintenance free. Non toxic & allergen free.

Durable, stable system component which can withstand hundreds of years. Climatically resilient

‘Not cheap’ (see previous page)

WASTEBASEDBRICK

Lack of information

BYFUSION BRICK

Lack of information

K-BRIQ

Difficult to trace material. Recoverability of product material at end of life unknown.

System allows for buildings to be adaptable and adjusted,designed for disassembly and reassembly.

Provides superior thermal and acoustic comfort enhancement. Maintenance free.

Suitable for BIM & Brick buildings can be Provides thermal comfort and component recovery. adaptable & adjusted. Bricks prevents condensation. Material suitable to be recycled can be reclaimed and reused. Maintenance free. again. Traceable material.. Non toxic & allergen free.

Fig.19

Durable facade system component. Climatically resilient Longevity Untested

“About | Byfusion Global Inc.”. 2019. Byfusion.Com. https://www.byfusion.com/ about/.

The reduction and reuse of waste is a vital step in adressing the climate emergency; upcycling waste materials (rather than extracting raw material) to create material products provides a means for the construction industry specifically to significantly reduce its impact on the environment. Using our method of comparing production processes and quality/output of upcycled material products alongside a rawmaterial-sourced product (traditional clay-fired extruded brick), we have been able to evaluate, using a defined set of criteria, the specific sustainability benefits of specifying these materials in future projects.

4. LONGEVITY

FOR MATERIAL RECOV ERY ESIGN 1. D N FOR ESIG 2. D

Suitable for BIM& component Component product can be Aesthetic benefit to occupant Recovery. adaptable & adjusted in well-being occupant. Can be recycled and reformed lifetime, may be reclaimed and Fire resistance. once more. reused in another building. Maintenance free. Traceable material. Non toxic & allergen free.

bibliography

REUSE + REFURB ISHM EN T

“Bricks Are Durable And Ecologically Responsible”. 2019. Vandersandengroup. Co.Uk. https://www.vandersandengroup.co.uk/group/en-gb/bricks-are-durableand-ecologically-responsible. Buddulph, Jim. 2019. “In Conversation With Stone Cycling | Material Lab”. MaterialLab.Co.Uk. https://www.material-lab.co.uk/journal/stone-cycling/. “Circular Economy – Definition, Principles, Benefits & Barriers”. 2019. E-CSR.Net. Accessed October 1, 2019. https://e-csr.net/definitions/circular-economy-meaningdefinition-benefits-barriers/.

Furthermore, we have demonstrated the ways in which the use of upcycled material products adheres to principles of the circular economy, which is understood to be key in making the construction industry more sustainable overall.

SIGN FOR SERVICE 3. DE

“FAQ”. Byfusion.Com, 2019, https://www.byfusion.com/faq/. Accessed 26 Oct 2019.

However, there is a question of viability to be considered; a number of limitations exist which must be overcome if upcycled material products are to be more widely used by designers in practice. These include financial limitations, wherein the cost of specifying a new, innovative material which is not yet widely used or available are too great; lack of precedent i.e. not enough realised projects which use upcycled materials; lack of industry standards (largely due to lack of precedent) with regards to official accreditation, certification and ratings, which make the specification of such materials risky for construction industry professionals; inaccessibility, i.e. processes, recipes and methods of production being protected by private companies so that reproduction at a local level becomes more difficult.

FOR LONG ESIGN EVIT 4. D Y

Resilient in earthquake zones as construction allows for flexibility. Longevity & Untested

“FAQ”. Stonecycling.Com, https://www.stonecycling.com/faq. Accessed 25 Oct 2019. Frost, Maisha. 2019. “Green Brick Developer KENOTEQ Wins £500,000 Scottish Enterprise Grant”. Express.Co.Uk. https://www.express.co.uk/finance/city/868420/ low-carbon-brick-developer-green-eco-friendly-Kentoq-Scottish-Enterprise. Gambino, Megan. 2019. “This Dutch Startup Is Making Bricks From Industrial Waste”. Smithsonian. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/this-dutchstartup-making-bricks-from-industrial-waste-180959893/.

We therefore posit that, in order for upcycling to hold greater value in the context of the construction industry adressing the climate emergency, the UK must embrace these new technologies, processes and products on an industry-wide scale, thus allowing these limiatations and barriers to success to be overcome.

Climatically resilient Longevity Untested

Gould, Hannah. “The Rotterdam Couple That Will Live In A House Made From Waste”. The Guardian, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainablebusiness/2016/may/21/rotterdam-couple-house-made-from-waste-stonecyclingbricks-netherlands. Accessed 14 Oct 2019.

Fig.20

Gulland, Iain. 2019. “Manufacturing For The Future: Scotland’S Innovation Renaissance”. Zero Waste Scotland. https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/blog/

manufacturing-future-scotland’s-innovation-renaissance. Gumpert, Jennifer. 2019. “Material Insight: Wastebasedbricks By Stonecycling”. Material Connexion. https://www.materialconnexion.com/material-insightwastebasedbricks-by-stonecycling/?fbclid=IwAR2EbXVNSZrMUgzi7mm2O09uupy kEle-9rJU9zMUia3uJEy5z68-1imavU8. Hebel, Dirk, and Felix Heisel. 2017. Cultivated Building Materials. 1st ed. Berlin: Birkhäuser. Heisel, Felix, Marta H Wisniewska, and Dirk E Hebel. 2014. Building From Waste. Berlin: Birkhäuser. Hire, Expert. 2019. “Plastic Bricks Made From Used Plastic Water Bottles”. Expertskiphire.Co.Uk. https://www.expertskiphire.co.uk/plastic-bricks. “House Brick Can Become Circular Economy Champ | Project Scotland”. 2019. Project Scotland. https://projectscot.com/2019/03/house-brick-can-becomecircular-economy-champ/. “K-Briq”. 2019. Designingbuildings.Co.Uk. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki/K-Briq.

Fig. 1

Author’s own

Fig. 15

Engineering for Change, “Replast,” https://www.engineeringforchange.org/solutions/product/replast/

Fig. 2

Author’s own (abstracted from “A Circular Economy for the Built Environment,” https://www.wienerberger. co.uk/tips-and-advice/sustainable-building/a-circular-economy-for-the-built-environment.html.

Fig. 16

Stonecycling, “Colourful Condo in Amsterdam,” https://www.stonecycling.com/projects/2018/5/28/ colourful-condo-in-amsterdam

Fig. 3

Author’s own (see citation for information source)

Fig. 4

Author’s own (see citation for information source)

Fig. 17

Stonecycling, “Colourful Condo in Amsterdam,” https://www.stonecycling.com/projects/2018/5/28/ colourful-condo-in-amsterdam

Fig. 5

Author’s own (see citation for information source)

Fig. 18

Fig. 6

Author’s own (see citation for information source)

“ByFusion turns all types of ocean plastic into eco-friendly construction blocks,” https://inhabitat.com/ byfusion-turns-all-types-of-ocean-plastic-into-eco-friendly-construction-blocks/

Sharman, Jess. 2018. “Construction Waste And Materials Efficiency”. NBS. https:// www.thenbs.com/knowledge/construction-waste-and-materials-efficiency.

Fig. 7

“Clay Extraction Near Bournmouth Could be Approved”, https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/ news/17276700.clay-extraction-near-wareham-could-be-approved

Fig. 19

Author’s own (see pg 13-14 for citations for information included in table)

Fig. 20

Author’s own (see pg 10-11 and 13-14 for citations of information included in table)

The Brick Development Association. 2019. “The UK Brick Making Process”. London: The Brick Development Association. https://www.brick.org.uk/admin/resources/gthe-uk-clay-brickmaking-process.

Fig. 8

Stonecycling, “This Dutch startup are making bricks from Industrial Waste,” https://www.smithsonianmag. com/innovation/this-dutch-startup-making-bricks-from-industrial-waste-180959893/

“The Environmental Impacts Of Concrete”. 2019. Greenspec. http://www. greenspec.co.uk/building-design/environmental-impacts-of-concrete.

Fig. 9

Stonecycling,”The Beauty of Waste”, https://www.stonecycling.com/beauty-of-waste.

Fig. 10

The Brick Development Assosiation, “The UK Clay Brick Making Processs”, page 14, https://www.brick.org.uk/admin/resources/g-the-uk-clay-brickmaking-process. pdf?fbclid=IwAR0cvTg3rM7JyeR37Fc3choicHKUi6alJV1VrMF_8rouazdH7c8paR3xf1I

Palmer, Stephanie. “A Circular Economy For The Built Environment”. Wienerberger, 2019, https://www.wienerberger.co.uk/tips-and-advice/sustainable-building/acircular-economy-for-the-built-environment.html. Accessed 26 Oct 2019. “Plastic Bricks Made From Used Water Bottles”. Expertskiphire.Co.Uk, 2018, https://www.expertskiphire.co.uk/plastic-bricks?fbclid=IwAR0rvlbeWukbyx_ CuXPKArrbhx0HtNk5mF69kdLzvqYxxY3I9xYMwamfAAY. Accessed 22 Oct 2019. Ribbons, Nick. “Circular Economy In Construction”. 2019.

“KENOTEQ: Breathing Life Into New Buildings - Create The Future”. 2019. Create The Future. https://qeprize.org/createthefuture/kenoteq-breathing-life-new-buildings/. Lewis, John. “Global Interest In Plastics Recycling Machine”. Otago Daily Times, 2010, https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/global-interest-plastics-recyclingmachine?fbclid=IwAR0zsR8x59Ma9OLXRtG74Efy7ifkx61l5GRIWzUTz6NL Pf_Sger4cSIfj_o. Accessed 26 Oct 2019. “Local Lab: Building A Sustainable Future”. 2019. Konect.Scot. https://www.konect. scot/post/local-lab-building-a-sustainable-future. “Our People | Ibstock Brick”. 2019. Ibstock Brick. https://ibstockbrick.co.uk/ourpeople/.

Fig. 11

Byfusion, Screenshot from video, https://www.byfusion.com/byblock/

Fig. 12

The Brick Development Assosiation,” BRICK Sustainability Report”, Page 8, https://www.brick.org.uk/ admin/resources/brick-sustainability-report-2016-1.pdf.

Fig. 13

Author’s own (see pg 10-11 for citations for information included in table)

Fig. 14

Wardell Armstrong, “Planning Permission Secured by Wardell Armstrong for the Proposed Kenoteq Demonstration Building,” https://www.wardell-armstrong.com/news/planning-permission-secured-bywardell-armstrong-for-the-proposed-kenoteq-demonstration-building/

Buddulph, Jim. 2019. “In Conversation With Stone Cycling | Material Lab”. MaterialLab.Co.Uk. https://www.material-lab.co.uk/journal/stone-cycling/.

“Circular Economy – Definition, Principles, Benefits & Barriers”. 2019.

04 quality/output |

circular economy criteria

01 introduction |

E-CSR.Net. Accessed October 1, 2019. https://e-csr.net/definitions/circulareconomy-meaningdefinition-benefits-barriers/.

1. MATERIAL RECOVERY Frost, Maisha. 2019. “Green Brick Developer KENOTEQ Wins £500,000 Scottish Enterprise

Grant”.

Express.Co.Uk.

https://www.express.co.uk/finance/

city/868420/

CLAY-FIRED BRICK

low-carbon-brick-developer-green-eco-friendly-Kentoq-Scottish-Enterprise. Gambino, Megan. 2019. “This Dutch Startup Is Making Bricks From Industrial Waste”.

Smithsonian.

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/this-

dutchstartup-making-bricks-from-industrial-waste-180959893/.

WASTEBASEDBRICK

Gould, Hannah. “The Rotterdam Couple That Will Live In A House Made From Waste”.

The

Guardian,

2016,

2. REUSE + REFURBISHMENT

Brick buildings can be Suitable for BIM & adaptable & adjusted in component recovery. Many uses of recycled material lifetime. Bricks can be widely reclaimed and reused. Traceable material.

3. SERVICE

the circular economy

4. LONGEVITY

Provides thermal comfort , fire resistance for occupant. Maintenance free. Non toxic & allergen free.

Suitable for BIM& component Component product can be Aesthetic benefit to occupant adaptable & adjusted in well-being occupant. Recovery. Fire resistance. Can be recycled and reformed lifetime, may be reclaimed and reused in another building. Maintenance free. once more. Non toxic & allergen free. Traceable material.

FOR MATERIAL RECOV ERY ESIGN 1. D

Durable, stable system component which can withstand hundreds of years. Climatically resilient

R REUSE + REFURBIS HM EN T

FOR MATERIAL RECOIVGN FO ESIGN S ERY 1. D . DE

REUSE + REFURB ISHM N FOR ESIG E SIGN FOR SERVICE D . 3.NDT E 2

Durable facade system component. Climatically resilient Longevity Untested

SIGN FOR SERVICE 3. DE

FOR LONG ESIGN EVIT 4. D Y

BYFUSION BRICK

waste-stonecyclingbricks-netherlands. Accessed 14 Oct 2019

Difficult to trace material. Recoverability of product material at end of life unknown.

System allows for buildings to be adaptable and adjusted,designed for disassembly and reassembly.

Provides superior thermal and acoustic comfort enhancement. Maintenance free.

Resilient in earthquake zones as construction allows for flexibility. Longevity & Untested

Waste. Berlin: Birkhäuser

K-BRIQ Palmer, Stephanie. “A Circular Economy For The Built Environment”. Wienerberger,2019,https://www.wienerberger.co.uk/tips-and-advice/

Suitable for BIM & Brick buildings can be Provides thermal comfort and component recovery. adaptable & adjusted. Bricks prevents condensation. Maintenance free. Material suitable to be recycled can be reclaimed and reused. Non toxic & allergen free. again. Traceable material..

MArch

SEMESTER

reuse of components recycling of materials

• •

upgradeable fixtures adaptable space

•

convertible building

• •

low maintenance non toxic/allergen-free

•

promote occupant wellbeing

• •

durable components systems approach

•

climate resilience

CONTRIBUTORS

2.1

2.2

Fig.20

Accessed 26 Oct 2019

Fig.2

Climatically resilient Longevity Untested

sustainable-building/acircular-economy-for-the-built-environment.html.

SEMESTER

• •

Heisel, Felix, Marta H Wisniewska, and Dirk E Hebel. 2014. Building From

material traceability plan for deconstruction

https://www.theguardian.com/

sustainablebusiness/2016/may/21/rotterdam-couple-house-made-from-

MArch

• •

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

AT R

STUDIO D

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

01 introduction

ASSIGNMENT2: CONTEXTUAL STUDY

ADAPTABILITY AND DECONSTRUCTION IN A HOUSING CONTEXT: EVALUATING CONNECTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY HOUSING WITH

“

A building, which is currently a static entity defined by endstates, has to be considered as being part of a dynamic environment. Consequently, it has to accommodate the evolving trends by being adaptable. This adaptability includes space reorganization, renovation, rehabilitation, and deconstruction. [Design for Adaptability and Deconstruction] meets these requirements.

02 aim + methodology | NOVEMBER 2019

IONA HOGGARTH | s1450039

adaptability and deconstruction in a housing context evaluating connections in contemporary housing with regards to concept of DfAD

CAITLIN MACLEOD | s1440163

Our Generic Study demonstrated the importance of adopting circular economy principles in construction as a means of mitigating the effects of climate breakdown. A key factor in the optimisation of this process is the notion of ‘deconstructability and adaptability’ i.e. the ease with which a building can be dissasembled and components re-used, effectively skipping over the recycling process undertaken during demolition. A paper from the ESTP defines the goal of Designing for Adaptability and Deconstruction (DfAD) as ‘creating sustainable buildings by maximizing both their flexibility toward space configuration and their environmental efficiency considering their whole life-cycle.’ ¹

The housing crisis we are facing in the UK is as urgent and pertinent today as the climate emergency. Shelter released findings last year that revealed a 9% increase in homeless individuals in the UK from two years prior, citing ‘a lack of supply of decent affordable housing,’ among other factors, as the cause.³ We must build more quality housing, but it is of paramount importance that we do so with the attention to sustainable practices and consideration of life cycle principles which the state of climate emergency demands: improving the quality of connections in housing construction would be one such way to address this dual concern.

This study aims to examine and compare connections in contemporary housing, assessing their value in terms of how easily they facilitate the processes of adaptability and deconstructability, as well as reflecting upon questions of longevity and lifespan. This will link into wider concerns regarding the role of housing construction in addressing and mitigating the twofold emergencies of both climate breakdown and lack of quality housing in the UK.

stuff

The quality and robustness of connections, and furthermore how well a structure is assembled, also impacts the lifespan of a building: a key concern for construction industry professionals concerned with tackling the climate emergency. According to the LGA (Local Government Association), we should be upping our current expectations of new-build housing having a life expectancy of 60 to 2,000 years.4 Serving as inherent reflections of how we live in a given time period, we must simultanaeously consider how to extend the lifespan of our homes whilst allowing for appropriate degrees of flexibility in such that they can adapt to our ever-changing ways of life. By designing connections with DfAD in mind, we can do just this.

methodology

space plan

A number of housing case studies will be examined in cross section, with Stewart Brand’s ‘Shearing Layers of Change’ diagram (see Fig. 1 overleaf) used as an evaluation mechanism for each. In using this diagram, the lifespan of elements can be assessed (what is replaceable, and what is permanent?), and the role of connections in the construction can be identified (structure, skin etc). From this, we can consider the potential for adaptability and deconstruction of the build based on the type (screw, bolt, mortar, resin etc), quality and accessibility of connections (in order to adapt, replace etc).

services

Liam Reynolds, “Homelessness in Great Britain - The numbers behind the story,” (Shelter, November 2018). Sabrina Mouilek, “Design for Adaptability and Deconstruction (DfAD),” (Diplome d’lngenieur, Ecole Speciale des Travaux Publics, Paris, 2009), 30. Mouilek, “(DfAD),” 20. Steve Mansour, “How long should new build homes last?”, 2017, https://www.buildingconstructiondesign.co.uk/news/how-long-should-new-build-homes-last/

INTRODUCTION:

“

skin

03.1 case study | denby dale house

housing, assessing their value in terms of how easily they facilitate the

derrie o’sullivan & the green building store

processes of adaptability and deconstruct-ability, as well as reflecting upon

regarding the role of housing construction in addressing and mitigating the two fold emergencies of both climate breakdown and lack of quality housing

The shearing layers model was developed with commercial buildings in mind; this case study provides a starting point for grounding our research within the context of UK housing.

in the UK

stuff

SHEARING LAYERS OF CHANGE:

short-term

space plan

Stewart Brands diagram explains the concept of a hierarchy that governs

services

the evolution of a building over time, buildings are never in a fixed state of

Fig.2

Fig.3

Green Building Store, “Denby Dale Passivhaus”, 2019, https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/denby-dale-passivhaus-uk-first-cavity-wallpassive-house/

skin

‘as built’ or ‘demolished’ but a system made up of several layers of differing Longevity. Only once this is understood can the idea of sustainability through

site

S H E A R I N G L AY E R S C O N C E P T D I A G R A M

Fig.1

‘deconstructability and adaptability’ i.e. the ease with which a building can be dissasembled and components re-used, effectively skipping over the recycling process undertaken during demolition. A paper from the ESTP

Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn (New York, 1994).

Fig.2

Fig.3

Green Building Store, “Denby Dale Passivhaus”, 2019, https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/denby-dale-passivhaus-uk-first-cavity-wallpassive-house/

Fig.4

03.2 case study | clay field housing, suffolk

Held as an exemplar for affordable sustainable housing developments, the 26 homes of Clay Field Housing project were designed with the aim of achieving low levels of embodied energy and low emissions.10

-Frank Duffy, Architect

How Buildings Learn 1994

Commissioned in 2006 following an RIBA design competition, the project was pioneering in that it sees the first application of hempcrete; a mixture of hemp and lime which captures carbon from the atmosphere, making it less than zero carbon material.11

This case study represents medium scale residential projects at the forefront of implementing innovative constructions materials and methods, demonstrating how these stand up when examined through the lens of the shearing diagram.

Stewarts Brands diagram explains the concept of a heirarchy that governs the evolution of a building over time, buildings are never in a fixed state of ‘as built’ or ‘demolished’ but a Fig.6 system made up of several layers of differeing Fig.7 longevity.5 10 11

Graham Bizley, “Architecture in Detail II,” (July 3, 2019), https://issuu.com/sebastiannunez09/docs/architecture_in_detail_ii Matylda Krzykowski, “Clay Fields by Riches Hawley Mikhail”, (Dezeen, 2008), https://www.dezeen.com/2008/11/18/clay-fields-by-riches-hawley-mikhail/

Fig.8

Stewart Brand, Howstudy Buildings (New York, 1994). 03.4 case | Learn ty pren, wales

long-term

Amin Taha & Groupwork

A key factor in the optimisation of this process is the notion of

long-term Fig.1

Fig.4 8 Only once this is understood can the idea of stustainability through adaption CASE STUDY 2 in construction be tested.

03.3 case study site | barretts grove

DESIGNING FOR ADAPTABILITY AND DECONSTRUCTION

The shearing layers model was developed with commercial buildings in mind; this case study provides a starting point for grounding our research within the context of UK housing.

CASE STUDY 1

structure

adaption in construction be tested

Stewarts Brands diagram explains the concept of a heirarchy that governs the evolution of a building over time, buildings are never in a fixed state of ‘as built’ or ‘demolished’ but a system made up of several layers of differeing longevity.5

Our basic argument is that there isn’t such a thing as a Riches Hawley Mikhail & Buro Happold building . A building properly conceived is several layers of longevity of built components”

questions of longevity and lifespan. This will link into wider concerns

How Buildings Learn 1994

Only once this is understood can the idea of stustainability through adaption in construction be tested.

structure

The case studies will be selected based on their approach to connection design and examined in accordance to DfAD practices. The reasoning for this is to create a case for the need to consider structural design in addition to more widely understood methods of sustainable construction, such as material selection and passive heating/cooling mechanisms, in order to improve upon their existing sustainability credentials.

This study examines and compares connections in contemporary

derrie o’sullivan & the green building store

-Frank Duffy, Architect

short-term

REGARDS TO CONCEPT OF DfAD

“

aim of study

REPORT

03.1 case study | denby dale house

Our basic argument is that there isn’t such a thing as a building . A building properly conceived is several layers of longevity of built components”

the housing crisis and building longevity

¹ ² ³

Paris, 2009

shearing layers of change

designing for adaptability and deconstruction (DfAD)

the importance of connections

shearing layers of change

02 aim + methodology |

02 aim + methodology

Connections are extremely important aspects of construction to consider in DfAD, yet are often overlooked in sustainability modelling. The simplicity, quality and accessibility of connections determine whether components are able to be easily dissasembled and re-used, or whether they must be demolished for potential future recycling. Mouilek’s paper notes that ‘the design objectives of connections are to allow the removal of the elements without damaging them to minimize the need for specific equipment, and to make this process as simple as possible for the workers.’ ²

-Sabrina Mouilek, Ecole Sp6ciale des Travaux Publics

STUDIO H

fielden fowels architects

Design by Groupwork (formerly Amin Taha Architects), the six story apartment block situated in the London Borough of Hackney was shortlisted for the Stirling prize in 2014. The scheme has been highly praised for its considered use of material and detailing.

Ty Pren is a passive house and modern take on the local vernacular long house in the Brecon Beacons national park.16 A combination of traditional form and connections and modern techniques, the build was completed in 2009 by Fielden Fowles Architects.

A departure from the conventional cost plan templates of structure finishes, the architect notably took greater responsibility in coordinating structure and services than traditionally lies with the architect , even taking on the role of quantity surveyor and claiming the build was completed at a cost that housing associations could afford.13

The use of structurally insulated panels within this project provides the opportunity to test the shearing layers model against non-traditional construction and therefore connection methods, where structure, skin and space plan are not so distinguishable, and all services are embedded into a single wall.17

defines the goal of Designing for Adaptability and Deconstruction (DfAD) as ‘creating sustainable buildings by maximizing both their flexibility toward

CASE STUDIES:

space configuration and their environmental efficiency considering their whole life-cycle.’

1. Denby Dale House- Derrie O’Sullian & The green Building Store 2. Clay Field Housing - Riches Hawley Mikhail & Buro Happold

Fig.10 13

3. Barretts Grove- Amin Taha & Groupwork

MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

Catherine Warrman, “Ty Pren by Fielden Fowles” (Dezeen, February 2011), https://www.dezeen.com/2011/02/14/ty-pren-by-feilden-fowles/ 17 Archdaily, “Ty Pren / Feilden Fowles,” June 2012, https://www.archdaily.com/255206/ty-pren-feilden-fowles

Fig.13

CASE STUDY 3

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

Fig.16

4. ty pren, wales - Fielden Fowles Architects

MArch

Fig.15

Fig.12

Fig.11

Amin Taha, “Barrett’s Grove,” Architecture Today, Accessed January 2020. http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/barretts-grove/

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

Fig.17

CASE STUDY 4

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

STUDIO H

REPORT

03.1 case study | denby dale house Derrie O’Sullivan & the green building store

nails

The original details - adapting British vernacular and German engineering - for the project are claimed to provide a potential new template for the Uk construction industry.7

ASSIGNMENT 2: CONTEXTUAL STUDY

Structure:: Concrete block-work with cement mortar, closed cell insulation and basalt and resin wall tiles, and Yorkshire stone and lime plaster make up the load-bearing walls .8 Skin: To improve airtightness around the window opening, adhesive-backed

airtightness tape was attached to the plywood box with a fleece wrapped into the wet plaster, making the junction between the plywood and plaster airtight. 6

METHODOLOGY:

03.2 case study | clay field housing,suffolk

03.3 case study | barretts grove

Riches Hawley Mikhail & Buro Happold

Amin Taha & Groupwork

CLT sheets and panels are used for all wall, floor and roof superstructure which sits on a sunken cast concrete and brick basement box. Consisting of perpendicular planks (lamellas) of sawn, glued, and layered wood, the integrity of the material (and longevity of the shearing layer itself)is dependent on the quality of connections maintaining water tightness. Floor and wall panels are screwed together.

mortar

Skin: The gable walls are finished with lime render and lime mortar. Strong, flexible and permeable lime render is breathable the absorbent, wicking away moisture minimising damage to the structural layers underneath. The requirement for expansion joins are removed due to the flexible nature. Lime mortar only lasts 3-7 years, however unlike cement based mortars it can be removed without damaging the structure underneath, and recycled. The roof and north and south walls are clad with ship lapped red Cedar boarding and shingles fixed to treated wooden sheathing batons with steel nails. The structural integrity of the timber frame is reliant on the quality of single use staple and bond connections maintaining water tightness.12

Space Plan: The timber plates of the first floor are bolted to the wall with washers and epoxy resin. Chipboard flooring is glued and nailed to I-beams and the plasterboard of ceiling underneath is nailed into the beams.9

nails, mortar

While the sustainability credentials of Denby Dale House are considerable due to its compliance with Passivhaus standard, many of the features which ensure this compliance (for example, airtightness tape) are incompatible with DfAD practice, making the affected areas less easy to perform repairs on and elements less likely to be reused in the event of demolition.

Services + Space Plan: Tongue and groove wooden particle board joints, timber frame and internal stud walls allow for a degree of reconfiguration and adaptability. However, the nature of the hempcrete insulation filled frames restrict the accessibility between the shearing layers, creating inflexible services layout or additional waste in deconstruction and adaptation. The skin of Clay Field seems to be the shearing layer most compliant with DfAD practices due to the use of lime mortar and more easily removable connections e.g. nails. However, with sprayed-on hempcrete’s inability to be removed intact, the structure’s DfAD complaincy is significantly impeded.

bolts Fig.6

Fig.5

‘Shearing Layers of Change’ diagram used as an evaluation mechanism for

brick and lime mortar plinth and concrete blinding. A damp proof membrane is bonded to the blockwork with double sided tape. A breather membrane had been stapled between timber joists following the line of insulation between skin and structural layers. The Hempcrete insulation is sprayed directly into the timber frame onsite drying rigid within the interior stud wall and timber batons of the exterior wall in order to achieve passive airtightness.12 Hempcrete cannot be removed intact, and degree of damage to the structure in doing so is as yet unknown.

The roof detail sees plywood board and timber battens nailed to the trusses.

The case studies are examined in cross section, with Stewart Brand’s

03.2 case study | clay field housing, suffolk

Structure: Partially prefabricated timber frames and steel screwed stud walls are fixed to a 5 course

nails

7 Green Building Store, “Denby Dale” 8 Green Spec, “Denby Dale Passivhaus: Derrie O’Sullivan,” 2019, http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/denby-dale-passivhaus/ 9

Michael Corran, “Can Passivhaus standards be met in the UK using traditional cavity wall construction?” (BSc (Hons) Construction Management, Leeds Metropolitan University, May 2012), 40.

10 11

Fig.7

Fig.8

Skin: Insulation, a vapour barrier, a protective sheeting and self-supporting double

stacked open ‘Half Flemish’ bond brick rain-screen using a raked mortar connection make up the exterior envelope. Within the brick façade, steel metal shims are bolted through to the CLT and wall ties, and lintels connect the skin to the structural layer. This is taped and sealed where it punctures the membrane to maintain water tightness.14

Services + Space Plan: The loadbearing CLT panels span up to 6.0m with

various precisely cut voids for the stair and services. Acoustic layers and boards, insulation and a floating timber floor are built up above the floor superstructure and accommodate underfloor heating, power, data and water services. This use of CLT panels as opposed to a frame limits adaptability of the space plan: not only are there loadbearing internal walls, meaning the free plan is lost, but moving a staircase or creating new voids in the CLT floors would be very difficult. The CLT serves as the internal finish and is left exposed with clear, fire-retardant varnish, removing the need for plaster boarded walls, suspended ceilings, cornices, skirtings and finishes such as paints etc. This eliminates the waste accrued with the changing of décor and increases accessibility to services and structural layers. 15

tape

staples

Bizley, “Architecture in Detail”

Fig.9

Fig.11

03.4 case study | ty pren, wales fielden fowels architects

Structure:

nails

Fig.10

nails

mortar

03.3 case study | barretts grove

By removing the need for plasterboarding/other internal finishes, the project not only reduces waste and resource use, but makes adaptability + deconstruction far more feasible. Use of non-DfAD compliant (e.g. glue, resin) connections is minimal.

Fig.12

bolts, tape

mortar

tape

screws Fig.15

Amin Taha, “Barrett’s Grove,” Architecture Today, Accessed January 2020. http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/barretts-grove/

Fig.13

14 Wood For Good, “Barrett’s Grove,” Accessed Jan 2020. https://woodforgood.com/case-studies/barretts-grove 15 Laura Mark, “What Amin Taha specified on Barrett’s Grove,” (Architects Journal, September 2016), https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/what-amin-taha-specified-on-barretts-grove/10012096. article?fbclid=IwAR2DqhovOoXtBOF7mjpkUjiuaIJ3mL7zffSxZd1h1JKvwfGamA5RkkfXD7o

Fig.16

Catherine Warrman, “Ty Pren by Fielden Fowles” (Dezeen, February 2011), https://www.dezeen.com/2011/02/14/ty-pren-by-feilden-fowles/ Archdaily, “Ty Pren / Feilden Fowles,” June 2012, https://www.archdaily.com/255206/ty-pren-feilden-fowles

Fig.14

Fig.17

each. In using this diagram, the lifespan of elements can be assessed (what is replaceable, and what is permanent?), and the role of connections in the construction can be identified (structure, skin etc). From this, we can consider the potential for adaptability and

03.1 case study | denby dale house

03.3 case study | barretts grove

deconstruction of the build based on the type (screw, bolt, mortar, resin etc),

Derrie (in O’Sullivan & thereplace greenetc). building quality and accessibility of connections order to adapt,

store

nails

The case studies have been selected based on their approach to connection

03.4 case study | ty pren, wales

Structure: CLT sheets and panels are used for all wall, floor and roof superstructure

The original detailspractices. - adapting British and for German engineering design and examined in accordance to DfAD The vernacular reasoning - for the project are claimed to provide a potential new template for the Uk this is to create a case for the need to consider construction industry.7 structural design in addition

nails

to more widely understood methods of sustainable construction, such as Structure:: Concrete block-work with cement mortar, closed cell insulation and basalt and resin wall tiles, and Yorkshire stone and lime plaster make up material selection and passive heating/cooling in order to the load-bearing wallsmechanisms, .8

which sits on a sunken cast concrete and brick basement box. Consisting of perpendicular planks (lamellas) of sawn, glued, and layered wood, the integrity of the material (and longevity of the shearing layer itself)is dependent on the quality of connections maintaining water tightness. Floor and wall panels are screwed together.

fielden fowels architects bolts, tape

Skin: Insulation, a vapour barrier, a protective sheeting and self-supporting double stacked open ‘Half Flemish’ bond brick rain-screen using a raked mortar connection make up the exterior envelope. Within the brick façade, steel metal shims are bolted through to the CLT and wall ties, and lintels connect the skin to the structural layer. This is taped and sealed where it punctures the membrane to maintain water tightness.14

improve upon their existing sustainability credentials Skin: To improve airtightness around the window opening, adhesive-backed airtightness tape was attached to the plywood box with a fleece wrapped into the wet plaster, making the junction between the plywood and plaster CONCLUSION: airtight. 6

mortar

The roof detail sees plywoodofboard and timber battens nailed to the trusses. The Despite the more widespread adoption sustainable building

Space development Plan: The timber plates the first floorfollowing. are bolted to the wall with practices in contemporary housing (for ofexample, washers and epoxy resin. Chipboard flooring is glued and nailed to I-beams the Passivhaus model), which isandundeniably step in addressing the plasterboardaofpositive ceiling underneath is nailed into the beams.9

nails, mortar

the climate emergency, these While models often docredentials not lend themselves to considerable the sustainability of Denby Dale House are due to its compliance with Passivhaus standard, many of the features which deconstructability and adaptability. This is due mainly to the use of tape) adhesives ensure this compliance (for example, airtightness are incompatible with DfAD practice, making the affected areas less easy to perform repairs on and and sealants in connections which, while providing the airtightness needed elements less likely to be reused in the event of demolition.

bolts

to reach Passivhaus etc standards, are difficult to remove without damaging

Services + Space Plan: The loadbearing CLT panels span up to 6.0m with

Green Spec, “Denby Dale Passivhaus: Derrie O’Sullivan,” 2019, http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/denby-dale-passivhaus/ Michael Corran, “Can Passivhaus standards be met in the UK using traditional cavity wall construction?” (BSc (Hons) Construction

tape

screws

sealant, nails

nails, sealant

Services + Space Plan: The space plan is set out to a set out on a 1.2m grid, dictated by

the standard SIP panel and sheet material size to minimise waste.20 All services and utilities services are embedded within the north wall; Bathrooms, stairs, pantry, storage and solar thermal store. The stair is recessed into the depth of the back wall, emerging onto a viewing gallery created around a cut out void, all of which is key to the passive thermal and stack ventilation strategy. The space plan shearing layer is inseparable from the structure, however the isolation of the services layer to one wall allows for an planned accessibility otherwise restricted within loadbearing walls.21

screws

The use of screws, nails and joints throughout makes Ty Pren a far more DfAD compliant: these types of connections can be more easily removed without damaging elements, allowing for repairs and flexibility which therefore increase the building’s lifespan. However, in this model shearing layers are less ‘seperable’, which can pose Fig.14 problems in terms of replaceability.

nails

18 19

Warrman, “Ty Pren” Feilden Fowles, “Ty Pren Residential Architecture. Brecon Beacons, Powys, Wales”, Accessed Jan 2020. https://www.feildenfowles.co.uk/ty-pren/ 20 Archdaily, “Ty Pren” 21 Feilden Fowles, “Ty Pren”

work. It is therefore necessary to reflect upon how we might achieve these

nails

remaining east, west and south elevations are clad in untreated larch with a predicted life of 25 years; eight larch trees have been planted on the client’s estate to provide the replacement wood, and the removed cladding will be burnt to heat the house. The larch was sawn into chamfered battens, mounted 10 mm apart and set out on 100 mm vertical studs fixed using steel screws so as to be removable when necessary.19

Wood For Good, “Barrett’s Grove,” Accessed Jan 2020. https://woodforgood.com/case-studies/barretts-grove Fig.5 Laura Mark, “What Amin Taha specified on Barrett’s Grove,” (Architects Journal, September 2016), https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/what-amin-taha-specified-on-barretts-grove/10012096. article?fbclid=IwAR2DqhovOoXtBOF7mjpkUjiuaIJ3mL7zffSxZd1h1JKvwfGamA5RkkfXD7o

deconstruction or unable to be replaced inMetropolitan the event necessary repair Management, Leeds University,of May 2012), 40.

Structure: Structurally insulated panels slot together as a tongue and groove spline joint held in place with adhesive foam sealant and joints finished with tapes to create a consistent extruded loadbearing form without eaves. These panels are connected with openings for services and windows at structurally calculated fixed points within the loadbearing walls. Timber frame anchor fixings are screwed into blockwork.18

Skin: Recycled welsh slates (from a derelict local building) wrap continually from the 18 mortar roof down the exposed north wall of the house and are nailed onto wooden batons. The

14 15

Building unable Store, “Denby Dale” the affected elements, rendering78 Green them to be reused following 9

The space

Amin Taha & Groupwork

current standards of sustainability whilst also complying with DfAD practice:

nails

Fig.18

for example, the use of mechanical connections (screws, bolts and nails)

CASE STUDY 1: DENBY DALE HOUSE

CASE STUDY 3: BARRETTS GROVE

C A S E S T U D Y 4 : Ty P re n

rather than bonded connections (tapes, glues and Sealants) in acheiving

Detail highlighting and clasifying connection methods of Structure, Skin and space plan

Detail highlighting and clasifying connection methods of Structure, Skin,services and space plan

airtightness. In doing so we will be able to adopt a more hollistic, longterm approach to sustainable house-building in the UK, one which places deserved and necessary importance on the longevity and adaptability of the build over its lifespan.

MArch MArch

1 2

SEMESTER SEMESTER

1 2

CONTRIBUTORS

ARB CRITERIA

1.1 1.2 1.3

2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.1 5.2 5.3

6.1 6.2 6.3

7.1 7.2 7.3

8.1 8.2 8.3

9.1 9.2 9.3

10.1 10.2 10.3

11.1 11.2 11.3

A R B G R A D U AT E AT T R I B U T E S

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

STUDIO C

STUDIO D

AT R

The space

04 connection appraisal

03.4 case study | ty pren, wales fielden fowels architects

ASSIGNMENT2: CONTEXTUAL STUDY

held in place with adhesive foam sealant and joints finished with tapes to create a consistent extruded loadbearing form without eaves. These panels are connected with openings for services and windows at structurally calculated fixed points within the loadbearing walls. Timber frame anchor fixings are screwed into blockwork.18

nails

Skin: Recycled welsh slates (from a derelict local building) wrap continually from the roof down the exposed north wall of the house and are nailed onto wooden batons.18 The remaining east, west and south elevations are clad in untreated larch with a predicted life of 25 years; eight larch trees have been planted on the client’s estate to provide the replacement wood, and the removed cladding will be burnt to heat the house. The larch was sawn into chamfered battens, mounted 10 mm apart and set out on 100 mm vertical studs fixed using steel screws so as to be removable when necessary.19

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY:

ADHESIVE

nails, sealant

Services + Space Plan: The space plan is set out to a set out on a 1.2m grid, dictated by the standard SIP panel and sheet material size to minimise waste.20 All services and utilities services are embedded within the north wall; Bathrooms, stairs, pantry, storage and solar thermal store. The stair is recessed into the depth of the back wall, emerging onto a viewing gallery created around a cut out void, all of which is key to the passive thermal and stack ventilation strategy. The space plan shearing layer is inseparable from the structure, however the isolation of the services layer to one wall allows for an planned accessibility otherwise restricted within loadbearing walls.21

MORTAR

SEPARATE/REMOVABILITY

RE-USABILITY (CONNECTED ELEMENT)

. Difficult to impossible to seperate adhered elements (depending on the type of adhesive used).

. Connected elements likely to be damaged beyond reusability by separation process

Mortar jointed walls can be can be demolished and rebuilt, and individual joints removed and openings made with lintels inserted.

Mortar can be removed by soaking, chipping and chiseling the mortar off. Reclaimed bricks are common building material.

screws

TAPE

Designed to be a permanent sealant against water or wind. Not removable.

The tape can be cut open to reuse the connection elements, membranes etc. Often not re-useable.

RE-USABILITY (CONNECTOR)

ACCESSIBILITY

. Not easily recycled or re-used

Adhered connections are more difficult to inspect for damage (i.e. need for repair) than other types

The mortar its self is not suitable for reuse. It can be recycled in to a raw material for cement clinker.

Access to repair /repoint mortar connections from external skin layer.

Not suitable for reuse. Tape element becomes wasted after use. Non recyclable and non biodegradable.

Often used in inaccessible locations such as over moisture membranes in roof and walls.

LONGEVITY

SCREW

Can last a long time, however dependant on environmentl factors such as changes in temperature, humidity etc.

Mortar Joint connections have a life span of typically 45 years. Depending on exposure to weather, can last hundreds of years.

BOLT

NAIL

Brands such as SIGA Tape guarantee 20+ years lifespan whilst in use and no recorded shelf life.

nails

RE-USABILITY (CONNECTOR)

ACCESSIBILITY

LONGEVITY

Screws are easily and cleanly removeable with wither hand or power tools.

Screw holes can be reused a number of times with longer screws or repairing stripped screw holes.

Depending on the grade and previous application, screws can be used many times over .

Due to the requirement of driver tools, human accessibility to connection points is important.

Lifespan is dependant on screw type, application, grade, finish, installation method, etc.

. Nuts and Bolts are easily and cleanly removeable with power tools.

Reuse of connection is common. Holes left can either be reused or trimmed down for reuse . Typically less damage than screws

Reuse of element depends on bolt type, application, grade, finish, installation method, etc.

Nails are common and clean to remove but not as easily as screws.

Holes left can either be reused or material trimmed down for reuse.

Provided no adhesives have been used, joints can be dismantled easily with minimal waste.

Nails are easily misshapen during application or removal and often single use & recycled.

Dependant on the type of joint. Joinery is often suitable for dismantling, repairing and replacing.

N/A

Despite the more widespread adoption of sustainable building practices in contemporary housing development (for example, following. the Passivhaus model), which is undeniably a positive step in addressing the climate emergency, these models often do not lend themselves to deconstructability and adaptability. This is due mainly to the use of adhesives and sealants in connections which, while providing the airtightness needed to reach Passivhaus etc standards, are difficult to remove without damaging the affected elements, rendering them unable to be reused following deconstruction or unable to be replaced in the event of necessary repair work.

Due to the requirement of hand tools, human accessibility to connection points is important.

Dependant on location of joint and whether adhesives have been used.

“Barretts Grove / GROUPWORK.” 2016. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily. com/796311/barretts-grove-groupwork Bizley, Graham. 2019. Architecture In Detail II. Ebook. https://issuu.com/ sebastiannunez09/docs/architecture_in_detail_ii. Brand, Stewart. 1994. How buildings learn. New York, NY: Viking.

It is therefore necessary to reflect upon how we might achieve these current standards of sustainability whilst also complying with DfAD practice: for example, the use of mechanical connections (screws, bolts and nails) rather than bonded connections (tapes, glues and sealants) in acheiving airtightness. In doing so we will be able to adopt a more hollistic, long-term approach to sustainable house-building in the UK, one which places deserved and necessary importance on the longevity and adaptability of the build over its lifespan.

Due to the requirement of tightening Lifespan is dependant on bolt type, tools, human accessibility to application, grade, finish, installation connection points is important. method, etc.

Corran, Michael. 2012. “Can Passivhaus Standards Be Met In The UK Using Traditional Cavity Wall Construction?”. BSc (Hons), Leeds Metropolitan University. “Denby Dale Passivhaus: Derrie O’sullivan”. 2019. Green Spec http://www. greenspec.co.uk/building-design/denby-dale-passivhaus/. “Denby Dale Passivhaus: The UK’s First Cavity Wall Passivhaus”. 2019. Green Building Store. https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/denby-dale-passivhausuk-first-cavity-wall-passive-house/.

Lifespan is dependant on nail type, application, grade, finish, installation method, etc.

Krzykowski, Matylda. 2008. “Clay Fields By Riches Hawley Mikhail”. Dezeen, 2008. https://www.dezeen.com/2008/11/18/clay-fields-by-riches-hawleymikhail/.

The longevity of joinery is reliant on keeping water out and the structural integrity and craftemanship of the joint.

Mairs, Jessica. 2016. “Slender apartment block by Amin Taha Architects features a timber structure and wicker balconies.” Dezeen, 2016. https:// www.dezeen.com/2016/09/27/barretts-grove-wicker-balconies-cross-laminated-timber-housing-amin-taha-architects/ Mansour, Steve. 2017. “How Long Should New Build Homes Last?”. Building Construction Design. https://www.buildingconstructiondesign.co.uk/

Fig.18

“Barrett’s Grove”. Wood For Good. Accessed January 3. https://woodfor

RE-USABILITY (CONNECTED ELEMENT)

By examining the types of connections used in the housing case studies, an appraisal of the advantages and disadvantages of each type can be compiled, taking into account a number of factors and considering how successfully each one adheres to the principles of DfAD. JOINTING

18 19

SEPARATE/REMOVABILITY

Fig. 1

Author’s own ( Abstracted from “ How Building Lean”by Stewart Brand)

Fig. 15

news/how-long-should-new-build-homes-last/.

Fig. 2

‘The denby house ‘, https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/denby-dale-passivhaus-ukfirst-cavity-wall-passive-house/

David Grandorge, Fielden Fielden Fowles, https://www.archdaily.com/255206/ty-pren-feilden-fowles?ad _source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects

Mark, Laura. 2016. “What Amin Taha Specified On Barrett’S Grove”. Architect’s Journal, 2016. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/whatamin-taha-specified-on-barretts-grove/10012096.article?fbclid=IwAR2DqhovOoXtBOF7mjpkUjiuaIJ3mL7zffSxZd1h1JKvwfGamA5RkkfXD7o.

Fig. 16

Fig. 3

‘The denby house ‘, https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/denby-dale-passivhaus-ukfirst-cavity-wall-passive-house/

David Grandorge, Fielden Fielden Fowles, https://www.archdaily.com/255206/ty-pren-feilden-fowles?ad _source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects

Fig. 17

Fielden Fielden Fowles, https://www.feildenfowles.co.uk/ty-pren/

Fig. 4

‘The denby house ‘, https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/denby-dale-passivhaus-ukfirst-cavity-wall-passive-house/

Fig. 18

David Grandorge, Fielden Fielden Fowles, https://www.archdaily.com/255206/ty-pren-feilden-fowles?ad _source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects

Fig. 5

Author’s own (see citation for information source)

Fig. 6

Nick, Kane, Mickhail Riches Architects ,http://www.mikhailriches.com/project/clay-fields/#slide-13

Fig. 7

Nick Kane, Mickhail Riches Architects, http://www.mikhailriches.com/project/clay-fields/#slide-10

Shelter. 2018. “Homelessness In Great Britain - The Numbers Behind The Story”. https://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/1620236/ Homelessness_in_Great_Britain_-_the_numbers_behind_the_story_V2.pdf. Taha, Amin. 2020. “Barrett’s Grove | Architecture Today”. Architecture Today. Accessed January 3. http://www.architecturetoday.co.uk/barretts-grove/.

Fig. 8

Nick Kane, Mickhail Riches Architects, http://www.mikhailriches.com/project/clay-fields/#slide-08

Fig. 9

Graham Bizley, Page 167 Architecture in Deatail II

Fig. 10

MarrgauxCarron, Wiki House, https://www.wikihouse.cc/Project

Fig. 11

MarrgauxCarron, Wiki House, https://www.wikihouse.cc/Project

“Ty Pren / Feilden Fowles”. 2012. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily. com/255206/ty-pren-feilden-fowles.

Fig. 12

MarrgauxCarron, Wiki House, https://www.wikihouse.cc/Project

Fig. 13

Wiki House, https://www.wikihouse.cc/Project

Fig. 14

ZedFactory, https://www.zedfactory.com/bedzed

Mouilek, Sabrina. 2009. “Design For Adaptability And Deconstruction (Dfad)”. Ecole Speciale des Travaux Publics. Porreco, Anthony. 2016. “Rules For Reusing Bolts - Portland Bolt”. Portland Bolt. https://www.portlandbolt.com/technical/faqs/rules-for-reusing-bolts/. “SIP Connection Details.” 2020. Sips.org. https://www.sips.org/technical-information/sips-construction-details

“Ty Pren Residential Architecture. Brecon Beacons, Powys, Wales”. 2020. Feilden Fowles. Accessed January 3. https://www.feildenfowles.co.uk/typren/. Warmann, Catherine. 2011. “Ty Pren By Feilden Fowles”. Dezeen, , 2011. https://www.dezeen.com/2011/02/14/ty-pren-by-feilden-fowles/.

REPORT

images

bibliography “Barrett’s Grove”. Wood For Good. Accessed January 3. https://woodforgood.com/case-studies/barretts-grove.

04 connection appraisal

sealant, nails

STUDIO H

05 conclusion

04 connection appraisal

Structure: Structurally insulated panels slot together as a tongue and groove spline joint

AMPL

STUDIO A

S C AT

-good.com/case-studies/barretts-grove

Bizley, Graham. 2019. Architecture In Detail II. Ebook. https://issuu.com/ sebastiannunez09/docs/architecture_in_detail_ii

Brand, Stewart. 1994. How buildings learn. New York, NY: Viking

ADHESIVE

Corran, Michael. 2012. “Can Passivhaus Standards Be Met In The UK Using

MORTAR

Traditional Cavity Wall Construction?”. BSc (Hons), Leeds Metropolitan

“Denby Dale Passivhaus: The UK’s First Cavity Wall Passivhaus”. 2019. Green Store.

TAPE

https://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/technical-resource/

denby-dale-passivhaus- uk-first-cavity-wall-passive-house/

Krzykowski, Matylda. 2008. “Clay Fields By Riches Hawley Mikhail”. Dezeen, 2 0 0 8 . h t t p s : / / w w w. d e z e e n . c o m / 2 0 0 8 / 1 1 / 1 8 / c l a y - f i e l d s - b y - r i c h e s -

SCREW

hawleymikhail/.

Mark, Laura. 2016. “What Amin Taha Specified On Barrett’S Grove”. Architect’s Journal,

2016.