COSC's Homeowner Handbook: A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home by Siobhan Spain

CENTER ON SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES

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How COSC’s Homeowner Handbook Can Help You The purpose of this manual is to provide owners of existing and newly constructed homes with information and resources to assist them in efficiently operating and maintaining their homes. The information provided is guided by the fundamental green building principles of durability, sustainability, energy efficiency, healthy indoor air quality, and water and resource management. Properly maintaining your home increases its durability, contributing to the longevity and value of your property. Incorporating green building techniques improves the comfort and health of your family while saving money and environmental resources. Inside this handbook, you will find a list of maintenance tasks and projects conveniently organized by season, an alphabetical listing of the home’s features with “best practices” advice to consider for each, a comprehensive overview on how to operate your home and a useful list of resources. Remember to utilize COSC and our broad network of professionals and local experts as your key resource. There are many homeowner manuals out there; however, this is the only one that is uniquely written by local experts with specific guidance on our regional climate and maintenance best practices for Iowa. We encourage you to refer to COSC’s website often for more current and in-depth information (www.icosc.com). We also encourage you to become members of COSC and engage in our local educational and networking opportunities so that you can connect with the vast resources available to support your steps toward a healthier, more efficient and well maintained home.

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[Special Thanks] COSC’s Homeowner Handbook was made possible by generous support from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Iowa Department of Economic Development. The content of this handbook was compiled by Jacob Kvinlaug, with assistance from COSC’s Builder Advisory Council members: Dave Hade, Bill McAnally, Dave Fish, Linda Schemmel, Chaden Halfhill, Don Otto and Devan Kaufman. Content, editing and layout support was also provided by COSC staff: Lynnae Hentzen, Emily Perry, Leslie Berckes, Siobhan Spain and Carrie Boyle.

CENTER ON SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES

icosc.com

Center on Sustainable Communities 219½ Fifth Street | Historic Valley Junction | West Des Moines, IA 50265 icosc.com | 515-277-6222 | info@icosc.com Published December 2010 Printed on 100% Postconsumer Waste Paper

COSCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Homeowner Handbook

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

WHAT IS GREEN BUILDING?.................................................................................................................1 RECORDKEEPING...................................................................................................................................3 MAINTENANCE TOOLS & EQUIPMENT.................................................................................................9 Hand Tools.......................................................................................................................................................9 Large Tools....................................................................................................................................................10 Power Tools (Optional).................................................................................................................................11 Maintenance Materials.............................................................................................................................11

SEASONAL MAINTENANCE.................................................................................................................13 Spring (March, April, May)..............................................................................................................................13 Summer (June, July, August)............................................................................................................................14 Fall (September, October, November)..............................................................................................................15 Winter (December, January, February).............................................................................................................16

DETAILED INFORMATION....................................................................................................................17 EXTERIOR FEATURES........................................................................................................................................17 Decks............................................................................................................................................................17 Driveways.....................................................................................................................................................17 Exterior Grading...........................................................................................................................................17 Gardens: Flowers/Vegetable/Herb.................................................................................................................17 Outbuildings.................................................................................................................................................17 Patios............................................................................................................................................................17 Rain Gardens/Bio-Swales..............................................................................................................................18 Retaining Walls.............................................................................................................................................18 Sidewalks......................................................................................................................................................18 Subsurface Drainage.....................................................................................................................................18 Sump Pump Drainage...................................................................................................................................18 Surface Drainage..........................................................................................................................................18 Trees/Shrubs/Windbreaks, etc.......................................................................................................................18 Turf/Groundcover, etc....................................................................................................................................18 Water Management.....................................................................................................................................19 Water Runoff...............................................................................................................................................19 BUILDING ENVELOPE........................................................................................................................................21 Attic Vents....................................................................................................................................................21 Basement/Egress Windows...........................................................................................................................21 Brick/Stone...................................................................................................................................................21 Door Hardware.............................................................................................................................................21 Eave Spouting/Gutter Systems......................................................................................................................21 Exterior Doors...............................................................................................................................................21 Fascia and Soffit...........................................................................................................................................23 Flashings.......................................................................................................................................................23 Natural Ventilation.......................................................................................................................................23 Overhead Garage Doors...............................................................................................................................23 Roofing.........................................................................................................................................................23 Siding...........................................................................................................................................................24 Skylights.......................................................................................................................................................25

Storm Doors..................................................................................................................................................25 Storm Windows............................................................................................................................................25 Stucco...........................................................................................................................................................25 Windows.......................................................................................................................................................25 HEATING, VENTILATION, & AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) SYSTEMS....................................................................27 Air-Source Heat Pumps.................................................................................................................................27 Central Air Conditioners...............................................................................................................................27 Dehumidifiers...............................................................................................................................................27 Ductwork Systems........................................................................................................................................27 Electric Boilers..............................................................................................................................................27 Furnaces.......................................................................................................................................................27 Gas Boilers...................................................................................................................................................27 Geothermal Heat Pumps...............................................................................................................................28 Humidifiers...................................................................................................................................................28 Mini-Split Air Conditioners............................................................................................................................28 Safety Alarms................................................................................................................................................28 Static Air Cleaners........................................................................................................................................28 Thermostats..................................................................................................................................................28 Window Air Conditioners..............................................................................................................................28 MECHANICAL VENTILATION.............................................................................................................................29 Bathroom Exhaust Fans................................................................................................................................29 Kitchen Range Hoods...................................................................................................................................29 Gas Meter.....................................................................................................................................................29 HRV/ERV (Heat Recovery Ventilator/Energy Recovery Ventilator)..................................................................29 Whole-House Exhaust Fans...........................................................................................................................29 Radon Ventilation Fans.................................................................................................................................30 PLUMBING........................................................................................................................................................31 Bathtubs.......................................................................................................................................................31 Bidets...........................................................................................................................................................31 Clothes Washer Faucet..................................................................................................................................31 Condensate Pumps.......................................................................................................................................31 Drains and Traps...........................................................................................................................................31 Exterior Hydrants..........................................................................................................................................31 Faucets/Fixtures............................................................................................................................................32 Floor Drains..................................................................................................................................................32 Hot Tub/Spas.................................................................................................................................................32 Lavatory/Kitchen/Utility Sinks.......................................................................................................................32 Main Water Valve..........................................................................................................................................32 Rainwater Collection....................................................................................................................................32 Septic System................................................................................................................................................32 Sewage Ejectors............................................................................................................................................33 Showers........................................................................................................................................................33 Sump Pumps.................................................................................................................................................33 Toilets...........................................................................................................................................................34 Urinals..........................................................................................................................................................34 Vent Piping...................................................................................................................................................34 Water Heaters...............................................................................................................................................34 Water Piping.................................................................................................................................................34 Whirlpool Bathtubs.......................................................................................................................................35

ELECTRICAL......................................................................................................................................................37 AFCI Circuit Breakers....................................................................................................................................37 Circuit Overloading.......................................................................................................................................37 Electrical Meter.............................................................................................................................................37 Electricity Usage Monitors............................................................................................................................37 GFCI Receptacles..........................................................................................................................................37 Grounding....................................................................................................................................................37 Landscape Lighting.......................................................................................................................................38 Lighting........................................................................................................................................................38 Lighting Protection System...........................................................................................................................38 Overhead Service..........................................................................................................................................38 Phantom Loads.............................................................................................................................................39 Security Lighting...........................................................................................................................................39 Service Entrance Panel..................................................................................................................................39 Smoke/Fire Alarms........................................................................................................................................39 Switches and Controls..................................................................................................................................39 Underground Service....................................................................................................................................39 APPLIANCES.....................................................................................................................................................41 Clothes Dryer................................................................................................................................................41 Clothes Washer.............................................................................................................................................41 Dishwashers.................................................................................................................................................42 Microwave Ovens.........................................................................................................................................42 Ranges, Ovens, Cooktops..............................................................................................................................42 Refrigerators, Freezers, Icemakers.................................................................................................................43 Trash Compactors.........................................................................................................................................43 Wine and Beverage Coolers..........................................................................................................................43 PERFORMANCE TESTING..................................................................................................................................45 Blower Door.................................................................................................................................................45 Carbon Monoxide Testing.............................................................................................................................45 HVAC System Testing/Balancing....................................................................................................................45 Infra-Red Scanning.......................................................................................................................................45 Lead & Asbestos...........................................................................................................................................45 Moisture Testing...........................................................................................................................................45 Radon Testing...............................................................................................................................................45

WEBSITE RESOURCES..........................................................................................................................47 BUILDING..........................................................................................................................................................47 ENERGY............................................................................................................................................................48 INCENTIVES......................................................................................................................................................49 RECYCLE/REUSE/RECLAIM................................................................................................................................49 WATER..............................................................................................................................................................51 OTHER...............................................................................................................................................................51

SOURCES..............................................................................................................................................53

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

WHAT IS GREEN BUILDING? Green building is the practice of creating, retrofitting and rehabbing structures using processes that are healthy, environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life from site selection to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice enhances and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability and comfort. Green construction methods can be integrated into buildings at any stage; however, the most significant benefits can be obtained if the design and construction team takes an integrated approach from the earliest stages of a building project. Throughout the planning process, green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: • Using energy, water and other resources efficiently • Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity and family comfort • Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation • Minimizing maintenance issues and costs • Creating durable structures built to last For example, green buildings may: • Incorporate sustainable materials in their construction (e.g., reused, recycled-content, or made from renewable resources). • Create healthy indoor environments with minimal pollutants (e.g., reduced product emissions and good ventilation). • Include water reduction strategies inside and out (e.g., low flow fixtures, native plants in landscaping, rain barrels). The built environment has a vast impact on the natural environment, human health, and the economy. By adopting green building strategies, both economic and environmental performance can be maximized. Potential benefits of green building can include: Environmental benefits • Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems • Improve air and water quality • Reduce waste streams • Conserve and restore natural resources Economic benefits • Reduce operating costs • Create, expand and shape markets for green products and services • Improve occupant productivity • Optimize life-cycle economic performance Social benefits • Enhance occupant comfort and health • Heighten aesthetic qualities • Minimize strain on local infrastructure • Improve overall quality of life Adapted from www.epa.gov/greenbuilding

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Notes

__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

RECORDKEEPING Owner(s)______________________________________________________________________ Property Address_______________________________________________________________ Legal Description (This can be obtained from your county assessor) _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ GIS (Geographical Identification System) Number_____________________________________ This can be found at your county office. Latitude___________________________ Longitude_________________________ Elevation_________________________ HDD (Heating Degree Days)__________ CDD (Cooling Degree Days)__________ These numbers can be found at the National Weather Service, or you can contact your utility provider or Iowa’s state climatologist: climatology@iowaAgriculture.gov Survey Plat: Many property owners do not have a current survey plat of their property. A legal survey is the only way to know exactly where your property lines and corner pins are located. Often disputes with neighbors over ownership of trees, fences and other lot features can be resolved with a survey plat. Also, the placement of new structures on setback lines requires the exact location of the property lines. It is also important to have your survey plat recorded with the county recorder. Development/Property Plat: This document is a companion to the survey plat and illustrates the location of your property within a larger development. These may be found at your county assessor’s office or website or from your local city building department. Topographical Plat: Many county assessor’s or engineer’s offices have topographical maps of their county. This is a valuable document to have in your possession, as it can aid you in designing or installing future property improvements. Easement(s) Plat(s): Easement agreements and plats are essential to keep in your possession. Easements can affect your ability to construct new property improvements or install new plantings, etc.

Homeowner Handbook

Iowaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Property Photographs: It is a good idea to take photographs of your property periodically and date them and keep them for future reference. Photographs of all property improvements can be very helpful in resolving insurance claims after accidents and severe weather events. Aerial Photographs: Aerial photographs can be very helpful, especially for rural property owners. There are private companies around Iowa that perform this service. Soil Survey Information: Each county in Iowa has a soil survey of its entire land area. These surveys are available at no charge and can be very helpful in designing new property improvements and plantings. The survey may also be helpful in obtaining various building or zoning permits. These are available at every county soil conservation office. Home Inspection Documents: Any home or property inspections that may have been performed on your property should be retained for review. Building Performance Rater Documents: If a building performance rating or other performance testing has been performed on your property, these documents should be retained to help evaluate the effectiveness of future property performance improvements. Radon Test Documents: Any radon test results should be dated and retained with other building performance documents. This is important in Iowa because we have the largest percentage (71.6%) of homes above the US EPA action level of 4pCi/L, which is more than any other state in the US. For more information see www.idph.state.ia.us/eh/radon.asp. Lead Testing/Abatement Documents: Any lead testing or abatement documents should be dated and retained with other building documents. Statewide, the prevalence of lead poisoning among children under the age of six years is more than four times the national average. For more information see www.idph.state.ia.us/eh/lead_poisoning_prevention.asp. Asbestos Testing/Abatement Documents: Any asbestos testing or abatement documents should be dated and retained with other building documents. Pest Inspection/Treatment Documents: Any pest inspection or treatment documents should be dated and retained with other building documents. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Inspection/Servicing/Permits Documents: Any HVAC system inspection or servicing documents should be dated and retained with other building documents. Building Permit & Inspections: Any required building permits or building inspection documents should be dated and retained with other building documents.

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

Iowaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Zoning Permit: Any existing zoning permits should be dated and retained with other property documents. Electrical Permits & Inspections: Any electrical permits and inspection documents should be dated and retained with other building documents. Plumbing Permits & Inspections: Any plumbing permits and inspection documents should be dated and retained with other building documents. Utility Permits: Occasionally, utilities require permits for the installation of their services. If such permits exist, they should be dated and retained with other building or property documents. Utility Agreements: Any utility easements or other agreements or plats should be dated and retained with other building or property documents. Utilities Location Documentation: If a utility location service is performed, photographs should be taken of the locate marks. The photographs should be dated and retained with other property documents for future reference. Utility Incentives Documents: Often, utilities servicing the property offer monetary incentives for various property improvements. If any incentives were utilized on the property, all incentive documents should be dated and retained with other building documents. Private Well Documents: Some localities require permits, drawings and inspections for the installation of private water wells. If such documents are required, they should be dated and retained with other property documents. Rural Water Documents: Many rural properties are served by a rural water system. Any agreements, easements, drawings or plats should be dated and retained with other property documents. Septic System Permit/Inspections & Percolation Tests: Most localities require a permit and inspections for the installation of a private septic system in areas not served by a public sewer system. Any septic permits, drawings or inspection reports should be dated and retained with other property documents. Driveway/Sidewalk Permits & Inspections: Some localities require permits and inspections for the installation of new driveways or sidewalks. Any permits, drawings or inspection reports should be dated and retained with other property documents. Curb-Cut Permits & Inspections: Some localities require permits and inspections for cutting street curbs for the installation of property improvements. Any permits, drawings or inspection reports should be dated and retained with other property documents. Homeowner Handbook

Iowaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Other Permits & Inspections: Depending upon local requirements, other permits and/or inspections may be required. A complete record of theses permits and inspections should be retained with other property documents. Property Abstract (Note Location Where Stored: ______________________________): A property abstract is the entire legal history of a property. Property abstracts can be very expensive to replace, so it is recommended that property abstracts be kept in a highly secure location such as a safe deposit box. Include a note in this handbook indicating where the property abstract is stored. Real Estate Market Studies: If real estate market studies have been developed for your property, these documents should be dated and retained with other property documents. Appraisal(s) (Note Location Where Stored: ______________________________): Property appraisals may be made available to property owners. An appraisal is a professional assessment of the property at a particular moment in time. Appraisals should be kept with other property documents. Because appraisals can be costly to obtain, it may be advisable to store them in a highly secure location such as a safe deposit box. Real Estate Advertisements: Real estate advertisements for your property may be valuable for future decisions about property dissolution. Retain any real estate advertisements with this handbook. Property Covenants: Many residential developments attach restrictive covenants to the purchase of the property. Covenants restrict the manner in which the property can be used. Copies of any restrictive covenants should be kept with real estate sales documents. Real Estate Sales Documents (Note Location Where Stored: ___________________________): Real Estate sales documents should be kept in a highly secure location such as a safe deposit box. A note should be included in this handbook indicating where these documents are stored. Property Tax Assessment(s): Property tax assessment documents should be retained annually with all other property documents. Mortgage Documents (Note Location Where Stored: ______________________________): Mortgage documents should be kept in a highly secure location such as a safe deposit box. A note should be included in this handbook indicating the location of mortgage documents. Insurance Documents: Property insurance policies should be retained in this handbook for future reference in the event of accidents or severe weather events. Construction Drawings/Specifications/Shop Drawings/Renderings, etc.: Copies of all construction drawings, construction specification, shop drawings, soil analysis reports, renderings or other construction drawings should be dated and retained for future reference. 6

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

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Construction Agreements/Work Change Orders (General Contractor): If new construction or maintenance has been performed on the property, copies of all construction agreements and/or work change orders from your general contractor should be maintained in this manual. Subcontract Agreements: It is important to request and retain any subcontract agreements pertinent to all work performed on the property. All Pertinent MSDS Documents: If new construction or maintenance has been performed on your property, request copies of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) for all materials and products used in the work performed on the property. File these documents with this handbook. Certificate of Occupancy: In localities where building codes are enforced, a Certificate of Occupancy (COO) is required before any new home or addition can be legally occupied. Attach the COO to the original building permit and retain with this handbook. Material Price Quotes: If material price quotes for construction materials can be obtained from contractors, it would be beneficial to retain these for potential future reference. Material Warranties/Service Agreements: Request product and contractor warranty documents and/or service agreements from all contractors for all products and services provided during any construction work performed on the property. Receipts for all Materials and Labor Purchases Pertinent to the Property (Filed Chronologically for the Entire Period of Interaction with or Ownership of the Property): Materials and labor receipts are essential in preparing tax documents, providing information for insurance claims, or researching sizes, colors and specifications for replacing damaged or outdated materials.

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Iowaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Notes

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A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

MAINTENANCE TOOLS & EQUIPMENT The following list of tools is general and suggestive only. These tools will allow homeowners to maintain or perform minor repairs on most of the systems in their homes. Specialized tools may be required for certain procedures. Tools are only as good as their condition. Proper care, storage, cleaning and sharpening is essential for the tools to perform properly.

Hand Tools Block Plane:

A small, hand-held plane for smoothing out rough edges on a piece of wood

Caulk Gun:

(11 oz.)

Chisel:

3/4” wood chisel (1/4”-1-1/2” set desirable)

Cordless Drill:

14 volt minimum with extra battery and charger

Drill Bits:

1/16” through 1/2”

Hammers:

13 oz. curved-claw, 16-20 oz. straight-claw

Knives:

Utility knife and extra blades, 1-1/2”putty knife, 4” & 6” taping knives

Levels:

Torpedo, 24” level, 48” level

Measuring Tapes:

3/4” X 16’, 1” X 25’

Nail Sets Center Punch:

Various sizes

Paint Brushes:

Various sizes (a 2”-2-1/2” sash brush is desirable)

Paint Rollers:

(2) Various sizes and naps (depending on wall texture) – 9” standard

Paint Scrapers:

Standard Paint Scraper Razor Blade Glass Scraper with extra blades

Pliers:

Standard Pliers Channel-lock Pliers (small, medium & large sized) Needle-nosed Pliers Vise-grip Pliers (small & standard sized)

Pry Bars:

Small (8”) pry bar, 12” flat bar, crowbar

Rags/Sponges:

Useful for many projects and cleaning up afterward

Saws:

Wood hand saw, hacksaw, keyhole (drywall) saw

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Screwdrivers:

Various sizes of straight-bit and Phillips bits are basic. Torx (star) and square drive bits are also valuable

Screwdriver Bits:

Set with various sizes and styles

Socket Sets:

1/4” drive set and 3/8” drive set

Squares:

Speed square, framing square (optional)

Tin Snips/ Metal Shears:

Various sizes

Trowels:

Concrete, plaster, pointing, margin and various notched trowels

Roller Covers:

3/8” and 1/2” nap sizes

Roller Pans:

(2) Metal or plastic. Avoid disposable pan liners

Wire Brushes:

Small parts brushes, large wire brushes

Wrenches:

Allen (hex) wrenches - various sizes up to 5/16”

Large Tools Air Compressor:

Air hose, inflation chuck

Brooms:

Standard, push, hand and whisk brooms and dustpan

Buckets:

Various sizes

Extension Cords: Grounded 14 gauge, 50’ indoor/outdoor use Extension Ladder:

24’ minimum

Hoses:

5/8”-3/4” Inner Diameter (I.D.) with adjustable sprayers

Pruning Saw:

A saw with coarse teeth that cuts through brush and green wood quickly

Pruning Shears:

Hand shear or electric shear

Rakes:

Leaf rake, garden rake

Shovels:

Round point, square nose, spade, snow, and hand gardening shovels

Stepladders:

2-foot, 6-foot

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Power Tools (Optional) 4” Angle Grinder:

With cutting, grinding, sanding and wire brush attachments

Circular Saw:

7-1/4” with multi-purpose carbide-tipped blade

Dremel Tool:

With an assortment of attachments

Electric Jig Saw:

With both wood and metal cutting blades

Miter Saw:

10” minimum with combination and finish cutting blades

Reciprocating Saw:

(Optional) with both wood and metal blades

Maintenance Materials Caulks:

Polyurethane for exterior uses Latex for interior uses Silicone for showers/sinks

Cleaners:

Abrasive, glass, specialty cleaners, and tarnish removers

Construction Adhesive:

Liquid nails, etc.

Epoxies

Specialty adhesives can solve many specific adhesion problems

Foam Sealant: Great Stuff brand or equal (Reusable foam gun is desirable) Lubricants:

WD-40 or equal

Nails:

4d, 6d, 8d, 10d finish nails, 8d, 16d, common nails, 4d, 7d, galvanized box nails, 3/4” and 1” brads, roofing nails

Sandpapers:

80 grit, 100 grit, 120 grit, and 220 grit

Screws:

Multi-purpose screws (#6-#8): 3/4” through 3” lengths Sheet metal screws (#4, #6, #8, & #10): 3/8” through 1” lengths

Spackling Compound:

Used to fill holes and cracks in drywall and plaster

Tapes:

Masking, low-tack masking (painter’s tape), Duct, Electrical, Mastic

Tie Wire:

20 gauge and 14 gauge

Wood Glue:

Carpenter’s wood glue (Elmer’s, etc.)

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Iowaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Notes

__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

SeaSOnaL maInTenanCe: SPrInG (march, april, may) Inspect gutters and downspouts for winter damage. Clean and repair as required. Inspect fascia and soffits for water damage. Repair as required. Inspect basement and crawl space for water infiltration or dampness. Inspect siding and window and door caulking for weathering or damage. Check entry door, storm door and garage door weather-stripping for damage; repair or replace as required. Remove replaceable storm windows. Check any skylights for glazing or flashing problems; repair as needed. Clean, repair and install replaceable window screens. Clean and check dehumidifier for proper operation. Watch humidity levels (high humidity levels in early spring can lead to condensation on uninsulated basement walls and basement and garage floor slabs). Increased air circulation (fans) or dehumidification may be required. Check the grade around your house for settling. Add soil around house perimeter to elevate any settled areas to a positive slope condition (a minimum of 6” of fall in the first 10’ away from the house foundation).1 Have annual routine maintenance performed on your air conditioning system. Fill all floor drains with water. gardeners Plant cold tolerant vegetable seeds and plants: Asparagus, Potatoes, Peas, Cabbage, Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Onions, Radishes, Spinach, garlic (April 1-May 1). Plant temperature sensitive vegetable plants: Beets, Beans, Cauliflower, Celery, Cucumber, Cantaloupe (May 15 or later). Plant perennial and annual flowers as the varieties require. Personalized list:

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SUmmer (June, July, august) Clean air conditioning compressor with hose (straighten bent aluminum fins with a “fin comb” available at hardware stores). Check roof for damaged shingles or flashings. Set out garden hoses, check for leaks and repair. Check hose bibs for winter freeze damage or obstructions. Replace “O” rings on all hoses to avoid leaks. Check windows for smooth operation (clean and lubricate as required). Check decks and exterior stairs for loose fasteners and retighten or replace. Seal wood decks if not sealed in the fall. Perform any necessary siding repairs and window/door caulking. Cut back shrubs and other plantings that are touching the house. Clean furnace and water heater intake and exhaust vents. Perform any exterior painting that is needed. Fill all floor drains with water. Personalized list:

a Seasonal and Operational Guide to managing and maintaining Your Home

Iowaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

FaLL (September, October, november) Clean fireplaces, wood stoves and flues. Check furnace, water heater, HRV (heat recovery ventilator) or ERV (energy recovery ventilator) intakes and exhausts for obstructions and remove if necessary. Clean all ventilation vents (exhaust and attic vents). Clean clothes dryer exhaust tubing and outlet. Clean or replace kitchen exhaust fan filter. Remove replaceable window screens, and install replaceable storm windows. Wash windows. Clean and repair gutters and downspouts. gutter fasteners should be checked and secured to the structure to reduce potential damage from ice damming. Check entry door, storm door and garage door weather-stripping for damage and repair or replace as required. Clean out window wells. Have routine annual heating system maintenance performed, including a check of the programmable thermostat to assure that it reflects your familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current lifestyle needs. Remove garden hose from faucet so hose bibs can drain. Drain hose of all water and store. Fill all floor drains with water. Rake or mulch the yard. Personalized list:

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wInTer (december, January, February) Winterize landscape plants. Trim trees and woody shrubs. Watch humidity levels and window condensation. Perform any needed interior painting projects. Monitor for ice dams on roof and garage. Remove snow from around gas meters, furnace, water heater, HRV (heat recovery ventilator) and ERV (energy recovery ventilator) intake and exhaust ports, fireplace/stove air intakes and exhausts, bathroom vents, clothes dryer vents, etc. Remove any ice build-up inside and around plumbing vent pipes. Fill all floor drains with water. Take some time to plan for any home projects for the upcoming year. Personalized list:

a Seasonal and Operational Guide to managing and maintaining Your Home

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

deTaILed InFOrmaTIOn eXTerIOr FeaTUreS Decks

Decks are most commonly constructed of one of three different types of materials: pressure treated lumber, composite lumber or naturally decay resistant lumber species (Cedar, Redwood, Cypress, etc.). Each material has advantages and disadvantages pursuant to its use. Pressure treated lumber is inexpensive, but the treatment materials can present environmental risks and can present corrosion problems with fasteners and metal structural anchors. In Midwest climates, all wood decks need to be sealed periodically to resist detrimental weathering. Composite lumber is less subject to warping, bowing or cupping.4 Driveways

Driveways are significant contributors to pollutant runoff into storm drains and streams. In new construction, install pervious driveways using pervious asphalt, concrete, pervious pavers or gravel. For more information contact the Iowa Strom Water Education Program (ISWEP), www.iowastormwater.org. Exterior Grading

All water should be directed away from the home and other outbuildings at a minimum slope of 6” per 10’ to minimize potential water damage to structures. Gardens: Flowers/Vegetable/Herb

gardens are highly desirable for their aesthetic and nutritional qualities. gardens are, however, subject to predation from insects, animals and diseases. Many homeowners use chemicals to deal with these problems. Although these products are very effective, they can be problematic when absorbed by the vegetables and herbs we consume and when allowed to runoff into our natural freshwater systems. There are many non-toxic options for dealing with garden predation problems. Many of these options are also less expensive that their chemical counterparts. It is preferable to use non-toxic natural methods whenever possible and practical. gardens also produce large amounts of waste and plant debris. It is beneficial and cost-effective to re-use such plant waste on the property as mulch or through composting rather than disposing of them offsite. Outbuildings

Outbuildings are subject to the same durability issues as a home. Outbuildings should be constructed a minimum of 6” above the existing grade. grading around outbuildings should provide a minimum slope of 6” in 10’ away from the building. Outbuildings that are built close to other buildings can direct water run-off toward the home or other buildings. Eave spouting systems or water catchment systems should be utilized to control water run-off. All penetrations through the building envelope of outbuildings should be properly flashed.3 Patios

Concrete patios are impervious and have the potential to direct rainwater runoff toward the buildings if settling has occurred near the foundation. Properly constructed concrete patios should be slightly sloped away from the building. Concrete patios often pull away from the building over time. A quality polyurethane sealant should be used to seal the 17 HOmeOwner HandbOOk

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crack next to the building. Brick or stone patios are more pervious, but can still pose potential drainage problems if the grade has settled near the foundation. Rain Gardens/Bio-Swales

A rain garden is an area in the natural runoff plane into which storm water is directed and allowed to soak into the soil. Rain gardens are usually planted with native grasses and water-friendly perennial plants that help maintain a healthy soil profile. A general rule of thumb is that the size (area) of the rain garden should be equal to at least 10% of the roof area being drained. The goal of a rain garden is to retain all of the runoff water on the site.8 A bioswale differs from a rain garden in that it is designed to capture some of the runoff water, but usually has an outlet for overflow. Bioswales are also planted with native grasses and plants similar to a rain garden and generally follow the natural drainage path of the site.9 Retaining Walls

Retaining walls should be constructed so that they slope back slightly (3-5 degrees) and should be tied into the subgrade behind them. Also, retaining walls should be well drained to prevent soil saturation behind them and to reduce the effects of freeze/thaw action.5 Sidewalks

Sidewalks are essentially public spaces that the homeowner must maintain. Replacing sections of sidewalks that can present trip hazards is essential in contributing to a safe neighborhood. Winter snow removal is also required in most localities. Concrete sidewalks are also impervious surfaces. When replacing sidewalks, consider the pervious paving options if allowed under local codes. Subsurface Drainage

Subsurface drainages, such as that from foundation drains, can be routed to a sump pump or to surface drainage if the lot grade allows. Either option should result in the drained water being retained on the property to the greatest extent possible by utilizing the strategies mentioned under Water Management previously. Sump Pump Drainage

Sump pump drainage should be directed to an area of the property where it can be allowed to slowly soak into the soil as mentioned previously under Water Management. Surface Drainage

Surface drainage and roof runoff are the most problematic in terms of runoff of contaminants and debris. Strategies such as pervious paving, rainwater collection and reuse, rain gardens or bio-swales should be used in an attempt to retain all rainwater on the site. Trees/Shrubs/Windbreaks, etc.

Preventive trimming of large trees in close proximity to buildings will reduce the potential of fallen tree damage to the buildings during windstorm events. Winter is the best time to perform tree trimming because they are in a dormant phase with cold temperatures and are less subject to insect damage and diseases. Trimming of shrubs may be desirable for reasons of appearance, but less trimming improves the wildlife utilization of the shrubs. Properly constructed windbreaks include two or more varieties of deciduous and coniferous trees and shrubs of different heights and densities. Over time, some of the varieties may die and require replacement. Staggering the timing of replacement over several years will prevent a major loss of a single variety at one time within the windbreak.6

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Turf/Groundcover, etc.

Many homeowners prefer turf grass lawns, and they often use fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides to improve the visual quality of the lawn. The problem with using these products is that they have the potential to run off with stormwater during rain events and allow them to enter our streams, rivers, and lakes. Minimal use of these products is recommended. Greater use of natural prairie grasses and flowering plants will improve soil quality, eliminate the need for chemicals and provide better wildlife habitat.7 Water Management

Most water runoff problems are the result of impervious surfaces that allow pollutants and debris to make their way into natural fresh water systems. A good goal for a homeowner is to attempt to hold all rainwater on the site allowing it to slowly soak into the soil rather than rapidly runoff. This goal can be achieved by the use of various strategies such as pervious paving, direct rainwater collection and reuse, rain gardens, bio-swales, etc. Water Runoff

All surface water runoff should be retained on the property to the greatest extent possible. This can be accomplished through rainwater harvesting (rain barrels, cistern, etc.), pervious surfaces, rain gardens, bio-retention cells, etc. The goal is to prevent erosion and to eliminate sediment and pollutant transfer from the property to storm drains or steams.2

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Notes

__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

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bUILdInG enVeLOPe Attic Vents

Attic vents should be inspected annually to assure that they are free of obstructions that can restrict airflow. Basement /Egress Windows

Basement and egress windows are unique in that they are often installed below the surface grade and are, therefore, subject to potential water leakage problems. All basement and egress windows should be installed with a drainage system that has the ability to drain rainwater from below the window during severe weather events. Egress windows need to have a minimum area of 5.7 sq. ft. They must have a minimum clear opening width of 20”, and the maximum sill height above the floor is 44”. Egress wells must have a minimum area of 9 sq. ft. Wells that are deeper than 44” must have an integral escape ladder.18 Brick/Stone

Brick and stone cladding should always be installed with a drainage/drying air space behind the cladding. Drying is particularly important with brick and stone cladding because of the potential for freeze-thaw damage during winter months. Brick or stone cladding should only be sealed on the exterior with a breathable sealant. A breathable sealant should be available from a masonry or paint vendor. Door Hardware

Periodic lubrication of exterior door hardware is required. Locking and latching hardware should only be lubricated with graphite (never oil). All exterior door hinges should be lubricated with a light machine oil (3-in-1, etc.). Eave Spouting/Gutter Systems

Eave spouting systems need to be cleaned in the spring and the fall and inspected for leaking joints. Leaking joints need to be completely dried and sealed with a polyurethane or butyl sealant. Eave spouting fasteners should be inspected to insure their tightness. Downspout extensions should extend a minimum of four feet from the foundation and terminate on a splash block or gravel drain. If ice damming occurs and persists, it is advisable to remove the damming before it allows water to infiltrate the structure. This process is dangerous, and great care should be taken to assure safety during the ice dam removal. To help prevent ice dams, a snow roof rake with a long handle and blade can be used to remove snow from the roof. Exterior Doors

Exterior doors are essential for access to, and egress from, homes. Doors are also an essential element of the security function of a home. Because of their constant usage, doors are very prone to wear and damage. Wear and damage reduce the door’s effectiveness at controlling air leakage and providing security. Doors should be inspected semiannually in the spring and autumn. There are various door types that may require different inspections. Such inspections should include: Exterior Swing Doors

Swing doors are the most common and most used type of exterior door. Because of their frequent use, problems or malfunctions are often apparent soon after they develop. The most frequent problems involve improper latching, dragging or difficulty closing, noticeable drafts and water leaks. HOmeOwner HandbOOk

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Water leaks are the primary concern. There are many possible reasons for water leaks with doors. Most often these involve poor flashing or a failed sealant. If you cannot easily identify the source of the leak and repair it, you should consult an experienced carpenter to diagnose and repair the problem. Most of the homes constructed in Iowa are constructed with wood framing. Wood is a natural material that is subject to movement during its initial drying process as well as during seasonal variations in humidity. This movement can affect the latching and closing of a door. Repairing these conditions may involve shimming or possibly the removal and reinstallation of the door. Such repairs may best be done by an experienced carpentry contractor. If a door closes properly but does not latch, an adjustment of the strike plate is required. Some strike plates are made to be adjustable. Others may require an experienced carpenter to repair. To keep the lock mechanism operating properly, an annual application of graphite powder or fluid, commonly found at home improvement stores, into the keyway of the lock mechanism will keep the lock working properly. Never apply oils or other liquid lubricants to lock mechanisms. Inspect all of the door weather-stripping. Look for loose, missing or shrunken weather-stripping and repair or replace as necessary. Inspect the threshold and door bottom weather-stripping. Some door thresholds are adjustable to correct the effects of wear. Look for the evidence of light between the door and the threshold. If the threshold is adjustable, adjust until light is no longer visible and the door closes properly. If there is visible light below the door and the threshold is not adjustable, you will need to replace the door bottom weather-strip. The replacement process varies by door brand, but most styles of door bottom weather-stripping are available from building supply retailers. Sliding Exterior Doors

Sliding exterior doors are subject to the same problems listed above under Exterior Swing Doors, but sliding exterior doors have the potential for problems that are unique to this type of door. Because sliding exterior doors slide in a track, debris from foot traffic and wind blown debris can build up in the bottom track of the door causing the door to drag and cause excess wear on the door bottom weather-stripping. Door bottom tracks should be vacuumed regularly to remove debris. Most sliding exterior doors have the ability to be adjusted for height and freedom of travel. If you have difficulty operating the door, adjustment may remedy the situation. Sliding exterior doors may also be subject to difficult operation due to settling or sagging of the door header. If you have difficulty operating the door, and have attempted to adjust the door without success, you should contact a qualified carpenter to assess and repair the problem. Swinging Patio Doors

Swinging patio doors are subject to the same inspections as outlined under Exterior Swing Doors above. Exterior French Swinging Doors

Exterior French swinging doors are constructed as two opposing swinging doors. As such, they are subject to the same problems as listed above under Exterior Swing Doors. 16 22 A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

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Fascia and Soffit

Many homes have aluminum-wrapped fascia and aluminum soffits. Although wrapped fascia can reduce exterior maintenance, the potential exists for premature deterioration if the fascia is not tightly fastened and sealed at the joints. Aluminum soffits are also prone to damage during wind storms. Aluminum soffit and fascia should be inspected annually and repaired to eliminate water infiltration, which, if left un-repaired, can lead to rapid deterioration as moisture trapped behind aluminum fascia cannot dry out. Flashings

Flashings typically involve the shedding of water from dissimilar materials or building elements. This leaves them vulnerable to material and building movement that can result in leaks. All roof flashings should be inspected annually on flat roofs and every 3-5 years on sloped roofs.14 Natural Ventilation

In this era of inexpensive energy, Americans have become reliant on mechanical systems to condition the air inside of our buildings. Many of us have forgotten or never were trained that nature can provide adequate ventilation and cooling at many times of the year. It is a natural phenomenon that outdoor air becomes cool and dry at night. Opening windows at night from mid-May through September, and closing windows during the daytime can greatly reduce cooling costs and can passively improve indoor air quality. The prevailing summer winds in the upper Midwest move from southwest to northeast. Opening windows on these sides of the home allows natural breezes to move through thus cooling and ventilating the home. In two story homes or homes with clerestories it is also possible to ventilate during the daytime by capitalizing on the stack effect. Opening intake windows on the south side of the first floor and also opening exhaust windows on the north side of the second floor can provide significant temperature reduction during the daytime. This strategy will not reduce humidity, however. Mechanical air conditioning is expensive, so utilizing natural ventilation can result in a significant reduction in energy costs. Overhead Garage Doors

The primary maintenance issues with overhead garage doors are periodic lubrication of the rollers and track with grease, and the periodic inspection of the weather-stripping. Crushed or damaged weather-stripping should be replaced. Roofing Asphalt Shingles

Asphalt shingles are the most common roofing materials used on American homes. Asphalt shingles are inexpensive, easy to install and easy to repair. The lifespan of an asphalt-shingled roof varies from 15-40 years. Asphalt shingles are subject to damage from high winds, hail, falling debris and ice damming. Maintenance of asphalt-shingled roofs consists of visual inspections following extreme weather events. Annual inspections for wear, curling and flashings is recommended.10 Built-Up Roofing

Built-up asphalt roofing consists of alternate layers of asphalt-saturated roofing felt and liquid bituminous asphalt. Built-up roofs are quite common on large commercial and institutional buildings, but are seldom used on residences. If your home has a built-up roof, it must be inspected every spring. Inspect all flashings, curbs and parapets for separation or deterioration. In Iowaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate, built-up roofs require periodic re-coating (typically 2-4 years).13

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Membrane Roofing

Monolithic membrane roofs are an excellent option for flat or low-slope roofs. Modern membrane roof products are quite durable and have a reasonably long service life. Any flat or low slope roofing material is subject to large amounts of expansion and contraction as well as a large exposure to ultra-violet degradation. For these reasons an annual inspection of all membrane roofs is recommended. Problem areas tend to be seams, flashings, curbs and parapets. Steel Roofing

Steel roofing is gaining popularity in many areas of the country. Steel roofing is the most durable roofing option. Steel has a long service life (50 year minimum), but is expensive and more difficult to install.11 Steel roof panels can be installed with nails or screws and rubber washers. The highest quality steel roof installation method is called standing seam and must be done by a steel roofing professional. Steel offers color options that are not available with any other roofing options. Steel roofs are not problem free, however. Steel tends to amplify the sound of rain and hail and can be annoying to occupants. Steel can be permanently dented and disfigured by hail. The most significant problem with steel roofs in northern climates is snow and ice slide-offs.12 Such slide-offs can result in building damage and pose a potential risk to occupants on the ground. This situation can be remedied by the installation of snow guards or cleats fastened in a fixed pattern to the surface of the roof. Wood Shingles

Wood-shingled roofs were the roof of choice on homes built until the early 20th century. They typically consisted of Cedar sawn shingles or Cedar split shake shingles. Wood shingles have a service life of 20-40 years, but are also much more expensive to purchase and install than asphalt shingles. Wood shingles are also more durable and less subject to storm damage than asphalt shingles. It is critical that wood shingled roofs be allowed to dry out thoroughly following rain events. On heavily shaded sites, the north side of wood shingled roofs may not dry completely, and this situation can foster the growth of moss on the roof. This condition is easily remedied by placing a base copper wire along the length of the north side of the roof just below the ridgeline. Rainwater washing over the wire creates a chemical that kills the moss and better allows the wood shingles to dry. Siding Aluminum/Steel

Aluminum and steel siding are very durable siding products with a long service life. These siding products are susceptible to denting from windstorms and hail. They are also subject to paint wear and fading. These siding products can be repainted and, if properly maintained, can provide an indefinite service life. If the siding is removed, it should be recycled. Fiber Cement

Fiber cement siding is a very durable siding option with a long service life if properly maintained. Like most building products, fiber cement siding needs to be allowed to dry following wetting events. If fiber cement siding is consistently wet for long periods of time, it will deteriorate. Fiber cement siding cannot be buried in the ground. Please refer to manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s installation literature. Vinyl

Vinyl siding is manufactured from Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). PVC produces very durable products for some applications, but its manufacturing process involves carcinogenic products and produces waste that is dangerous to the environment and disposal of PVC products is problematic. PVC is also vulnerable to ultra-violet degradation and damage from hail and wind-blown debris and PVC has a very high coefficient of expansion (COE).15 These properties make PVC siding a less desirable choice than other siding products. 24

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Wood Lap/Plywood/Wood Shingle/Composite Wood

All wood siding is naturally durable if properly maintained. Wood was wet while it was being grown, and wood can handle being wet frequently as long as it can dry out between wetting events. In new construction, all wood sidings should be installed with an airspace behind them to allow for drying. Damage prevention strategies include effective overhangs, paint or other finishing products, proper flashing, and appropriate caulking and sealing. If wood siding products are protected and allowed to dry after wetting events, they will provide a very long service life. Skylights

Fixed glass skylights are problematic in northern climates because of building movement, high levels of annual rainfall and the potential for interior condensation. Skylights should be checked annually (spring) for flashing or glazing problems. Skylights in northern climates can also experience condensation problems that can lead to cosmetic and structural deterioration. Storm Doors

Storm doors are installed to provide an additional barrier to weather events. Storm doors should be inspected annually to assure that the latch is securely pulling the door against the weather-stripping. The latch should be adjusted to assure a tight seal against the weather-stripping. Damaged weather-stripping should be replaced. Storm Windows

Traditional wood storm windows that are installed and removed seasonally need to be annually inspected for paint and screen damage. If repaired and stored properly, wood storm windows should be serviceable for decades. Metal combination storm windows are relatively maintenance free. Damaged screens or broken glass panes should be repaired. Stucco Synthetic Stucco

Synthetic stucco, commonly known as EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish System) is a moderately durable cladding. EIFS is installed over a polystyrene insulation substrate. EIFS is highly susceptible to puncture damage and water damage as a result of inadequate flashing. A positive aspect of EIFS cladding is that it can easily be colored to match other building elements, and can be shaped into unlimited decorative elements. If not properly flashed, however, EIFS cladding can deteriorate very rapidly. Traditional Three-Coat Stucco

Traditional stucco cladding is very durable and has an indefinite service life if properly maintained. If stucco becomes damaged or if remodeling or other repairs are required, it is very difficult for an inexperienced craftsman to repair traditional stucco. It is advisable to enlist the services of a professional plasterer to make such repairs. Windows

Windows provide essential daylighting and ventilation functions in homes. Windows are also the most problematic elements of the building envelope in terms of energy loss and air leakage. Operable windows should be inspected on an annual basis. Such inspections should include: - Observe the interior and exterior of the window. Look for signs of water leakage or condensation damage. Exterior water leakage must be addressed immediately. Determine the source of the leak. Insure functioning overhang, effective flashing, or sealant replacement. Interior condensation damage on wood windows can be merely cosmetic, or can be Homeowner Handbook

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structural. Cosmetic damage can usually be repaired by properly refinishing the interior of the window sash and frame. Structural damage may require sash replacement or entire window replacement. If structural damage is apparent, contact a qualified window installer to discuss options. It is important to address interior humidity levels to minimize future condensation damage. - Check the latching hardware and hinges for proper operation. Replace any damaged hardware. Make sure windows latch tightly against weather-stripping. - Inspect all weather-stripping. Look for damaged or loose weather-stripping. Also, occasionally the weather-stripping can shrink, leaving gaps for potential air and/or water leaks. Re-install loose weather-stripping and replace any that is damaged or shrunken. - Clean exterior and interior of window glass semi-annually in the spring and autumn. - Drapes and shades can help reduce glare, fading, overheating and nighttime heat loss. Insulated drapes or movable insulation panels can further reduce heat loss during nighttime hours. Drapes and shades have the potential for increasing condensation on windows by partially isolating the window from normal interior convective airflows. This allows the window surface to become cooler and more prone to condensation. Also, lowering the temperature between the shade and the window raises the relative humidity, which also increases the condensation potential. Drapes and shades that contact the floor and are enclosed in a valance at the top are much less likely to contribute to the condensation problem and will further reduce heat loss through the window on cold nights. - Movable solid insulation panels are very effective at reducing nighttime heat loss through windows, but the panels must be properly fitted and weather-stripped in order to completely isolate the window from the interior space. - Drapes, shades and movable insulation panels should be closed in the evening when daylighting is no longer effective. Likewise, they should be opened as soon as daylighting is effective in the morning. - Glazing Replacement: Many energy efficient houses utilize different glazing types on different facades of the structure. In the event that a sash or its glazing need to be replaced, it is important to replace the unit with the same or an equally performing glazing material. Proper record keeping will allow you to identify the proper glazing for the window needing repair.17 Double Hung

Double hung windows were designed to facilitate natural ventilation by providing a way to exhaust hot air through the top sash and draw in cool air through the lower sash. Homes with double hung windows should employ them for natural ventilation.

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HeaTInG, VenTILaTIOn, & aIr COndITIOnInG (HVaC) SYSTemS Air Source Heat Pumps

Annual inspection by an HVAC professional is recommended (spring). Clean outdoor condensing unit with garden hose. Turn off the unit with the service disconnect switch (usually mounted on the device or right next to it on the house) prior to cleaning. Central Air Conditioners

Dehumidifiers should be thoroughly cleaned annually. Unplug prior to cleaning. A general rule of thumb in Iowa is that winter interior humidity levels should not exceed 45%. An inexpensive hygrometer can be purchased to monitor the level. Excessive window condensation when outdoor temperatures range from 0-20 degrees F is also a good indicator of excessive interior moisture levels. Dehumidification may be required if high humidity levels are present.23 Ductwork Systems

As mentioned above, all ductwork should be sealed with duct mastic or mastic tape. Ductwork can also be sealed from the inside by a duct sealing professional. In retrofit situations, duct cleaning is desirable. A one-time duct cleaning followed by regular filter replacement will help insure good indoor air quality. All ductwork in unconditioned space must be insulated to R-8 although a higher R-value is desirable.21 In both new construction and retrofit situations, ductwork systems should be pressure tested and balanced by an HVAC professional. Electric Boilers

Electric boilers do not require the same inspections as gas boilers, but having the element resistance checked by a professional every 2-3 years is desirable22 as sediment build-up on the heating elements can greatly reduce the efficiency of the boiler. Furnaces

Furnaces are complicated mechanical devices that require annual inspection and tune-up by a professional. This is best done in the summer when the service professional can also check the operation of the air conditioning system. In both new and retrofit situations it is highly recommended that the homeowner have a performance testing and system balancing performed to insure that the system is adequately delivering the conditioned air to the living space. All ductwork joints should be sealed with duct mastic or mastic tape. All ductwork in unconditioned space must be insulated to a minimum R-8 (more is better).19 Inspect intake and exhaust piping in the fall and clear any obstructions. Furnace filter(s) should be replaced monthly as needed. Be sure to replace the filter(s) with the same or slightly higher MERV (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value) rating. High efficiency filters may actually cause excessive wear on the furnace blower, as it was not designed for such high resistance to airflow.20 Gas Boilers

Boilers, like furnaces, need annual inspection and tune-up by a boiler professional. Homeowners can visually inspect the boiler and distribution piping for any signs of leaking or corrosion. HOmeOwner HandbOOk

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Geothermal Heat Pumps

Annual inspection by an HVAC professional is recommended (spring). Humidifiers

Humidifier elements can experience sediment build-up and may require cleaning. Perform the cleaning prior to the heating season. Humidifier elements are inexpensive and are easily replaced if necessary. Mini-Split Air Conditioners

Annual inspection by an HVAC professional is recommended (spring). Clean outdoor condensing unit with garden hose, making sure to turn the power off. Safety Alarms

Smoke Alarms: It is recommended that all homes have a smoke alarm installed on each living level of the home and in each bedroom. Carbon Monoxide Detectors: If combustion appliances exist in the home, a carbon monoxide detector should be installed on each living level of the home. The basement alarm should be installed near the furnace/water heater area. Static Air Cleaners

Static air cleaners may require periodic cleaning or maintenance. Refer to the ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s manual for instructions regarding the performance of these operations. Thermostats

All HVAC systems can benefit from the installation of a programmable thermostat. Programmable thermostats allow homeowners to adjust the operation of their heating and cooling systems to meet their specific lifestyle requirements. This results in both comfort and reduced energy costs. Homeowners should read and become familiar with the programming process. This will allow you to make adjustments in your program without having to rely on an HVAC professional. Window Air Conditioners

Clean filters monthly throughout the summer. Clean condenser coils with a garden hose every spring prior to use, making sure to turn the power off.

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meCHanICaL VenTILaTIOn Bathroom Exhaust Fans

Bathroom exhaust fans are critical in reducing interior moisture build-up in homes without Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs), but they are often installed poorly and, therefore, cannot perform to their potential. Typically, bathroom exhaust fans have small, low-CFM blowers that require short, smooth ductwork to operate properly (always make sure that the exhaust fan vents outside and never directly into the attic). Flexible plastic ductwork or metal ductwork with large lengths and numerous elbows can make fans ineffective. Ductwork in unconditioned space must be insulated to prevent condensation. Depending upon the installation, bathroom exhaust fans often move much less air than their rated capacity. By controlling the exhaust fan with a timer rather than a wall switch, you can adjust the run time to help assure that residual showering and bathing moisture is exhausted. Gas Meter

gas meters should be kept free of tall grass, plants or shrubs. The meter needs to ventilate occasionally and should have good air movement around it. HRV/ERV (Heat Recovery Ventilator/Energy Recovery Ventilator)

HRV and ERV maintenance is relatively simple. The unit core should be cleaned every six months. The intake and exhaust ports should be inspected periodically for obstructions and must be kept clear of snow during the winter. Many Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs) are operated with a time control switch. As with radon ventilation fans, the goal is to provide adequate ventilation with minimal unit operation time. The interior humidity level is a good indicator of adequate ventilation. Interior humidity levels should not exceed 45%.26 An inexpensive hygrometer can be used to monitor interior humidity levels. Another indicator is moisture condensation on windows. The HRV should be operated at a rate that greatly reduces or eliminates window condensation. Adjust the unit run time until the proper humidity level is maintained. Kitchen Range Hoods

Kitchen range hoods are of two types, vented (to the outside) and recirculating. Both types employ grease filters in order to capture grease and particulates. In vented range hoods, it is critical to regularly clean the grease filters to prevent grease from entering exhaust ductwork where it can condense and create a potential fire risk. Recirculating range hoods rely on a grease filter to capture grease and particulates and a carbon filter to capture odors. The grease filter must be cleaned periodically depending upon build-up. The carbon filter should be replaced annually. Whole-House Exhaust Fans

Whole-house exhaust fans can be very effective in reducing cooling costs, but they are very problematic in that they also present a significant air and moisture leakage problem during the northern heating season. Any summer cooling savings are sacrificed proportionally during the heating season. If a whole-house fan exists in your home, great care should be taken to weatherize the fan opening with an insulated and tightly sealed access panel/door.

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Radon Ventilation Fans

The operation of a radon ventilation fan depends on the tested radon level within the home. The current recommended safe threshold level is less than 4 pCi/L of radon.24 The goal is to provide adequate radon reduction with minimal fan operation. Radon ventilation fans should be placed on an adjustable time control. A tested level of 4-7 may be remedied by periodic fan operation (Example: On 30 Min./Off 30 min. or On 20 min./Off 40min.). Higher tested levels may require continuous fan operation.25 Since every situation is unique, the only way to determine what strategy is most effective is by trial and error. Try a fan operation strategy and then re-test. Then make adjustments and re-test until the optimum operation strategy is realized.

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PLUmbInG Bathtubs

Bathtubs often have inaccessible drain traps, so removal of hair, etc., from the drain screen reduces the potential for a clogged drain and the need for drain cleaning products or professional drain cleaning. Bathtub caulk should be checked once per year for adhesion and structural integrity. Failed caulking can allow water to enter the walls around the bathtub, creating the potential for structural deterioration or mold and mildew growth. Bidets

Bidets are an excellent alternative to a complete shower or bath. Bidets are effective for both females and males. Bidets use a fraction of the water of a shower or bath. Bidets that are not used regularly have the potential to have their drain traps dry out and permit sewer gas to enter the home similar to a floor drain. The problem is remedied by running a small amount of water down the bidetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s drain. Clothes Washer Faucet

If the clothes washer supply faucets are left open at all times, the potential for a broken hose while the home is unoccupied exists. This can result in catastrophic damage especially if the clothes washer is installed above finished space. A simple solution is to close the faucets when the washer is not in use. Several manufacturers offer a faucet with a single lever handle that turns off both the hot and cold supply lines with one simple action (much like a light switch). Condensate Pumps

Condensate pumps, which are often installed on furnaces and other appliances, can plug or cease operation and may create a wet area on the basement floor that may not be obviously related to the condensate pump. If you suspect a condensate pump is not operating, an HVAC professional or a plumber should be contacted. Drains and Traps

Many clogged drain problems are the result of build-up in the trap below the sink. Cleaning these traps is simple and well within the capability of most homeowners. Use a large pair of channel-lock pliers to loosen the nuts, remove the trap, clean and replace. Care should be taken on older metal fittings as they can be easily damaged and require replacement. Repair of the trap will eliminate the need for caustic polluting drain cleaners. Exterior Hydrants

Exterior hydrants are predominantly used during the spring, summer, and fall when humidity levels are often high. Condensation on the hydrantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; waterlines can be a significant contributor to residual interior moisture. Insulating the hydrant supply lines with pipe insulation (R-3 to R-4) eliminates this problem. Another potential problem with exterior hydrants is the backflow of caustic chemicals from plant fertilizer and pesticide applicators attached to garden hoses (alternative pest and fertilizer options are encouraged). Unless the exterior hydrant is equipped with a backflow preventer, the potential exists for pollutants to be drawn into the fresh water system within the home. new exterior hydrants should all be equipped with backflow preventers. In retrofit situations, it is recommended never to leave chemical applicators connected to a hose when not being used. All replacement exterior hydrants should be equipped with backflow preventers. HOmeOwner HandbOOk

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Faucets/Fixtures

All faucets should have their aerators cleaned every 6 months. Flow restrictors should be installed in all existing faucets. All new faucets should be low-flow. The following flow rates are recommended: Shower: 1.5 gallons/minute, Lavatory/ Utility: 1 gallon/minute, Kitchen Sink: 1-1.5 gallons/minute. Floor Drains

Floor drains often sit unused for long periods of time. This can allow the water in the drain trap to evaporate and allow sewer gasses to enter the home. If you smell sewer gas, it is most likely coming from a floor drain with a dry trap. Simply pour a pint of water in all unused floor drains every 1-2 months to prevent this problem. NOTE: If sewer gas is present during the winter, and filling the floor drain does not stop the odor, the plumbing vent pipe on the roof has most likely frozen shut and will need to be opened to eliminate the odor. Hot Tubs/Spas

Like whirlpool bathtubs, hot tubs and spas are required to be protected by a GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) receptacle or circuit breaker. These receptacles or circuit breakers should be tested by pressing the test button every three months. If the test is not successful, do not use the hot tub or spa until an electrician is contacted to remedy the problem. Lavatory/Kitchen/Utility Sinks

All sinks have the potential for leaking around their rims or at the junction of the countertop or sink top and the walls. Often these leaks are small and are not readily detected, but they contribute to the residual moisture in the home and increase the potential for structural deterioration or mold and mildew growth. Periodic replacement of caulking and rim sealants eliminate this problem. Main Water Valve

Homeowners should locate the home’s main water valve and operate it so that they are familiar with its operation should they need to turn the water off in the event of an emergency. Rainwater Collection

Rainwater collection or “harvesting” is common in areas of the U.S. and the rest of the world where central water systems cannot supply adequate water or where central systems do not exist. Rainwater collection is simple and has several economic and environmental benefits. Collected rainwater can be used to flush toilets, wash clothes and feed exterior hydrants and irrigation systems after simple filtration. After purification it becomes potable and can be used for any purpose. Rainwater collection also retains rainwater runoff on the site, which is environmentally beneficial. Rainwater collection can be as simple as running downspouts into a rain barrel and then re-using the collected water for plant watering, irrigation, etc. A more complex system directs water into a buried cistern from which it can be pumped for use in toilets, clothes washers and exterior hydrants/irrigation systems. (Sizing rainwater collection systems depends on geographical location, roof collection area and rainwater re-use requirements. There are many online resources that can help you calculate your rainwater system.) A first flush device ($50-100) that removes most of the roof debris during the first few minutes of the rain event is essential.31 A submersible pump and a shallow well pressure system deliver the water as if it were from a central system. Overflow water from the cistern can be directed to a raingarden. Although experimental, rainwater has the potential to provide radiant cooling in homes with hydronic heating systems. Septic System

As a general rule, septic systems work properly for many years without any maintenance. Problems can arise, however. Most problems are related to the materials flushed into the tank, or the effectiveness of the leach field to infiltrate and evaporate effluent. 32

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Septic systems rely on the natural action of bacteria and enzymes to decompose waste solids leaving a liquid effluent, which is dispersed through a distribution box and the leach field. Typically septic tanks have two compartments. The first compartment is where the primary decomposition process occurs. The second compartment contains less solids and completes the decomposition process. Septic systems are very sensitive to the products flushed into them. Caustic chemicals such as paint thinner, pesticides, motor oil, certain cleaning fluids and drain cleaners, etc., should not be flushed into septic systems, as they can kill the bacteria and stop the decomposition process. This results in a build-up of solids what will eventually plug the system and require pumping the tank and re-starting the decomposition process. Occasionally the stoppage requires excavating the tank and/or distribution box for cleaning. Another potential problem is flushing large quantities of vegetable waste into a septic system. Plant material is more difficult to breakdown and can build up, eventually requiring pumping of the tank. Small amounts of vegetable waste from a garbage disposal are acceptable, but most vegetable wastes should be composted or disposed of in another manner. The periodic addition of purchased enzymes (Rid-X, etc.) can help assure that the decomposition process is working properly. Another problem with septic systems is the flushing of solids such as tampons, etc. These products do not decompose in a septic system and tend to collect in the distribution box or in the leach lines plugging them and causing the septic tank to back up into the home. This situation requires excavation to repair and is very expensive and destructive to the yard. Dispose of these items in a different manner. Some solids may build up in septic systems and may require pumping every several years. If the toilet flushing action becomes slow and sluggish, that is an indicator that the tank should be pumped by a septic system professional. Sewage Ejectors

A sewage ejector is a type of pump that is designed to pump solid materials into a sewer. If you suspect a problem with a sewage ejector, contact a plumber for repair. Showers

Like bathtubs, showers also often have inaccessible drain traps, so preventing drain-plugging materials from entering the drain can greatly reduce potential clogging products. Also, failed caulking, tile grout, etc. can allow water to enter the surrounding walls creating a potential for structural deterioration or mold and mildew growth. Sump Pumps

Sump pumps are often essential to prevent subsurface water from entering basements, etc. In areas where high subsurface water is a regular occurrence, it is highly advisable to have a sump pump with a battery back-up system that will assure that the pump will continue to operate during an electrical power outage. Sump pump wells or pits have the potential for silt or sand build-up and should be checked after each high water event and cleaned as required. Another common problem with sump pumps is that they often sit idle for long periods of time (months or even years) before they are needed to operate during a rare high water event. Sump pumps spend their life in a high moisture environment and, if not operated regularly, can rust, corrode or seize up so that they cannot operate properly when called upon to do so. Sump pumps in this situation should be manually operated 3-4 times per year to assure their proper operation when required.27 Homeowner Handbook

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Toilets

Federal law requires that all toilets sold in the U.S. must use 1.6 GPF (gallons per flush) or less. If an older toilet with a 5 GPF rate still exists in a home, it should be changed. The water savings will rapidly pay for the new toilet. An even better option is to replace any single flush toilet with a dual flush toilet that offers a 0.8-0.9 GPF option for liquids and a 1.28-1.6 GPF option for solids. The incremental cost difference is modest and the life cycle savings in water use are huge. Urinals

Urinals typically use 0.2-0.4 GPF and can result in significant water savings, especially in families with several male members. Vent Piping

The primary problem that occurs with plumbing vent piping is the vent outlet freezing shut during very cold periods during the winter. This can cause a build-up of sewer gas in the home. The problem can be solved by breaking or melting the ice from the vent opening. If the problem persists, the size of the vent outlet pipe needs to be increased to 4â&#x20AC;?.28 The larger pipe size is much less likely to freeze closed. Water Heaters Gas/Electric Tank-Type Water Heaters

Water heaters may require periodic maintenance depending upon the mineral content of the water. First of all, water heater temperature should be reduced to 125 degrees F. Most water heaters are pre-set to 140-150 degrees F. This temperature is not necessary for any household activities, and can pose a scalding risk. In addition, keeping hot water at higher than necessary temperatures is expensive and energy wasteful. You can check the water heater temperature with a common kitchen thermometer and reduce the setting accordingly. Older water heaters can benefit from the addition of a water heater insulation blanket, which will reduce energy loss from the tank. If the mineral content of the water is high, a build-up of condensed minerals can occur in water heater tanks. Most water heaters include an anode rod whose function is to collect mineral deposits. If you know that you have a high mineral content in your water, the anode rod should be checked annually and replaced if necessary. Also, annual flushing of the tank by draining and re-filling will remove the condensed mineral deposits that build-up on the bottom of the tank. If such build-up is not removed, it can greatly reduce the efficiency of the water heater. Gas/Electric Tankless Water Heaters

Tankless water heaters work on the principle of heating a small volume of water very rapidly. This requires much higher temperatures at the gas-fired heat exchanger or electric heating element. Higher temperatures can result in greater build-up of mineral deposits on the heat exchanger or heating element. This condition can rapidly reduce the efficiency of the heater, and may require regular replacement of the heat exchanger or heating element. The output temperature should be set to 125 degrees F. Water Piping

Both hot and cold water lines can benefit from the addition of pipe insulation (R-3 to R-4). Insulating hot water lines saves energy and reduces the wait time for hot water. Insulating cold water lines also saves energy and reduces or eliminates the potential for condensation. Pipe insulation should be carefully fitted and glued or taped at all joints with the appropriate products. Manufacturers for each type of pipe insulation recommend a specific type of glue or tape to 34

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use with their product. Pex plumbing can be insulated the same way as other types of water piping. Be sure to separate the hot and cold pipes from each other â&#x20AC;&#x201C; do not bundle them together. Whirlpool Bathtubs

Whirlpool bathtub electrical circuits are required to be protected by a GFCI receptacle or circuit breaker. These receptacles or circuit breakers should be tested by pressing the test button every three months.30 If the test is not successful, do not use the bathtub until an electrician is contacted to remedy the problem.

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eLeCTrICaL AFCI Circuit Breakers

AFCI (Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter) circuit breakers must be tested periodically according to the manufacturersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; instructions. Circuit Overloading

Overloading electrical circuits presents a significant fire hazard. Increasing the fuse or breaker amperage size will allow more electrical current to pass through undersized wire, which can increase heat build-up and potentially trigger a fire. The safer solution is to move some devices to other circuits. Household extension cords typically have much smaller wire than the wire installed in the home. Excessive loads on extension cords also pose a significant fire hazard. As Americans continue to add new electrical devices to their homes, the fire risk from older electrical systems increases. In retrofit situations, it is recommended that the electrical service entrance be upgraded to a 100 Amp minimum. 150-200 Amp is preferred.34 Electrical Meter

The electrical meter should be periodically visually inspected to verify that the meter seal and glass cover are intact. Electricity Usage Monitors

Electrical usage monitors are useful in determining the power consumption of appliances and devices and can help a homeowner reduce their power usage. Monitors that check one appliance at a time can be purchased for $30-50. By plugging the monitor in and then plugging the appliance into the monitor the homeowner can see the current usage, the current cost per day, the projected cost for the month, etc. Whole-house electricity usage monitors are tied to the electrical system and monitor total electrical usage. Some models identify each appliance in the home and provide continuous monitoring of their use. This information is then graphed on a computer so that the homeowner can see when they use the appliance and for what period of time. Most models also allow the homeowner to project energy cost savings based on the altered use of various appliances. These monitors are very effective at identifying the conservation and cost saving opportunities that are available in every home. Quality whole-house electricity usage monitors can be purchased for $150-300 and have many additional features not mentioned here.37 GFCI Receptacles

gFCI (ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) receptacles must be tested periodically according to the manufacturersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; instructions. Grounding

Proper grounding is essential for a safe electrical system. Lightning and surge protection devices are only as effective as the grounding system they are connected to. Households are rapidly becoming more electronic and digital.32 Electronic equipment is very sensitive to lightning strikes and power surges. Utility studies have shown that most residential grounding systems are not optimally effective. Many utilities require two ground rods placed a minimum of six feet apart and tied together in order to increase the grounding potential of the system. grounding systems are required to have a maximum electrical resistance of 25 Ohms. Most utilities will test your grounding system upon request. The addition of a second ground rod may be advisable.33 HOmeOwner HandbOOk

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Lightning protection and surge protection devices are relatively inexpensive. If your system does not have this protection, it is highly recommended that you have them installed. Some insurance companies provide these devices free of charge, as they reduce their risk resulting from a surge event. Landscape Lighting

Landscape lighting is an attractive addition to the exterior of a home, but can constitute a significant energy expense if used regularly. Many manufacturers offer solar powered landscape lighting that charges batteries during the day and powers the lights in the evening. Lighting

In 2012, conventional incandescent light bulbs will be phased out of the U.S. market. Only bulbs that have an improved efficiency of 25-30% will be available. CFL (compact fluorescent light), LED (light emitting diode) and others will be the only light bulb choices available.35 Fixtures

In anticipation of the 2012 change, manufacturers are producing a wider variety lighting fixtures that have the fluorescent transformers installed in the fixture so that the bulb does not have to have an integral transformer. These bulbs are less expensive and reduce the environmental consequences of CFL disposal. Lamps (Bulbs)

CFL lamps typically use 75% less energy to provide the same amount of light as an incandescent bulb. Changing all incandescent lamps to CFL lamps will return the investment in a matter of months and provide significant savings going forward. CFL lamps can last 4-5 times as long as incandescent lamps, but that life can be shortened by frequently turning the lamp on and off. The general rule of thumb is the 15-minute rule – if you are going to be gone from a room for longer than 15 minutes, turn the lights off. If you are returning within 15 minutes, leave them on as this decreases the wear and tear on the CFL bulb and extends its life. LED lamps are much more expensive than CFL lamps, but they last 2-3 times longer and generate almost no heat. As the price of LED lamps declines, they will become a more practical and cost effective option. Lightning Protection System

Complete home lightning protection systems are less common today than in times past, but considering the potential damage that lightning strikes pose to a home, it is an option worth considering. Contrary to popular belief, the function of a lightning protection system is not to attract and ground lightning strikes but rather to dissipate the electrical charge that builds up in the earth during a thunderstorm. This greatly reduces the potential for a lightning strike. An economical alternative to a complete lightning protection system is the installation of a lighting arrestor on the home’s electrical system. Lightning arrestors need to be installed by an electrician. Overhead Service

An overhead electrical service (power lines) can be damaged by high winds or other storm damage (falling trees, etc.). Following major weather events the overhead service should be visually inspected to make sure that the wire is not damaged and that the mast is intact and is securely fastened to the building. Any irregularities should be reported to the electrical utility provider. 38

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Phantom Loads

In 2009, phantom electrical loads accounted for 10% of all the electricity used in the U.S.36 Phantom electrical loads are those numerous small loads that homes have operating 24/7. Any appliance that has a remote control is using energy even when it is off so that it can respond to the remote control when required. All rechargeable devices utilize a transformer that reduces the utility voltage to the voltage amount required by the device. (Cell phones, laptops, electric toothbrushes, cordless shavers, cordless vacuums, etc.). The transformers used to charge these devices are using energy when they are plugged in whether or not the device is being charged, wasting energy and money. Phantom loads can be eliminated by unplugging or turning off charging transformers and remotely operated devices. This can be done by having transformers plugged into a common outlet strip that can be turned off when it is not required. In new construction, switched circuits can be installed to control phantom loads. Such circuits can be controlled by an occupancy sensor that automatically turns the circuit off when occupants leave the room. Security Lighting

Exterior security lighting on urban homes should be controlled by a motion sensor and checked periodically for proper function. In rural locations, utilities offer security lighting for a fixed monthly fee. These lights tend to be large with high lumen output and may be required in locations where a large area must be illuminated. If large area coverage is not required, it may be advisable to eliminate the utility provided security light and rely on house mounted CFL fixtures on motion sensors. Service Entrance Panel

The electrical service entrance panel should only be accessed by an electrician. All electrical service panels must have a cover to prevent accidental contact with energized terminals within the panel. Inspect the panel cover to assure that all unused circuit breaker openings are covered with a protective plug. If all circuits are not listed on the service entrance panel cover, the circuits should be identified and recorded on the panel cover. This can aid in future repairs. Smoke/Fire Alarms

Smoke and fire alarms should be tested regularly in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Low batteries should be replaced immediately. Switches and Controls

Electricity is the most easily controlled of all energy sources. Timers, motion sensors, occupancy sensors, humidistats, dehumidistats, thermostats, solid state dimmers, photoelectric switches, etc. are a few examples of electrical switches and controls that can be used to reduce electrical usage, increase occupant comfort, modify behavior, and improve the home’s durability. Underground Service

Occasionally, underground service wires can become exposed due to earth settling or washout from a heavy rain event. Exposed wires pose a significant safety hazard and should be re-buried immediately by a professional. PVC conduit housing service entrance wires can be damaged by mowers and other power equipment. Most utilities are responsible for all equipment from their transformer to your meter. The homeowner is responsible for all equipment from the meter into the building. An electrician will be required to repair or replace any damaged equipment that is the homeowner’s responsibility.

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aPPLIanCeS Appliances offer homeowners the greatest opportunity for energy saving by purchasing energy efficient appliances and then operating them in the most efficient manner. Much of this section was adapted from the Iowa Energy Center’s Home Series Book Four: Major Home Appliances. Refer to the Iowa Energy Center website, www.energy.iastate.edu, for more information. Clothes Dryers

new clothes dryers offer various energy efficiency features. As with all appliances, homeowners must read the owner’s manual and familiarize themselves with the appliance’s features and proper operation. All appliance owner’s manuals should be retained for future reference. Flexible plastic or flexible metal foil dryer vent hoses can collapse or crush thus allowing them to trap lint and create a fire hazard and are, therefore, not recommended by manufacturers. Only rigid or flexible metal ducts should be used. Significant energy savings can be realized from both new and existing clothes dryers by using the following usage strategies: - Set dry time according to the type and size of the load. - Avoid overloading the dryer to allow for air circulation and water evaporation. - Separate and shake bulky items before you load them. - Use the moisture sensor if your dryer has one, to avoid over-drying clothes. - Use the cool-down cycle to utilize the residual heat and reduce clothes wrinkling. - Clean the lint screen after every load to enable the dryer to properly vent moisture. - Check and clean the outside clothes dryer vent monthly. - Regularly clean the moisture sensor near the drum to maintain effectiveness. Clothes Washers

new clothes washers offer many energy and water-saving features. As with all appliances, homeowners must read the owner’s manual and familiarize themselves with the appliance’s features and proper operation. All appliance owner’s manuals should be retained for future reference. The energy efficiency and water efficiency of clothes washers are rated by their Modified Energy Factor (MEF) and their Water Factor (WF). A minimum desirable MEF is 1.72. A minimum desirable WF is 8.0. Significant energy and water savings can be realized from both new and existing clothes washers by using the following usage strategies: - Wash full loads whenever possible. - Use the lowest water volume setting possible for the load being washed. - Use cold water with a cold-water detergent. - Use easily biodegradable detergent. - Use the right amount of detergent. - Choose a cold-water rinse. - Select an extended spin cycle to reduce more expensive drying time.

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Dishwashers

Many people believe that hand washing of dishes uses much less energy than a dishwasher. In fact, an energy efficient dishwasher can save 5,000 gallons of water and $40 per year in electricity costs over hand washing. New dishwashers offer many energy efficiency features. Dishwashers are rated by their Energy Factor (EF). A new dishwasher should have an EF of .65 or higher. As with all appliances, homeowners must read the owner’s manual and familiarize themselves with the appliance’s features and proper operation. All appliance Owner’s Manuals should be retained for future reference. Significant energy savings can be realized from existing dishwashers as well through proper operation. A few operation tips are: - Scrape but don’t rinse dishes unless food is dried on, burned-on, or extremely greasy. - Arrange loads so that all dishes are exposed to cleaning and rinse water. - Run only full loads. - Set your dishwasher to air-dry. - Clean the filter regularly. - Occasionally clean the spray-arm nozzles and water jets. Microwave Ovens

Microwave oven can use 80% less energy to do the same cooking job as a conventional range, oven or cooktop. A microwave for use in cooking whole meals should have a capacity of 1.5-2.0 cu. ft. and an energy usage of 1000 Watts or larger. Ranges, Ovens, Cooktops

Ranges and ovens are low maintenance appliances and many offer few energy saving features, but some recent models do offer timing and other features that can reduce energy use. Gas

It is important to keep burners clean, and observe the flame for proper combustion. A blue flame indicates proper combustion. A yellow flame indicates that the burners need to be adjusted by an appliance professional. Periodically inspect the oven door gasket for crushed or damaged spots and replace if necessary. As with all appliances, it is recommended that homeowners read the operator’s manual and become completely familiar with the appliance’s various features. All appliance manuals should be retained for future reference. Electric

Heating elements should be kept clean, as build-up can reduce the heating efficiency and extend required cooking time. Periodically inspect the oven door gasket for crushed or damaged spots and replace if necessary. As with all appliances, it is recommended that homeowners read the operator’s manual and become completely familiar with the appliance’s various features. All appliance manuals should be retained for future reference. Saving energy using kitchen ranges and ovens While it is important to properly clean and maintain kitchen ranges and cooktops, the greatest energy savings can be realized through slight modifications in cooking methods such as: - Using only as much water as necessary when boiling foods. - Choosing pots and pans that match the size of the burner. - Using the smallest pot, pan or baking dish for the portion you are cooking. - Using flat bottom cookware for the greatest heat transfer from an electric range or cooktop. 42

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- Using lids on pots and pans to retain heat, allowing foods to cook faster and more efficiently. - Keeping cooktops and drip pans clean. - Limiting preheating time to 10 minutes. Refrigerators, Freezers and Icemakers

Refrigerators, freezers and icemakers should be placed on dedicated electrical circuits to reduce the potential of a circuit overload that can result in the power being interrupted to the appliance and food being spoiled. These appliances should never be operated with a household extension cord. When purchasing a new refrigerator, freezer or icemaker, compare the cost, features and the EnergyGuide label. This will allow you to compare features, energy usage and cost in order to make the best decision for you. As with most modern appliances, refrigerators, freezers and icemakers offer many convenience and energy saving features. Read the owner’s manual and familiarize yourself with the appliance’s features. The owner’s manual should be retained for future reference. Periodically check the refrigerator and freezer temperature settings and adjust to the manufacturer’s suggestion. Refrigerators should generally be set between 36-40 degrees F. Freezers should be set no lower than 0 degrees F. Refrigerator and freezer door gaskets should be inspected periodically for crushing or breakage. The gasket’s sealing integrity can be tested by placing a piece of paper behind the gasket and closing the door. If the paper falls out or is easily pulled out, the gasket is not sealing properly. Damaged gaskets should be replaced. Trash Compactors

As with all appliances, homeowners must read the owner’s manual and familiarize themselves with the appliance’s features and proper operation. All appliance owner’s manuals should be retained for future reference. Wine and Beverage Coolers

Unlike conventional and compact refrigerators, countertop, under-counter, and freestanding wine and beverage cooling appliances aren’t required to show an EnergyGuide label, and none have been qualified by Energy Star. Depending on what they will be storing, these coolers include an adjustable thermostat and generally operate within a narrow temperature range of about 38-65 degrees F. You can still, however, make an energy-smart choice when buying one of these units. Look for a cooler that uses a thermoelectric or Peltier cooling system which is a small, solid-state heat pump that is much more efficient than a conventional compressor. In addition, choose a unit with an external temperature control and digital display as well as LED lighting instead of a heat-producing incandescent light bulb.

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PerFOrmanCe TeSTInG Blower Door

In new construction, a pressurization/depressurization (blower door) test can be performed prior to the drywall installation in order to identify any air leaks and seal them. In retrofit situations, a blower door test can identify air leakage areas in need of repair. Blower door tests may be offered by utility companies as part of their energy audit process. Home energy raters can also be employed to perform the tests. Carbon Monoxide Testing

Economical carbon monoxide monitors and test kits are available at most hardware stores. All homes with combustion appliances should have carbon monoxide monitors near the furnace, water heater, other combustion appliances and near the entrance from an attached garage. HVAC System Testing/Balancing

The rated efficiency of a furnace or air conditioning unit represents the tested efficiency under factory conditions. The actual installed efficiency of an entire HVAC installation is often only 50-60% of the rated unit efficiency. The length, size, and configuration of the ductwork system can significantly affect the overall performance of the installed system. Competent HVAC installers should perform pressure, temperature, and combustion tests and adjust the system so that it delivers a minimum of 90% of its rated capacity to the home. Unfortunately, many installers are not trained in these procedures and, therefore, most systems do not operate at peak efficiency. The purchase of a new HVAC system should include a guarantee that the system will perform to the 90% level. In retrofit situations, independent testing firms can be employed to perform the tests and make adjustments. Infra-Red Scanning

Infrared scanning cameras identify areas of heat loss in a building envelope. Infrared cameras are useful in identifying energy losses, water leaks and air leakage areas. Infrared scanning may be offered by local utilities as part of their energy audit process, but home energy raters may also be able to provide infrared analysis. Lead & Asbestos

Lead and asbestos testing is available free of charge through most local municipalities. All homes built prior to 1970 should be tested and, if high levels are discovered, appropriate mitigation strategies should be employed. Moisture Testing

Moisture testing equipment can be used to identify water leaks and potential mold producing conditions. Moisture testing can be performed by cleaning professionals, home inspectors and home energy raters. Radon Testing

Radon test packets are inexpensive and the tests can easily be performed by homeowners. In a newly constructed home, the tests should be performed six months to one year following the completion of the home. In existing homes the tests can be performed at any time. It is recommended that a test be performed on the lowest, regularly occupied level of your home. The EPA recommends fixing, or mitigating, your home if test results show radon levels of 4 or more picocuries of radon per liter (pCi/L). Mitigation involves strategies that provide ventilation from beneath the basement floor slab or the sump pump well ducted to the outside. Following the implementation of a radon mitigation system, the home should be re-tested and adjustments made until the tested level drops below 4.38 HOmeOwner HandbOOk

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WEBSITE RESOURCES BUILDING Building Green Independent company offering print and online resources to help building-industry professionals and policy makers improve the environmental performance of buildings. Produces the publication “Environmental Building News” (EBN). Archived articles available. www.buildinggreen.com Building Science Corporation Provides information about building physics, systems design concepts and awareness of sustainability to promote durable, healthy and economical buildings. www.buildingscience.com Center on Sustainable Communities (COSC) A non-profit established to serve as Iowa’s trusted educational resource for sustainable building. As the recognized leader in providing education and connecting resources, COSC empowers individuals and communities to make everyday decisions that promote sustainability, resulting in a better quality of life for all Iowans. COSC’s schedule of residential, commercial and energyspecific workshops can be found at icosc.com. www.icosc.com National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) NAHB is a trade association that helps promote the policies that make housing a national priority. Since 1942, NAHB has been serving its members, the housing industry and the public at large. www.nahb.org United States Green Building Council (USGBC) The U.S. Green Building Council is a 501(c)(3) non-profit community of leaders working to make green buildings available to everyone within a generation. Find more information for certifying your building, becoming a LEED AP or Green Associate. www.usgbc.org United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Green Home Guide Combination of tips, case studies, expert Q & A articles and regional directories of products and services. www.greenhomeguide.com United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Iowa Chapter As a non-profit organization, the Iowa Chapter of the U.S. Green Building Council seeks to create a positive impact on the region’s built environment by accelerating the adoption of green building practices, technologies, policies and standards. www.usgbciowa.org United States Green Building Council (USGBC) LEED Homes LEED for Homes is a consensus-developed, third party-verified, voluntary rating system which promotes the design and construction of high-performance green homes. www.usgbc.org/leed/homes

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ENERGY Collaborative for High Performance Schools Facilitate the design, construction and operation of high performance schools: environments that are not only energy and resource efficient, but also healthy, comfortable, well lit and contain the amenities for a quality education. www.chps.net Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Sustainable Living The Encyclopedia is a large, free, on-line resource aimed at providing accurate information on living in harmony with our planet, particularly with regard to green energy and architecture. It is part of The Worlds of David Darling website and is maintained and updated on a full-time daily basis by the astronomer and author David Darling. www.daviddarling.info Energy Star ENERGY STAR is a joint program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy helping us all save money and protect the environment through energy efficient products and practices. www.energystar.gov The Energy Star Toolbox Making your home more energy efficient with ENERGY STAR can help to reduce high energy bills, improve comfort and help to protect the environment. Improving energy efficiency is also an important first step for homeowners interested in green remodeling. ENERGY STAR can guide you in making your home more efficient — whether you do-it-yourself or hire a qualified professional. www.energystar.gov/homeimprovement Iowa Association of Energy Efficiency (IAEE) The Iowa Association for Energy Efficiency has roots going back more than 20 years. What began as the Iowa Solar Energy Association later morphed into the broader energy focus of today. www.iowaenergy.org Iowa Department of Human Rights Weatherization Assistance Program The Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) is a federal grant program established to help reduce the heating and cooling costs for low income persons, particularly the elderly, disabled and children, by improving the energy efficiency of their homes. www.weatherization.iowa.gov Iowa Energy Center Advancing Iowa’s energy efficiency and renewable energy use through research, education and demonstration. www.energy.iastate.edu Iowa Renewable Energy Association (I-Renew) Membership-based non-profit organization dedicated to educating Iowans about renewable energy. www.irenew.org University of Northern Iowa Center for Energy and Environmental Education (CEEE) The mission of CEEE is to empower Iowans with the knowledge, experiences, tools and inspiration needed to create a sustainable future for our communities. www.ceee.uni.edu

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U.S. Department of Energy - Weatherization Assistance Program The Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) enables low-income families to permanently reduce their energy bills by making their homes more energy efficient. www1.eere.energy.gov/wip/wap.html

INCENTIVES Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) A comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility and federal incentives that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency. www.dsireusa.org The Tax Incentives Assistance Project (TIAP) The Tax Incentives Assistance Project (TIAP) is sponsored by a coalition of public interest non-profit groups, government agencies, and other organizations in the energy efficiency field. It is designed to give consumers and businesses information they need to make use of the federal income tax incentives for energy efficient products and technologies passed by Congress as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and subsequently amended several times. www.energytaxincentives.org

RECYCLE/REUSE/RECLAIM American Plumbing Supply American Plumbing Supply Co. can find any part associated with any aspect of your plumbing needs from any era going back to 1900. www.americanplumbingsupplyco.com Des Moines Rehabbers Club The Des Moines Rehabbers Club mission is to promote neighborhood revitalization and restoration of Des Moines’ unique building stock by informing, educating, inspiring and supporting each other in all phases of home renovation and maintenance. www.renovatedsm.com Earth 911 Environmental resource for source reduction, reduce and recycling information. www.earth911.com Freecycle Freecycle’s mission is to build a worldwide gifting movement that reduces waste, saves precious resources and eases the burden on landfills while enabling members to benefit from the strength of a larger community. www.freecycle.org Habitat for Humanity ReStore Habitat’s ReStore resale outlets sell reusable and surplus building materials to the public  While every ReStore is a little different, most focus on home improvement goods like furniture, home accessories, building materials and appliances.   ReStores accept donated goods which are sold to the general public at a fraction of the retail price. The proceeds help local Habitat affiliates fund the construction of Habitat homes within their communities. www.hfhia.org

Homeowner Handbook

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Iowa Barn Savers Iowa Barn Savers locate, inspect and dismantle these rural landmarks and work with you to transport them to their new homes. www.iowabarnsavers.com Iowa Department of Economic Development The Iowa Department of Economic Development’s (IDED) Recycle Iowa program works closely with businesses across the state to develop innovative and economically sound environmental programs to grow the economy while protecting the environment. www.iowalifechanging.com/business/recycle.aspx Iowa Department of Natural Resources Offers resources for recycling and composting. www.iowadnr.gov/waste/recycling/index.html Iowa Recycling Association The Iowa Recycling Association is a non-profit organization dedicated to a healthy environment and a healthy economy by promoting waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting. www.iowarecycles.org Old Woodwork Vintage pieces from the 1890’s through the 1930’s. Products include pillars, doors, hardware, hardwood flooring, light fixtures and more. www.oldwoodwork.com PlanetReuse PlanetReuse is a consulting and brokering company focused on providing the insight, experience and materials to expertly match reclaimed materials with designers, builders and owners to save projects money, serve LEED efforts and sustain the planet. www.planetreuse.com Recycle Me Iowa A valet doorstep recycling service catering to apartments, condos and small businesses. www.recyclemeiowa.com Salvage Barn The Salvage Barn is home to materials salvaged from old buildings and homes. These parts have been gathered together so there’s a source for homeowners or building owners to find historically appropriate materials for the repair or restoration of their property. www.ic-fhp.org/salvagebarn.html University of Northern Iowa Recycling & Reuse Technology Transfer Center (RRTTC) The Recycling and Reuse Technology Transfer Center (RRTTC) is an interdisciplinary research, education and outreach center serving Regent university researchers and students, Iowa citizens, business and industry. The RRTTC’s goals include the development of economical approaches to solving intractable solid waste problems and providing research and technical assistance on public health concerns as they relate to solid waste concerns. www.rrttc.com West End Architectural Salvage With inventory from New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, England, the Middle East, and various other places, this treasure in Des Moines offers one-of-a-kind items in everything from furniture to stained glass to doors to tin panels. www.westendarchsalvage.com

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

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WATER American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (ARCSA) The American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association is a non-profit organization that promotes rainwater catchment systems in the United States. Members consist of professionals working in city, state and federal government, academia, manufacturers and suppliers of rainwater harvesting equipment, consultants and other interested individuals. www.arcsa.org Iowa Storm Water Education Program (ISWEP) ISWEPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mission is to provide educational and technical resources to communities, agencies and others to promote positive action on the part of the public to protect water quality. www.iowastormwater.org

OTHER Downtown Des Moines The Downtown Community Alliance, in association with Greater Des Moines Partnership, is a non-profit organization whose mission is to achieve a shared vision for the future of downtown Des Moines by providing leadership, initiative, advocacy and building partnerships, and achieving shared solutions. This is your guide to downtown Des Moines. www.downtowndesmoines.com EnrgPATH An online resource for natural, healthy and green living in Iowa and beyond. www.enrgpath.com Greater Des Moines Partnership The Greater Des Moines Partnership is the economic and community development organization serving the Greater Des Moines metro covering a three-county region. The Partnership is dedicated to the economic and community development of the entire Greater Des Moines area. Through the consolidation of individual development groups, the Partnership is devoted to making Greater Des Moines a better place to build a business and build a life. www.desmoinesmetro.com Green America Non-profit membership organization dedicated to harnessing the economic power of consumers, investors and businesses to promote social justice and environmental sustainability. www.greenamerica.org Green Building Supply An eco-friendly home center for natural and non-toxic building materials that are safe, certified and sustainable. www.greenbuildingsupply.com Green For All Green For All is dedicated to improving the lives of all Americans through a clean energy economy. They work in collaboration with the business, government, labor and grassroots communities to create and implement programs that increase quality jobs and opportunities in green industry. www.greenforall.org

Homeowner Handbook

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

Historic Valley Junction Foundation Historic Valley Junction serves as a historic link to West Des Moines’ past and as a fun shopping district. The mission is to advance the growth and development of the Historic Valley Junction area into a vital and dynamic commercial, residential and tourist area through business improvement, design, organization and promotion. www.valleyjunction.com Iowa Department of Economic Development (IDED) The mission of the IDED is to engender and promote economic development policies and practices which stimulate and sustain Iowa’s economic growth and climate and that integrate efforts across public and private sectors. www.iowalifechanging.com Iowa Environmental Council The Iowa Environmental Council is an alliance of diverse organizations and individuals working together to protect Iowa’s natural environment. www.iaenvironment.org Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) The Natural Resources Defense Council’s mission is to safeguard the Earth: its people, its plants and animals, and the natural systems on which all life depends. www.nrdc.org The Green Guide Shows individuals how to make small changes that add up to big benefits for their wallets, their health and the planet. www.thegreenguide.com University of Iowa Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research (CGRER) CGRER is a state funded institute devoted to studying and bettering the environment. Areas of focus include regional effects on natural ecosystems, environments and resources, and effects on human health, culture and social systems. www.cgrer.uiowa.edu Urban Ambassadors Urban Ambassadors is an action-oriented 501(c)3 not-for-profit in Des Moines, Iowa moving city residents forward on their sustainability journey. Urban Ambassadors (UA) identify eight major aspects of community sustainability, set non-prescriptive goals in each of those categories, and map the local resources available for residents. UA also implement community projects in partnership with local groups, sharing the design widely for replication. www.urbanambassadors.org

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

SOURCES

The following sources provided guidance for much of this manual. “Energy Savers.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. U.S. Department of Energy. <http://www.energysavers.gov/>. Hanes, Tim. “Iowa Residential Heating System Performance Study.” Cenergy. West Des Moines. 2009. Homeowner’s Manual. Northern Communities Land Trust, 2007. PDF. Home Series Booklets. Iowa Energy Center. < http://www.energy.iastate.edu/homeseries/index.htm> Iowa State University Extension. <http://www.extension.iastate.edu/>. LINKS to Homeownership: Home Maintenance Manual. Michigan State Housing Development Authority, 2007. PDF. “WaterSense.” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. <http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/>.

Specific Works Cited (Endnotes) 1 Building Science Digests.” Building Science Corporation. 1999-2010. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.buildingscience.com/index_html>. 2 Ibid 3 Ibid 4 “Southern Forest Products Association.” SFPA -- Southern Forest Products Association. 2010. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.sfpa.org/>. 5 Mason Contractors Association of America (MCAA). Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.masoncontractors.org/>. 6 Wray, Paul, Laura Sternweis, and Jane Lenahan. “Farmstead Windbreaks: Planning.” Iowa State University Extension Pm-1716 (1997). Print. 7 Petersen, Wayne. “Sustainable Landscapes: Beautiful and Hydrologically Functional.” Affordable Green Building Training. West Des Moines. 2009.

Lecture.

8 Ibid 9 Ibid 10 “Roofing Inspections.” InspectAPedia.com Building & Environmental Problem Diagnostic & Repair Encyclopedia. Web. 04 Nov.

2010. <http://www.inspectapedia.com/roof/roofing.htm>.

11 Metal Roofing Alliance - Contractors, Manufacturers, Suppliers of Investment Grade Roofing®. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://

www.metalroofing.com/>.

12 13 14 15 16

Snow Guards for Metal Roofing. 2007-2010. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.metalroofsnowguards.com/>.

Management, 2009. Print.

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ibid

National Roofing Contractors Association. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nrca.net/>. Wood, Brian. Building Maintenance. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print. U.S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://greenhomeguide.com/>. Krigger, John, and Chris Dorsi. Residential Energy: Cost Savings and Comfort for Existing Buildings. Helena, MT: Saturn Resource

International Building, Residential & Fire Codes. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.internationalcodes.net/>. Ibid National Comfort Institute Inc. : Performance-Based Contracting. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nationalcomfortinstitute.com/>. International Building, Residential & Fire Codes. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.internationalcodes.net/>. Water Heater Rescue. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.waterheaterrescue.com/>. Ibid The Radon Information Center. 2009. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.radon.com/>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.epa.gov/radon/>.

Homeowner Handbook

Iowa’s Trusted Educational Resource for Sustainable Building

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

“Building Science Digests.” Building Science Corporation. 1999-2010. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.buildingscience.com/index_html>. What Is a Sump Pump? 2010. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.sumppumphelp.com/>. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.iapmo.org/>. “WaterSense.” US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/>. National Electrical Code 2008. 1st ed. National Fire Protection Association, 2007. Print. “Rainxchange Design Calculator.” RainXchange Rain Harvest Systems. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. <http://www.rainxchange.com/calculator.php>. National Electrical Code 2008. 1st ed. National Fire Protection Association, 2007. Print. Soares Book on Grounding and Bonding. Richardson, TX: International Association of Electrical Inspectors, 2008. Print. National Electrical Code 2008. 1st ed. National Fire Protection Association, 2007. Print. Earth911. Web. 08 Nov. 2010. <http://earth911.com/>. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Web. 08 Nov. 2010. <http://www.lbl.gov/>. The Energy Detective. Web. 08 Nov. 2010. <http://www.theenergydetective.com/>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.epa.gov/radon/>.

A Seasonal and Operational Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your Home