University of Technology Sarawak (UTS) Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture, Year 2 Semester 1
HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE II [BSA3423]
Irene Tang Siew Ting | BSA21030022 Lecturer: Assoc Prof Ar Ian Aik-Soon Ng
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Front cover: https://www.bontena.com/images/articles/lists/Most-Famous-Architects-of-All-Time-1200.jpg, accessed 10th May 2022 2
University of Technology Sarawak (UTS) Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture, Year 2 Semester 1
HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE II [BSA3423]
Irene Tang Siew Ting | BSA21030022 Lecturer: Assoc Prof Ar Ian Aik-Soon Ng
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A Collection of word under: History and Theory of Architecture II University of Technology Sarawak (UTS)
School of Built Environment (SBE) Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture Year 2 Semester 1, Studio 3
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CONTENTS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Introduction Exercise 1: Disaster and Opportunity Exercise 2: Does Art Influence Architecture? Exercise 3: How Does Schroeder House Blend in the Neighborhood Architecture? Exercise 4: Constructing Frank Lloyd Wright’s Influence in Architecture Exercise 5: First image of Le Corbusier Exercise 6: What is Postmodern to You? Exercise 7: What is Folding Architecture? Exercise 8: A Parametric Architecture in Jencks Revolutionary Tree Assignment 1: Sketches Assignment 2: Sketches Assignment 3A: Portrait Painting, Sea and Sunset Assignment 3B: Timeline Studio 3 Final Panel Epilogue
6 8 22 36 54 60 64 68 76 80 102 124 128 134 140 -
7 21 35 53 59 63 67 75 79 101 123 127 133 139 141
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Time flies, this is a screenshot of our first HTA II class.
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INTRODUCTION This booklet collect all learning materials which are exercises and assignments done under the course , History and Theory of Architecture II . Let’s start with exercise 1 to 8. These exercises are classroom driven and the result of classroom activities and discussions. Where exercises 1 to 3 were done together with a study group consisting of Hafizah, Rachel and David. Exercise 1: Disaster and Opportunity, as the first discussion of the class, our group showed some of the new buildings that architects contributed to the disaster response. Exercise 2: Does Art Influence Architecture? This as the second discussion of our class, we had showed some architecture related to art movement. Exercise 3: How Does Schroeder House Blend in the Neighborhood Architecture? Our group used famous architecture as examples in the discussion to show how we would be if faced with the same design problem. Exercise 4 to 8 are the sharing session during the class. Exercise 4: Constructing Frank Lloyd Wright’s Influence in Architecture. Exercise 5: First image of Le Corbusier. Exercise 6: What is Postmodern to You? Exercise 7: What is Folding Architecture? Exercise 8: A Parametric Architecture in Jencks Revolutionary Tree. We need to share the pictures and briefly explain our idea or thinking. These are followed up by assignment 1 to 3. Assignment 1 and 2 are totally 20 sketches done after each lecture to document our understanding and analysis on the architecture or art theory learnt in class. Assignment 3A is a portrait painting, Sea and Sunset is a reflective self-portrait done in a style of a selected art period. Finally, assignment 3B : Timeline is a cumulative effort in assigning our learnt lessons into the Charles Jencks evolutionary tree .
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https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2016/03/5years-since-the-2011-great-east-japanearthquake/473211/, accessed 7th March 2022
Exercise 1
Disaster and Opportunity With Hafizah, Rachel and David
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SKYTREE, TOKYO, JAPANESE
https://media.tacdn.com/media/attractions-splice-spp-674x446/09/23/d7/70.jpg, accessed 7th March 2022
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Building
: Skytree, Tokyo, Japanese
Architect
: Nikken Sekkei
Architectural style
: Neo-futurism
Construction started: 14 July 2008
Completed
: 29 February 2012
Height
: 634 meters
Floor count
: 32 above ground and 3 below ground
Lifts/elevators
: 13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Skytr ee#/media/File:2019_Tokyo_Skytree.jpg, accessed 7th March 2022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Skytree, accessed 7th March 2022
The Tokyo Skytree is a television
tallest in the world at the time of its
broadcasting tower and landmark of
completion. Function of Skytree is as a
Tokyo. It is the centerpiece of the
signal transmitting station for digital
Tokyo Skytree Town in the Sumida City
wireless TV. The design of the tower is
Ward, not far away from Asakusa. With
purpose to withstand earthquakes and
a height of 634 meters, it is the tallest
typhoons.
structure in Japan and the second 11
The cross-section of the tower forms an equilateral triangle on the ground, gradually rounding to become circular at 320 m elevation. The tower is seismically resistant and includes a central shaft made of reinforced concrete. The main internal pillars are connected to the outer tower structure 125 meters above ground level. From there up to 375 meters, the columns are attached to the tower via oil dampers, which act as cushions during earthquakes. The extra resilience is achieved through an "added mass control mechanism" - a damping system that, in the event of an earthquake, goes out of sync with the building's structure to keep the centre of gravity as centered as possible to the bottom of the tower. According to the designers, the dampers can absorb 50% of the seismic energy.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tokyo_Skytree_Silhouette.svg/195pxTokyo_Skytree_Silhouette.svg.png, accessed 7th March 2022 12
The Skytree is built from steel truss towers, and the wind can simply pass through the gaps between the trusses, so it can also withstand typhoons.
https://www.justonecookbook.com/to kyo-skytree/, accessed 7th March 2022 13
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7pcm5vICdU, accessed 7th March 2022 https://web-japan.org/kidsweb/hitech/16/skytree.html, accessed 7th March 2022
Briefly, the Skytree Tower use latest vibration suppression technology, which is centre column vibration control. It controlling the shake of the tower centers is an ancient earthquake proof structure called a Japanese pagoda. This idea is come from Five-storied pagoda at Horyuji Temple in Nara. It built more than 1300 years ago.
It is one of the world's oldest wooden buildings. The pagoda despite numerous earthquakes, the structure never collapsed. So that the core pillar that runs from the ground to the ceiling, is known to increase the pagoda's strength. Skytree tower has adopted a similar core pillar structure of 14 pagoda.
15 https://www.japan.go.jp/regions/resilientjapan/earthquake.html, accessed 7th March 2022
Flatiron Building, Manhattan, New York City
The Flatiron Building, originally the Fuller Building, is a triangular 22-story, 86.9-metertall, steel-framed landmarked building. It designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Dinkelberg, it was one of the tallest buildings in the city upon its 1902 completion, at 20 floors high. The name “Flatiron” actually derives from its similarity to a resemblance to a cast-iron clothes iron.
https://images.skyscrapercenter.com/building/p9180213a.jpg, accessed 7th March 2022
Cast-iron clothes iron https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/cj4AAOSwrL9dr 0Id/s-l400.jpg, accessed 7th March 2022 16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatiron_Building#/media/File:Edificio_Fuller_(Flatiron)_en_2010_desde_el_Empi re_State_crop_boxin.jpg, accessed 7th March 2022
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The corner room of the Flatiron Building, people called it the “cowcatcher” retail space at the front of the building. It was not part of Architect Burnham’s design, but was added because CEO of Fuller Company, Harry Black insisted. Black wanted to maximize the use of the building’s lot to help cover the cost of construction. This was the typical floor plan in 1903, it actually forms a “peak” at the northern corner. The developer built this skyscraper as a project with the intention of renting offices in various financial and commercial enterprises. The corner rooms were once offices then it became a cigar store and then after a while a pharmacy and clothing & toy companies.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/3500845710191 41561/, accessed 7th March 2022 18
The Flatiron's interior is known for having its strangely-shaped offices. These "point" offices are the most desired and it feature amazing northern views that look directly upon another famous Manhattan landmark, the Empire State Building. These rooms feature a panoramic view of Midtown Manhattan.
A view from the inside of a “point” office https://dhakadesigners.wordpress.com/2012/09/20/the-flatironbuilding/, accessed 7th March 2022
“The building was born as a commercial building and it will remain that way.” What can conclude is that people back then and even now might find the design weird or quirky but because of that which is being different and the view that this corner room feature are what makes it so special. It literally became a recognizable symbol of Manhattan.
https://www.archdaily.com/109134/ad-classics-flatiron-building-danielburnham, accessed 7th March 2022
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PETRONAS TOWERS, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas _Towers, accessed 7th March 2022
Petronas Twin Towers, also known as Petronas Twin Towers, is an 88-story supertall skyscraper in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They are the tallest twin skyscrapers in the world at 451.9 meters. The Petronas Twin Towers remained the tallest building in Malaysia until surpassed by Merdeka 118 in 2021, but it remains a major landmark in Kuala Lumpur.
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Structure of Petronas Towers was supported by 16 cylindrical reinforced steel column. The columns as wide as 2.5 meters, from the base and up to the top. The cylindrical reinforced steel column tapers as it rises upwards and act as the load bearing structure of the tower.
Cylindrical reinforced steel column Concrete core
The core of the structure had a 23-by-24 concrete core. The core runs up to the top, acting as the solid stable core that maintain its strength.
https://www.behance.net/gallery/32166175/Skysc raper-Size-comparison, accessed 7th March 2022
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Exercise 2
Does Art Influence Architecture? With Hafizah, Rachel and David
https://www.archdaily.com/972816/5-art-movements-that-influenced-architecture, accessed 5th April 2022
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In my opinion, art influence Architecture.
does
You know how life is all about story or storytelling. So that’s why art is important because it tells a story. Art tells a
story, it gives a building or anything - meaning. We may interpret a lot of things differently and that’s honestly beautiful because it just gives that thing more meaning. It sort of gives it life in a way.
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/97e31648-c262-4e9a-b4e5-1e21f5377cb9/scale-to-width/755, accessed 8th March 2022
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East Asian Architecture
African Architecture
Here are pictures of East Asian Architecture, African Architecture, & Latin American Architecture. Can you guess what differs them from each other? It’s nothing but Art. Mainly Art. You could argue that their building technology is different from one another. But then again, if u ask a normal person, who are not exposed to design and construction techniques, they will say, it is the Art that differentiates them.
Latin American Architecture
The term architecture itself, the definition when we look up on Google. It says that architecture is the art & technique of designing a building. Think about it: Through art or because or art, we are discovering or using the techniques to achieve that “look” that we want for our buildings. That is our main focus as architects right? To envision how our building will look like and what people feel about them.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/565905509401830465/, accessed 8th March 2022 https://www.archdaily.com/889350/why-african-vernacular-architecture-is-overdue-for-a-renaissance, accessed 8th March 2022 https://www.britannica.com/art/Latin-American-architecture, accessed 8th March 2022
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Basically, life is about Art. Maybe we’re just very materialistic beings and we love looking at things. And for our group, we didn’t realise this until taking this History course.
Honestly. How art is really the major factor affecting Architecture. It could be Sustainable Architecture, or Brutalist Architecture. They’re just strikingly different. 25
Art Nouveau
How did art influence architecture from the time of the industrial revolution to the present day? The one is Art Nouveau. This international style popular between 1890-1910, it was a reaction against traditional art practices of the 19th century after
the Industrial Revolution. This style heavily featured elements of nature but in stylized forms. Inspired by the colorful and lifelike works of the artist involved in this movement, many buildings emerged which reflected this decorative style.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfons_Mucha_-_F._Champenois_Imprimeur-%C3%89diteur.jpg, accessed 8th March 2022
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The Casa Batlló, Barcelona, Spain
Casa Batlló is a building in the center of Barcelona, Spain. It was designed by Antoni Gaudí, and is considered one of his masterpieces. Its’ a remodel of a previously built house, it was redesigned in 1904 by Gaudí and has been refurbished several times after that.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_B atll%C3%B3, accessed 8th March 2022 27
One of the examples of art nouveau is The Casa Batlló. This style follows natural forms, curvy structures depicting dynamism, asymmetry, and depicting a story with the use of modern materials are symbolic of this style. The idea of romanticizing the surfaces of buildings, adding a flare of unusual designs to create a sense of fantasy was brought forth by this movement and paved the way for many artistic works of future architects.
https://www.archdaily.com/90689/ad-classics-casa-batllo-antoni-gaudi, accessed 8th March 2022
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The ground floor of this building has unusual tracery, irregular oval windows and flowing sculpted stone work. There are few straight lines, and much of the façade is decorated with a colorful mosaic made of broken ceramic tiles.
29 https://www.archdaily.com/90689/ad-classics-casa-batllo-antoni-gaudi, accessed 8th March 2022
The roof of The Casa Batlló is arched and was likened to the back of a dragon.
30 https://todosobrebarcelona.com/la-casa-batllo-esconde-la-leyenda-sant-jordi/, accessed 8th March 2022
L'église de la Madeleine, Paris, France L'église de la Madeleine designed by PierreAlexandre Vignon and completed on 1828, is a Catholic church occupying a commanding position in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. The Madeleine Church was designed in its present form as a temple to the glory of Napoleon's army, and later named for Jesus' companion, Mary Magdalene. How did art influence architecture from the time of the industrial revolution to the present day? Neoclassical architecture is also one of it. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maison_Braun_%26_Cie,_Church _of_the_Madeleine,_ca._1900.jpg, accessed 8th March 2022
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The pediment frieze, designed by Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire in 1829, is a masterpiece of Bourbon Restoration propaganda. The subject is "The Last Judgment", a centuries-old motif found on relief sculptures above the doors of countless churches and cathedrals.
“The Last Judgment” also known as The Day of the Lord. The Second Coming of Christ is God's Final and Infinite Judgment on Peoples. “The Last Judgment” also has inspired numerous artistic depictions and influence architecture today.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment#/media/File:Stefan_Lochner_-_Last_Judgement_-_circa_1435.jpg, accessed 8th March 2022 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris#/media/File:Paris_%C3%89glise_Madeleine_fronton_d%C3%A 9tail_2014.jpg, accessed 8th March 2022 32
The World Trade Center Transportation Hub, us
The World Trade Center Transportation Hub was designed by Santiago Calatrava and is located in New York, United States. It was completed in 2016. How did art influence architecture from the time of the industrial revolution to the present day? The style of FuturismModernist also the one of it.
https://www.archdaily.com/783965/world-trade-center-transportation-hub-santiago-calatrava, accessed 8 March 2022
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Architecture show the artistic touch & expression by the architect.
Although the form of it suggestive of motifs from many traditions (the Byzantine mandorla, the wings of cherubim above the Ark of the Covenant, the sheltering wings on Egyptian canopic urns).
https://studyingprayer.com/2018/06/06/the-ark-of-the-covenant-gives-us-awonderful-salvation-message/, accessed 8 March 2022
But the form may be summed up, according to Calatrava, by the image of a bird released from a child’s hands.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9qSRbUDWEI, accessed 8 March 2022
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A skylight of it run the length of the station building. The roof was originally designed to mechanically open to increase light and ventilation to the enclosed space. In a nod to the Libeskind concept, the Oculus was built to maximize the effect of the autumnal equinox rays (coinciding with the skylight opening on or around September 11 every year). On the actual anniversary of the attacks, the skylight would open for 102 minutes to commemorate the duration between the time the first tower was hit and the collapse of the second tower.
https://www.archdaily.com/783965/world-trade-center-transportation-hub-santiago-calatrava, accessed 8 March 2022
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Exercise 3
How Does Schroeder House Blend in the Neighborhood Architecture?
https://www.sikkensprize.org/en/winner/ge rrit-rietveld-2/, accessed 22th March 2022
With Hafizah, Rachel and David
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Schroder House, Utrecht, Netherlands
This is the Schroder house completed in the year 1925 in Utrecht, Netherlands. It was the first building that translated theory into practice. The De Stijl art movement. 37 https://www.archilovers.com/stories/27133/iconic-houses-rietveld-schroder-house.html, accessed 22th March 2022
How does the Schroder House blend with its neighboring buildings?
De Stijl Art movement
So how does the Schroder house blend with its neighboring buildings? Just like you see the colors of the text, the yellow blue red, it pretty much doesn’t follow whatever context they have around it. De Stijl art movement focuses on abstract horizontal & vertical lines and abstract composition and they also like to play with primary colors.
https://www.archdaily.com/99698/ad-classics-rietveld-schroder-house-gerrit-rietveld, accessed 22th March 2022 http://inkygoodness.com/features/marking-100th-anniversary-de-stijl-style/, accessed 22th March 2022
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On the left, you will find the Schroder House’s neighbor. You can see that the Schroder House doesn’t blend follow it’s site, because usually in Holland you will only find buildings like on the left side. A row of brown terraces one after another, barely discernible difference.
The design of the Schroder House was rather a bold move, because it was very different or unusual from the other buildings back then. It was very new to the people there. The buildings really have different features not only aesthetically but also from its use of materials.
https://www.timetravelturtle.com/rietveld-schroder-house-utrecht/, accessed 22th March 2022
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The main structure of the house is of reinforced concrete slabs and steel profiles, glass, large window as their materials. Walls are made of brick and plaster; window frames, doors, and floors
were made from wood. To preserve the strict design standards about intersecting planes, the windows are hinged so that they are only able to open 90 degrees to the wall. 40
https://www.archdaily.com/99698/ad-classics-rietveld-schroder-house-gerrit-rietveld, accessed 22th March 2022
The drawings show the flexible spatial arrangement. The plan of the house can clearly show open and closed spaces. The design of the interior also unique. The flexibility of space meant that there was
no hierarchical arrangement of rooms in the floor plan. So, many contemporary architects were deeply influenced by the Schroder house and this influence has lived up to the present. https://contemporarypractice.wordpress.com/2010/01/ 27/rietveld-schroder-house/, accessed 22th March 2022
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The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain This is a Deconstructivism architecture, more focusing on the freedom of form, rather than functional concerns, it aims to perplex the visitor, making the stay in their space an experience worth remembering.
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https://cms.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/uploads/2019/05/eledificio-guggenheim-bilbao-1.jpg, accessed 8th March 2022
If faced the same design problem of Schoder house, we think one of the examples is The design of Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. It is a museum of modern and contemporary art designed by Frank Gehry and inaugurated on 18 October 1997.
Deconstructivism is a Postmodern architectural style characterized by the idea of fragmentation and the manipulation of a structure's surface.
For the Guggenheim Museum, the curves on the exterior of the building were intended to appear random. The architect said that "the randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light".
43 https://www.archdaily.com/422470/ad-classics-the-guggenheim-museum-bilbao-frank-gehry, accessed 22th March 2022
And also, the museum is clad in glass, titanium, and limestone. The use of building materials makes the appearance of the building not
appear abrupt in contrast to the buildings around the city. The appearance is similar style to surrounding.
44 https://www.archdaily.com/422470/ad-classics-the-guggenheim-museum-bilbao-frank-gehry, accessed 22th March 2022
But the randomness of the building's curves leads to its own unique character in the city. When the building opened to the public in 1997, it was
immediately hailed as one of the world's most spectacular buildings in the style of Deconstructivism.
45 https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/521f/a07f/e8e4/4e56/b500/006b/newsletter/Flick_User_Iker_Merodio.jpg?137780 4411, accessed 22th March 2022
Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts in 1968 to assume the functions of the Old City Hall. It is a controversial and prominent example of Brutalist architecture, part of the modernist movement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_ City_Hall, accessed 22th March 2022
Boston City Hall is the seat of city government of Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by Gerhard Kallmann and Michael McKinnell. The current hall was built
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If faced the same design problem of Schoder house, we also think Brutalism is one of the examples. The aspects of Brutalism is that it focus on it’s core value. The raw and exposed concrete gave it’s very distinctive dystopian style.
The Brutalism style often plays with form in a controlled abstract in a sense. Brutalism comes in a variety of shape and form, this one in particular uses a more Ascending Hierarchy Shape with Repetitive Element. 47
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_City_Hall, accessed 22th March 2022
This style of Architecture would, in my humble opinion, fit the surrounding neighborhood context. Especially in areas where the structures tend to fall within a more solid and cubicle design. The usage of straight lines of both vertical and horizontal would blend in within the context. The usage of Raw concrete, exposed out around it’s facade gave it a almost rebellious look. It usually would have it’s own style of unique taste to it that captivated and made me believe that this style and specifically within this building order of shapes and form would do nicely to somewhat blend within the context and become different.
In conclusion, the style of Brutalism’s raw and rigid style would blend well with the surrounding structures.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/02/supreme-court-boston-christian-flag-camp-constitution, accessed 22th March 2022 https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Boston_City_Hall, accessed 22th March 2022
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But
the first two buildings are actually wrong. The main reason is that our group misunderstood the theme of the question. What we need to learn
is how the buildings integrate with the surrounding buildings that are connected to each other! So I additionally attached a building to correct my learnings.
https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2019/10/boston-city-hall-renovation-brutalism-architecture-interiorsusa_dezeen_2364_col_10.jpg, accessed 22th March 2022
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Dancing House, Prague, Czech Republic
The Dancing House was designed by the CroatianCzech architect Vlado Milunić in cooperation with Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry. The building was designed in 1992 and the construction carried out by BESIX, was completed four years later in 1996. Gehry originally called the house Fred and Ginger (after the dancers Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers) but this nickname is now rarely used. Gehry himself later discarded his own idea, as he was "afraid to import American Hollywood kitsch to Prague".
https://mybestplace.com/en/article/dancing-house-the-dancing-building-of-prague, accessed 22th March 2022
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The Dancing House is located between buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries. The style is known as deconstructivism architecture due to its unusual shape the structure contains a static and a dynamic part, existing together, yet seen separately. The general concept of the building is the contrast between a dynamic figure (the ying) and a static one (the yang), each one represented by one of the buildings. The Ginger building is represented by the glass tower, which stands on a series of curved columns that give a graceful air to the figure of the building which, as we can see, contracts in the central area to project back outwards at the top. This tower is covered by two layers of curtain wall, both of which are made of glass, with the exterior being attached to the building by means of a steel structure.
The building that would represent Fred Astaire is supported by three pillars and its façade, full of undulating lines, has 99 prefabricated concrete panels. The curved lines of the mouldings on this façade are striking, contributing, together with the curved shape of the building and the protruding window frames, to distorting the perspective and making it even more curved. It is crowned by a striking sculpture of metal tubes covered by a stainless steel mesh. 51 https://stacbond.com/us/prague-dancing-house-velvet-revolution-building/, accessed 22th March 2022
The design mainly by considerations.
was driven aesthetic
The aligned windows would make evident that the building has two more floors, although it is the same height as the two adjacent 19th century buildings. The windows have protruding frames, such as those of paintings, as the designer intended for them to have a three-dimensional effect. The winding mouldings on the façade also serve to confuse perspective and diminish contrast with the surrounding buildings.
52 https://archestudy.com/the-dancinghouse-by-frank-gehry/, 22th March 2022
It can be seen that around the Dancing House, the design of the surrounding building is almost all flat concrete façades and rows of windows. It follows
that too, while the threedimensional effect makes it feel prominent without being obtrusive. It blends well with the surrounding buildings.
https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a901-10-things-you-did-not-know-about-dancinghouse-prague/, 22th March 2022
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Exercise 4
Constructing Frank Lloyd Wright’s Influence in Architecture Sharing Session
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright, accessed 2nd May 2022
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1. Fallingwater (1939) SUSTAINABLE ▪ built partly over a waterfall ▪ integration with its striking natural surroundings
2. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1959)
SPIRAL DESIGN ▪ The open atrium and curved, spiraling floorplan created a unique viewing experience. ▪ Patrons can slowly ascending toward the top of the architectural nautilus shell.
55 https://archive.curbed.com/maps/frank-lloyd-wright-best-buildings-map, accessed 29th March 2022
Falling water, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh
Fallingwater is a house designed by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. It is built partly over a waterfall on Bear Run in the Mill Run section of Stewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. Fallingwater was a masterpiece of Wright’s theories on organic architecture, which sought to integrate humans, architecture, and nature together so that each one would be improved by the relationship.
56 https://www.archdaily.com/60022/ad-classics-fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright, accessed 29th March 2022
Wright believed that architecture must not only sit comfortably within its natural landscape, replicate its forms, and use its materials, but must also cultivate and reveal the dormant qualities hidden within its setting. Fallingwater accordingly grows from the site’s rocky landscape. Its concrete terraces float above the falls, drawing attention to the water while respecting its space.
Their horizontal forms and ochre color recall and highlight the boulders below. Although the terraces appear to hover, they are in fact anchored to the house’s central stone chimney using cantilevers. Wright’s houses typically expand from a central fireplace, which he believed was the focal point of any home. Wright intended the circulation of the building to have a sense of compression when indoors and of expansion when approaching the outdoors. Hence the expansive terraces occupy about half of the building, while
the interior spaces are small with low ceilings, creating a sheltered cave amid the rugged landscape. The building draws nature inside its three floors: natural cliffs protrude from the central fireplace, southern light enters through expansive corner windows, and the sound of rushing water is always present. Wright’s careful attention to detail offered such unique features as a hatch on the first floor over stairs leading directly to the streambed below, and customized niches to display the Kaufmanns’ art collection.
57 https://www.archdaily.com/60022/ad-classics-fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright, accessed 29th March 2022
Villa Savoye, Paris, France
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum designed by Frank Lloyd Wright , it is an art museum at Manhattan in New York City. It opened six months after Frank Lloyd Wright died in 1959. It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern, and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year.
https://www.archdaily.com/60392/ad-classics-solomon-r-guggenheim-museum-frank-lloyd-wright, accessed 29th March 2022
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The building represents a radical departure from traditional museum design. It wider at the top than at the bottom, was conceived as a "temple of the spirit". The design spiraling upward and outward in smoothly sculptured coils of massive unadorned white concrete. The exhibition space of the interior consists of a spiral ramp of six “stories” encircling an open centre space lighted by a dome of glass supported by stainless steel.
https://www.archdaily.com/60392/ad-classics-solomon-r-guggenheimmuseum-frank-lloyd-wright, accessed 29th March 2022
Wright's design dispensed with the conventional approach to museum layout, in which visitors are led through a series of interconnected rooms and forced to retrace their steps when exiting. His plan was for the museum guests to ride to the top of the building by elevator, to descend at a leisurely pace along the gentle slope of the continuous ramp, and to view the atrium of the building as the last work of art. The open rotunda afforded viewers the unique possibility of seeing several bays of work on different levels simultaneously and even to interact with guests on other levels. 59
Exercise 5
First image of Le Corbusier Sharing Session
https://www.webuildvalue.com/en/repor tage/reinforced-concretelecorbusier.html, accessed 2nd May 2022
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Villa Savoye, Paris, France
When my course leader mentioned Le Corbusier, the first thing I would think of was one of his masterpieces, Villa Savoye.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/modernityap/a/corbusier-savoye, accessed 7th April 2022
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https://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villasavoye-le-Corbusier, 7th April 2022
Villa Savoye is a modernist villa and gatelodge in Paris, France. It was designed by the Swiss architects Le Corbusier and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret, and built between 1928 and 1931 using reinforced concrete.
The house single-handedly transformed Le Corbusier’s career as well as the principles of the International Style; becoming one of the most important architectural precedents in history. Villa Savoye’s detachment from its physical context lends its design to be contextually integrated into the mechanistic/industrial context of the early 20th century, conceptually defining the house as a mechanized entity. Le Corbusier is famous for stating, “The house is a machine for living.” In response to his aspirations and admiration of mechanized design, Le Corbusier established “The Five Points Of Architecture", which is a checklist of necessary components of design. In fact, Villa Savoye is thoroughly tailored to Corbusier’s Five Points which are pilotis, flat roof terrace, open plan, ribbon windows62 and free façade.
Five Points of Architecture and are found in the overall composition of Villa Savoye.
https://www.archdaily.com/84524/ad-classics-villa-savoye-le-Corbusier, 7th April 2022
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Exercise 6
What is Postmodern to You? Sharing Session
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry, accessed 7th April 2022
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Walt Disney Concert Hall, California When talking about postmodern, the first think I would think of The Walt Disney Concert Hall at downtown Los Angeles, California, is the fourth hall of the Los Angeles Music Center. It was opened on October 24, 2003.
The asymmetrical concert hall is designed by Frank Gehry, the architect famous for his oddly shaped, postmodern buildings. The Walt Disney Concert Hall is no exception, and it’s instantly recognizable as you drive by.
https://literariness.org/2018/03/26/postmodernism-and-architecture/, accessed 7th May 2022
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Outdoors, the curved allmetal exterior creates the illusion of silver sails. Inside, the stage and auditorium are created from wood for the best acoustics. The steel roof structure spans the entire space, eliminating the need for interior columns. The organ stands at the front of the hall, a bouquet of 6,134 curved pipes extending nearly to the ceiling. Gehry worked with Yasuhisa Toyota, the acoustical consultant, to hone the hall’s sound through spatial and material means. The concert hall's partitions and curved, billowing ceiling act as part of the acoustical system while subtly referencing the sculptural language of the exterior. 66 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall, accessed 7th April 2022
The exterior is a composition of undulating and angled forms, symbolizing musical movement and the motion of Los Angles. The reflective, stainless steel surface engages light as an architectural medium. The facade's individual panels and curves are articulated in daylight and colored by
city lights after dark.
The building was originally set to be clad in stone, but a more malleable material was chosen, with thin metal panels allowing for a more adventurous curvature and could be structurally disassociated from the ground. 67
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall, accessed 7th April 2022
Exercise 7
What is Folding Architecture? Sharing Session
OR
http://dgnbx.blogspot.com/2020/10/finding-form-using-paper-to-realise.html, accessed 10th May 2022 68 th http://www.dreamideamachine.com/?p=12761, accessed 10 May 2022
Tornhuset, MALMÖ, SWEDEN
Tornhuset is an extension to the World Maritime University, housed since 1983 in a harbour administration building from 1910 in Malmö, southern Sweden. It designed by Danish firm Kim Utzon Architecture.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/barracuda666/20665765514, accessed 10th May 2022
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When we were talking about folding architecture in class, it was the first time I heard this rhetoric. So I will start with the literal meaning and simply think that folding is like origami. The extension demonstrates with force a “hinge” between the orthogonal city grid and the slightly rotated axis at the harbour. A series of large triangular facades
alternates between transparency and opacity, clad in standing-seam aluminum runs and color- matching the roof tiles of the older building. Perhaps announcing the introvert intention of the design, the extension turns and folds onto itself, purposefully avoiding views to the failed postmodern neighbor, but surgically offering views of the old town and canals from the inside.
https://architectureau.com/articles/world-maritime-university-tornhuset/#, accessed 10th May 2022
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And “extension” might be an insufficient term to explain how the new intervention relates to the existing building. It “wraps and folds” more than “extends,” balancing what might otherwise have been a messy clash. The original Tornhuset remains largely intact. The extension is tacked onto its exterior and the void between the two structures houses circulation and social areas.
In this central area, the exterior facade of the Tornhuset can still be seen and its cranked form connects with the extension's irregular inner surface. Large slanted panels of glazing inserted into the roof fill the central void with natural light and the vertical stack of floors in the extension is set back on each level to ensure the maximum amount of light is able to enter. 71
https://architectureau.com/articles/world-maritime-university-tornhuset/#, accessed 10th May 2022
BUT,
the real folding architecture is not cut straight like Tornhuset. Architecture needs to express the Non Standardization that we find in the world. So folding architectonics leads away from repetitive standardization (floor-wall-roof). Folding architecture gives us curves, no straight lines, continuous planes or skins. We embrace the “digital mass customization in design theory” where everything and everyone” uses computers.
Greg Lynn Form, Los Angeles, California designed by Greg Lynn. This design of his is a good realization of the conditions of the folding architecture.
https://www.cobosocial.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Courtesy-of-GregLynn-FORM-Courtesy-of-Greg-Lynn-FORM.jpg, accessed 10th May 2022
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Galaxy Soho, BEIJING, CHINA
Galaxy SOHO is an urban complex building located in Beijing, China. Built between 2009 and 2012, it is the first buildings designed by IraqiBritish architect Zaha Hadid. The complex features a curvilinear design. Its architecture is a composition of four continuous, flowing volumes that are set apart, fused or linked by stretched bridges. These volumes adapt to each other in all directions, generating a panoramic architecture without corners or abrupt transitions that break the fluidity of its formal composition.
https://www.archdaily.com/287571/galaxy-soho-zaha-hadid-architects, 10th May 2022
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The great interior courts of the project are a reflection of traditional Chinese architecture where courtyards create an internal world of continuous open spaces. The architecture is no longer composed of rigid blocks, but instead comprised of volumes which coalesce to create a world of continuous mutual adaptation and fluid movement between each building. Shifting plateaus within the design impact upon each other to generate a deep sense of immersion and envelopment. As users enter deeper into the building, they discover intimate spaces that follow the same coherent formal logic of continuous curvilinearity.
https://www.archdaily.com/287571/galaxy-soho-zaha-hadidarchitects, 10th May 2022
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The parametric design of this building from the exterior to the interior is a good example of what a folding architecture is.
https://www.archdaily.com/287571/galaxy-soho-zaha-hadid-architects, 10th May 2022
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Exercise 8
A Parametric Architecture in Jencks Revolutionary Tree Sharing Session https://thearchitectsdiary.com/10-architectural-innovative-technologies-all-architects-should-knowabout/parametric-architecture/, accessed 10th May 2022
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Mercedes-Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany
Mercedes-Benz Museum designed by UN Studio. The building was completed and opened on 19 May 2006. The structure of the MB Museum is based on a trefoil; both in its internal organization and in its outward expression this geometry responds to the car-driven context of the museum.
https://www.archdaily.com/805982/mercedes-benz-museum-unstudio, accessed 17th May 2022
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The two spiraling trajectories cross each other continuously, mimicking the interweaving strands of a DNA helix, thus making it possible for the visitor to change trajectories. I think it apply in the space circulation. It must have come true in eight reasons: ▪ It allows to manage complexity. ▪ Parametric design brings advantages in both aesthetics and functionality. ▪ It utilises Building Information Modelling (BIM). https://www.archdaily.com/805982/mercedes-benz-museum-unstudio, accessed 17th May 2022
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Assignment 1
Sketches 10 Sketches: Week 1 to Week 5
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81 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/238972323957450251/, accessed 10th May 2022
Assignment 1.1
The Arts and Craft Movement Sketches: Week 1
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https://www.barcelona-metropolitan.com/whats-on/previews-and-reviews/art-review-william-morris-andthe-arts-crafts-movement/, accessed 10th May 2022 83
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Assignment 1.2
The Chicago School Sketches: Week 2
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https://i.pinimg.com/originals/26/42/df/2642df2d7fb8f 9b62517cb39dfc4ba74.jpg, accessed 15th May 2022
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Assignment 1.3
Art Nouveau and The Vienna Secession Sketches: Week 3
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https://www.anothermag.com/art-photography/9609/the-artist-who-created-and-rejectedart-nouveau, accessed 15th May 2022
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Assignment 1.4
Deutscher Werkbund and Expressionism Sketches: Week 4
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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/740068151249427868/, accessed 20th May 2022
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Assignment 1.5
Bauhaus & De Stijl Sketches: Week 5
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https://designerchairwarehouse.com/2021/04/29/the-bauhaus-movement/, accessed 20th May 2022
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Assignment 2
Sketches 10 Sketches: Week 6 to Week 10
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https://www.archdaily.com/878262/the-80-best-architecture-drawings-of-2017-sofar/599cc37bb22e385c8f00005c-the-80-best-architecture-drawings-of-2017-so-far-image, 15th May 2022
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Assignment 2.1
Frank Lloyd Wright Early & Late Modernism Sketches: Week 6
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https://www.thoughtco.com/frank-lloyd-wright-wit-and-wisdom-175867, accessed 20th May 2022
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Assignment 2.2
Le Corbusier and Modernism Sketches: Week 7
https://media.gq.com/photos/59a4408c8a2551455c436b50/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/ Furniture-Design-1517-GQ-MOCH04-02-le-corbusier.jpg, accessed 20th May 2022
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Assignment 2.3
Mies Van De Rohe & Modernism Sketches: Week 8
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https://adglighting.com/2021/04/ludwig-miles-van-der-rohe/, accessed 20th May 2022
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Assignment 2.4
Postmodern Classicism Sketches: Week 9
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https://thearchinsider.com/top-10-revolutionary-postmodern-architects/, accessed 20th May 2022
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Assignment 2.5
Critical Regionalism Sketches: Week 10
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https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/know-your-architects/a3285-10-critical-regionalist-architects-around-the-world/, accessed 22th May 2022
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Assignment 3A
Portrait Painting: Sea and Sunset Self-portrait
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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/362891682446377669/, accessed 22th May 2022
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Assignment 3B
Timeline Jencks evolutionary tree https://interestingengineering.com/the-more-accurate-a-clock-ticks-the-more-entropy-itemits-physicists-find, accessed 22th May 2022
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KAPIT CULTURAL CENTRE
Studio 3 Final Panel Overview of the Studio 3 Final Project
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This is a screenshot of our last HTA II class, revision session for final exam.
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EPILOGUE History and Theory of Architecture reflects on design artifacts, designs and design practices within the framework of specified cultural and societal themes. It is the study of architecture as it has evolved over centuries and across many different landscapes and cultures. This course has encouraged me to constantly think critically about various architectural theories, and continuously improve my expressive and thinking skills. Special thanks to my course leader, Mr. Ian (Assoc Prof Ar Ian Aik-Soon Ng), the learning materials he provided helped me to improve myself to a great extent. Before this, I was not good at expressing freely, but the arrangement of the class gave me the opportunity to constantly try to learn and grow with the course mates at the same time. Of course, thanks to my course mates also, everyone's kindness made me feel comfortable and at ease. The course takes place in a pleasant way and ends with a wealth of knowledge. I look forward to continuing to learn more about architectural history and theory.
Back cover: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/article/20-greatest-architects-in-the-world/, accessed 25th March 2022 141
“An idea is salvation by imagination.” – Frank Lloyd Wright
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