self-sufficiency on spaceship earth
2 of 3
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
isaak elias skjeseth bashevkin diploma / spring 2015
project
booklet
introduction
personal background This project is in many ways the natural culmination of my studies at AHO - The Oslo School of Architecture and Design. After my first three years at AHO - where everyone follows the same curriculum - I quickly became interested in energy- and environmentally conscious architecture and urban design. During my master-level studies I have taken part in an elective course on energy-positive buildings and an associated student competition. Following this I teamed up with four other students in a self-programmed studio course designing an energy positive project for a combined service center and dealership for BMW/Bilia. It was linked to a main course on urban timber architecture. As in the previous courses, I carried out detailed life-cycle energy and emission calculations according to methods developed at the center for Zero Emission Buildings and applied in the pilot projects of the Norwegian Powerhouse alliance. But all along I have felt dissatisfied by the narrow system boundaries of the building projects and by the lack of clear perspective and strategies for handling larger neighborhoods and cities. I have also felt the necessity of connecting the global and local perspectives, a connection that far too rarely is discussed and established. bridging the perspective gap Great work is being done in creating and developing architecture that can and will
introduction become integrated in a balanced future. Changes are happening, and we are truly getting closer to where we need to be. Enormous efforts are also being made to research, calculate, predict and communicate the consequences of human impact on a planetary scale. Regretably the research results are primarilty used to explain that the environment is important, and that things have to change. To a lesser extent do they help the readers and users find out what can and should be done. In the field of urbanism, urban design and in the structuring of how we connect all the different places and aspects of our lives, there are also many initiatives and plans for “green cities”. The complexity of the problem necessitates stepwise and thematic approaches, and many examples are located in other climatic zones.
aspects of the project controversial. That is perfectly natural given the complexity of the problem. Yet, I feel that the different aspects of my project are well founded in existing research and knowledge. project structure The project consists of a series of three booklets, linked to the three main phases outlined in the diploma program. Each booklet contains the same project introduction, and its own booklet introduction. The project phases are: 1. Collecting a library of relevant themes. 2. Integration of themes in a diagrammatic model for an urban structure.
Therefore I decided to look at the possibility of developing a diagrammatic model that integrated and quantified all aspects of a selfsufficient Norwegian urban structure. To test the usability of the “diagram city” I also decided to test it on a specific and relevant local site.
3. Testing the diagrammatic model on a real world site.
This would at the same time be an attempt to bridge the scale gap between our successful small-scale efforts and our existing global knowledge.
2. The Library of Knowledge and Parameters for Design
The booklets should be read in this order: 1. The Diploma Program
3. Diagrammatic Model for a Self-sufficient Urban Structure
optimism and controversiality I have been optimistic on behalf of technological development and the societal willingness to adapt. Some might find certain
4. Testing the Diagram Models by Implementation at Taraldrud-Kolbotn
phase 2: The diagrammatic urban structure and models This is the second booklet (in addition to the diploma program), and is the result of the second and fourth phase of the diploma semester, as described in the diploma program. the main phase Based on the knowledge collected and structured in the first phase and booklet. A first version was designed, and later revised after having worked on the implementation-phase. The end product of this phase is the main goal of the semester, and should be first and foremost be viewed and read as a tool or method for designing urban structures. thematic introduction A more thorough and elaborative introduction to the theoretical, thematic and political background to the subjects at hand, can be read on the following pages.
index thematic introduction
six model cities - population: 20k to 1 million
4 / This is the Earth
36 / Inspiration and legacy
5 / 2050: 9 billion people - 70 % living in cities
38 / Phaseability and application
6 / The isolated island
46 / Scale comparison and main attributes
7 / Existing human resource islands 8 / My approach and project focus
gathering data with studies and analyses
the layers of the 500k-diagram city 50 / Calculation model 51 / Energy production calculation
12 / Agricultural analysis for norway from 2015 to 2050
52 / Main layers
14 / Urban block density study
53 / Satellite neighborhood section
16 / Density study - Urban core density
54 / Wilderness preservation
17 / Density study - Urban center density
55 / Urban core grid structure
19 / Density study - Urban periphery density
56 / Rail infrastructure intersection
calculation models 22 / Why and how to use the calculation model? 23 / The calculation model 24 / Project workflow and structure 26 / Calculation model inputs and sources 27 / How are the outputs calculated? Step-by-step 30 / Calculation model main outputs 31 / Area distribution comparison 32 / Energy production calculation 33 / One human = One earthspace
58 / Automated light rail network 60 / Bicycle highway network 62 / Extended travel times 63 / Urban block density distribution 64 / Urban hotspot spaces 66 / Urban functions 68 / Greywater landscape treatment 70 / Local road network and car-free zones 72 / Efficient cargo distribution 74 / Visualization
this is the earth The earth is a spaceship
7 billion people
It is revolving around our star - the Sun - at 108 000km/h. And our sun and its solar system is revolving around the center of our galaxy the Milky Way - at 720 000km/h. The Earth is a really small place. there is only one planet earth It would be great to have another planet waiting for us nearby, a plan B if plan A fails. But interplanetary migration is not going to happen anytime soon, sorry. So this planet is the one and only stage on which we live out the entire ties of our lives. That includes you, me, every other human being, and all the other lifeforms that - to our knowledge - have ever been.
human resource consumption in 2015 1,5 earths
the earth has a limited amount of resources Some resources are finite. Some resources, luckily, are recirculated, renewed and reproducible. The Earth has a pretty amazing ability of regenerating many of the resources we need to live. Yet, there is a limit to how many and how much of these life-supporting resources the planet can reproduce in a given time frame. 7 billion people consuming 1,5 earths We are currently seven billion human beings on the planet, consuming approximately 1,5 times the resources that the planet is able to reproduce every year. That means that in the course of 12 months, we consume the resources is takes the Earth 18 months to produce. In addition there are many resources there are finite amounts of, that are not reproduced. A continued consumption of these finite resources can not be sustained indefinately.
4
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
not two -- only one planet
2050: 9 billion people - 70 % living in cities
this is an important place...
From 50 % to 70 % urban population Today there are 3,5 billion people living in urban areas. In 2050 there will be 6,3 billion.
...and so are these
How we choose to organize our lives in these vast new urban areas is vital to limiting the impossible growth in resource consumption. 2,8 billion new city dwellers That’s a lot of people. They all need shelter, mobility and life-supporting resource supplies. They all want and desire much more. Sadly for us, the Earth does not care that we are more people then before, or that we want to live denser then before. The Earth, and most of the other species we share it with, are already being over-exploited, and would very much prefer if we became fewer and less developed. securing future prosperity We are on a collision course with the foundation of our own lives. We need to make changes to our society if we wish to continue living prosperous lives on this planet. Changes and improvements to politics, economic systems, engineering, technological development, social adaptations, architecture and urbanism -- and so on -- are important and necessary.
2015
2050
50 % of 7 billion living in cities
70 % of 9 billion living in cities
3,5 billion
6,3 billion diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
5
the isolated island
Easter Island short history
In the prevailing account of the island’s past, the native inhabitants— who refer to themselves as the Rapanui and to the island as Rapa Nui—once had a large and thriving society, but they doomed themselves by degrading their environment. According to this version of events, a small group of Polynesian settlers arrived around 800 to 900 A.D., and the island’s population grew slowly at first. Around 1200 A.D., their growing numbers and an obsession with building moai (the famous statues) led to increased pressure on the environment. By the end of the 17th century, the Rapanui had deforested the island, triggering war, famine and cultural collapse. Let’s avoid this on a planetary scale.
6
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
existing human resource islands
self-sufficiency creates resilience
There are many things we like to have, and wish we had. But in the end there are only three resources we need to have to survive: Water, food and energy (and other people). Producing all these resources locally, to fully - or at least partially - meet consumption levels, provides resilience in an ever changing world. Therefore self-sufficiency is the most important and pressing parameter when designing the first step towards a sustainable future.
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
7
approach and project focus
i can’t fix everything... I cannot fix all the world’s challenges in one go, so I have limited my work to what I can contribute from my perspective-, experience- and knowledge-base. I have created a tool, method and structure – a framework for life – in urban areas, reconnecting its inhabitant to the earthly and technological functions that are the basis of our lives on this planet. one possible solution, amongst many I have dedicated this diploma semester to investigating one possible solution and answer to this current and future challenge.
8
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
a diagrammatic self-sufficient urban structure It is a future vision set for 2050, primarily in the Oslo climate zone, but also relevant in a broader context. The self-sufficiency-parameter covers the three basic resources we need to survive and sustain a stable society: Water, food and energy. Being self-sufficient in these three basic resources provides safety and resilience in a natural or man-made crisis or disaster event.
project focus The most important parts of the project are the calculation and graphical models of the diagrammatic model phase, and the workflow and process for implementing this model on a real world site. So even though the results from the implementation phase at Taraldrud-Kolbotn might seem to be the most completed and finished part of the project, it is important to evaluate this phase first and foremost as the result of the diagrammatic model phase and the implementation process.
We like both these guys
creating balance in our human world.. ...facilitates balance also in the whale world
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
9
10
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
finding out what we’re actually working with
gathering data with studies and analyses
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
11
agricultural self-sufficiency projections 1125+ km2 Total land area =
best case scenario
norway 2015
norway 2050
current agricultural land area
projected yield increases 2015-2050
323 752 km2 Agricultural land area = 3,3 % = 10 800 km2
25-35 %
Total land area =
Projected yield increase due to climate change = 15-
Projected yield increase due to technological improvements =
- 8600 km2 arable crops - 1800 km2 pasturelands - 375 km2 surface cultivation
Available, non-utilized, arable land area = - 7 000 km2 productive forest - 4 300 km2 peatlands - 1 100 km2 other soil covered land
Agricultural land area / capita =
13-25-35 %
Difference in yield between organic and industrial/conventional = 5-
12 400 km2
9%
- w/multi-cropping and crop rotation = 8-
0,19 ha
Total increase in yields from conventional 2015 to organic 2050 = (((100 % * 1,25) * 1,7) / 1,09) =
195 %
projected requirements for 2050-self-sufficiency
potential agricultural land area
0,15 ha Self-sufficient population with 10 800 km2 agricultural land area = 7 200 000 people Self-sufficient population with 23 200 km2 agricultural land area = 15 500 000 people
7,2 % = 23 200 km2
Self-sufficiency agricultural land area requirements (average diet w/ 90g meat/day) / capita =
Potential agricultural land area = - 5,0 % = 16 200 km2 excluding productive forests
0,42 ha
Potential agricultural land area / capita = - 0,29 ha excluding productive forests
6,6 million Necessary agricultural land to achieve self-sufficiency = 3,1 % = 9 900 km2 Projected population in Norway = between 6-8 million, main estimation
self-sufficiency with average diets Agricultural land area requirements (average diet w/ 190g meat/day) / capita =
0,45 ha
Self-sufficient population with 10 800 km2 agricultural land =
2,4 mill people = 46 %
Self-sufficient population with 23 200 km2 agricultural land =
5,15 mill people = 100 %
current agricultural employment Agricultural employment =
1,52 %/year = 70 % in 2050
2 % of workforce
- 23 200 km2 available = 13 300 km2 surplus
0 m2 = 0 % Agricultural land area limit / capita with 10 800 km2 productive land = 0,16 ha / capita Agricultural land area limit / capita with 23 200 km2 productive land = 0,35 ha / capita Necessary urban agriculture to achieve self-sufficiency =
projected agricultural employment
13 % of workforce
Projected potential agricultural employment = - Unknown % of this will be done by robotic automation
Source: SSB.no
12
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
agricultural analysis
measurable unit used throughout the project to link different calculations
1 ha
norway
0,45 ha current productive agricultural soil / capita
We have sufficient arable soil in Norway to feed our own population both currently and in the future. But less than half of our arable land is currently productive, and we are losing approx. 0,5 % every year. Climate change and technological improvements are projected to almost to double the yields, so if we can stop and reverse the current trend, we will be fine, also with an increased future population. But since it is not likely that we will be able to reclaim and develop such substantial new arable lands, urban agriculture is a vital secondary ingredient in the future agricultural mix.
self-sufficient population
productive agricultural soil
0,19 ha 0,42 ha
2050 agricultural land area requirements w/ average 2050-diet / capita
norway 2050
total land area 323 752 km2
total land area 323 752 km2
population 5 165 000
population 6-8 million
40 %
2,4 million
3,3 %
100 %
5,15 million
7,2 %
23 200 km2
10 800 km2
current productive agricultural soil
total arable soil / capita
0,15 ha
norway 2015
agricultural land area requirements w/average 2015-diet / capita
90 %
7,2 million
3,3 %
190 %
15,5 million
7,2 %
23 200 km2
10 800 km2
total arable agricultural soil
existing productive area increased yield
60 %
4,8 million
100 % 8 mill 12 000 km2
2,5 %
8 200 km2
total arable area increased yield
current trend loss of productive area increased yield
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
13
urban block density study The density study is produced with the building blocks seen below. The blocks are to a certain degree based on archetypes and building structures found in other density studies, such as “House Density Study” from 2012 by Maccreanor Lavington Architects; Emily Greeves Architects; Graham Harrington Planning Advice, “Southbank Structure Plan Urban Density Study” from 2010 by AECOM, and “Density Atlas” by MIT accessed on www. densityatlas.org in 2015. The grid in this density study, the diagram models and implementation process plans should not be considered the final urban structure, but primarily as an urban unit that makes calculating the totality of the urban structure viable. The grid unit of 100x100 meters urban blocks can be traced all the way from the calculation models via the graphical diagram models to the implementation process plans.
14
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
The urban block types in the study are sorted by density, into three main categories. The three main categories - red, orange and yellow. They show a diversity of possibilities above and below the intended average densities in the three urban block densities in the calculation models. FAR = Floor Area Ratio within the block perimeter, excluding streets. The red A-blocks represent the
urban core blocks, measuring in at a projected FAR
= 260 %.
The orange B-blocks represent the
urban center blocks, measuring in at a projected FAR = 180 %. The yellow C-blocks represent the
urban periphery blocks, measuring in at a projected FAR = 80 %. Each block type is graded as not ideal, good or better in five different categories. A block with only blue grades would be the ideal combination of density, building height, building footprint and space left for outdoor recreation and urban landscape agriculture. When distributing the densities throughout the urban structure, a mix of the different densities is preferred, as shown more detailed in the diagram city layers-chapter.. As the study shows, it is possible to achieve these densities, while maintaining the desired integration with natural qualities and urban landscape agriculture. In an implementation phase, building patterns and urban street structure will require a more detailed adaptation to local landscapes and condition. These archetypes can be used as a basis when selecting building types at a more detailed level.
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
15
urban core density Far 250 %
In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, the block types take the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compare it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer). The requirement in the Oslo-standard is a minimum of 20 % of the residential floor area. Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR
= 250 %
Residents per block
= approx. 250
Average gross floor space per resident
= 41,1 m2
Total gross residential floor space per block
= 10 275 m2
Outdoor space standard requirements = 2 050 m2 All the block types, except A1, fullfil this minimum requirement, even without counting the urban landscape agriculture as a usable outdoor recreational space. block type calculations
16
/
block number in study
block description
total gross m2
building footprint m2
FAR
gross residential m2
gross office m2
45 m2 dwellings
70 m2 dwellings
100 m2 dwellings
120 m2 dwellings
150 m2 dwellings
180 m2 dwellings
total units
residents/ha
employment/ha
number of blocks of this type needed to house population of 500K
A1
Quadblock 4-9 w/tower 20
53 600
6600
536 %
22 857
5 670
25
49
98
49
12
12
246
515
178
136
A2
Carré 4-6 w/tower 20
33 500
4100
335 %
14 286
3 544
15
31
61
31
8
8
154
322
111
218
A3
Triblock w/wedge space 2-6
24 400
6200
244 %
10 405
2 581
11
22
45
22
6
6
112
234
81
299
A4
Quadblock 2-5
24 500
6700
245 %
10 448
2 592
11
22
45
22
6
6
112
235
81
297
A5
Split carré 2-6
22 000
6100
220 %
9 382
2 327
10
20
40
20
5
5
101
211
73
331
A6
Split carré 3-4
21 300
6100
213 %
9 083
2 253
10
20
39
20
5
5
98
205
71
342
B1
Quadblock 2-4
20 600
6400
206 %
8 785
2 179
9
19
38
19
5
5
94
198
68
354
B2
Snake 3-5
20 500
5600
205 %
8 742
2 169
9
19
38
19
5
5
94
197
68
355
B3
5 Courtyards 2-5
19 600
5600
196 %
8 358
2 073
9
18
36
18
4
4
90
188
65
372
B4
Inverted e-block 2-4
18 900
5500
189 %
8 060
1 999
9
17
35
17
4
4
87
182
63
386
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
urban center density 1 far 180 %
In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, I have taking the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compared it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer). The requirement in the Oslo-standard is minimum 20 % of the residential floor area. Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR
= 180 %
Residents per block
= approx. 180
Average gross floor space per resident
= 41,1 m2
Total gross residential floor space per block
= 7 400 m2
Outdoor space standard requirements = 1 500 m2 block type calculations Block type B2, B3 and B4 fullfil this minimum requirement, evenblock without number counting the urban landscape agriculture as building total gross m2 block description in study a usable outdoor recreational space. Block type B1 and B5 footprint m2 53 600 Quadblock 4-9the w/tower 20 6600 A1 fullfil it only when including urban agriculture.
FAR
gross residential m2
gross office m2
45 m2 dwellings
70 m2 dwellings
100 m2 dwellings
120 m2 dwellings
150 m2 dwellings
180 m2 dwellings
total units
residents/ha
employment/ha
number of blocks of this type needed to house population
536 %
22 857
5 670
25
49
98
49
12
12
246
515
178
136
A2
Carré 4-6 w/tower 20
33 500
4100
335 %
14 286
3 544
15
31
61
31
8
8
154
322
111
218
A3
Triblock w/wedge space 2-6
24 400
6200
244 %
10 405
2 581
11
22
45
22
6
6
112
234
81
299
24 500
6700
245 %
10 448
2 592
11
22
45
22
6
6
112
235
81
297
9 382 gross residential 9 083 m2
2 327 gross office m2 2 253
10 45 m2 dwellings 10
20 70 m2 dwellings 20
40 100 m2 dwellings 39
20 120 m2 dwellings 20
5 150 m2 dwellings 5
5 180 m2 dwellings 5
101 total units 98
211 residents/ha 205
73 employment/ha 71
block type calculations Quadblock 2-5 A4 A5 block number in A6 study
Split carré 2-6 block description Split carré 3-4
22 000 total gross m2 21 300
6100 building footprint 6100 m2
220 % FAR 213 %
331 number of blocks of this type needed to house 342 population of 500K
B1 A1
Quadblock 2-4 Quadblock 4-9 w/tower 20
20 53 600
6400 6600
206 536 %
8 785 22 857
179 52 670
9 25
19 49
38 98
19 49
5 12
5 12
94 246
198 515
68 178
B2 A2
3-5 Carré Snake 4-6 w/tower 20
20 33 500
5600 4100
205 335 %
8 742 14 286
2 544 169 3
9 15
19 31
38 61
19 31
5 8
5 8
94 154
197 322
68 111
355 218
B3 A3
5 Courtyards 2-5 2-6 Triblock w/wedge space
19 600 24 400
5600 6200
196 % 244
8 358 10 405
2 073 581
9 11
18 22
36 45
18 22
4 6
4 6
90 112
188 234
65 81
372 299
354 136
B4 A4
Inverted e-block Quadblock 2-52-4
18 900 24 500
5500 6700
189 % 245
8 060 10 448
12 999 592
9 11
17 22
35 45
17 22
4 6
4 6
87 112
182 235
63 81
386 297
B5 A5
Inverted u-block Split carré 2-62-4
18 400 22 000
5900 6100
184 % 220
7 9 846 382
12 946 327
8 10
17 20
34 40
17 20
4 5
4 5
84 101
177 211
61 73
396 331
B6 A6
Urban villas3-4 2-5 Split carré
16 21 600 300
4700 6100
166 213 %
7 079 9 083
1 756 2 253
8 10
15 20
30 39
15 20
4 5
4 5
76 98
185 205
55 71
378 342
B7 B1
Quadblock 2-4 2-3
14 900 20 600
6700 6400
149 % 206
6 8 354 785
12 576 179
7 9
14 19
27 38
14 19
3 5
3 5
68 94
143 198
49 68
489 354 496 355
B8 B2
Snake 2-3 3-5
14 700 20 500
5600
147 % 205
6 8 269 742
1 555 2 169
7 9
13 19
27 38
13 19
3 5
3 5
B9 B3
Urban villas 2-4 w/space 5 Courtyards 2-5
14 600 500 19
4700 5600
145 % 196
6 358 183 8
1 534 2 073
7 9
13 18
27 36
13 18
3 4
3 4
B10 B4
Split carré 2-32-4 Inverted e-block
14 900 300 18
6100 5500
143 % 189
6 098 8 060
1 999 513
7 9
13 17
26 35
13 17
3 4
3 4
67 94
141 197
49 68
66 90
139 188
48 65
503 372
66 87
137 182
47 63
510 386
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
17
urban center density 2 far 180 %
In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, I have taking the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compared it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer). The requirement in the Oslo-standard is minimum 20 % of the residential floor area. Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR
= 180 %
Residents per block
= approx. 180
Average gross floor space per resident
= 41,1 m2
Total gross residential block type calculations floor space per block = 7 400 m2 block number
block description
in study Outdoor space standard Quadblock = 4-91w/tower 20 A1 requirements 500 m2 A2
Carré 4-6 w/tower 20
total gross m2
building footprint m2
FAR
53 600
6600
536 %
33 500
4100
335 %
6200
244 %
6700
245 %
6100
220 %
24 400 space 2-6 A3 All the block types Triblock fullfil w/wedge this minimum requirement, even 24 500 as a Quadblock 2-5 withoutA4counting the urban landscape agriculture Split carré 2-6 22 000 A5 usable outdoor recreational space.
/
gross office m2
45 m2 dwellings
70 m2 dwellings
100 m2 dwellings
120 m2 dwellings
150 m2 dwellings
180 m2 dwellings
total units
22 857
5 670
25
49
98
49
12
12
14 286
3 544
15
31
61
31
8
8
10 405
2 581
11
22
45
22
6
10 448
2 592
11
22
45
22
6
9 382
2 327
10
20
40
20
2 253
10
20
39
number of blocks of this type needed to house population
residents/ha
employment/ha
246
515
178
136
154
322
111
218
6
112
234
81
299
6
112
235
81
297
5
5
101
211
73
331
20
5
5
98
205
71
342
A6
Split carré 3-4
21 300
6100
213 %
9 083
B1
Quadblock 2-4
20 600
6400
206 %
8 785
2 179
9
19
38
19
5
5
94
198
68
354
B2
Snake 3-5
20 500
5600
205 %
8 742
2 169
9
19
38
19
5
5
94
197
68
355
19 600
5600
196 %
8 358
2 073
9
18
36
18
4
4
90
188
65
8 060 gross residential 7 846 m2
1 999 gross office m2 1 946
9 45 m2 dwellings 8
17 70 m2 dwellings 17
35 100 m2 dwellings 34
17 120 m2 dwellings 17
4 150 m2 dwellings 4
4 180 m2 dwellings 4
87 total units 84
182 residents/ha 177
63 employment/ha 61
block type calculations 5 Courtyards 2-5 B3
18
gross residential m2
372
B4 block number in B5 study
Inverted e-block 2-4 block description Inverted u-block 2-4
18 900 total gross m2 18 400
5500 building footprint 5900 m2
189 % FAR 184 %
B6 A1
Urban4-9 villas 2-5 Quadblock w/tower 20
16 600 53
4700 6600
166 % 536
7 079 22 857
51 756 670
8 25
15 49
30 98
15 49
4 12
4 12
76 246
185 515
55 178
378 136
B7 A2
Quadblock 2-3 20 Carré 4-6 w/tower
14 33 900 500
6700 4100
149 335 %
6 354 14 286
576 31 544
7 15
14 31
27 61
14 31
3 8
3 8
68 154
143 322
49 111
489 218
386 number of blocks of this type needed to house 396 population of 500K
B8 A3
Snake 2-3space 2-6 Triblock w/wedge
14 700 24 400
5600 6200
147 % 244
6 269 10 405
1 555 2 581
7 11
13 22
27 45
13 22
3 6
3 6
67 112
141 234
49 81
496 299
B9 A4
Urban villas 2-4 w/space Quadblock 2-5
14 500 24
4700 6700
145 % 245
6 183 10 448
1 534 2 592
7 11
13 22
27 45
13 22
3 6
3 6
66 112
139 235
48 81
503 297
B10 A5
2-3 Split carré 2-6
14 000 300 22
6100
143 % 220
6 9 098 382
1 513 2 327
7 10
13 20
26 40
13 20
3 5
3 5
66 101
137 211
47 73
510 331
C1 A6
SplitCarré carré33-4
11 900 21 300
4000 6100
119 % 213
5 083 075 9
1 259 2 253
5 10
11 20
22 39
11 20
3 5
3 5
55 98
114 205
39 71
612 342
C2 B1
CarréQuadblock 2-3 w/open 2-4space
10 600 100 20
3600 6400
101 % 206
4 8 307 785
12 068 179
5 9
9 19
19 38
9 19
2 5
2 5
46 94
97 198
33 68
721 354
C3 B2
Rowhouses on3-5 a field 2-3 Snake
8 300 20 500
3300 5600
83 %% 205
3 539 8 742
2878 169
4 9
8 19
15 38
8 19
2 5
2 5
38 94
80 197
28 68
878 355
C4 B3
Community courtyards 5 Courtyards 2-5 2
6 700 19 600
3300 5600
67 %% 196
2 857 8 358
2709 073
3 9
6 18
12 36
6 18
2 4
2 4
31 90
64 188
22 65
1372 088
B4
Inverted e-block 2-4
18 900
5500
189 %
8 060
1 999
9
17
35
17
4
4
87
182
63
386
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
urban periphery density far 80%
In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, I have taking the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compared it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer). The requirement in the Oslo-standard is minimum 20 % of the residential floor area. Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR
= 80 %
Residents per block = approx. 80 block type calculations block number Average gross floor study space inper resident A1
100 m2 dwellings
120 m2 dwellings
150 m2 dwellings
180 m2 dwellings
total units
22 857
5 670
25
49
98
49
12
12
14 286
3 544
15
31
61
31
8
8
10 405
2 581
11
22
45
22
6
10 448
2 592
11
22
45
22
6
9 382
2 327
10
20
40
20
213 %
9 083
2 253
10
20
39
6400
206 %
8 785
2 179
9
19
5600
205 %
8 742
2 169
9
19
5600
196 %
8 358
2 073
9
5500
189 %
8 060
1 999
9
FAR
Quadblock 4-9 w/tower 20
53 600
6600
536 %
33 500
4100
335 %
24 400
6200
244 %
24 500
6700
245 %
22 000
6100
220 %
21 300
6100
20 600
Quadblock 2-5
OutdoorA5space standardSplit carré 2-6 Split= carré 3-4 m2 A6 requirements 660 B1
70 m2 dwellings
building footprint m2
A2 Total gross residentialCarré 4-6 w/tower 20 Triblock w/wedge space 2-6 A3 floor space per block = 3 300 m2 A4
45 m2 dwellings
total gross m2
= 41,1 m2
Quadblock 2-4
20 500 Snake minimum 3-5 B2 All the block types fullfil this requirement, even 19 600 as a 5 Courtyards 2-5 withoutB3counting the urban landscape agriculture 18 900 Inverted e-block 2-4 B4 usable outdoor recreational space.
gross residential m2
gross office m2
block description
number of blocks of this type needed to house population
residents/ha
employment/ha
246
515
178
136
154
322
111
218
6
112
234
81
299
6
112
235
81
297
5
5
101
211
73
331
20
5
5
98
205
71
342
38
19
5
5
94
198
68
354
38
19
5
5
94
197
68
355
18
36
18
4
4
90
188
65
372
17
35
17
4
4
87
182
63
386 396
B5
Inverted u-block 2-4
18 400
5900
184 %
7 846
1 946
8
17
34
17
4
4
84
177
61
B6
Urban villas 2-5
16 600
4700
166 %
7 079
1 756
8
15
30
15
4
4
76
185
55
378
B7
Quadblock 2-3
14 900
6700
149 %
6 354
1 576
7
14
27
14
3
3
68
143
49
489
14 700
5600
147 %
6 269
1 555
7
13
27
13
3
3
67
141
49
496
B9 block number inB10 study
Urban villas 2-4 w/space block description Split carré 2-3
14 500 total gross m2 14 300
4700 building 6100 m2 footprint
145 % FAR 143 %
6 183 gross 6 098 m2 residential
1 534 gross office m2 1 513
7 45 m2 dwellings 7
13 70 m2 13 dwellings
27 100 m2 26 dwellings
13 120 m2 dwellings 13
3 150 m2 3 dwellings
3 180 m2 dwellings 3
66 total units 66
139 residents/ha 137
48 employment/ha 47
block Snake 2-3 B8 type calculations
503 number of blocks of this type 510 population of 500K needed to house
C1 A1
3 QuadblockCarré 4-9 w/tower 20
11 900 53 600
4000 6600
119 % 536 %
5 075 22 857
1 259 5 670
5 25
11 49
22 98
11 49
3 12
3 12
55 246
114 515
39 178
612 136
C2 A2
Carré space Carré2-3 4-6w/open w/tower 20
10 500 100 33
3600 4100
101 % 335 %
4 307 14 286
1 068 3 544
5 15
9 31
19 61
9 31
2 8
2 8
46 154
97 322
33 111
721 218
C3 A3
Rowhouses on a space field 2-3 Triblock w/wedge 2-6
8 300 24 400
3300 6200
83 %% 244
3 539 10 405
2878 581
4 11
8 22
15 45
8 22
2 6
2 6
38 112
80 234
28 81
878 299
C4 A4
Community courtyards 2 Quadblock 2-5
6 700 24 500
3300 6700
67 %% 245
2 857 10 448
2709 592
3 11
6 22
12 45
6 22
2 6
2 6
31 112
64 235
22 81
1297 088
A5
Split carré 2-6
22 000
6100
220 %
9 382
2 327
10
20
40
20
5
5
101
211
73
331
A6
Split carré 3-4
21 300
6100
213 %
9 083
2 253
10
20
39
20
5
5
98
205
71
342
B1
Quadblock 2-4
20 600
6400
206 %
8 785
2 179
9
19
38
19
5
5
94
198
68
354
B2
Snake 3-5
20 500
5600
205 %
8 742
2 169
9
19
38
19
5
5
94
197
68
355
B3
5 Courtyards 2-5
19 600
5600
196 %
8 358
2 073
9
18
36
18
4
4
90
188
65
372
B4
Inverted e-block 2-4
18 900
5500
189 %
8 060
1 999
9
17
35
17
4
4
87
182
63
386
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
19
20
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
calculating a balanced relationship between populations, densities and programmatic requirements
calculation models
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
21
why and how to use the calculation model? From the diploma program
what the calculation model does
If we want this golden age of thriving human existence to continue and prevail, the future relationship to our surroundings, our spaceship earth, our everything has to balance out in the equation.
When all the preconditions and assumptions are set and input, from the source material, this spreadsheet calculates and balances all the main necessary areas needed to design a balanced and self-sufficient urban structure.
streamlining the environmental urban design process
Normally when designing environmentally concious urban planning projects, one has a set of ambitions or parameters for design that are applied from a small scale and outward. The total environmental results are either not calculated, or calculated after the design proposal is complete. If the design does not meet the required environmental objective, one has to revise.
The only input parameters that have to be changed by the user are the desired population, urban density and site area. By quickly changing these three parameters, you immediately get a self-sufficiency percentage to match your ambitions.
By creating a way of calculating the desired environmental ambitions and parameters before the design process is started, one can streamline the urban design process and make environmental calculations more accessible to architects that would not normally calculate such parameters.
22
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
1
precondition inputs
2
variable inputs
3
balance the variable inputs to meet the desired self-sufficiency ambition
Based on the most updated source material available, and rounding up uncertain parameters, decide and lock the preconditions and parameters.
The desired population numbers, urban density, urban extent and site area size will be different from site to site, and must be input last.
Increase or decrease the variable inputs as desired until the self-sufficiency percentage one wants is reached.
4
= fixed inputs
= variable inputs
= the spreadsheet does the balancing
use outputs to design urban structure
All main area sizes for the urban structure that is to be designed can be read and used in the successive process
= outputs provided
the calculation model
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
23
project workflow and method
1
step one - the models
input population
The calculation model provides projected areas and distributions of a range of different functions, based on a few site specific inputs such as population, site area and density. The results are also dependant on a range of source based inputs such as desired/ projected/required consumption levels and public functions per capita. The sources of this information can be seen on the next page.
input consumption input public functions
The graphical models that accompany the different calculation models, are graphical representations of the calculation results, organized and distributed in accordance with the urban design parameters from the first phase library.
2
calculation models
step two - real world inputs
input density
g r a p h i c a l models - + x / c = output built structures output infrastructures output agricultures output ecosystems
The first step towards a relevance for real world decisions and conditions is taken by inputing metrics from a physical site into the calculation model. This provides an estimated suggestion of area sizes for a range of different functions supporting the life in the city.
3
step three - structure implementation The graphical model closest to the real world situation can be used as a guide when distributing these areas on the site. It is well suited when establishing the general structure of the planned city, but currently doesn’t offer many details on the design of the different spaces in the city. This is planned for future revisions and versions of the graphical model.
24
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
variable Inputs and metrics from site X and society Y
Selection of most suitable model as guide
Viable tool for planning a self-sufficient urban structure
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
25
input sources
26
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
residential and office space calculations
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
27
urban block and institution calculations
28
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
water, landscape and agriculture calculations
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
29
main outputs
30
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
area distribution comparison models vs. oslo-region landscape distribution in % 2%
landscape distribution in % 0%
4%
4%
landscape agriculture 19 %
model
landscape agriculture
12 % 25 %
urban landscape agriculture building footprint
oslo region
13 %
infrastructure 71 %
natural landscapes
urban landscape agriculture building footprint infrastructure
50 %
natural landscapes
Estimate by Marius Nygaard, AHO.
Floor area distribution in % 4,6 %
9,2 %
2,9 %
0,3 %
20,6 %
8,2 %
10,6 %
residential workplaces retail
model
sports education health culture
42,6 %
urban agriculture
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
31
a diagrammatic self-sufficient urban structure energy production calculation energy production calculation / scenario 500k
Energy consumption in operation phase
energy accounting energy consumption TEK15
Room heating
stipulated
Total energy consumption/m2
8,8
8 kWh/m2/year
Air heating
13,4
10 kWh/m2/year
Water heating
15,8
5 kWh/m2/year
Fans and pumps
16,7
12 kWh/m2/year
first generation pv-production
Lighting
44,9
15 kWh/m2/year
Average solar radiation on PV-panel angle(s)
Technical equipment
13,9
15 kWh/m2/year
PV-panel efficiency rating
Room and ventilation cooling
11,5
5 kWh/m2/year
70 kWh/m2/year
Total heated area of building Total energy consumption/year
51 790 000 m2 3 625 300 000 kWh/year
848 kWh/m2/year 35 %
Electricity production/m2
296,8 kWh/m2
PV-panel area
total energy consumption regulation / TEK15
125 125
70 kWh/m2/year 125 kWh/m2/year
Electricity production
70 kWh/m2/year
second generation pv-production
30 years until invest
PV-panel efficiency rating
45 %
U-value outer walls
0,11 W/m2K
Electricity production/m2
U-value roof
0,08 W/m2K
PV-panel area
U-value ground floor
0,08 W/m2K
Electricity production
U-value doors and windows
0,05 W/m2K
381,6 kWh/m2 9 500 000 m2 3 625 200 000 kWh/year 70 kWh/m2/year
420 000 m2
energy balance
12 620 000 kWh/year 0 kWh/m2/year
Average price of electricity in life span of first generation PVpanels
1,5 NOK/kWh
Average price of electricity in life span of second generation PV-panels
2,0 NOK/kWh
Income from selling electricity to the grid in life span of both generations of PV-panels
the projected production is dependent on the following pv-investment
1,2 NOK/kWh
PV-panel price / year 2050
Average area used for energy production per urban block
4 000 m2
PV-investment cost / year 2050 PV-panel price / year 2080
sources
1 600 NOK/m2 19 680 000 000 NOK 1 000 NOK/m2 9 500 000 000 NOK
ZEB / The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings
PV-investment cost / year 2080 Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought
EPD-Norge.no / Environmental Product Declarations
Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought
7 250 400 000 NOK/year 30+
ICE / Inventory of Carbon & Energy, University of Bath
Income from electricity sold to the grid
Powerhouse projects / Skanska, Entra, Snøhetta, Zero, ZEB & Hydro Photovoltaic Geographical Information System
Economic result of pv-investment over life span
Sintef Byggforsk & KanEnergi for Enova
/
3 650 640 000 kWh/year
the energy production calculations are based on the following energy measures and future assumptions
Thermal Solar Panels for heating
32
12 300 000 m2
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
5 437 950 000 NOK/year 0-30 0 NOK/year
351 470 500 000 NOK/60 years
ONE human being = ONE earthspace The calculation model has made it possible to stipulate how much earthspace is needed to sustain the life of one average human being living in a dense, green and efficient urban structure in the Oslo climate zone. Calculating what one human earthspace is could and should be a standard procedure when measuring the environmental performance of a human life framework (urban, suburban or rural structure). It gives an overview of the footprint of a specific way of life, that can be compared to the earthspace available, and furthermore if it is sustainable or not. Agriculture It provides output data for the necessary amount of agriculture for either an average, a vegetarian og an ideal dietary mix of the two. freshWater It provides output data for the necessary amount of freshwater input per year and day, not only for household consumption, but for all other water consuming sectors that exists on behalf of the household as well. Greywater treatment It provides output data for the necessary area of greywater treatment landscapes to clean the greywater produced, and use this for the irrigation of local agriculture. Renewable energy production and storage It provides output data for the necessary area of solar photovoltaic panels to produce the demanded average amount of electricity needed to sustain modern life. It also provides output data for the necessary energy storage capacity to deal with the intermittancy of the renewable energy sources. Urban building blocks It provides output data for the necessary area for building urban blocks and buildings incorporating the programmatical requirments for a broad selection of the main functions in an urban area.
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
33
34
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
a graphical and structural representation of the outputs from the calulation models
six model cities - population 20k to 1 million
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
35
inspiration and legacy The design og the graphical models draw inspiration from many different sources and time periods. This is a selection of these. The most notable resemblance is to the “miljøby” (environment city) from Ruter (the public transportation company
in Oslo), and their K2012 (a strategic public transportation plan 2012–2060), where one of the proposals include both new and transformed cities along the regional rail network, based on energy efficient mobility solutions. Grønnstruktur Automatbane
Jernbane Ny jernbane Buss
Bu
ss
Metro
Ga avs ngtan d
Byutvikling Ny miljøby
Toward an Urban Renaissance, The Urban Task Force (Richard Rogers, 2003) Eidsvoll
OSL Gardermoen Hønefoss
Jessheim Årnes Ask miljøby
Nittedal miljøby
Ny Gjøvikbane
Grønnstruktur Automatbane
Ringeriksbane
Grorud
Lillestrøm
Oslo S
Bu
Drammen
Palmanova, Italy (planned 1700s) Bjørkelangen
ss
Sandvika
Asker
Sørumsand miljøby
Ga avs ngtan d
Nesodden miljøby
Gjersrud/Stensrud miljøby
Flateby
Ytre Enebakk
Røyken miljøby Ski
Måna miljøby
Skotbu miljøby Hurum miljøby
Drøbak
Ås
Mysen
Moss
Ruter K2012 - Stamnett for Osloregionen 2060 (Truls Lange) K 2012
36
/
Ebenezer Howard - Garden Cities of To-morrow 3
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
Grammichele, Sicily, Italy (planned 1693)
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
37
population 0k
Regional rail connectivity is the essential foundation and basis for development Before urban development can commence, there must be a viable and attractive regional rail connection to other urban areas, both near and far. Without this regional rail connection, the successive urban development can never become truly environmentally friendly, since the basis of the local public transportation is this regional rail connection. Without this regional rail connection, the successive urban development will become private car based and suffer the same issues of the cities of the past.
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
38
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
population 20k
Development starts with the new urban core With the regional rail connection in the center of the urban core, development can commence.
Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:
To ensure a continued desirable development, all stages should follow the same final design principles and ambition. Building every stage in accordance with the final urban structure design ensures a holistic and coherent end result. Such a development strategy requires disciplined decision making and stable political and societal will over time.
• Harstad • Molde • Lillehammer • Larvik • Kongsberg • Horten • Gjøvik
The first stage of development includes the necessary urban blocks and surrounding agricultural lands to house, power and feed the minimum urban population of 20K people. A city with a population below 10-25K will struggle to sustain a vibrant and active economy and social life. The minimum population size for the first complete development step should therefore be 1025K or higher. A city with such a population will of course not manifest itself overnight, and must be allowed to develop in its own tempo. But it is preferable that the city reaches this size as quickly as possible, to ensure an active and interaction population and community. The green circle represents the required agricultural area to feed the current population. If the end goal is a city with a higher population, a larger area must be reserved.
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
39
population 50k
Development continues - still around the urban core The surrounding agricultural landscape needed to feed the growing population must increase along with the population numbers. At this stage the entire urban structure is still contained within the urban core neighborhoods, with a maximum walking distance to the regional rail station being 1000m.
Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:
• Kristiansand • Tønsberg • Ålesund • Moss
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
40
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
population 100k
At 70k the urban center is completed, and the first satellite neighborhoods are developed along the first infrastructure axis Only after the urban core neighborhoods are completed with a population of 70K are the first satellite neighborhoods built. They are located along the first infrastructure axis containing a bicycle highway corridor, an automated light rail corridor with one station per neighborhood with a minimum distance of 800m between stations, and road connecting the shared hydrogen car parking lots with other neighborhoods and surrounding areas not connected by rail.
Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:
• Drammen • Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg • Porsgrunn/Skien
The car and truck traffic is led around the urban core on a ring road. The maximum walking distance to the automated light rail station in each satellite is 500m from the satellite perimeter. Dependant on the street layout selected, actual walking distances might be longer. In my graphical diagrams I have selected a rectangular grid for the satellites, giving approx 70% of the blocks a 500m distance to the satellite station. The density along the satellite perimeter is therefore lower than closer the station.
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
41
population 200k
One by one, more satellite neighborhoods are developed along infrastructure axis’ - prioritizing proximity to the urban core More infrastructure axis’ are built to service an increasing number of new satellite neighborhoods.
Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:
One can either extend the first axis until it reaches the maximum travel distance to the urban core (approx 16km / 30 min) with the automated light rail line, or one can build more lines earlier, ensuring more neighborhoods and more people have a shorter travel distance to the urban core.
• Trondheim • Stavanger/Sandnes • Bergen
Both solutions are acceptable, but the latter is the most preferable and ideal.
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
42
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
population 500k
When the axis’ reach a substaintial distance and travel time to the urban core, an circular infrastructure line is built with a 3-4km radius The same development pattern continues, until the length of the infrastructure axis’ reach approx 3-4km from the center, when the first circular infrastructure ring around the center is developed. This relieves the pressure on the urban core, by distributing the passenger flow not going from satellite to satellite on different infrastructure axis’ around the center.
Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:
• Oslo (municipality)
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
43
population 1 million
A similar circular line is built with a 6-7km radius from the urban core Development is limited by a 30min/16km travel time/distance to the core The same development pattern is continued until the travel distance by automated light rail from the farthest satellite neighborhoods to the urban core reaches 30 minutes (approx 16km). When this distance is reached on all axis’, one either has to build more axis’ or begin the development of another city somewhere else on the regional rail line.
Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:
• Oslo (connected built area)
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
44
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
45
scale comparison and main attributes
(
46
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
comparison of main attributes SITE AREA
EARTHSPACE/PERSON
SITE RADIUS
200 000
500 000
20 000
1 000 000
50 000
100 000
aquaponics in %
agriculture in km2
1113
555
225 55
20 000
50 000
113
100 000
200 000
500 000
500 000
1 000 000
36
38
37 25
20
20 15
17
21
20 000
50 000
100 000
200 000
100 000
200 000
population
500 000
1 000 000
1 000 000
105
Urban core blocks (FAR 260%) Urban center blocks (FAR 180%)
2149 1713
103
22
Aquaponic agriculture % of production
101
99
42
137
331
27
27
66 117
761
763
95
50 000
100 000
200 000
438
200
270
171
90
40 20 000
500 000 1 000 000
100
Urban periphery blocks (FAR 80%)
20 000 50 000 100 000 200 000 500 0001 000 000
500 000 1 000 000
population
population
DENSITY (FAR) IN URBAN AREAS
DENSITY (FAR) ON SITE
106 floor area in km2
footprint in km2
6,8
500 000
42
TOTAL BUILDING FLOOR AREA
3,1
200 000
FLOOR AREA/PERSON
population
19
50 000
100 000
880
population
40
20 000
50 000
Aquaponic agriculture % of floor area
TOTAL BUILDING FOOTPRINT
1,5
20 000
30
population
0,65
1 000 000
AQUAPONIC AGRICULTURE % OF PRODUCTION AND FLOOR AREA
TOTAL AGRICULTURAL AREA
22
200 000
4501
931
population
population
1062
number of blocks
100 000
945
52
19,2 2,01
5
20 000
50 000
9,5
100 000
200 000
population
500 000
1 000 000
185
20 000
197
50 000
185
100 000
11 174
200 000
population
162
160
500 000
1 000 000
11
density in far %
50 000
3,9
2,5
960
floor area in m2
20 000
8,2 6
density in far %
47
115
12,2
earthspace in m2
212 19
1145
radius in km
Area in km2
884
466
URBAN BLOCKS
16,8
8
20 000
50 000
12
11
100 000
9
200 000
500 000
1 000 000
population
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
47
48
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
explaining the graphical models by example
the layers of the 500k-diagram city
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
49
calculation model 500k-diagram city
50
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
energy production calculation a diagrammatic self-sufficient urban structure 500k-diagram city
energy production calculation / scenario 500k
Energy consumption in operation phase
energy accounting energy consumption TEK15
Room heating
stipulated
8,8
8 kWh/m2/year
Air heating
13,4
10 kWh/m2/year
Water heating
15,8
5 kWh/m2/year
Total energy consumption/m2
70 kWh/m2/year
Total heated area of building
51 790 000 m2
Total energy consumption/year
Fans and pumps
16,7
12 kWh/m2/year
first generation pv-production
Lighting
44,9
15 kWh/m2/year
Average solar radiation on PV-panel angle(s)
Technical equipment
13,9
15 kWh/m2/year
PV-panel efficiency rating
Room and ventilation cooling
11,5
5 kWh/m2/year
Electricity production/m2
3 625 300 000 kWh/year
848 kWh/m2/year 35 % 296,8 kWh/m2
PV-panel area
total energy consumption regulation / TEK15
125 125
70 kWh/m2/year 125 kWh/m2/year
12 300 000 m2
Electricity production
3 650 640 000 kWh/year 70 kWh/m2/year
the energy production calculations are based on the following energy measures and future assumptions
second generation pv-production
30 years until invest
PV-panel efficiency rating
45 %
U-value outer walls
0,11 W/m2K
Electricity production/m2
U-value roof
0,08 W/m2K
PV-panel area
U-value ground floor
0,08 W/m2K
Electricity production
U-value doors and windows
0,05 W/m2K
Thermal Solar Panels for heating
381,6 kWh/m2 9 500 000 m2 3 625 200 000 kWh/year 70 kWh/m2/year
420 000 m2
energy balance
12 620 000 kWh/year 0 kWh/m2/year
Average price of electricity in life span of first generation PVpanels
1,5 NOK/kWh
Average price of electricity in life span of second generation PV-panels
2,0 NOK/kWh
Income from selling electricity to the grid in life span of both generations of PV-panels
the projected production is dependent on the following pv-investment
1,2 NOK/kWh
PV-panel price / year 2050
Average area used for energy production per urban block
4 000 m2
PV-investment cost / year 2050 PV-panel price / year 2080
sources
1 600 NOK/m2 19 680 000 000 NOK 1 000 NOK/m2 9 500 000 000 NOK
ZEB / The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings
PV-investment cost / year 2080 Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought
EPD-Norge.no / Environmental Product Declarations
Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought
7 250 400 000 NOK/year 30+
ICE / Inventory of Carbon & Energy, University of Bath
Income from electricity sold to the grid
Powerhouse projects / Skanska, Entra, Snøhetta, Zero, ZEB & Hydro Photovoltaic Geographical Information System
Economic result of pv-investment over life span
5 437 950 000 NOK/year 0-30 0 NOK/year
351 470 500 000 NOK/60 years
Sintef Byggforsk & KanEnergi for Enova
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
51
main layers
52
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
satellite neighborhood section
Showing the distribution and relationship between different corridors and functions
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
53
wilderness preservation
For wildlife, biotope and ecosystem protection, and for human recreation Based on the total area of protected nature in Norway, compared with the total mainland area. Some sites might have more wilderness in need of protection, while others might have less. It is important to perform a detailed mapping of living habitats, migration corridors and natural spaces for attractive leisure. This includes the needs and desires of both humans, other animal species and vegetations.
54
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
urban core Grid structure
Rectangular grid blocks in hexagonal main structure sectors
1 ha measurable unit
A rectangular grid is superimposed in each sector and hexagonal rings optimize the proximity between the various axis. An efficient public transit network allows the city to be free of cars – all residents are always within a 4/5-minute walking distance from a light rail station. All sectors and blocks have a much more direct connection to the urban core, compared to a standard rectangular grid where diagonal mobility requires detours. At the same time, since almost all the blocks are rectangular, almost every building plot and individual unit area can also be made rectangular. Having square grid blocks may not be the ideal structure of the actual street layout, but it is a great structure while in the process of calculating the attributes in this project.
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
55
rail infrastructure intersection
Automated light rail lines intersect with regional rail station in a central core plaza Intercity and international rail systems connect the urban core to other urban areas. The line itself can travel above ground quite far into the city, but should go underground before it reaches the perimeter of the urban core neighborhoods, so it does not claim valuable urban blocks close to the station. The station itself should also be underground, allowing for a short walking distance between the regional rail platform and the automated light rail platform. Having an efficient transfer between different modes of transportation and between the different automated rail lines is important, and essential for creating and sustaining the network effect. It is important that the automated rail line has its own dedicated corridor, so it is not unneccesarily affected by queues.
56
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
central PLAZA section
Automated light rail lines intersect with regional rail station in a generous urban plaza, with both programmed and unprogrammed spaces, allowing both permanent and temporary events to take place.
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
57
automated light rail network
An efficient and automated local light rail system stimulates mobility within the city The main structuring element of the urban core and satellite neighborhoods is the automated light rail network and the stations at the center of each neighborhood. I have also calculated the required number of active trains running per line (with the current line length), to have and ideal frequency between departures of between 5-10 minutes. This number is between 6-12 trains per line. With fewer then 6 trains the waiting time is too long to create a network effect. With more than 12 trains there is no significant reduction in waiting time, while operating costs are greatly increased, and the trains will created queues for eachother. “If one wishes to actually reach the agreed upon goals within cycling, public transportation, and trafficand co2-reduction, the urban fabric must follow an efficient transportation system�, Truls Lange, Civitas.
58
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
light rail street section
An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 16m
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
59
bicycle highway infrastructure
Prioritized and protected bicycle infrastructure, for efficient interneighborhood cycling, and short distances on the shared space grid With electric bicycle technologies becoming increasingly available and efficient, bicycle mobility is becoming ever more attractive and viable for moving substantial amounts of people over greater distances then before. With a well protected and dedicated high quality bicycle infrastructure along all axis’ with sufficient width, long distance personal mobility is quick and efficient. With a dense network of high quality bicycle parking locations everywhere on the shared street grid in all neighborhoods, using your bicycle is an easy and attractive way of moving around the city.
60
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
bicycle highway street section
An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 15m
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
61
extended travel times
Walking 10 mins and bicycle 10 mins from light rail stations can allow future growth or more flexibility when implementing in existing situation The neighborhood footprints in the graphical diagram models are all constrained by a 500m walking distance to its nearest station. But when implementing the diagram models on a real world site in an existing situation, it could be acceptable to extend the neighborhood perimeter radius if there are well established, well protected and viable routes for walking and bicycling between the station and the urban block. Having sufficient bicycle parking options close to the station will be increasingly important the further away the urban blocks are.
62
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
urban density
Closely related to the transportation network Logically the urban blocks closest to the neighborhood or central station should be denser then the urban blocks further away. The urban blocks closest to the station have a density of 260 % (FAR). This is not very dense in relation to other urban areas. This is due to the desired urban agriculture internally in the blocks, and the introduction and viability of a nature integrated urban typology. Making the urban areas greener and more liveable - while still maintaining the necessary density to sustain social and economic activity, and a light rail service can reduce the extent of travelling to the countryside and the building of second home villages/ cities.
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
63
urban hotspot spaces
Focused around automated light rail stations, sustaining a vibrant urban pulse To encourage a vibrant and interacting population, sustaining an active and viable social scene and economic activity, urban hotspots should be limited in their extent. Concentrating activity around fewer spaces and streets will stimulate a high level of interactions, creating a further self-stimulation and interactiongrowth.
their spaces, plazas and sqaures are somewhat larger, and are connected with hotspot streets. This is of course only the main underlying structure, and there will and should be dynamically occuring exceptions.
To focus attention, identify and create identity each neighborhood should have one or two building substantially higher than the surrounding ones. While the majority of buildings should be a maximum og eight floors, the towers should be between 20-25 floors. Each satellite neighborhood of 9-11 thousand inhabitants can’t sustain much more than one large high quality urban space worth of cultural, retail and social activity. Therefore it is suggested that they focus their attention mainly around this central square. The same goes for the urban center neighborhoods, except
64
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
urban hotspot street section An example.
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
65
urban functions
Neighborhood specialities are distributed in a choreographed way, stimulating awareness in the population by intersecting life-supporting functions with everyday mobility patterns As with the urban hotspots, the different functions of the city should be allowed to manifest and distribute themselves in a mostly dynamic and unchoreographed way. This diagram is therefore only a possible example distribution of the most important urban functions. Most important, and perhaps the most fixed, is the commercial and cultural activities around the urban core hotspot axis’, and the ring of higher educational institutions and office clusters around the urban core. Also imporant is the proximity between the life-supporting functions (agriculture, energy production, energy storage, greywater treatment etc.) and the automated light rail network, intersecting everyday mobility patterns with all the different engine parts of the city. “A ten year old kid should already have been exposed to all the jobs he or she might want to do as an adult�, Maria Hatling, Norconsult.
66
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
office cluster /
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
67
Greywayer landscape treatment
100 % on-site greywater landscape treatment irrigates the vast agricultural land both architecturally integrated, inside the urban blocks and on the surrounding landscape Households, businesses and other urban functions consume a lot of freshwater. This freshwater is used in different ways, and ends up as either greywater (ex. from the shower, kitchen sink, washing machine etc.) or as blackwater (sewer etc.). The blackwater needs extensive treatment before it can be reused, and must be collected in a closed sewer pipe network. But the greywater is not harmful to humans, and can therefore flow freely through canals in the city to surface landscape greywater treatment sites, where is can be filtered through layers of soil, plant roots and optionally weak chemicals. This filtered and treated greywater can then be reused in the city either as non-drinkable water for flushing toilets etc., og for irrigation of both urban and landscape agriculture nearby. Separating these flows, and reusing the water, can greatly reduce the total consumed freshwater.
68
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
wetland bioswale street section
An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 13m
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
69
Local road network
Shared hydrogen cars in semi-centralized parking lots allows mobility, versatility and flexibility 24hrs per day The dedicated road network for road traffic only is limited to very few corridors and streets on the perimeter of the neighborhoods. There are streets that go almost all the way into the urban core, but with no parking possibilities except the semi-decentralized parking lots along the road network, most of the urban areas and neighborhoods should be considered as car free zones.
The maximum walking distance of 800m to the shared hydrogen parking lots, takes 8 minutes. This is the same “waiting time� at walking 5 minutes to the automated light rail station and waiting an average of 3 minutes before the train arrives. This creates equal terms for both modes of transportation.
It is possible to drive both cars and trucks into the shared street grid, but with no where to park except loading/unloading bays, the usage of this possibility is limited to emergencies, deliveries and freight. This will hopefully greatly reduce the impact of the car in the city, providing cleaner air and more space for human interaction.
70
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
road street section
An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 13m
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
71
Cargo distribution
Efficient cargo distribution and flows Cargo shipments come in all shapes and sizes, and transporting them from sending location A via transfer terminal B to port C, further on to port D via transfer terminal E to delivery location F is a very complex logistical process, when there are millions of sending and delivery locations.
be as small and nimble as possible. Therefore it is preferable to have a most decentralized transfer terminal network than what we currently have in the Oslo region.
If a primarily train based cargo logistics system for long distance shipments is to work, there must be a sufficient market to fill the capacity both ways. This balanced import/export situation is unfortunately almost never the case. But it should still be possible to compete with a trucks based logistics system if the transfer terminals are efficient and strategically located. The final leg of the shipment distribution needs to be done with smaller vehicles that can fit and navigate narrow streets without impeding the human scale interactions unnecessarily. Therefore is is preferable to get the cargo as close to the city as possible before transfering it to trucks, so the size of the truck can 72
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
shared space street section
Remaining streets are shared between pedestrians, bicyclists, and loading/unloading trucks and cars doing deliveries
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
73
74
/
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure
/
75