5 minute read
Take your brain for a walk
By Scarlett Parr-Reid
With over four million years of history to boot, the human adaptation of bipedalism, or walking on two feet, is something we easily take for granted. From pilgrimages to protests, walking is act of celebration and solidarity as well as a free and simple way to slow down in a world that never seems to.
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There are many theories for bipedalism. Standing upright improved balance and posture and enabled our human-like ancestors, Hominins, to watch over tall grasses whilst hunting in the savannah. As grasses grew taller, our ancestors stood straighter. Bipedalism also decreased the surface area of the body exposed to sunlight, helping to beat the heat.
Walking on two feet freed the hands of Hominins to carry food and tools on the go. Whilst the exact origin of bipedalism is disputed, the many benefits of this adaptation have outweighed the challenges such as fallen arches, hernias and lower back pain.
As the French Philosopher Frédéric Gros describes beautifully in his bestselling book A Philosophy of Walking, “The pilgrim eventually succeeds the hermit.” Recalling the diaries of the Indian saint and pilgrim Swami Ramdas, Gros conveys the essence of the relief of walking: “It is when we renounce everything that everything is given to us.” In leaving it all behind, we find our spiritual needs are met in abundance. Ramdas’ pilgrimages in the early 1900s spanned hundreds of miles across India from Puri, Dakshineswar, Kashi, Madhura, Brindavan to the Himilayan shrines.
Whether walking is a means of gentle reflection or powerful changemaking, it is not just a physical process of putting one foot in front of the other. Walking also acts on our brains in surprising ways. Professor of Experimental Brain Research at Trinity College Dublin, Shane O’Mara writes in his book In Praise of Walking about the cognitive neuroscience of walking. Cognitive neuroscience attempts to map psychological functions onto specific brain networks. When we walk, we engage in spatial navigation, memory and visual recognition, so that we can adapt to where we are and what is happening around us. We often walk from place to place without thinking about the journey at all.
Artwork by Scarlett Parr-Reid
Walking activates the hub of memory, learning and creativity known as the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped region in the lower-middle brain. O’Mara describes that as we walk, rhythmic firing of distinct electrical signals known as theta waves arise in the hippocampus that can be measured directly by placing electrodes on the scalp. Theta waves are associated with deep relaxation and learning. Those who experience autopilot driving on motorways have been found to be in theta state, where they report many good ideas come to them. Theta waves might explain why we may return from a walk with a better idea of what we were thinking about prior to it, despite not consciously choosing to.
Our brain helps us to incubate ideas. Neurons that are stimulated when we enter a particular place called ‘place cells’ are activated in the hippocampus when walking. They signal to us where we are and which direction we are facing: the brain’s extensive address book. Walking and aerobic exercise promote blood vessel formation, increasing blood flow to the brain. This in turn triggers the formation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a chemical messenger that improves memory and learning through the production of new brain cells, O’Mara writes.
This is despite the longstanding belief that no new brain cells are formed after birth.
Despite research showing the health benefits, as well as humanity’s long cultural history, of walking, sedentary lifestyles account for nine percent of premature mortality worldwide, according a Lancet study. “We should be encouraging our populations to regularly and habitually walk in nature, even if they only have access to city parks,” O’Mara points out. Walking promotes learning, improves memory and boosts mood, regardless of whether it is taking place in urban green spaces or rural green spaces, he notes.
It is unsurprising then that in big cities such as London, ‘urban greening’ projects are taking place, rehabilitating industrial areas, introducing school allotments and cultivating roof gardens, which protect both the environment and mental health. The link between walking and wellbeing is conceptualised by O’Mara as a positive feedback loop, in which those that walk more show an improved mood, increasing the motivation to walk, thereby improving mood further.
Whilst it is unclear whether walking is a cause or effect of a better mood – and whether instead being in nature or social groups is driving the benefits – it is clear that walking is a low-risk, free activity engaging the body and mind. Notable benefits can happen in just 20 minutes, O’Mara states. So, walking is to our mood as a lifetime savings account is to our money: you always get out more than you put in.
The act of walking is both a science and an art. Far from simply moving from A to B, it is a vehicle for change and wellbeing and a symbol of spirituality that is embedded in culture. Whether a short stroll in a city park or a long hike though the countryside, walking is a quiet superpower we often forget to appreciate. Next time you go for a walk, you might just find you’ve taken more journeys than one. ■
Photography by Bella Spencer
Scarlett Parr-Reid is studying MSc Science Communication.
