FUR, FEATHERS,SCALES Jay Balamurugan reflects on the human perception of various types of predators in the animal kingdom.
D
ragons have always lurked at the periphery of human civilisation. From the majestic Quetzalcoatl of ancient Mesoamerica to the terrible Nidhogg of old Scandinavia, from the chaotic Apophis of early Egypt to the royal Zhulong of imperial China. Creatures equally worshipped as gods as they were feared as monsters. Rarely do they overlap in any sense beyond their base ideals: tremendous, powerful, and fearsome. And yet, they invoke entirely varying emotions from their respective cultures. Terror and reverence, horror and veneration.
“There is a deep, hidden motivation amongst humanity’s collective consciousness that has long driven a cultural terror of teeth and
There is a deep, hidden motivation amongst humanity’s collective consciousness that has long driven a cultural terror of teeth and claws. Reasonable, one might think. No one would claim to be unfazed by the nature of a predator. The image of a tiger erupting from the shrubbery with lips curled and claws out would surely frighten any human as much as that of an alligator bursting forth from its underwater recluse, jaws open unyieldingly wide. Humans were not always the apex species on this planet, and the remnants of primeval fear remain embedded in our psyche. Reminders of an ancient dogma that has long since faded. Monsters in our cultural tapestries. Not all are treated the same, however. While lions have had their time in the shadows as maneaters, so also have they been cast under the sun as kings and gods. Wolves
14
I, SCIENCE
are vicious pack hunters, but also loving family units. Eagles are raptorial killers, and somehow remain symbols of strength and freedom. Not all predators have the luxury of redemption. Snakes are rarely depicted as anything but slithering, sinister creatures intent on causing harm. Crocodilians are ominous, dark shapes beneath the water’s surface, lurking just out of sight, ready to strike. Sharks are almost mechanically efficient at killing, tracking down their quarry from miles away. They are all animals, though. None of them are truly good or truly evil. They simply are. So why is it that we find some of these predators not only worth fearing, but worth worshipping? Why do some feel irredeemable, while others can rise above an imagined inherent malevolence? There may be a simpler answer to this than one might expect. Warmth. Let us return to the dragons of old. Which ones are worshipped, and which ones are feared? Be it a matter of correlation or causation, a glance over the vast number of religious and cultural depictions of the beasts provides an answer to this question: the ones with warm-blooded traits. Fur and feathers. The feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl brought brightness, vitality, and fertility with it as it flew over Teotihuacan, while the dark, scaly form of Nidhogg gnawed on the corpses of the sailors it dragged into the ocean. Zhulong illuminated the world with its thick mane and mammalian crown, while the giant snake Apophis brought chaos and darkness as it swallowed the Sun. Our comfort in warmth and our fear of its absence has painted our stories and myths with an endothermic-centric brush. And of course, we are endotherms. We are warm-blooded. We generate heat through our very simplest act of living, our bodies operating millions of cellular furnaces, burning through our consumed fuel in an effort to keep us going. We find comfort in that which behaves like us – and we find ways to envelop our fear of predation by way of assimilation. We domesticated
wolves and wildcats. We idolised lions and bears. We sing praise to hawks and owls. But those unlike us? Creatures cold-blooded in physiology? Ectotherms are othered. Shunned from the light of human veneration. Their cold scales, unblinking eyes, and primordial appearances feel too distant, too alien. There are the rare instances of true adoration for these animals in specific cultures, but rarely without an element of fear. Understanding why humanity has an innate fear of these specific features amongst the animal kingdom is a vital step to take in learning how to not only coexist, but thrive alongside all our planet’s creatures, whether they are adorned with scales, feathers, or fur. In reality, these species are all individually different from each other, and imposing human qualities onto them is rarely productive or valuable, especially when those qualities imply moral value. A predator is not evil because it takes life – it is fulfilling a role in an ecosystem, nothing more, nothing less. The predators that exist closer to humanity on the vast taxonomic tree of life are not any more worthy of moral high-standing than those further away. The world we live in is vast and complex, and every species on it is worthy of our respect.
“They are all animals, though. None of them are truly good or truly evil. They simply are."
artwork: Patryk Starzykowski Pull Quote artwork: Sophie Burley
