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Number 3 July-September
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Why the Arpanet Was Built
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~ñnals of the Hlstory of Computlng
Departments
67
Editor In Chlef Jeffrey R. Yost
Interviews
Assoclate Editor In Chlef
David Walden, Editor Willis H. Ware
74
Atsushi Akera
Senlor Consulting Edltors Thomas J. (Tim) Bergin Paul E. Ceruzzi David Alan Grier
Anecdotes Elizabeth
(Jake) Feinler
Host Tables, Top-Level Domain Names, and the Origin of Dot Com
80
Akera, Editors
Events and Sightings Chigusa Kita, Editor
History of Computers Exhibition at Hiroshima City Library The Vintage Computer Festival East 7.0 Obituary: Gary Chapman
88
Assoclate Edltors Janet Abbate Eden Medina Andrew Russell
Reviews feffrey R. Yost and Atsushi
82
Consulting Editor Luanne Johnson
Yhink Piece Gustav Sjóblom Control in the History of Computing: Making an Ambiguous Concept Useful Computer
Society Information,
p. 54
Articles appearing in this joumal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Llfe. All full-Iength artícles published in this joumal are peer reviewed.
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Security Vulnerabilities in the Same-Origin Policy: Implications and Alternatives
Securing
of Things
The Internet ofThings offers a vision of extreme
interconnectionthat willbringunprecedented convenience and economy, but ensuring its safe and ethical use willrequire novel approaches.
60
Sticky Policies: An Approach for Managing Privacy across Multiple Parties Siani Pearson and MarcoCasassa Mont The EnCoReproject has developed a technical solutionforprivacymanagement using machine-readablepoliciesthat isapplicable ina broad range ofdomains.
PERSPECTIVES
69
Trends in Server Energy Proportionality Frederick Ryckbosch,Stijn Polfliet, and LievenEeckhout Serverenergy proportionality,as quantifiedby the proposed EPmetric,has improved
:significantly,from 30-40 percent in 2007 to '
and Ernesto Damiani The SecureSCMproject demonstrates the practical applicability of secure multiparty computation to online business collaboration.
the Internet
Rodrigo Roman,Pablo Najera, and Javier Lopez
Secure CoUaborative SupplyChain Management FlorianKerschbaum, AxelSchropfer, Antonio ZiIIi,RichardPibernik, Octavian Catrina, Sebastiaan de Hoogh, BerrySchoenmakers, Stelvio Cimato,
,,
51
Social Networks
Hossein Saiedian and Dan S. Broyles Thesame-originpolicyoverlyrestrictsWeb applicationdevelopmentwhilecreatingan ever-growinglistofsecurityholes,reinforcing the argument that the sOPis not an appropriatesecuritymodel.
,
FranciscoRocha,Salvador Abreu, and MiguelCorreia The boundarybetween the trusted insideand the untrusted outside blurswhen a company adopts cloudcomputing.Theorganization's applications-and data-are no longeronsite, fundamentallychangingthe definitionof a maliciousinsider.
Malicious and Spam Posts in Saeed Abu-Nimeh,Thomas M.Chen, and Omar Alzubi Alarge-scalestudy ofmore than halfa million Facebookposts suggeststhat membersof onlinesocialnetworkscan expect a significant chariceofencounteringspam posts and a much lowerbut not negligiblechanceof comingacrossmaliciouslinks.
38
Confidentiality and Privacy
in the Cloud
Security and Privacy in an Online World
Online
29
44 The Final Frontier:
6UESTEDlTOR'SINTROOUCTION
RolfOppliger Mostofthe perimeter-orientedsecurity mechanismswe currentlyrelyon no longer workinan onlineworldwhere it's increasingly difficultifnot impossibleto definethe perimeterand separate the trusted insidefrom the untrustedoutside.Thearticlesincludedin thisspecialissueare intended to providea comprehensivepictureofthe security challengesand privacyconcernsthat apply to this newenvironment.
1-
eompute,.o, gleo mpute,
50-80percenttoday,but much morecan be done to movesystemscloserto ideal.
-
RESEARCHFEATURE
73
The Three
Rs of Cyberphysical
Spaces Vivek Menon, Bharat Jayaraman, and Venu Govindaraju Integrating recognition with spatiotemporal reasoning enhances the overall performance of information retrieval.
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Formore information on computing topies, visit the Computer Society Oigitallibrary at www.computer.org/csdl.
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Flagship
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Computer: http://computer.org/computer computer@computer.org IEEEComputer Society Publications Office: +1 714821 8380
September
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The Known World
MEMBERSHIP NEWS
LeisureScience David Alan Grier
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IEEE Computer Society Connection
32 & 16 Years Ago
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Call and Calendar
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Computer,September 1979and 1995 Neville Holmes
11 Patent Law
COLUMNS
93
Brian M. Gaff and Catherine
Social Computing Let's Gang Up on Cyberbullying
Ten Things to Know When Your Patent Application Is Allowed
Henry Lieberman, Karthik Dinakar, and BiragoJones
J. Toppin
97 Green IT
NEWS
14
2011, Volume 44, Number 9
Technology
Software Bloat and Wasted Joules: IsModularity a Hurdle to Green Software?
News
IPv6:AnyCloser to Adoption? Neal Leavitt
18 NewsBriefs
Suparna Bhattacharya, K.Gopinath, Karthick Rajamani, and Manish Gupta
102
Lee Garber
Onshore Mobile App Development: Successes and Challenges Christopher L. Huntley
ERRATA In "A Personal History of the IBMPe' (Aug. 2011, pp. 19-25), the publication in which the MITSAltair cover story appeared was incorrectly identified on page 19. The sentence should read as follows: "Widespread personal computing began with the publication of a cover story on the Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS)Altair in the January 1975issue of PopularElectronics." In "IBM PC Retrospective: There Was Enough Right to Make ItWork" (Aug. 2011, pp. 26-33), the manufacturer of the 6502 was incorrectly identified on page 28. The sentence should read as follows: "The three choices were Motorola, Intel, and the MOS Technology 6502." Computer regrets these errors.
In Development
106
Identity Sciences What Are 50ft Biometrics and How Can They Be Used? Karl RicanekJr. and Benjamin Barbour
112
The Profession Has Everything Been Invented? Qn Software Development and the Future of Apps Alessio Malizia and Kai A. Olsen
OEPARTMENTS 4 37 80 87
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Reuse Rights and Reprint Permissions: Educational or personal use of this material is permitted without fee. provided such use: 1) is not made for profit: 2) includes this notice and a full citation to the original work on the first page of the copy: and 3) do es not imply IEEE endorsement of any third-party products or services. Authors and their companies are permitted to post the accepted version of their IEEE-copyrighted material on their own Web servers without permission. provided that the IEEE copyright notice and a full citation to the original work appear on the first screen of the posted copy. An accepted manuscript is a version which has been revised by the author to incorporate review suggestions. but not the published version with copyediting. proofreading and formatting added by IEEE. For more information. please go to: http:// www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/paperversionpolicy.html.
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Permission to reprint/republish this material for commercial. advertising. or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to the IEEE Intellectual Property Rights Office. 445 Hoes Lane. Piscataway. NJ 08854-4141 or pubs-permissions@ieee.org. Copyright ÂŤ:> 2011 IEEE. AII rights reserved. Abstracting and Library Use: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy for private use of patrons. provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center. 222 Rosewood Drive. Danvers. MA 01923. IEEE prohibits discrimination. harassment. web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html.
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IEEE
September/October
2011
.
Volume 31, Number 5
.
FeatureArticles-
Published by the IEEEComputer Society
54
Context-Aware Motion Diversification
for CrowdSimulation
3o
Virtual Prototyping of Shoes TomKĂźhnert, Stephan Rusdorf, and Guido Brunnett
Qin Gu and Zhigang Deng Crowd simulation models typically focus on navigational pathfinding and local collision avoidance; little research
A proposed 3D user interface mimies a shoe designer's
has explored how to control individual agents' motions.
conventional work style. The methods and concepts
A proposed approach adaptively controls agents' motion
developed for this interface are applieable to other
styles to increase a crowd's visual variety. Experimental scenarios and user evaluations demonstrate the
areas-for
example, designing car interiors or cockpits.
approach's flexibility and capability.
43
A Responsive
Finite Element Method
to Aid InteractiveGeometric Modeling
66
Wait-Free Shared-Memory Irradiance Caching Kurt Debattista,
Piotr Dubla, LuĂs Paulo Peixoto
Nobuyuki Umetani, Kenshi Takayama, ]un Mitani, and Takeo Igarashi
dos Santos, and Alan Chalmers
Computer-aided
Parallelizing rendering algorithms to exploit
engineering systems use numerical
simulation methods mainly to reject undesirable
multiprocessor and multicore machines isn't
designs-not
However, integrating a real-time finite element method
straightforward. For example, the irradiance cache (IC) is an acceleration data structure that caches indirect
into interactive geometrie modeling can provide user
diffuse irradiance values. In multicore systems, threads
to guide users toward better designs.
guidance. During interactive editing, real-time feedback
must share the IC to achieve high efficiency. A novel
from numerieal simulation guides users toward improved
wait-free access mechanism significantly reduces
design without tedious trial-and-error iterations.
synchronization overhead.
Tutorial
18
Graph Analytics-Lessons and Challenges Ahead
Learned
Pak Chung Wong, Chaomei Chen, Carsten Gorg, Ben Shneiderman, ]ohn Stasko, and ]im Thomas lessons learned from developing four graph analytics applications reveal good research practiees and grand challenges for future research. The application domains inelude electric-power-grid analytics, social-network and citation analyties, text and document analyties, and knowledge domain analytics.
Cover art: Adversity
Conquered,
@2011 Georgia Wild
ISSN 0272-1716
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3 Fromthe Editor Comings, Goings, and a Contest, Gabriel Taubin
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Gary Singh
6 Visualization Viewpoints 2010 IEEEVisualization Contest Winner: Interactive Planning for Brain Tumor Resections
Page 6
Stefan Diepenbrock, ]org-Stefan Praftni, Florian Lindemann, Hans-Werner Bothe, and Timo Ropinski
14 Education Integrating User Studies into Computer Graphics-Related Courses Beatriz Sousa Santos, Paulo Dias, Samuel Silva, Carlos Ferreira, and ]oaquim Madeira
80 Graphically Speaking Carnival-Combining Speech Technology and Computer Animation MichaelA. Berger,GregorHofer,and Hiroshi Shimodaira
90 Applications Deco: A Design Editor for Rhinestone Decorations Yuki Igarashi
95 Tools and Products IEEEComputer Society Information, p. 79 Advertiser/Product Index, p. 94 For more information on computing topies, visit the Computer Society Digital Library at www.computer. org/csdl.
Page 30
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September/October 2011 Vol. 13, No. 5
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THIS
ISSUE
XMl Management for Bioinformatics Applications Lena Stromback and luliana Freire Scientific exploration has become a data-intensive process, and increasing amounts of data need to be stored, analyzed, and shared. XMLcan help address these needs. As concrete examples from systems biology show, native XMLstorage can be combined with traditional relational databases to offer an effective, usable solution for storing scientific data. Survey: Real-Time Tumor Motion Prediction for Image-Guided Radiation Treatment Poonam S. Verma, Huanmei Wu, Mark P. Langer, Indra l. Das, and George Sandison Tumor motion caused by patient breathing creates challenges for accurate radiation dose delivery to a tumor while sparing healthy tissues. Image-guided radiation therapy (lGRT)helps, but there's a lag time between tumor position acquisition and dose delivered to that position. An efficient and accurate predictive model is thus an essential requirement for IGRTsuccess. Climate Change Modeling: Computational Opportunities and Challenges Dali Wang, Wilfred M. Post, and Bruce E.Wilson High-fidelity climate models are the workhorses of modern climate change sciences. In this article, the authors focus on several computational issues associated with climate change modeling, covering simulation methodologies, temporal and spatial modeling restrictions, the role of high-end computing, as well as the importance of data-driven regional climate impact modeling.
Cover iIIustration: Giacomo Marchesi www.giacomomarchesi.com
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Computing in Science & Engineering aims to support and promote the emerging discipline of computational
Scalalab: An Effective Scala-Based Scientific Programming Environment for Java Stergios Papadimitriou, Konstantinos Terzidis, Seferina Mavroudi, and Spiridon Likothanassis Scala offers for many benefits for constructing scientific programming environments. Extending Scala with Matlab-like constructs enabled the creation of ScalaSci, a compiled mathematical scripting framework, and ScalaLab, an efficient integrated scientific programming environment. ScalaLab offers an interesting op~n source alternative to commercial packages, especially for the scientific community familiar with lava. Coupling Advanced Modeling and Visualization to Improve High-Impact Tropical Weather Prediction Bo-Wen Shen, Wei-Kuo Tao, and Bryan Green To meet the goals of extreme weather event warning, this approach couples a modeling and visualization system that integrates existing NASAtechnologies and improves the modeling system's parallel scalability to take advantage of petascale supercomputers. It also streamlines the data flow for fast processing and 3D visualizations, and develops visualization modules to fuse NASAsatellite data.
engineering
of computers and computational techniques
For more information
on these and other eomputing topies, please visit the IEEEComputer
in scientific
research and education. Every issue contains broad-interest theme articles, departments, news reports, and editorial comment. Collateral materials such as source code are made available electronically over the Internet. The intended audience comprises physical scientists, engineers, mathematicians, and others who would benefit from computational methodologies. AIIarticles and technical notes in CiSEare peer-reviewed.
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Society Digital Library at www.eomputer.org/publieations/dlib/.
science and
and to foster the use
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OCTOBER 2011 Voiume 31 Number 5 WWW.IEEECSS.ORG/PAB/CSM
»
FEATURES
54
L1Adaptive Control for Safety-Critical Systems Guaranteed robustness with fast adaptation NAiRA HOVAKiMVAN, CHENGVU CAO, EVGENV KHARISOV, ENRiC XARGAV, and IRENE M. GREGORV
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Cover credit: Ray MayerlNASA Langley; supporting photo Sean Smith/NASA Langley
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FROMTHE EDITOR Hidden Factbrs
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ABOUT THIS ISSUE Envelopes
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PRESIDENT'SMESSAGE Memories and Lessons from Adaptive Control
15
CSS NEWS
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FEEDBACK
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ASKTHE EXPERTS From Blue to Green
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TECHNICALCOMMITTEEACTIVITIES Teclmical Cornmittee on Control Education
Opti cont ates is pn MAT Rea QUA soft\ desi
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OEPARTMENTS
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PUBLlCATIONACTIVITIES The Impact of Control Technology
28
APPLlCATIONSOF CONTROL Position Control in Lithographic Equipment
48
PEOPLEIN CONTROL Enrique Zuazua Dragan Nesic
105
FOCUS ON EDUCATION Mechatronics Mania at the Inaugural USA Science and Engineering Festival
112
BOOKSHELF .el Adaptive Control Theory: Guaranteed Robustness with Fast Adaptation Optimal Control with Engineering Applications Book Announcements
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4 IEEECONTROLSVSTEMSMAGAZINEÂť OCTOBER2011
SEPTEMBER 2011
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MAGAZlNE
NUMBER3
ONTHECOVER: IMAGECOUR1ESYOF WWW.PUBUCOOMAlNPlCTURES.NET
Features EDlTOR-IN-CHIEF Dr. Mariusz Malinowski, Warsaw University 01 Technology, malin@ee.pw.edu.pl
6 High-Performance Motor Drives Development of New Converter Topologies Marian P. Kazmierkowski, leopoldo G.Franquelo, Jose Rodriguez, Marcelo A Perez, and Jose l. leon
PAST EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Dr. Marco Liserre, Founder 01the magazine, Politecnico di Bari, Italy
27 Advances of Mechatronics and Robotics
EDITORIAL BOARD Pro!. Kamal AI-Haddad Ecole de technologie superieur, Canada Pro!. Seta Bogosyan - Educational/Chapter News University 01Alaska Fairbanks, USA Prol. Bimal K. Bose University 01Tennessee, USA Dr. Chandan Chakraborty Indian Institute 01 Technology, India Dr. Michael W. Condry -Industry Forum Intel, USA Pro!. Hiroshi Fujimoto - New Products University 01Tokyo, Japan Pro!. Massimo Guarnieri - Historical Column University 01 Padua, Italy Prol. Okyay Kaynak Bogazici University, Turkey Pro!. Marian Kazmierkowski - Book News Warsaw University 01Technology, Poland Dr. Marco Liserre Politecnico di Bari, Italy Pro!. Kouhei Ohnishi Keio University, Japan Dr. Alberto Pigazo University 01 Cantabria, Spain Dr. Juan J. Rodríguez-Andina-Society News University 01 Vigo, Spain Dr. Thilo Sauter Austrian Academy 01 Sciences, Austria Pro!. Fernando da Silva - Book News . Technical University 01 Lisbon, Portugal Pro!. Bogdan M. (Dan) Wilamowski - Auburn University, USA Dr. Richard Zurawski Atut Technology, USA
Challenges and Perspectives Ren e luo and ViWen Perng
35 The Evolutionof Fadory and BuildingAutomation Past, Present, and Future Thilo Sauter, Stefan Soucek, Wolfgang Kastner, and Dietmar Dietrich
49 The New Frontier of Smart Grids An Industrial Electronics Perspective Xinghuo Yu,Carlo Cecati,Tharam Dillon,and M.Godoy Simoes
Departments and Columns 2
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MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
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Published by the IEEE Computer Society in cooperation with the IEEECommunications Society and IEEESignal Processing Society
Visual Content Identification and Search 8
Guest Editors' Introductlon }ian Lu, Xian-Sheng Hua, and Dong Xu
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Visual Reranklng: From Objectlves to Strategies Xinmei Tian and Dacheng Tao A study of the development of visual reranking methods can faeilitate an understanding of the field, offer a ciearer view of what has been achieved, and help overcome emerging obstacies in this area.
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Real-Time Video Copy-Location Detectlon in Large-Scale Repositories 80 Liu,Zhu Li,Linjun Yang, Meng Wang, and Xinmei Tian By exploring the temporal relationships inherent in video, a probabilistic framework can help identify and loeate copies of query videos.
Namlng People in News Videos with Label Propagatlon Phi The Pham, Tinne Tuytelaars,and Marie-FrancineMoens A faee-naming method that learns from labeled and unlabeled examples relies on iterative label propagation in a graph of eonnected faces or name-face pairs.
56
Dlscoverlng the Thematlc ObJect in Commerclal Videos GangqiangZhao, junsong Yuan,jiang Xu, and Ying Wu The thematie object in a eommercial video is representative of its contento The authors propose a datamining method for thematic object discovery in commercials by finding spatially eolloeated visual features.
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Vocabulary Hlerarchy Optimlzatlon and Transfer for Scalable Image Search Rongrongji, Hongxun Yao,Xing Xie, and Qi Tian
Weighted Subspace Filtering and Ranking Algorithms for Video Concept Retrleval Lin Lin, Chao Chen, Mei-Ling Shyu, and Shu-Ching Chen The proposed framework, with weighted subspace filtering and ranking components, is the first attempt in multimedia resear~h to apply multiple correspondence analysis to seleeted features while pruning data instances.
A vocabulary hierarehy optimization and transfer framework uses density-based metrie learning to correct quantization biases, without supervision. http://www.computer.org/multimedia
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Music Generation with Markov Models Walter Schulze and Brink van der Merwe By using music written in a certain style as training data, parameters can be calculated for Markov chains and hidden Markov models to capture the musical style of the training data as mathematical models.
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ENGINEERING FUN
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Engineering Fun Guest Editors' Introduction Clark Verbrugge and Paul Kruszewski
30
Improving Digital Game Development
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38 Journey: A Massively Multiplayer Online Game Middleware Alexandre Denault and J6rg Kienzle
46
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Strategies Facilitating
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67 A Survey on Open Source Software Trustworthiness Vieri del Bianco, Luigi Lavazza, Sandro Morasca, and Davide Taibi
76
Access Control in JavaScript
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INSIGHTS
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Technology Transfer: A Software Security Marketplace Case Study
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53
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HowWeLearnedto StopWorrying and LoveEmergence Chris Lewis and Jim Whitehead
MISCELLANEOUS 6 How to Reach Us 59
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EDITOR IN CHIEF ForrestShull tshull@computer.org EDITOR IN CHIEF EMERITUS: Hakan Erdogmus, Kalemun Research
ASSOCIATE EDITORS IN CHIEF Computing Now: Maurizio Morisio, Politecnico di Torino; maurizio.mori.sio@polito.it Design/Architecture:
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DEPARTMENTS
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Managing Montezuma Handling All the Usual Challenges of Software Development, and Making It Fun: An Interview with Ed Beach Forrest Shull
Testing Software Product Lines Paulo Anselmo da Mota SilveiraNeto, Per Runeson, Ivan do Carmo Machado, Eduardo Santana de Almeida, SilvioRomero de Lemos Meira, and EmelieEngstr6m
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12 On Architecture
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Unintentionaland UnbalancedTransparency
24
Remembering Ann Miller
Impact
Software Mileage
Grady Booch
Michiel van Genuchten and Les Hatton
14 Viewpoints NalvetĂŠ Squared: In Search of Two Taxonomies and a Mapping between Them Robert L. Glass and Iris Vessey
86
Software Technology Test Management Panos Louridas
92
Requirements RequirementsTracery Olly Gotel and Stephen Morris
96
Tools of the Trade FakingIt Diomidis Spinellis
Insightsand ExperienceReports:LindaRising, consultant;Iinda@lindarising.org HumanandSocialAspects: Margaret-Anne (Peggy)Storey,University 01Victoria, Canada;mstorey@uvic.ca Management:JohnFavaro,Intecs;john@lavaro.net ProgrammingLanguagesand Paradigms: LaurenceTrall,Middlesex University; laurie@trall.net Processes:WollgangStrigel,consultan!; strigel@qalabs.com Quality:AnnieCombelles, DNVlQ-Labs; annie.combelles@dnv.com Requirements:NeilMaiden,CityUniversity London;cc559@soLcity.ac.uk JaneCleland-Huang, DePaulUniversity; jhuang@ctLdepaul.edu
DEPARTMENT EDITORS Bookshell:ArtSedighi,SoftModule CareerDevelopment:PhilippeKruchten, University 01BritishColumbia Impact:MichielvanGenuchten, OpenDigitalDentistry LesHallon,KingstonUniversity OnArchitecture:GradyBooch,IBMResearch PragmaticArchitect:FrankBuschmann, Siemens Requirements:NeilMaiden,CilyUniversity London SoftwareTechnology:ChristolEbert,Vector Tools01the Trade:DiomidisSpineilis, AthensUniversity 01Economics andBusiness Voice01Evidence:ToreDyb1\,SINTEF HelenSharp,TheOpenUniversity
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A PUBlICATION OF THE IEEESOClETY ON SOCIAL IMPlICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 30
I NUM~ER 3 I FALL2011 I http://ieeessit.org/technology_and_society/
SPECIALISSUEON ISTAS2010: THE FALLOUT FROM EMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES Guest Editors: Katina Michael and M.G. Michael
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ID Scanners in the Australian Night- Time Economy * DarrenPalmer,lan Warren,andPeterMiller
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WorkplaceConsequencesof ElectronicExhibitionismand Voyeurism* WilliamA. Herbert
34
Continuous RFID-Enabled Authentication: Privacy Implications* StanKurkovsky,EwaSyta,and BernardoCasano ,
42
Regulating Beyond Nanotechnology* LyriaBennettMoses
49
Cyborg Rights * RogerClarke
FEATU RES 58
Privacy in the Age of Google and Facebook CatherineDwyer *Refereed (over
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11TRADING AT THE SPEED OF LlGHT The speed of financial transactions is reaching its theoreticallimits. By David Schneider
4 BACK STORY Our executive editor gets his shoes on the ground in Afghanistan to report on electrical reconstruction efforts.
6 CONTRIBUTORS
13 KILLER APPS FOR FAST NETWORKS 14 COMMENTARY: STEVE JOBS IN 4 STEPS
20 THE BIG PICTURE A new tidal energy turbine in Ireland produces electricity by going with the flow.
16 ROBOT DIARIES 18 SHOE POWER
OPINION 8 SPECTRAL LINES The effort to improve Afghanistan's electrical infrastructure has been even more troubled than the one in Iraq. BYSusan Hassler
ii::I
When you think wind turbines, you probably don't think whales. But by incorporating some structures inspired by humpback whale fins, one firm has built much more efficient turbines. And by copying the way fish swim in schools, a separate research team has figured out how to pack more turbines into wind farms. Such biomimicry could contribute to more affordable renewable energy.
28 TECHNICALLY SPEAKING To integrate the digital world and the real one, we need so me new words. By Paul McFedrles
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26 PROFILE A 13-year-old programmer teaches us a thing or two about philanthropy. By Susan Karlln 84 THE DATA What are the top programmlng languages? It depends on who's asking. By Rltchie S. Klng
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September 2011, Vol. 49, No. 9
OITlllUiJunication www.comsoc.org
MAGAZINE
... Director of Magazines Andrzej Jajszczyk, AGH U. of Sci. & Tech. (Poland) Editor-in-Chief Steve Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, Ine. (USA) Associate Editor-in-Chief Sean Moore, Centripetal Networks (USA) Senior Technical Editors Tom Chen, Swansea University (UK) Nim Cheung, ASTRI (China) Nelson Fonseea, State Univ. of Campinas (Brazil) Peter T. S. Yum, The Chinese U. Hong Kong (China) Technical
Sonia Aissa, Univ. of Quebee (Canada) Mohammed Atiquzzaman, U. of Oklahoma (USA) Paolo Bellavista, DEIS (Italy) Tee-Hiang Cheng, Nanyang Teeh. U. (Rep. Singapore) Sudhir S. Dixit, Hewlett-Paekard Labs India (India) Stefano Galli, ASSIA, Ine. (USA) Joan Garcia-Haro, Poly. U. of Cartagena (Spain) Admela Jukan, Teeh. Univ. Carolo- Wilhelmina zu Braunsehweig (Germany) Vimal Kumar Khanna, mCalibre Teehnologies (India) Janusz Konrad, Boston University (USA) Deep Medhi, Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City (USA) Nader F. Mir, San Jose State Univ. (USA) Amitabh Mishra, Johns Hopkins University (USA) Seshradi Mohan, University of Arkansas (USA) Glenn Parsons, Ericsson Canada (Canada) Joel Rodrigues, Univ. of Beira Interior (Portugal) Jungwoo Ryoo, The Penn. State Univ.-AItoona (USA) Hady Salloum, Stevens Institute of Teeh. (USA) Antonio Sรกnehez Esguevillas, Telefonica (Spain) Dan Keun Sung, Korea Adv. Ins!. Sci. & Teeh. (Korea) Danny Tsang, Hong Kong U. of Sci. & Tech. (Japan) Chonggang Wang, InterDigital Commun., LLC (USA) Alexander M. Wyg1inski,Worcester poly. Institute (USA) Series Editors Ad Hoe and SensorNelWorks Edoardo Biagioni, U. of Hawaii, Manoa (USA) Silvia Giordano, Univ. of App. Sci. (Switzerland) Automotive NelWorkingand Applieations Wai Chen, Te1cordia Teehnologies, Ine (USA) Luca Delgrossi, Mercedes-Benz R&D N.A (USA) Timo Koseh, BMW Group (Germany) Tadao Saito, University of Tokyo (Japan) Consumer Communieatons and NelWorking Madjid Merabti, Liverpool John Moores U. (UK) Mario Kolberg, University of Sterling (UK) Stan Moyer, Telcordia (USA) Design & Implementation Sean Moore, Avaya (USA) Salvatore Loreto, Ericsson Researeh (Finland) Integrated Circuitsfor Communieations Charles Chien (USA) Zhiwei Xu, SST Communieation Ine. (USA) Stephen Molloy, Qua1comm (USA) Network and ServieeManagement Series George Pavlou, U. College London (UK) Aiko Pras, U. ofTwente (The Netherlands) NelWorking Testing Series Yingdar Lin, National Chiao Tung University (Taiwan) Erica Johnson, University of New Hampshire (USA) Tom MeBeath, Spirent Communieations Ine. (USA) Eduardo Joo, Empirix Ine. (USA) Topies in Optical Communieations Hideo Kuwahara, Fujitsu Laboratories, LId. (Japan) Osman Gebizlioglu, Telcordia Teebnologies (USA) John Speneer, Optelian (USA) Vijay Jain, Verizon (USA) Topiesin RadioCommunkations Joseph B. Evans, U. of Kansas (USA) Zaran Zvonar, MediaTek (USA) Standards Yoiehi Maeda, NTT Adv. Teeh. Corp. (Japan) Mostafa Hashem Sherif, AT&T (USA) Columns Book Reviews Piotr Cholda, AGH U. of Sei. & Teeh. (Poland) History of Communieations Steve Weinsten (USA) Regulatory and Policr. Issues J. Seott Mareus, WIK (Gerrnany) Jon M. Peha, Carnegie Mellon U. (USA) Teehnology Leaders' Forum Steve Weinstein (USA) Very Large Projeets Ken Young, Telcordia Teehnologies (USA) Publications Staff Joseph Milizzo, Assistant Publisher Ene Levine, Associate Publisher Susan Lange, Online Produetion Mana,ger Jennifer Poreello, Produetion Speciahst Catherine Kemelmaeher, Associate Editor
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.IEEE ~ SOCIETV COMMUNICATIONS . =. ..
September 2011, Vol. 49, No. 9
Editors
www.comsoc.org/--ci QpTICAL FIBER-WIRELESSACCESS NETWORKS: ARCHITECTURESAND PERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTS S. GEBIZUOGLU. HIDEO KUWAHARA,VUAYJAlN, AND JOHN SPENCER
SERIES EDITORS: OSMAN
36 38
GUEST EDITORIAL NETWORK
CODING
IN NEXT-GENERATION
PASSIVE
OPTICAL
NETWORKS
The authors introduce the basic principies of NC and discuss their applicability to NG-PONs, with a focus on layer 2 design, Their example iIIustrations and simulations demonstrate significant potential performance improvements in various NG-PON scenarios while clarifying some underlying topological constraints of NC. KERIMFOULI,MARTINMAIER.ANDMURIELMร DARD -
48
POWERING THE TELEPHONE OVER OPTICAL LINKS FOR HIGH AVAILABILlTY, Low COST, AND SMALL CARBON FOOTPRINT
Providing power from the central office to telephone apparatus is used in copperbased systems to achieve high availability, low costoand low electricity power consumption. It is feasible to power the telephone at customer premises optically by sending optical power over the optical fiber connection. SALAHAL-CHALABI
56
INDOOR
OPTlCAL
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION: POTENTIAL AND STATE-OF-THE-ART
In recent years, interest in optical wireless (OW) as a promising
complementary technology for RF technology has gained new momentum fueled by significant deployments in sol id state lighting technology, The authors review recent advancements in OW communication. with the main focus on indoor deployment scenarios. HANY ELGALA,RAEDMESLEH,AND HARALDHAAS
64
HIERARCHICAL
FRAME
AGGREGATlON
TECHNIQUES
FOR HVBRID
FIBER-WIRELESS
ACCESS NETWORKS The authors consider the medium access control enhancements of emerging high-throughput WLANs and introduce a novel fiber-wireless (FiWi) backhaul network architecture that integrates the next-generation WLAN-based wireless mesh network and Ethernet passive optical network. NAVIDGHAZISAIDIAND MARTINMAIER
01
TOPICS IN RADIO COMMUNICATIONS SERIES EDITORS: JOSEPH EVANS AND ZORAN ZVONAR
74
GUEST EDITORIAL
76 ALOE: AN OPEN-SOURCE SDR EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT WITH COGNITIVE COMPUTING RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CAPABILlTIES
Future radio transceivers will offer more functionalities and system features for potentiating flexibleand reconfigurable radio access networks. Sinceflexibilityin this case comes at a price of computing resource overhead. The authors propose a conceptually simple though powerful framework for digital signal processing applications. ISMAEL GOMEZ. VUK MAROJEVIC. AND ANTONI GELONCH
84
IMPACT OF POLLlNG ON BLUETOOTH PICONET PERFORMANCE
Bluetooth has become a ubiquitous technology present in almost every electronic device. A question often asked by manufacturers and final users is whether it can be used for uses other than the ones for which it was designed with the fewest modifications in the implementation of the protocol. The authors analyze the impact on performance"Ofthe lowest levelsof the Bluetooth architecture through a relevant parameter known as the polling time. DAVID CONTRERASAND MARIO CASTRO
90
CONTROL
OF THE TRADE-OFF
BETWEEN RESOURCE
EFFICIENCY
AND
USER FAIRNESS
IN WIRELESSNETWORKSUSINGUTlLlTY-BASEDADAPTIVERESOURCE ALLOCATION The authorsaddressthe fundamentalproblemof the trade-offbetweenresource efficiency and user fairness in wireless networks that use opportunistic radio resource allocation, The concept of managing the trade-off by controlling the system fairness index is applied. In order to do that. two adaptive utility-based resource allocation frameworks are proposed. EMANUELB. RODRIGUES AND FERNANDO CASADEVALL
For Reg 762!
COMMUNICATIONS MIDDLEWAREFOR MOBILE DEVICESAND ApPLlCATIONS
2011 Communications Society Elected Officers Byeong Gi Lee, President Vijay Bhargava, President-Elect Mark Karol, IP- Technical Activities Khaled B. Letaief, IP-Conferences Sergio Benedetto, IP-Member Relations Leonard Cimini, IP-Publicaticns
GUEST EDITORS: GURUDUTH S.BANAVAR, PAOLO BELlAVISTA, RAvlKOTHARJ, ANDNAUNIVENKATASUBRAMANIAN
100 103
GUEST EDITORIAL GENERIC
INTERFACE ARCHITECTURE
MAHESH SOORIYABANDARA, TIM FARNHAM, PETRI MÁHÓNEN,
Robert Fish, Joseph Evans Nelson Fonseca, Michele Zorzi Class of 2012
114
Gerhard Fettweis, Stefano Gam Robert Shapiro, Moe Win
2011 IEEE Officers Moshe Kam, President Gordon W. Day, President-Elect Roger D. Pollard, Secretary Harold L. Aescher, Treasurer Pedro A. Ray, Past-Presiden! E. James Prendergast, Executive Director Nim Cheung, Director, Division III
124
USING AN OPEN-SOURCE
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: $27 per year print subscription. $16 per year digital subscription. Non-member print subscription: $400. Single copy price is $25.
IMPLEMENTATION FOR NETWORK-BASED
PUBLlSH/SUBSCRIBE DELAY-TOLERANT MESSAGE-ORIENTED MIDDLEWARE FOR RESILlENT COMMUNICATION
A CONTEXT REALlZATION FRAMEWORK FOR UBIQUITOUS ApPLlCATIONS WITH
RUNTIMESUPPORT Context awareness makes information technology invisible and seamless to people's daily living. As a result, numerous context frameworks have been developed for simplifying the development of context-aware applications by providing low-Ievel context data operations such as acquisitions and simple aggregations in terms of APls or toolkits. These frameworks are still falling short in requiring developers to explicitly deal with context-related tasks such as constraint enforcement in the application code. The authors present a framework to bridge the gap. JIANZHU,HUNGKENGPUNG,MOHAMMAD OLIVA,ANDWAI CHOONG WONG
EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: Address to: Editorin-Chief, Steve Gorshe, PMC-Sierra, lnc., 10565 S.W. Nimbus Avenue, Portland, OR 97223; tel: +(503) 4317440, e-mail: steve...J¡orshe@pmc-sierra.com. COPVRIGHT AND REPRINT PERMISSIONS: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. Copyright law for private use of patrons: those post-1977 articles that cany a code on the bottom of Ibe fIrst page provided the per copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint, or republication permission, write to Director, Publishing Services, at IEEE Headquarters. All rights reserved. Copyright @2011 byThe lnstitute of Electrical and Electronies Engineers, lnc. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to IEEE Communications Magazine, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. GST Registration No. 125634188. Printed in USA. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY and at additional mailing offices. Canadian Post lnternational Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40030962. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Frontier, PO Box 1051, 1031 Helena Street, Fort Eire, ON L2A 6C7
-
IEEE802.21
LOCALlZEDMOBILlTYMANAGEMENT The authors present ODTONE, an IEEE802.21 implementation that is operatingsystem-independent and open source, and offers a novel approach to interfacing with different link layers that facilitates the deployment of IEEE802.21 mobility mechanisms in multiple scenarios. DANIEL CORUJO, CARLOS GUIMARAES, BRUNO SANTOS, ANDRUIL. AGUIAR
PENG JIANG, JOHN BIGHAM, ELlANE BODANESE, AND EMMANUEL CLAUDEL
132
Magazine.
changes
MARINA PETROVA,
The authors describe a mobile middleware architecture using delay-tolerant network(DTN)technology,and publish/subscribe concepts.
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address
RESOURCE
JANNE RIIHIJÁRVI, AND ZHOU WANG
Stefano Bregni, V. Chan Iwao Sasase, Sarah K. Wilson Class of 2013
orders,
COGNITIVE
The authors present a new generic interface and APIarchitecture that has been developed and prototyped in several different wireless platforms.
Members-at-Large Class of 2011
SUBSCRIPTIONS,
SUPPORTlNG
MANAGEMENTIN FUTUREWIRELESSNETWORKS
TOPICS IN NETWORK TESTING GUESTEDITORS:YING-DAR UN, ERICAJOHNSON, AND EDUARDO Joo
142 144
153
162
EDITORIAL
MEASURING
THE BITTORRENT
ECOSYSTEM:
TECHNIQUES,
TIPS, AND TRICKS
BitTorrent is the most successful peer-to-peer application. In recent years the research community has studied the BitTorrent ecosystem by collecting data from real BitTorrent swarms using different measurement techniques. The authors present the first survey of these techniques. MICHALKRVCZKA, RUBÉN C'!EVAS, CARMEN GUERRERO, ARTURO AzCORRA, ANDANGELCUEVAS OEFMON: AN OPEN EVALUATlONFRAMEWORKFORMULTIMEDIAOVERNETWORKS The authors pro pos OEFMON, an open framework for evaluating the qua lity of multimedia transmissions over networks. SOOVONG LEE,BENLEE,ANDKVOUNGHEE LEE CHUNHO LEE,MVUNGCHUL KIM,SOONJ. HYUN,
IN PURSUITOF MASSIVESERVICEEMULATION:A METHODOLOGYFORTESTBED BUILDING Every day, more servicesin the Internet are being massivelyused, while network operators struggle to maiFltaintheir performance. Since simulations are not always accurate and evaluation prior to deployment is a must, it is often convenient to build an emulation testbed to test these servicesin more realistic environments.
IEEE
Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA; tel: +1-732-981-0060; e-mail: address.change@ieee.org. ADVERTISING:Advertising is accepted at the discretion of the publisher. Address correspondence to: AdvertisingManager, IEEE Communil:ationsMagazine, 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016. SUBMISSIONS:The magazine welcomes tutorial or survey artieles that span the breadth of communications. Submissionswill norrnallybe approximately 4500 words, with few mathematical formulas, accompanied by up to six figures and/or tables, with up to 10carefulIy selected references. Electronic submissions are preferred, and should be sumitted through Manuscript Central http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/commag-ieee. Instructions can be found at the following:http://dl.comsoc.org/livepubslcil/info/sub pidelines.html. For further information contact Sean Moore, Associate Editor-inChief (smoore-phd@ieee.org). AII submissions will be peer reviewed.
GUEST
ALBERTOÁLVAREZ,ROBERTO GARCIA,SERGIOCABRERO, XABIELG. PAÑEDA,DAVIDMELENDI, AND RAFAELOREA
169
ACCEPTEDFROM OPEN CALL ACHIEVINGAIRTIMEFAIRNESS OF DELAY-SENSITIVE ApPLlCATIONSIN MULTIRATE IEEE802.11 WIRELESSLANs In multirate IEEE802.11 wireless LANs,performance anomaly is a well-studied problem. Most existing solutions try to solve this problem by achieving airtime fairness. However, these solutions tend to increase the frame delay of so me stations. If these stations run delay-sensitiveapplications, e.g., VolPand video conferences, their qua lity of service would be seriously degraded. The authors introduce and classify the existing solutions. POCHIANG LIN,Wu-I CHOU,ANDTSUNGNAN UN
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