EnglightenmentAndAntiCapitalism

  

           

      

internationalsocialistpakistan@yahoo.com     www.worldtowinpk.net                         92-333-2298922 15

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    '     '                                                                                                          2

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                                              "                                                             "                                                                                                                                                                      "    "                                                                                       "                   '        '                         '                                                                                                                             '           3

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                                                '      '                                            '                 '      '                    '                      '                  ''        '                                                                                                                                                 '       '        '   '                           '     '                                                     ' '       '                                                         '                                    '      4

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                   '     '                              ' '     '        '                          '            '                                               '             '               '    '              '                           '                                             '                            '                                '  '               '     '                                                                              '   '                                                                5

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                                                            '              '             '    '                                                          "  "     "   "                                           "  "                                 ."                                                       "             "                                    "             "                                                             "    "                "                          '        "      "                                6

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                                           "                                     '                       '                                                '         '             '          '                  '                                       ---                                                                                         '        '                '      ''                     '                "             "                                                                    '  '     

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                                                                                              '   '     '                          '        '      '                                                                                                                                             '   '                 '                           '                                        "        "                                       '   '                  '                                              ''                                                        8

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            '                                                                                                   '   '               '               '                           '  '            '                    '                                       ''                                           '                       ' 9

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    '                        '      '          '     '                              '           ' '              '      '                    ''         '  '                                                                                                                                                                             '     '                       '   '                  '      '                                                     '           '                                                  ''                        10

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                                                    ''                      '  '                                         ''        '                                                             '                         '                                       '   ''                                                        '      '                                                              '   '                                          '          "    "                                 '          '                          '                                         '                11

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                          '      '   '                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           '          '      '          '       '   '    '   '                                   '       '   '  '   ' '  '  ' '                       12

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                                                                                                                                              '         '                                      ' '                                           '                '    '    –                                                                                                      '             '                 ' '                                                '                         ' '    '                                       '                                                    '                      '  13

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          ' '                                             " "'                                               '     '                     '        '  '  '      '             '               '     ''    ''        '                                        '         '  '       '         '                                                                                '              '   '                      '      '                    '                                                                                                                                                                       14

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                                           '                      '   '                                                                                      '       '                                   '                                                                                                                           '  '              '   –                '  ' '                                                             '        '   '  '     '                        '                         '             ' '    15

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  '                                   '                                                                                                                                                                             16

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 –                                                                                                                                          '                       '                                 '                      '                                   '                                '                      '    '  '                   '                 '                                                                                                                       –                                                                   '           '         17

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                                                                                                                                                                                                   '   '               NOTES 1: B Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, translated by S Shirley with an introduction by B S Gregory (Leiden, 1989), p53.

2: See N Davidson, ‘Islam and Enlightenment’, Socialist Review, March 2006.

3: I Kant, ‘Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?’, in Political Works, edited with an introduction and notes

by H Reiss, translated by N B Nisbet, second, enlarged edition (Cambridge, 1991), p54.

4: A Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence, edited by R L Meek, D D Raphael and P G Stein (Oxford, 1978), pp14, 16.

5: Lord Kames, Historical Law Tracts (Glasgow, 1758), p56.

6: M Hardt and A Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York, 2004), pp307, 311 and pp306-312 more generally.

7: B Spinoza, as above, pp297, 56.

8: Voltaire to D’Alembert, 2 September 1768, in Oeuvres Completes (Paris, 1880), vol 46, p112.

9: P M Siegel, The Meek and the Militant: Religion and Power across the World (London, 1986), p22.

10: D Outram, The Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1995), pp122-123; D Beales, ‘Social Forces and Enlightened Policies’, in Enlightenment and Reform in 18th-Century Europe (London and New York, 2005), pp9-10.

11: C-L de S Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, edited by D W Carrithers (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1977), p262.

12: G W F Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, translated from the third German edition by J Sibree (London, 1857), p95.

13: J G von Herder, ‘Letters for the Advancement of Humanity (1793-1797)—Tenth Collection: Letter 115’, in Philosophical Writings, translated and edited by M N Forster (Cambridge, 2002), p386.

14: C L R James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, revised edition (London, 1980), pp69-75; R Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776-1848 (London and New York, 1988), pp145, 169-176.

15: T Jefferson, ‘The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America, 4 July 1776’, in M Williams (ed), Revolutions, 1775-1830 (Harmond-sworth, 1971), p45. Jefferson later served as president of the United States between 1801 and 1809. There could be no starker illustration of the decline of bourgeois civilisation than a

18

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comparison between the magnificently resonant yet theoretically-informed prose of the Declaration and the utterances of the present incumbent of the post once occupied by Jefferson.

16: M Berube, ‘New Historicism, American Studies, and American Identity’, in Public Access: Literary Theory and American Cultural Politics (London and New York, 1994), p205.

17: T Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism (Oxford and Cambridge Massachusetts, 1994), p113.

18: M Foucault, ‘Truth and Power’, in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, edited by C Gordon, translated by C Gordon, L Marshall, J Mepham and K Soper (Brighton, 1980), p133.

19: P Chatterjee, ‘Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World’, in The Partha Chatterjee Omnibus (New Delhi, 1999), p168.

20: E M Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: a Longer View (London and New York, 2002), p190.

21: M Teich, ‘Afterword’, in R Porter and M Teich (eds), The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge, 1981), pp216-217. See also F Venturi, Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1971), p11.

22: A O Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests, Twentieth Anniversary Edition (Princeton, 1997), pp66, 128-135.

23: D Gordon, ‘On the Supposed Obsolescence of the French Enlightenment’, in D Gordon (ed), Postmodernism and the Enlightenment (New York and London, 2001), p204.

24: A Callinicos, Social Theory: a Historical Introduction (Cambridge, 1999), p56.

25: K Marx and F Engels, ‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’, in Political Writings, edited and introduced by D Fernbach (Harmondsworth, 1973), vol 1, The Revolutions of 1848, pp85,73.

26: K Marx, ‘Postface to the Second Edition’, in Capital: a Critique of Political Economy, translated by B Fowkes with an introduction by E Mandel (Harmondsworth, 1976), vol 1, p97.

27: F Engels, ‘Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy’, in Collected Works, as above, vol 26, p398.

28: V I Lenin, ‘The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism’, in Collected Works (Moscow, 1960-70), vol 15, p29.

29: L D Trotsky, Literature and Revolution, introduced by L German (London, 1991), p225.

30: G Stedman Jones, An End to Poverty? A Historical Debate (London, 2004), p235.

31: K Marx, ‘On the Jewish Question’, in Early Writings, introduced by L Colletti, translated by R Livingston and G Benton (Harmondsworth, 1975), pp218, 221.

32: F Engels, ‘Socialism: Utopian and Scientific’, in Collected Works, as above, vol 24, p286.

33: R May, ‘Threats to Tomorrow’s World’, anniversary address delivered by the President of the Royal Society, 30 November 2005 (London, 2005) pp4, 16-17, 23.

34: The Barna Update, ‘Americans Describe Their Views About Life After Death’, 23 October 2003, http:// www.barna.org/FlexPage.aspx?Page=BarnaUpdate&BarnaUpdateID=150 35: P Harris, ‘Would You Adam ’n’ Eve it…Dinosaurs in Eden’, Observer, 22 May 2005.

36: J Gray, Al Qaeda and What It Means to be Modern (London, 2003), p23.

37: B Ehrenreich, Bait and Switch: the Futile Pursuit of the Corporate Dream (London, 2006), p221. See also ch 5, ‘Networking with the Lord’.

38: T Adorno, ‘The Stars Down to Earth: the Los Angeles Times Astrology Column’, in The Stars down to Earth and Other Essays in the Irrational in Culture, edited with and introduction by S Crook (London, 1994), p115.

39: D McKenzie, ‘End of the Enlightenment’, New Scientist, 8 October 2005, pp41, 43.

40: G Achcar, The Clash of Barbarisms: September 11 and the Making of the New World Disorder, translated by P Drucker (New York, 2002), p89 and pp85-89 more generally.

41: ‘The Root of All Evil?’, broadcast on 9 and 16 January 2006, on Channel 4.

42: K Marx, ‘A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Introduction’, in Early Writings, as above, p244. Several non-Marxist radicals have been quicker to realise what Marx was actually saying than those who simply assimilate him to the Enlightenment. See, for example, G Orwell, ‘Notes on the Way’, in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, edited by S Orwell and I Angus (Harmondsworth, 1970), vol 2, p33, and M Foucault, ‘Iran: the Spirit of a World without Spirit’, in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings, 1977-1984, translated by A Sheridan and others, edited with an introduction by L D Kritzman (New York and London, 1988), p218.

43: For a brief discussion of parallels between the views of Engels and Freud on religion, see P N Siegel, The Meek and the Militant, as above, pp37-38.

44: S Freud, ‘The Future of an Illusion’, in The Freud Reader, edited by P Gay (New York and London, 1995), p716.

45: R Dawkins, ‘Preface’, in Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder (London, 1988), pxi.

46: Rationalism in art can of course avoid the problem expressed here in science, as has been recently demonstrated

by Phillip Pullman’s great trilogy, His Dark Materials (1994-2001).

47: A Dorfman, ‘Childhood as Underdevelopment’, in The Empire’s Old Clothes: What the Lone Ranger, Babar and

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Other Innocent Heroes do to Our Minds (London, 1983), pp3-5.

48: Fisk encountered the phrase on the reverse of a campaign medal struck during the First World War and awarded to his grandfather. See R Fisk, The Great War for Civilization: the Conquest of the Middle East (London, 2005), pix.

49: A Massie, ‘The Trial of Christopher Hitchens’, Scotland on Sunday, 18 July 2003.

50: C Hitchens, ‘Against Rationalization’, in Love, Poverty and War: Journeys and Essays (London, 2005), p413.

51: C Hitchens, Regime Change (Harmondsworth, 2003), p56. The conjunction of Islam and fascism had first been made by Fred Halliday in his reports from revolutionary Iran in 1979, although far more tentatively than Halliday was later to claim. Compare the parallels which Halliday actually draws in passing in ‘The Revolution Turns to Reaction’, New Statesman, 17 August 1979, p264, and his subsequent claims to have identified ‘Islam with a Fascist Face’ in ‘The Iranian Revolution and its Implications’, New Left Review I/166 (November/December 1987), p36-37.

52: N Cohen, ‘By the Left…about Turn’, Observer, 14 December 2003.

53: N Cohen, ‘I Still Fight Oppression’, Observer, 7 August 2005.

54: E Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France and on the Proceedings of Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event, edited with an introduction by C C O’Brien (Harmondsworth, 1968), pp248-249. Elsewhere Cohen describes ‘the restoration of the Islamic Caliphate’ as ‘a dream as impossible as communism’. See ‘The Second Battle of Stalingrad’, in Pretty Straight Guys (London, 2003), p124.

55: F Wheen, How Mumbo Jumbo Conquered the World, as above, ppvii-xiv, ch 1, pp309-310.

56: N Cohen, ‘The Second Battle of Stalingrad’, as above, p104.

57: O O’Neill, ‘A Right to Offend?’, Guardian (MediaGuardian), 13 February 2006.

58: M Kettle, ‘When it was no Longer Sweet and Noble to Kill for the Cause’, Guardian, 11 February 2006.

59: F Halliday, ‘Fundamentalism and Political Power’, in Two Hours that Shook the World: September 11, 2001: Causes and Consequences (London, 2002), p67.

60: R Burns, ‘A Man’s a Man for a’ That’, in The Canongate Burns, introduced by A Noble, edited by A Noble and P S Hogg (Edinburgh, 2001), p512.

61: W Wordsworth, ‘To Toussaint L’Ouverture’, in T Paulin (ed), The Faber Book of Political Verse (London, 1986), p229.

62: B Ehrenreich, ‘For the Rationality Debate’, http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/ehrenrationpiece.html 63: Quoted in K D Bracher, The German Dictatorship (Harmondsworth, 1970), p10.

64: L D Trotsky, The History of the Russian Revolution (London, 1977), p1191.

65: T W Adorno and M Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment (London, 1986), pp6, 24, 83.

66: B Dylan, ‘Love minus Zero/No Limit’, in Lyrics: 1962-1985 (London, 1985), p260.

67: A Callinicos, Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique (Houndmills, 1989), pp168, 170.

68: A Sokal and J Bricmont, Intellectual Impostures: Postmodern Philosopher’s Abuse of Science (London, 1998), pp187-194.

69: M Foucault, Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, translated from the French by A Sheridan (Harmond-sworth, 1979), p222. For parallels between Adorno and Foucault, see A Honneth, ‘Foucault’s Theory of Society: a Systems-Theoretic Dissolution of the Dialectic of Enlightenment’, in M Kelly (ed), Critique and Power: Recasting the Foucault/Habermas Debate (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1994), pp177-181.

70: G Deleuze and F Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, translated by R Hurley, M Sean and H R Lane (New York, 1977), p112.

71: Quoted in P Berman, A Tale of Two Utopias: the Political Journey of the Generation of 1968 (New York, 1996), p296.

72: S Harding, ‘A World of Sciences’, in R Figuera and S Harding (eds), Science and Other Cultures: Issues in Philosophies of Science and Technology (London and New York, 2003), pp52, 57, 61.

73: C Mouffe, ‘Radical Democracy’, in A Ross (ed), Universal Abandon: the Politics of Postmodernism (Minneapolis, 1988), p38. ‘Oakeshott was a scoundrel’, according to E P Thompson as reported by P Anderson, ‘In Memoriam: Edward Thompson’, in Spectrum (London and New York, 2005), p187.

74: J-F Lyotard, ‘The Wall, the Gulf and the Sun: a Fable’, in Political Writings, translated by B Readings with K P Geitman, foreword and notes by B Readings (London, 1993), p114.

75: V Havel, ‘The End of the Modern Era’, New York Times, 1 March 1992.

76: J Sanbonmatsu, ‘Postmodernism and the Corruption of the Academic Intelligentsia’, The Socialist Register (2005), p198.

77: R Burbach, Globalisation and Postmodern Politics: from Zapatistas to High-Tech Robber Barons (London and Kingston, Jamaica, 2001), pp10, 11.

78: Notes from Nowhere, ‘Emergence’, in Notes from Nowhere (eds), We are Everywhere: the Irresistible Rise of Global Anticapitalism (London and New York, 2003), p23.

79: L Laudan, Science and Relativism: Some Key Controversies in the Philosophy of Science (Chicago, 1990), p163.

80: E Wilson, ‘Rewinding the Video’, in Hallucinations: Life in the Post-Modern City (London, 1988), pp208-9.

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81: R Wolin, The Seductions of Unreason: the Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmod-ernism (Princeton and Oxford, 2004), p160.

82: C Sheehan, ‘A New World is Possible’, http://www.worldsocialforumlive.org/?p=27#more-27 posted on 26 January 2006.

83: J L Simon, ‘What Does the Future Hold? The Forecast In a Nutshell’, in J L Simon (ed), The State Of Humanity (Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1995), pp648, 659.

84: T Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights (Cambridge, 2002), pp97, 98.

85: E Leslie, Walter Benjamin: Overpowering Conformism (London and Sterling, Virginia, 2000), pp178, 231.

86: M Horkheimer, ‘The End of Reason’, in The Essential Frankfurt School Reader, edited with introductions by A Arato and E Gebhardt (New York, 1978), p30.

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