MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS JERUSALEM
I s r a e l ’s S t o r y in Maps
world-wide attention – on the part of the media, academia, political and governmental institutions, NGOs, religious groups, the business world, and the public at large. With the passage of time, some of Israel's critics have increasingly allowed their approach to the problem to be shaped by myths, slogans, prejudices and lack of knowledge, rather than by solid facts. This has been seen, for example, in matters pertaining to the territories in dispute between Israel and the Palestinians: the historical background is often either unknown or ignored. Moreover, even when dealing with the present situation – the problem of terrorism, regional dangers, and the impact of topography on borders – the context is often not taken into account. The purpose of this publication is to provide factual and background material through maps and graphs which address key aspects about Israel, the Arab-Israel conflict, and the peace process. This publication does not presume to address all issues, but does address many of them. It is hoped that through the illustrations and data provided here, a better and more factual understanding – of past events, the present reality, and future opportunities for peace – may be achieved.
Jerusalem, 2006
INTRODUCTION
The Arab-Israel conflict and the peace process have for decades been a focus for
The Kingdoms of David and Solomon (1077–997 BCE) The Herodian Period (30 BCE to 70 CE)
.7
............................. 8
Jews in the Land of Israel – (7th -11th Centuries)
............. 9
.......... 25
Israel-Syria – Disengagement Agreement (May 1974) Interim Agreement with Egypt (1975)
..... 25
................................... 26
Peace Treaty with Egypt and Sinai Redeployment (1980 – 1982)
PRE-STATE MAPS
...................................... 26
Israel’s Disengagement Plan (2005) ............................................27
Setting the Southern Border (1906)
......................................... 10
Setting the Northern Border (1916 – 1923) British Mandate
Golan Heights – Cease-Fire Lines (October 1973)
24
CONTENTS
Yom Kippur War Cease-Fire Lines (October 24, 1973)
ANCIENT MAPS
.........................11
MODERN DAY ISRAEL
................................................................................ 12
Separation of Transjordan (1922) UN Partition Plan (1947)
............................................. 13
............................................................. 14
Israel and the Region ...................................................................... 28 Israel (within boundaries and cease-fire lines) ..................... 29 Jerusalem ............................................................................................ 30 Old City of Jerusalem
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS Armistice Lines (1949–1967) The Frontier with Syria
Judea and Samaria
..................................................... 15
Golan Heights
................................................................... 30
......................................................................... 31
....................................................................................32
................................................................ 16
Armistice Agreement with Jordan (1949)
............................. 17
Jewish Communities Lost in the War of Independence
18
TERROR MAPS
.......... 19
Major Terror Attacks – 1948–1967
......................................... 33
Events Leading to the Six Day War (1967) ........................... 20
1967–1993
......................................... 36
Israel After the Six Day War (June 10, 1967)
.................... 21
1993–2000
......................................... 39
............................. 22
2000–2005
......................................... 41
Jerusalem Before the Six Day War (1949 – 1967)
Jerusalem After the Six Day War (1967) Old City of Jerusalem
................................................................... 23
Israel’s Security Fence vs. Terrorism ......................................... 50 5
CONTENTS
THREATS & TOPOGRAPHY Regional Threats to Israel
............................................................ 51
Samarian Highlands Cross Section Israel’s Narrow Waistline
.......................................... 52
............................................................ 53
Golan Heights Cross Section ...................................................... 54 Kassam and Katyusha Threat ...................................................... 55
SIZE COMPARISONS Israel – Argentina ..............................................................................56 Israel – Australia ...............................................................................56 Israel – Canada ................................................................................ 57 Israel – China .................................................................................... 57 Israel – France .................................................................................. 58 Israel – Germany ...............................................................................58 Israel – India ...................................................................................... 59 Israel – Italy ........................................................................................59 Israel – Mexico ................................................................................. 60 Israel – Poland ................................................................................... 60 Israel – Russia .................................................................................... 61 Israel – Spain .....................................................................................61 Israel – United Kingdom ............................................................... 62 Israel – United States .........................................................................62 6
King David ruled Israel from 990 BCE to 968 BCE; and his son Solomon ruled after him until 928 BCE. David enlarged his kingdom and brought it to the peak of political and military power. Solomon “ruled over all the kingdoms west of the Euphrates River from Tiphsah to Gaza; he was at peace with all his neighbors” (I Kings,4:24).
Mediterranean Sea
Damascus Dan
Beit Shean
Jerusalem
ANCIENT MAPS
THE KINGDOMS OF DAVID AND SOLOMON (1077–997 BCE)
Amman
Gezer Gaza
Kingdoms of David and Solomon Modern Israel (within boundaries and cease-fire lines) Eztion Gaver
0 0
50 km 50 mi
7
ANCIENT MAPS
THE HERODIAN PERIOD (30 BCE TO 70 CE) King Herod, of Edomite extraction, was king of Israel from 40 BCE to 4 BCE. He was appointed by Rome and conquered the kingdom from the Hasmoneans. When Augustus became the Roman Caesar in the year 30 BCE, Herod convinced him of his loyalty, and Augustus rewarded him by adding Jericho, the coastal region south of Dor and the region east of the Sea of Galilee. In 23 BCE, he was given the Bashan, Horen, and Tarchon regions, and three years later, the Golan Heights.
Mediterranean Sea
Tiberias Kanata
Abila Dora
Skitopolis Sebasti
Philadelphia
Jerusalem Ashkelon
Gaza Kingdom of Herod Modern Israel (within boundaries and ceasefire lines) 0 0
8
50 km 50 mi
JEWS IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL (7TH – 11TH CENTURIES)
40 km
0
40 mi Tyre
Modern Israel (within boundaries and cease-fire lines)
Banyas
Dalton Gush Halav Biriyah Safed Kfar Hananya Iablin Tsipori Tiberias
After the death of Emperor Julian II, in 363 CE, most of the Jewish settlements in the south were destroyed. The Jews remained mainly in the Galilee and in the larger cities.
Kfar Mandi
Mediterranean Sea
Acre Haifa
Hoseifa
Ein Ganim Caesaria
ANCIENT MAPS
0
Nablus
Jaffa Amman
Lod
Jericho
Ramla Jerusalem
Yavne
Beit Guvrin Ashkelon Hebron Gaza
Rafiah El Arish
Jarba
Udruch
9
PRE-STATE MAPS 10
SETTING THE SOUTHERN BORDER (1906) Lord Cromer, Britain's agent in Egypt,wanted to change the border between the Ottoman Empire, which was under strong German influence, and Egypt, in order to push the Ottomans further away from the Suez Canal. In 1892, the Turks agreed to allow Egyptian guard stations near the Gulf of Eilat; in 1905, Lord Cromer tried to move the border. In April of 1906, the Turks were given an ultimatum – to set the border between Aqaba and Rafah. They proposed a compromise (El Aris – Ras Muhamed) but finally gave in to British pressure. The firm stand of the commander of the Turkish police station at Um Rashrash (today, Eilat) changed the starting point of the border from Aqaba to Taba, which became the international border between Israel and Egypt.
Beer Sheba
Mediterranean Sea
Rafiah El Arish
Kantara
Kosema
Bir Gafgafa
Suez Suez Canal Aqaba
Modern Israel (within boundaries and ceasefire lines) Turkish Order Border of 1861 Gulf of Eilat
Jennings Proposal British-Turkish Agreement of Spring 1906 1906 Border 0
25 25 mi
A Tur
Sharm El-Sheik
Banyas
Syria
SETTING THE NORTHERN BORDER (1916 – 1923)
Lebanon
Kuneitra
Nahariya
Acre
Safed
Sea of Galilee
Haifa French-British Agreement 1920 1923 Border
Tiberias
In May 1916, France and Great Britain signed an agreement known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement in which the claims of both sides to the Levant were set down, and areas of administration and influence were determined. Until 1923, the sides were involved in hard bargaining, with the British insisting on two principles: control of the area delineated in the Bible, “from Dan to Beer Sheba;” and control of Israel’s water sources, e.g., the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee.
PRE-STATE MAPS
Metullah
Mediterranean Sea
Sykes-Picot Agreement Modern Israel (within boundaries and cease-fire lines) 0 0
10 km 10 mi
11
PRE-STATE MAPS
BRITISH MANDATE In 1920, the San Remo Peace Conference gave Great Britain the mandate for the Land of Israel and Transjordan. In 1921, the British decided to decrease the size of the Jewish national home and to take Transjordan away from it.In 1922, Churchill published the White Paper on this subject. Later that year, the League of Nations approved the changed mandate, which took effect in 1923.
Mediterranean Sea
Syria (French Mandate)
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
British Mandate
Egypt
0 0
12
80 km 80 mi
Syria (French Mandate)
Mediterranean Sea
Iraq
Transjordan
PRE-STATE MAPS
SEPARATION OF TRANSJORDAN (1922)
Saudi Arabia
British Mandate
Egypt
Area Separated and closed to Jewish settlement, 1921 Area ceded to Syria, 1923 Area remaining for Jewish National Home 0 0
80 km 80 mi
13
PRE-STATE MAPS 14
UN PARTITION PLAN (1947) In 1947, Great Britain relinquished to the UN the power to make decisions relating to the status of the Land of Israel. The General Assembly appointed a special committee that collected evidence and decided unanimously that Israel should be granted independence. Most of the committee members favored partitioning the land into two states, a Jewish state and an Arab state, with Jerusalem under international supervision. On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly accepted the partition resolution, 33 to 13.
Syria
Mediterranean Sea Haifa
Tel Aviv Jaffa Jerusalem
Jordan
Beer Sheba
Egypt
Acquired by Israel Acquired by Jordan Demilitarized Zone No man’s Land Syrian Occupied Jordanian Occupied
0 0
40 km 40 mi
Egyptian Occupied
In the spring and summer of 1949, agreements were signed between Israel and its neighbors establishing Israel’s armistice lines. To some extent, these lines overlapped the borderline of Palestine during the British Mandate period, or they were close to it, with the exception of the Judea and Samaria region, and the surrounding area of the Gaza Strip. These lines were drawn up, on the assumption that they would be temporary, and would be replaced within a few years by permanent borders. Much of the international border between Mandatory Palestine and Egypt became the armistice line between Israel and Egypt. The armistice line with Lebanon was close to the international border that existed during the British Mandate period, and overlapped it. These two lines did not correspond to the battle frontlines as they existed during the cessation of hostilities, and Israel withdrew in both cases to the mandatory borderline, which became the armistice line. The armistice lines with Syria and Jordan closely corresponded to the frontlines.
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
ARMISTICE LINES (1949 – 1967)
Lebanon
15
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS 16
THE FRONTIER WITH SYRIA Syria became independent in 1946. When the State of Israel came into being in 1948, Syria invaded the new state, conquered the Banyas, the Mishmar Hayarden triangle, the Almagor triangle, the coast of Betiha, and the eastern bank of the Jordan River. In the armistice agreements of 1949, Syria agreed to withdraw its army from these areas and to turn them into demilitarized zones. In fact, Syria remained in the strips of territory that secured its hold on the banks of the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee, and the Banyas. Later, Syria conquered Hamat Gader and Nuqeib, north of Ein Gev These territories were under Syrian control until 1967 and facilitated its unceasing attacks against Israel.
Area acquired by Jordan No man’s land Jordanian occupied
Tel Aviv Jaffa Latrun Jerusalem
0 0
The armistice agreement with Jordan was signed in Rhodes with the help of UN mediation on April 4, 1949. The agreement states that this is a necessary step towards reestablishing peace in the Land of Israel, and emphasizes that in no way is the armistice line to be interpreted as a political or territorial border, nor does it constitute interference with the rights, claims, or positions of any side vis-à-vis the final settlement of the question of the Land of Israel. The agreement set the parameters for prisoner exchanges, demilitarized zones, no-man's land, and monitoring arrangements. In the framework of the agreement, Israel was given land in the Sharon and the Irone River areas, and sections of the Beit Shean Valley were exchanged.
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
ARMISTICE AGREEMENT WITH JORDAN (1949)
Area acquired by Israel
40 km 40 mi
17
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
JEWISH COMMUNITIES LOST IN THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE During the War of Independence, a number of Jewish communities were captured, mostly by the Jordanian army – Kibbutz Beit Ha-arava and Kalya north of the Dead Sea, the four kibbutzim of Gush Etzion west of Bethlehem, Atarot and Neve Yaakov north of Jerusalem, and the Jewish Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem. Kfar Darom, near Gaza, was captured by the Egyptian army. In addition, when the War of Independence broke out at the end of 1947, the remnant of the Jewish community of Hebron fled.
0
40 km
0
40 mi
Mediterranean Sea
Atarot Neve Ya’akov Jerusalem, The Jewish Quarter Kalya Masuot Yitzhak
Hebron
Kfar Darom
18
Revadim Ein Tzurim Kfar Etzion
Beit Ha’arava
Eastern Jerusalem, 1949-1967 Municipal Border, 1952 Neutral Territory - UN controlled or no-man’s-land Israeli area previous to Six Day War
Sanhedria
Mt.Scopus
Mea Shearim Beit Hakerem
Old City Mt. Herzl Yad Vashem
City Center Knesset Talbieh
German Colony Talpiot
0 0
1 km 1 mi
At the end of the War of Independence, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan. Armistice lines were determined in November 1948 by Moshe Dayan, Commander of the Jerusalem district, and Abdallah el-Tal, Legion Commander of the Jerusalem front. Between the lines drawn up by the two commanders, areas were left that were defined as no-man's-land. The area around Armon Hanatziv was used as UN territory, and Mount Scopus became an Israeli enclave that contained the Hebrew University, Hadassah Hospital and, officially, the village of Issawiyya. This map was adopted in April 1949 by the sides in an armistice agreement signed in Rhodes. The westernmost point between the two parts of the city was at the edge of the Musrara neighborhood, near the house of the Mandelbaum family, and thus was called “Mandelbaum Gate.”
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
JERUSALEM BEFORE THE SIX DAY WAR (1949-1967)
Israel-Jordan Armistice Line, 1949 - 1967
19
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS 20
EVENTS LEADING TO THE SIX DAY WAR (1967)
Advance of Lebanese Army
Egyptian blockade Israeli territory before Six Day War
The Six Day War was the first major Arab attempt since 1948 to destroy Israel. In November 1966, an Egyptian-Syrian Defense Agreement was signed, encouraging the Syrians to escalate tensions, which reached a climax in the spring of 1967. May 14: Egypt mobilized its forces in and around the Suez Canal. May 16: Egypt moved it forces eastward across the Sinai desert towards the Israeli border, demanding the withdrawal of UN Emergency Force (UNEF) stationed along the frontier. May 19:The Egyptians expelled the UN Emergency Force (UNEF) from the Gaza Strip and Sinai, and continued pouring its military forces into these areas. May 22: Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, constituting a casus belli for Israel. May 24-June 4: Answering the Egyptian call, the governments of Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Lebanon moved their forces toward the Israeli border. Israel mobilized its reserve forces, and launched a diplomatic campaign to win international support for ending the Egyptian blockade of Israeli shipping through the Strait of Tiran.
Lebanon Golan Heights
Advance of Syrian Army
Syria
Haifa
Mediterranean Sea
Samaria
May 19, 1967: UN forces withdraw from Sinai according to Egyptian demand.
Tel Aviv Jaffa
Jerusalem
Advance of Iraqi Army
Judea
Gaza Beer Sheba El Arish Abu Aweigila
Suez Canal
Advance of Jordanian Army Advance of Egyptian Army
Jordan Kuntilla Sinai Peninsula
Ras Al-Nagb Eilat Gulf of Eilat
Gulf of Suez
Egypt 0
40 km
Saudi Arabia
Sharm el Sheikh Strait of Tiran
0
40 mi
Advance of Saudi Arabian Army
Red Sea
Golan Heights
Syria
ISRAEL AFTER THE SIX DAY WAR (JUNE 10, 1967)
Haifa
Mediterranean Sea Samaria
Tel Aviv Jaffa
Jerusalem
Judea
Gaza Beer Sheba Suez Canal
Jordan
Sinai Peninsula
Eilat
Gulf of Suez
Gulf of Eilat
Saudi Arabia
Israeli territory before Six Day War
Egypt 0 0
Once it became clear that the diplomatic campaign had failed, and following Jordan’s participation in the EgyptianSyrian alliance, Israel launched action in self-defense against the massing threat from Egypt on June 5, 1967. Once Jordan and Syria initiated the fighting against Israel, the war also included those countries. In the course of the war, the Israeli forces reached the Suez Canal, and captured the territories of Judea and Samaria, as well as the Golan Heights – from which the Syrians had shelled Israel.
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
Lebanon
Under Israeli control after Six Day War
40 km 40 mi
Red Sea
21
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
JERUSALEM AFTER THE SIX DAY WAR (1967)
OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM .5 km
0
Israel-Jordan Armistice Line, 1949 - 1967
.5 m
0
Jerusalem Municipal Boundary after Six Day War Major Jewish suburbs since Six Day War
Herod’s Gate
Moslem Quarter
Neve Yaakov
Lion’s Gate
Damascus Gate
Pisgat Zeev
Temple Mount
Ramot Ramat Eshkol Sanhedria
Har Nof Beit Hakerem
French Hill Mt.Scopus
New Gate
Old City Mt. Herzl
Jewish Quarter
Jaffa Gate
Talbieh
Malcha
Christian Quarter
Western Wall
German Colony Talpiot
Al-A Al-Aksa Mosque Mos
Cardo
City Center Knesset
Yad Vashem
Dome of the Rock
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Mea Shearim
Golden Gate
Mt. of Olives
Jewish Quarter Citadel Dung Gate Gat Tower of David
East Talpiot
Armenian Quarter City of David Da
Gilo Har Homa
Zion Gate
0 0
22
1 km 1m
Mount Zion
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
A few days after the end of the Six Day War, on June 27, 1967, the Israeli Parliament passed a law that Israeli administration and jurisdiction apply to all the territory of Jerusalem acquired in the war. The following day, the Jerusalem municipal boundaries were extended to include eastern Jerusalem, as well as Atarot and Neve Yaakov in the north, and Gilo in the south.
23
ISRAEL CHANGING BORDERS 24
YOM KIPPUR WAR CEASE-FIRE LINES (OCTOBER 24, 1973)
Lebanon Israeli territory before Six Day War Under Israeli control after Six Day War
Mediterranean Sea
Syria
Haifa
Held by Egyptian Army
The Yom Kippur War began on October 6, 1973 when the combined armies of Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in the Suez Canal area and the Golan Heights. After a few days of hard fighting in which Egypt established itself on the eastern side of the Suez Canal and the Syrians captured most of the Golan Heights, the attack was halted and a counter-attack by IDF forces succeeded in pushing back some of the Egyptian forces, crossed the Canal and reached within 101 kilometers of Cairo. On the Golan Heights, the Syrian forces were repulsed completely and IDF forces captured an enclave in the northern Heights deep in Syrian territory, as well as recapturing Mount Hermon.
Golan Heights
Held by Israeli Army Samaria
Tel Aviv Jaffa
Jerusalem
Judea
Gaza Beer Sheba Suez Canal
Jordan
Sinai Peninsula
A cease-fire agreement was signed by Israel and Egypt on October 24, 1973. A separation-of- forces agreement was signed on January 18, 1974 in which the sides agreed to observe the cease-fire, made arrangements for the reduction of forces and established a UN emergency force in the demilitarized zone. Israeli forces withdrew to a distance of 20 kilometers east of the Suez Canal, and the Egyptian army withdrew most of its forces to the west of the Canal.
Eilat
Gulf of Suez
Gulf of Eilat
Egypt 0 0
40 km 40 mi
Red Sea
Saudi Arabia
Held by Israel Defense Forces after Yom Kippur War
Mediterranean Sea
Under Israeli control after Six Day War Israeli - Syrian border as agreed on in 1923 Damascus
Lebanon
Mt. Hermon
Syria
Mazraat Beit Jann
Banyas Kuneitra Kafr Shams
Safed
Sea of Galilee Tiberias
A disengagement agreement with Syria was signed in Geneva on May 31, 1974, and included, inter alia, the establishment of UN observers in the demilitarized zone, arrangements for a prisoner exchange, and IDF evacuation of the territory it took in the Yom Kippur War, as well as the city of Kuneitra, which was captured in the Six Day War.
Mediterranean Sea
Previous forward line of Israel Defense Forces Under Israeli control after Six Day War U.N. patrolled demilitarized zone Towns returned to Syria Damascus
Lebanon
Mazraat Beit Jann Mt. Hermon
Syria Jubbata Khan Erenbe
Banyas Kuneitra
Jeba Kafr Shams
Rafid
Safed
Sea of Galilee Tiberias
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
ISRAEL -SYRIA DISENGAGEMENT AGREEMENT (MAY 1974)
GOLAN HEIGHTS CEASE-FIRE LINES (OCTOBER 1973)
Jordan Jordan 0 0
10 km 10 mi
0 0
10 km 10 mi
25
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS 26
INTERIM AGREEMENT WITH EGYPT (1975)
An agreement was signed in Geneva in September 1975 in addition to the 1974 separation-of-forces agreement following the Yom Kippur War. The main points of the agreement were: Israeli withdrawal in Sinai to the eastern ends of the Mitla and Gidi Passes; creation of a UN-monitored buffer zone in the evacuated area; turning the previous buffer zone into Egyptian territory; Israeli withdrawal from the oil fields at Abu Rudeis and Ras Sudar. It was also agreed to open the Suez Canal to Israeli non-military cargo ships and to establish American early-warning stations in the area of the passes. The agreement was perceived as an important step towards a just and sustainable peace. The Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty was signed on March 26,1979, following the Camp David Accords of September 18,1978, which determined a framework for a peace treaty between both countries.The framework also set a timetable for establishing diplomatic relations and normalization between Israel and Egypt,as well as a timetable for IDF withdrawal from the line beginning east of El-Arish and extending to Ras Mohamed. The peace treaty tied up loose threads and included further Israeli withdrawal to the international border between the two states.
PEACE TREATY WITH EGYPT AND SINAI REDEPLOYMENT (1980 – 1982)
NORTHERN SAMARIA
Area A: Full Palestinian Control Area C: Former Israeli Control Former Israeli Community Palestinian Community Pre-1967 cease-fire-lines
GAZA STRIP
In August 2005, Israel disengaged from the Gaza Strip, and from four settlements in northern Samaria. This action, initiated by Prime Minister Sharon and endorsed by the Knesset, was an Israeli initiative designed to end the stalemate in the peace process after more than four years of terrorist bloodshed. Altogether 25 settlements were removed. This entailed a considerable sacrifice on the part of the nearly 9000 residents who had to leave their homes and livelihoods that they had built over the course of several decades. It also demonstrated Israel’s readiness to make major concessions for the sake of peace. Following disengagement, the Gaza Strip is under Palestinian jurisdiction. This constitutes a practical test of the Palestinian Authority’s intentions regarding peaceful coexistence. It could contribute to the renewal of peace talks and to the establishment of a Palestinian state alongside Israel as envisaged by the Roadmap, provided the Palestinians fulfill their obligations to end terrorism and incitement. However, the Hamas election victory in January 2006 undermines this possibility.
ISRAEL’S CHANGING BORDERS
ISRAEL’S DISENGAGEMENT PLAN (2005)
27
MODERN DAY ISRAEL 28
ISRAEL AND THE REGION
BOUNDARIES AND CEASE-FIRE LINES) Israel stands at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa. Geographically, it belongs to the Asian continent. Its western border is the Mediterranean Sea. To the north it is bound by Lebanon and Syria, to the east by Jordan and to the south by the Red Sea and Egypt. Long and narrow in shape, Israel is about 290 miles (470 km.) long and 85 miles (135 km.) across at its widest point. The total area of the State of Israel is 22,145 sq. km., of which 21,671 sq. km. is land area.
MODERN DAY ISRAEL
ISRAEL (WITHIN
29
MODERN DAY ISRAEL 30
JERUSALEM
OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, is located in the heart of the country, nestled among the Judean Hills. The city's ancient stones, imbued with millennia of history, and its numerous historical sites, shrines and places of worship attest to its meaning for Jews, Christians and Muslims.
Area A: Full Palestinian Control Area B: Palestinian Civil, Israeli Military Control Area C: Full Israeli Control
Jenin
Israeli Community
Hadera
Palestinian Community Pre-1967 cease-fire lines
Netanya Tulkarm
Jerusalem municipal boundaries
Elon Moreh Nablus Kfar Saba
Kalkilya
Ariel Tel Aviv Shilo
Ofra Beit El Ramallah Jericho Ma’ale Adumim
Jerusalem
Beit Shemesh
Bethlehem Kfar Etzion
Efrata
Based on agreements reached between Israel and the Palestinians in the 90s, arrangements for Palestinian self-government were established. The Palestinians rejected the proposals made at the Camp David Summit of July 2000, which would have resulted in the establishment of a Palestinian state in most of Judea and Samaria (as well as in the Gaza Strip). The Palestinians followed their rejection with a bloody terror campaign. Israel in 2003 accepted the Roadmap which would lead to the establishment of a Palestinian state alongside Israel, provided the Palestinians fulfill their obligations to end terrorism and incitement. The final status of Judea and Samaria - determining the borders between Israel and the Palestinian state, and those parts of Judea and Samaria which are to be correspondingly under Israeli and Palestinian jurisdiction - is to be resolved.
MODERN DAY ISRAEL
JUDEA AND SAMARIA
Hebron Kiryat Arba
0 0
10 km 10 mi
31
MODERN DAY ISRAEL
GOLAN HEIGHTS The Golan Heights are strategically important for several reasons: (a) Israeli presence in the Golan Heights provides a defensible border against invasion by land; (b) All of northern Israel is within range of direct artillery fire from the Golan Heights; (c) The Heights control the main water sources of the State of Israel. The Golan Heights have been under Israeli law, jurisdication, and administration since 1981.
32
Gonen Galilee Almagor
Mediterranean Sea
Haifa
Mt. of the Beatitudes Beit Netofa Afula Mesilot Hadera Givat Chaim Kfar Yona Kfar Hess
Netanya Neve Hadasah
Tel Aviv Jaffa
Jan 1, 1952 – Jerusalem: 7 armed terrorists attacked and killed a 19 year-old girl in her home in the neighborhood of Beit Yisrael.
Shafrir Lod
Jerusalem Mitzpe Massua
Ashkelon
Ramat Rachel
June 9, 1953 – Lod and Hadera: Terrorists killed a resident of Lod, after throwing hand grenades and spraying gunfire in all directions. On the same night, another group of terrorists attacked a house in Hadera.
Judean Desert
Zavdiel
June 11, 1953 – Kfar Hess: Terrorists attacked a young couple in their home and shot them to death.
Beit Govrin Tel Lachish Kisufum Patish
While the Palestinians claim that terrorism is a response to "occupation," the fact is that Palestinian terrorism predates Israel's presence in the territories. Numerous terrorist attacks murdered and maimed Israeli civilians during the two decades before 1967 (and even before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948). Therefore, terrorism was and still is nothing less than a tool intended to eventually bring about the destruction of Israel itself.
TERROR MAPS
MAJOR TERROR ATTACKS 1948 – 1967
Masada
Nir Yitzhak Ein Ofarim Maale Akrabim
Mar 17, 1954 – Maale Akrabim: Terrorists ambushed a bus traveling from Eilat to Tel Aviv, opening fire at short range. The terrorists boarded the bus, and shot each passenger, one by one, murdering 11. 33
TERROR MAPS
Jan 2, 1955 – Judean Desert: 2 hikers killed by terrorists.
Feb 18, 1957: Nir Yitzhak: 2 civilians killed by terrorist landmines.
Mar 24, 1955 – Patish: 1 young woman killed and 18 wounded when terrorists threw hand grenades and opened fire on a crowded wedding celebration.
Apr 16, 1957 – Kibbutz Mesilot: 2 guards killed by terrorists who infiltrated from Jordan.
Apr 7, 1956 – Ashkelon: 1 young woman killed when terrorists threw 3 hand grenades into her house. Apr 7, 1956 – Kibbutz Givat Chaim: 2 killed when terrorists opened fire on a car. Apr 11, 1956 – Shafrir (Kfar Chabad): 3 children and 1 youth worker killed, and 5 injured, when terrorists opened fire on a synagogue full of children and teenagers. Sep 12, 1956 – Ein Ofarim: Terrorists killed 3 Druze guards. Sep 23, 1956 – Kibbutz Ramat Rachel: 4 archaeologists killed and 16 wounded when terrorists opened fire from a Jordanian position. Oct 4, 1956 – Sdom: 5 Israeli workers killed. Oct 9, 1956 – Neve Hadasah: 2 workers were killed in an orchard of the youth village.
34
Nov 8, 1956: Terrorists opened fire on a train, attacked cars and blew up wells in the north and center of Israel. 6 Israelis were wounded.
May 29, 1957 – Kibbutz Kisufim: 1 killed and 2 wounded when their vehicle struck a landmine. Aug 23, 1957 – Kibbutz Beit Govrin: 2 guards of the Israeli Mekorot water company killed. Feb 11, 1958 – Kfar Yona: Terrorists killed a resident of Moshav Yanov. Apr 5, 1958 – Tel Lachish: Terrorists lying in ambush shot and killed 2 people. May 26, 1958 – Jerusalem: 4 Israeli police officers killed in a Jordanian attack on Mt. Scopus. Nov 17, 1958 – Mt. of the Beatitudes: Syrian terrorists killed the wife of the British air attache in Israel, who was staying at the guesthouse of the Italian Convent. Dec 3, 1958-Kibbutz Gonen: A shepherd was killed and 31 civilians were wounded in an artillery attack. Feb 1, 1959 – Moshav Zavdiel: 3 civilians killed by a terrorist landmine. Apr 27, 1959 – Masada: 2 hikers shot and killed at close range.
Jan 1, 1965: Palestinian terrorists attempted to bomb the National Water Carrier – the first attack carried out by the PLO's Fatah faction. July 5, 1965 – Mitzpe Massua: A Fatah cell planted explosives near Beit Guvrin, and on the railroad tracks to Jerusalem near Kfar Battir. May 16, 1966 – Northern Galilee region: 2 Israelis killed when their jeep hit a terrorist landmine. Tracks led into Syria.
TERROR MAPS
Apr 26, 1960 – Ashkelon: Terrorists killed a resident of the city.
July13, 1966 – Almagor: 2 soldiers and 1 civilian killed when their truck struck a terrorist landmine.
35
TERROR MAPS
MAJOR TERROR ATTACKS 1967 – 1993
Misgav - Am Kiryat Shemona Avivim Ma’alot
Mediterranean Sea
Haifa
Afula
July 22, 1968 – Rome, Italy: The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) carries out first hijacking, diverting an El Al flight to Algiers. 32 Jewish passengers were held hostage for 5 weeks. Sep 4, 1968 – Tel Aviv, Israel: 1 killed and 71 wounded by 3 bombs that exploded in city center.
Netanya
Tel Aviv Jaffa
Oct 1968 – Hijacking of El Al aircraft to Algeria.
Glilot junction Lod
Jerusalem
Nov 22, 1968 – Jerusalem, Israel: 12 killed and 52 injured by a car bomb in the Mahaneh Yehuda market. Dec 26, 1968 – Athens, Greece: 1 killed and 1 wounded in a shooting attack on an El Al aircraft at the airport, carried out by the PFLP. Feb 18, 1969 – Zurich, Switzerland: A pilot and 3 passengers killed by terrorists that attacked an El Al Boeing 707 on the airport runway.
Numerous Palestinian terror attacks occurred outside Israel 36
Feb 21, 1969 – Jerusalem, Israel: 2 killed and 20 injured by a bomb detonated in a crowded supermarket.
an unsuccessful rescue attempt by West German authorities.
Feb 10, 1970 – Zurich, Switzerland: 1 killed and 11 wounded by 3 Arab terrorists who unsuccessfully attempted to hijack an El Al flight at Zurich airport.
Apr 11, 1974 – Kiryat Shemona, Israel: 18 killed, 8 of whom were children, by PFLP terrorists who detonated their explosives during a failed rescue attempt by Israeli authorities.
May 22, 1970 – Avivim, Israel: Terrorists attack schoolbus, killing 12 (9 of whom were children), and wounding 24. Sep 6, 1970 – Dawson Field, Jordan: 3 airliners holding over 400 passengers were hijacked and taken to the Jordanian airport by the PFLP. The hostages were released in exchange for terrorists held in Germany, Switzerland, and England. May 8, 1972 – Lod airport, Israel: 1 passenger and 5 Israeli soldiers killed during a rescue operation by Israeli commandos on a hijacked Belgian airliner; the 4 Palestinian Black September terrorists were killed. The hostages were freed. May 30, 1972 – Lod airport, Israel: 26 killed and 78 wounded after PFLP and Japanese Red Army terrorists open fire in the passenger terminal. Sep 5, 1972 – Munich, Germany: 11 members of the Israeli Olympic wrestling team and 1 German policeman were massacred by Fatah terrorists after
May 15, 1974 – Maalot, Israel: 27 killed, 21 of whom were children, and 78 wounded by PFLP terrorists in a school, after an unsuccessful rescue attempt.
TERROR MAPS
Oct 22, 1969 – Haifa, Israel: 4 killed and 20 wounded by terrorist bombs in 5 apartments.
Mar 5, 1975 – Tel Aviv, Israel: Terrorists take over the Savoy hotel;4 people are killed. July 4, 1975 – Jerusalem, Israel: 14 killed and 80 injured in Zion Square bombing attack, in which the bomb was hidden in a refrigerator. June 27, 1976 – Entebbe, Uganda: An Air France airliner was hijacked by a joint German/PFLP terrorist group, which diverted the flight to Entebbe airport. About 258 passengers and crew were held hostage until all non-Israeli passengers were released. On July 4th, Israeli commandos flew to Uganda and rescued the remaining hostages. All terrorists were killed, as well as 3 passengers and operation leader Lieutenant-Colonel Yonatan Netanyahu. Aug 11, 1976 – Istanbul, Turkey: 4 killed and 20 37
TERROR MAPS
wounded by PFLP and Japanese Red Army terrorists in an attack at Istanbul airport. Mar 11, 1978 – Glilot junction: 36 killed, and over 100 injured, in a bus hijacking by a female-led Palestinian terrorist gang. Apr 7, 1980 – Kibbutz Misgav-Am, Israel: Terrorists attack children's house on the kibbutz, leaving 3 dead, one of whom was a child. June 3, 1982 – London, England: Abu Nidal organization attempts to kill the Israeli ambassador to London, Shlomo Argov, severely wounding him. Oct 7, 1985: PLFP attacks the Achille Lauro ship en route to Israel, murdering one of the passengers (an American citizen). Sep 6, 1986 – Istanbul, Turkey: Abu Nidal organization attacks the Neveh Shalom synagogue, killing 22 people. Nov 25, 1987 – Northern border, Israel (near Kiryat Shemona): 2 Palestinian terrorists cross into Israel from Lebanon on hang gliders, killing 6 Israeli soldiers and wounding 8. Aug 21, 1988 – Haifa, Israel: 25 wounded in a grenade attack at the Haifa mall. July 6, 1989 – Tel Aviv, Israel: 14 killed when a terrorist steered a bus into a ravine off the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv highway.
38
Terrorist attacks reached a new intensity in the form of suicide bombings at the height of the peace process during the 90s, despite Israel’s willingness to make unprecedented compromises which would have resolved the conflict with the Palestinians.
TERROR MAPS
MAJOR TERROR ATTACKS (1993 – 2000)
Apr 6,1994 – Afula: 8 killed in a car-bomb attack on a bus. Apr 13,1994 – Hadera: 5 killed in a suicide bombing on a bus at the central bus station. Oct 9,1994 – Bir Nabala: Nahshon Waxman was kidnapped and taken to Bir Nabala,where he was killed 5 days later by the terrorists during a rescue operation. An officer from the rescue team was also killed. Oct 19,1994 – Tel Aviv: 21 Israelis and 1 Dutch national killed in a suicide bombing on the #5 bus. Nov 11,1994 – Netzarim: 3 soldiers killed by a suicide bomber riding a bicycle. Jan 22,1995 – Netanya: 18 soldiers and 1 civilian killed by two consecutive bombs at the Beit Lid junction. 39
TERROR MAPS
Apr 9,1995 – Kfar Darom: 7 Israelis and 1 American killed when an explosives-laden van collided with a bus. July 24,1995 – Ramat Gan: 6 killed in a suicide bomb attack on a bus. Aug 21,1995 – Jerusalem: 3 Israelis and 1 American killed in a suicide bomb attack on a bus. suicide bombing of bus #18 near the central bus station. Feb 25, 1996 – Jerusalem: 26 killed in a suicide bombing of bus #18 near the central bus station. Feb 25,1996 – Ashkelon: 1 Israeli killed by a suicide bomber at a hitchhiking post.
40
been kidnapped in Sep 1996 at a hitchhiking stand in the center of the country and was shot. Apr 25,1997 – Wadi Kelt: The bodies of two 23 yearold women were found in the nature reserve near Jerusalem. They were killed by a Bedouin resident of the area. July 20,1997 – Rishon Lezion: A Palestinian attacked 2 Israelis with an iron rod. One of the Israelis later died of his wounds. July 30,1997 – Jerusalem: 16 killed and 178 wounded by two consecutive suicide bombings in the Mahane Yehuda market.
Mar 3,1996 – Jerusalem: 19 killed in a suicide bombing of bus #18 on Jaffa Road.
Sep 4,1997 – Jerusalem: 5 killed and 181 wounded by three suicide bombings on the Ben-Yehuda pedestrian mall.
Mar 4,1996 – Tel Aviv: 13 killed when a suicide bomber detonated a 20-kg. (44 lb.) nail bomb outside Dizengoff Center.
Nov 19,1997 – Jerusalem: 1 Israeli killed and 1 wounded when terrorists fired at them from an ambush in the Old City.
Mar 13,1997 – Naharayim: 7 killed and 30 injured in a shooting attack by a Jordanian soldier at the "Island of Peace".
Aug 27,1998 – Tel Aviv: 14 injured by a bomb placed in a garbage dumpster.
Mar 21,1997 – Tel Aviv: 3 killed and 48 wounded by a suicide bomber on the terrace of a cafe.
Oct 29,1998 – Kfar Darom: 1 soldier killed when an explosives-laden car collided with an army jeep escorting a bus with 40 elementary school students.
Apr 10,1997 – Surif: The body of Staff Sgt. Sharon Edri is found in the village near Hebron. Edri had
Nov 6,1998 – Jerusalem: 21 wounded by a car bomb at the Mahane Yehuda market.
Over 1000 people were murdered and thousands injured in attacks carried out by Palestinian terrorists since late September 2000. Due to Israel's anti-terrorist fence and operations carried out by Israeli security forces, the number of terrorist attacks and victims has significantly decreased during the last year.
TERROR MAPS
MAJOR TERROR ATTACKS 2000–2005
Nov 2, 2000 – Jerusalem: Two people were killed and 10 injured by a car bomb explosion near the Mahane Yehuda market. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. Nov 20, 2000 – Gush Katif: Two people were killed and 9 injured by a roadside bomb that exploded alongside a bus carrying children to school. Nov 22, 2000 – Hadera: Two people were killed, and 60 wounded when a powerful car bomb was detonated alongside a passing bus on the town's main street. Nov 28, 2000 – Kfar Saba: Two Israeli teenagers on their way to school were killed in a suicide terrorist attack near the "Meeting Place of Peace" gas station in Neve Yamin. The bomber, from the Hamas terror group, blew himself up in a gathering of 41
TERROR MAPS
students waiting at a bus stop. Four other teenagers were wounded, one critically. Jan 1, 2001 – Netanya: 60 people were injured when a car bomb exploded near a bus stop in the shopping district. Feb 14, 2001 – Holon: Eight people were killed and 25 injured when a bus driven by a Palestinian terrorist plowed into a group of soldiers and civilians waiting at a bus stop. Mar 4, 2001 – Netanya: Three people were killed and more than 60 injured in a suicide bombing in the downtown area.
42
bombing at the Sbarro pizzeria on the corner of King George Street and Jaffa Road in the city center. Hamas and the Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. Sept 9, 2001 – Nahariya: Three people were killed and 90 injured in a suicide bombing near the Nahariya train station. The terrorist waited until the train arrived from Tel Aviv and people were exiting the station, and then exploded the bomb he was carrying. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
May 18, 2001 – Netanya: A Palestinian suicide bomber detonated himself outside a shopping mall, killing five people and injuring over 100. Hamas claimed responsibility.
Nov 29, 2001 – Hadera: Three people were killed and nine others wounded in a suicide bombing on Egged bus #823 en route from Nazareth to Tel Aviv near the city of Hadera. Islamic Jihad and Fatah both claimed responsibility for the attack.
June 1, 2001 – Tel Aviv: 21 young people were killed and 120 wounded by a suicide bomber outside the Dolphinarium disco along the seafront promenade.
Dec 1, 2001 – Jerusalem: 11 people were killed and 180 injured by two suicide bombers on Ben Yehuda Street's pedestrian mall. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
July 16, 2001 – Binyamina: Two Israeli soldiers were killed and 11 people were wounded when a suicide terrorist attacked at a bus stop near the train station. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility.
Dec 2, 2001 – Haifa: 15 people were killed and 40 injured in a suicide bombing on Egged bus #16. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
Aug 9, 2001 – Jerusalem: 15 people were killed (including 7 children) and 130 injured in a suicide
Jan 27, 2002 – Jerusalem: An elderly man was killed and over 150 people wounded in a suicide bombing on Jaffa Road in the center of
packed with metal spikes and nails, in the center of a crowd of shoppers. The Fatah al-Aqsa Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack.
Feb 16, 2002 – Karnei Shomron: Three teenagers were killed and 30 people were wounded when a suicide bomber blew himself up on Saturday night at a pizzeria in a shopping mall. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine claimed responsibility for the attack.
Mar 27, 2002 – Netanya: 30 people were killed and 140 injured in a suicide bombing at the Park Hotel, in the midst of the Passover holiday seder with 250 guests. The bomber was a member of Hamas and on the list of wanted terrorists Israel had requested that the Palestinian Authority arrest.
Mar 2, 2002 – Jerusalem: 10 people were killed and over 50 injured in a suicide bombing in the ultraOrthodox Beit Yisrael neighborhood where people had gathered for a bar-mitzvah celebration. The Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade took responsibility for the attack.
Mar 29, 2002 – Jerusalem: Two people were killed and 28 injured when a female suicide bomber blew herself up in a supermarket in the Kiryat Yovel neighborhood. Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack.
Mar 9, 2002 – Jerusalem: 11 people were killed and 54 injured when a suicide bomber exploded in the crowded Moment Café in the Rehavia neighborhood. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. Mar 20, 2002 – Musmus: Seven people were killed and 30 wounded in a suicide bombing of an Egged bus traveling from Tel Aviv to Nazareth at the Musmus junction on Highway 65 (Wadi Ara). Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. Mar 21, 2002 – Jerusalem: Three people were killed and 86 injured in a suicide bombing on King George Street. The terrorist detonated the bomb,
TERROR MAPS
Jerusalem. A female terrorist, identified as a Fatah member, was armed with more than 10 kilos of explosives.
Mar 31, 2002 – Haifa: 15 people were killed and over 40 injured in a suicide bombing in the Matza restaurant near the Grand Canyon shopping mall. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. Apr 10, 2002 – Kibbutz Yagur: Eight people were killed and 22 injured in a suicide bombing on Egged bus #960 en route from Haifa to Jerusalem. Apr 12, 2002 – Jerusalem: Six people were killed and 104 wounded when a woman suicide bomber detonated a powerful charge at the entrance to the Mahane Yehuda open-air market. The Fatah AlAqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack. 43
TERROR MAPS
Apr 27, 2002 – Adora: A five-year-old girl and three other Israelis were killed when terrorists infiltrated the community of Adora in the southern Hebron hills and shot them to death. May 7, 2002 – Rishon Lezion: 16 people were killed and 55 wounded on the 3rd floor of a crowded game club when a suicide bomber detonated a powerful charge causing part of the building to collapse. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. May 19, 2002 – Netanya: Three people were killed and 59 injured when a suicide bomber disguised as a soldier blew himself up in a market. Both Hamas and the PFLP took responsibility for the attack. May 23, 2002 – Tel Aviv: Terrorists used a remote control device to detonate a bomb planted underneath a fuel truck at the Pi Glilot fuel depot north of Tel Aviv, in an attempt to create a mega- attack that would explode adjacent fuel tanks. The truck burst into flames, but the blaze was quickly contained. No one was hurt. May 27, 2002 – Petah Tikva: A woman and her infant granddaughter were killed and 37 people were injured when a suicide bomber detonated himself near an ice cream parlor outside a shopping mall. The Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack.
44
June 5, 2002 – Megiddo junction: 17 people were killed and 38 injured when a car packed with explosives struck Egged bus #830 traveling from Tel Aviv to Tiberias. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. June 18, 2002 – Jerusalem: 19 people were killed and 74 injured in a suicide bombing on an Egged bus traveling in the Gilo suburb of Jerusalem to the center of town. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. June 19, 2002 – Jerusalem: Seven people were killed and 30 injured by a suicide bombing at a crowded bus stop and hitchhiking post in the French Hill neighborhood. The Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack. July 16, 2002 – Emmanuel: Nine people were killed and 20 injured in a bombing and shooting attack on Dan bus #189 traveling from Bnei Brak. While four terror organizations claimed responsibility for the attack, it was apparently carried out by Hamas. July 17, 2002 – Tel Aviv: Five people were killed and 40 injured in a double suicide bombing on Neve Shaanan Street near the old central bus station.
Aug 4, 2002 – Meron Junction: Nine people were killed and 50 wounded in a suicide bombing on an Egged bus traveling from Haifa to Safed. Sep 19, 2002 – Tel Aviv: Six people were killed and 70 wounded when a terrorist detonated a bomb on Dan bus #4 on Allenby Street. Oct 21, 2002 – Hadera: 14 people were killed and 50 wounded when a car bomb detonated next to an Egged bus traveling north of the town on Route 65. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. Oct 27, 2002 – Ariel: Three IDF officers were killed and about 20 people were wounded in a suicide bombing at the Sonol gas station at the entrance to the city. The victims were killed while trying to prevent the terrorist from detonating the bomb. The terrorist was a member of Hamas. Nov 4, 2002 – Kfar Saba: Two people: – a security guard and a teenage boy, both recent immigrants from Argentina – were killed and 70 were wounded in a suicide bombing at a shopping
mall. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. Nov 10, 2002 – Metzer: A Palestinian terrorist slipped into the kibbutz and gunned down five people, including two children killed in their beds as they hid under the blankets and their mother. The Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility. Nov 21, 2002 – Jerusalem: 11 people were killed and 50 wounded by a suicide bomber on Egged bus #20 in the neighborhood of Kiryat Menahem. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
TERROR MAPS
July 31, 2002 – Jerusalem: Five students were killed and 85 wounded when a bomb exploded in a cafeteria on the Hebrew University's Mt. Scopus campus. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
Nov. 28, 2002 – Mombasa, Kenya: A car bomb crashed into an Israeli-owned resort and detonated as guests were checking in. Three Israelis were among the 13 killed, and 21 Israelis were among the 80 injured. Almost simultaneously, a surface-to-air missile barely missed an El Al plane as it was taking off from the airport. Al-Qaeda is believed to be responsible for the double attack. Jan 5, 2003 – Tel Aviv: 22 people were killed and 120 wounded in a double suicide bombing near the old central bus station. The attack was apparently carried out by two members of the Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, with the help of the Islamic Jihad. 45
TERROR MAPS
Mar 5, 2003 – Haifa: 17 people were killed and 53 wounded in a suicide bombing of an Egged bus in the Carmel neighborhood. Hamas claimed responsibility for the att ack. Apr 30, 2003 – Tel Aviv: Three people were killed and 60 wounded by a British Muslim suicide bomber, sent by Hamas, at a beachfront pub "Mike's Place." May 17, 2003 – Hebron: A married couple from Kiryat Arba was killed by a terrorist. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. May 18, 2003 – Jerusalem: Seven people were killed and 20 wounded in a suicide bombing on Egged bus #6 near French Hill. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. May 19, 2003 – Afula: Three people were killed and 70 wounded in a suicide bombing at the entrance to a shopping mall. Islamic Jihad and Fatah AlAqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack. June 11, 2003 – Jerusalem: 17 people were killed and over 100 wounded in a suicide bombing on an Egged bus on Jaffa Road in the city center. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
46
Aug 19, 2003 – Jerusalem: 23 people were killed and over 130 wounded when a suicide bomber
detonated himself on Egged bus #2 in the Shmuel Hanavi neighborhood. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. Sep 9, 2003 – Tzrifin: Eight IDF soldiers were killed and 30 people wounded in a suicide bombing at a soldier hitchhiking post outside the Tzrifin army base and Assaf Harofeh Hospital. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. Sep 9, 2003 – Jerusalem: Seven people were killed and over 50 wounded in a suicide bombing at Café Hillel, in the German Colony neighborhood. Oct 4, 2003 – Haifa: 22 people were killed and 60 wounded in a devastating suicide bombing of the Maxim restaurant. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. Dec 25, 2003 – Geha Junction: Four Israelis were killed and 15 others were injured, when a suicide bomber detonated himself at a bus stop at an intersection of a main highway separating Bnei Brak and Petach Tikva. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine claimed responsibility. Jan 14, 2004 – Erez Crossing, Gaza: A female suicide bomber detonated herself at an inspection point at the entrance to the Erez industrial zone, killing 4 Israeli security personnel and injuring
Jan 29, 2004 – Jerusalem: Eleven people were killed and over 40 were wounded when a suicide bomber blew up on a #19 bus on Gaza Road. The bomber was a Palestinian policeman from Bethlehem. Both Hamas and the Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility. Feb 22, 2004 – Jerusalem: 8 people were killed and over 60 wounded (among the casualties were a number of school pupils) in a suicide bombing on bus #14A near the Liberty Bell Park. The Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility. Feb 26, 2004 – Erez Crossing, Gaza: A soldier was killed and two were wounded when two Palestinian terrorists opened fire. The Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility.
Mar 19, 2004 – Jerusalem: A Christian Arab was shot to death from a vehicle while jogging in the neighborhood of French Hill. The Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility. Apr 3, 2004 – Avnei Hefetz: A man was shot to death and his 14 year old daughter was wounded in an attack on their home. Hamas claimed responsibility. Apr 17, 2004 – Erez Crossing, Gaza: A border policeman was killed and three others wounded when a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up. Hamas and the Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility.
TERROR MAPS
several others. Hamas and Fatah claimed joint responsibility for the attack.
May 2, 2004 – Gush Katif: A mother and her four young daughters were killed, and another civilian and two soldiers were wounded, when two Palestinian terrorists opened fire on a car. Fatah and Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility.
Feb 27, 2004 – Lahav: A young couple was killed in a shooting attack on the road on their way to Ashkelon. The PFLP and the Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility.
June 28, 2004 – Sderot: A man and a 4 year old boy were killed, and 7 others were wounded (including the boy’s mother) during a Kassam rocket attack on Sderot. Hamas claimed responsibility.
Mar 14, 2004 – Ashdod: 10 people were killed and 16 wounded in a double suicide bombing at Ashdod Port. Hamas and Fatah claimed responsibility.
July 11, 2004 – Tel Aviv: A young woman was killed and 33 people were wounded in a bombing at a bus stop. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility.
47
TERROR MAPS
Aug 31, 2004 – Beer Sheba: Sixteen people were killed and 100 wounded in two nearly simultaneous suicide bombings aboard two city buses. Hamas in Hebron claimed responsibility. Sep 22, 2004 – Jerusalem: 2 Border Policemen were killed and 17 Israelis wounded in a suicide bombing carried out by a female terrorist at the French Hill junction in northern Jerusalem. The Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility. Sep 24, 2004 – Gush Katif: A woman was killed in her home during a mortar attack launched by terrorists. Sep 29, 2004 – Sderot: 2 toddlers were killed, while playing in the street, by a Kassam rocket fired from Gaza. Hamas claimed responsibility. Oct 7, 2004 – Sinai: 32 people were killed, 12 of them Israelis, and over 120 were wounded during simultaneous terror bombings carried out at two Sinai holiday resorts. Nov 1, 2004 – Tel Aviv: 3 people were killed and over 30 wounded in a suicide bombing at the Carmel Market in central Tel Aviv. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in Nablus claimed responsibility. Jan 13, 2005 – Karni Crossing, Gaza: Palestinian
48
terrorists opened fire at Israeli civilians, killing 6 and wounding 5. Hamas and the Fatah al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claimed responsibility. Jan 15, 2005 – Sderot: A 17 year old girl was mortally wounded by shrapnel from a Kassem rocket and died several days later. She was struck while protecting her younger brother, who was lightly wounded. Feb 25, 2005 – Tel Aviv: 5 people were killed and 50 wounded when a suicide bomber blew himself up outside the Stage Club on the Tel Aviv promenade. The Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. July 12, 2005 – Netanya: 3 people were killed and about 90 people were wounded when a suicide bomber struck at the Hasharon shopping mall. Two other people later succumbed to their wounds. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility. July 14, 2005 – Netiv Ha’asara: A woman was killed by a Kassem rocket fired from the Gaza Strip. Hamas, Islamic Jihad and Fatah all claimed responsibility. July 23, 2005 – Kissufim Crossing: A married couple was killed in a terrorist attack. Islamic Jihad and the Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility.
Oct 26, 2005 – Hadera: 5 people were killed and 55 were wounded, six seriously (one person later died of her wounds) in a suicide bombing at the Hadera open-air market. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility.
TERROR MAPS
Oct 16, 2005 – Gush Etzion Junction, south of Jerusalem: 3 people were killed and three were wounded in a Palestinian shooting attack. A teenager was shot and seriously wounded further north. The Fatah Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility.
Dec 5, 2005 – Netanya: 5 people were killed and over 50 were wounded in a suicide bombing at the entrance to the Hasharon shopping mall. Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility.
49
TERROR MAPS 50
ISRAEL’S SECURITY FENCE VS. TERRORISM Israel’s construction of the antiterrorist security fence was undertaken due to the Palestinian Authority’s failure to fight terrorism. The fence is a defensive, temporary, and passive measure against terrorism: in those areas where the fence has already been completed, terrorism has dropped dramatically. About 97% of the fence consists of a chain-link early warning system against terrorist infiltrations: less than 3% of the fence consists of a concrete barrier. In keeping with the rulings of Israel’s Supreme Court, in order to avoid causing unnecessary hardship to Palestinian civilians while defending the lives of Israeli civilians, Jew and Arab alike, Israel’s government decided on February 20, 2005 on the current planned route of the fence.
Syria
Iraq SHIHAB-3: 10 min to Israel
Lebanon
SCUD: Can reach all parts of Israel in 1 min
H3 AIRBASE (The threats from Iraq existed until the U.S. led operation against Saddam Hussein’s regime).
P. A.
FIGHTER PLANE: 30 min to Haifa Israel
Jordan
SCUD: 6 min to Tel Aviv
TABUG FIGHTER PLANE: 15 min to Eilat
REGIONAL THREATS TO ISRAEL
THREATS & TOPOGRAPHY
Iran
Saudi Arabia Egypt 0
0
300 km 300 mi
51
THREATS & TOPOGRAPHY
SAMARIAN HIGHLANDS CROSS SECTION Mt. Eval
Kalkilya Nablus
n sectio cross
Herziliya Tel Aviv
Jordan Sea of Galilee
Jordan
Jerusalem
radar coverage from the coastal area
radar coverage from mountain ridge near Nablus
1000 m Mt. Eval: 940 m
500 Nablus
200 Kalkilya Herzliya Jordan River
Jordan - Israel armistice line 1949-1967 10
52
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 km
Between the years 1949 and 1967, the Kingdom of Jordan ruled the Judea/Samaria highlands. Israel’s ‘waistline’ in the Sharon region was extremely narrow, totaling a mere 15 km. (9 mi.) in the area of Tulkarm and Netanya. These were cease-fire lines rather than permanent borders, and were considered to be indefensible, especially in light of the area’s topography, which left Israel in the plains while the Arab armies controlled the dominating high ground. The Israeli Foreign Minister at that time, Abba Eban, used to describe these lines as ‘Auschwitz boundaries’, in order to illustrate the dangers inherent in their continued use.
THREATS & TOPOGRAPHY
ISRAEL’S NARROW WAISTLINE
53
THREATS & TOPOGRAPHY
GOLAN HEIGHTS CROSS SECTION
Safed
Golan Heights
The Golan Heights are strategically important for several reasons: (a) Israeli presence in the Golan Heights provides a defensible border against invasion by land; (b) All of northern Israel is within range of direct artillery fire from the Golan Heights; (c) The Heights control the main water sources of the State of Israel.
ss cros
ectio
Sea of Galilee
n
Syria
Tiberias
Jordan
Golan Heights Upper Syrian Base Lower Galilee sea level
Sea of Galilee - 212 m:
0
54
Tiberias
10
20
30
40
50 km
Sderot
Israel is the only country in the world that lives under the shadow of an ongoing and publicly declared threat against its very existence – a threat which has warranted almost no international attention or reaction. The threat against Israel emanating from Iran comes in addition to Israel’s vulnerability to shortrange artillery rockets, which have struck its territory in the past and continue to do so in the present. During the 70s-90s, Kiryat Shmona and other localities in northern Israel faced numerous Katyusha rocket attacks. The most tangible threats stem from the Katyusha rockets launched by terrorist groups from within Lebanon (Hizbullah and various Palestinian factions) capable of striking throughout northern Israel, and the Kassam rockets which are currently limited to the Gaza Strip and have a range of about 9 kilometers. Palestinian acquisition of Katyusha rockets would threaten Israel’s entire population.
THREATS & TOPOGRAPHY
KASSAM AND KATYUSHA THREAT
55
SIZE COMPARISONS
ISRAEL – ARGENTINA
The area of Israel (land area) in the maps includes the Golan Heights and Jerusalem
56
ISRAEL – AUSTRALIA
ISRAEL – CHINA
SIZE SIZE COMPARISONS
ISRAEL – CANADA
57
SIZE COMPARISONS
ISRAEL – FRANCE
The area of Israel (land area) in the maps includes the Golan Heights and Jerusalem
58
ISRAEL – GERMANY
ISRAEL – ITALY
SIZE COMPARISONS
ISRAEL – INDIA
59
SIZE COMPARISONS
ISRAEL – MEXICO
The area of Israel (land area) in the maps includes the Golan Heights and Jerusalem
60
ISRAEL – POLAND
ISRAEL – SPAIN
SIZE COMPARISONS
ISRAEL – RUSSIA
61
SIZE COMPARISONS
ISRAEL – UNITED KINGDOM
The area of Israel (land area) in the maps includes the Golan Heights and Jerusalem
62
ISRAEL – UNITED STATES