Lhhs205

224

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

fo"k;

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk% ukS eqX+ky njckj (yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;k¡)

eqX+ky lkezkT; osQ 'kkld Lo;a dks ,d fo'kky vkSj fotkrh; turk ij 'kklu osQ fy,] fu;qDr ekurs FksA gkyk¡fd vlfy;r esa jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ bl HkO; n`f"V dks lhekc¼ dj nsrh Fkha fiQj Hkh ,slh n`f"V lnSo egÙoiw.kZ jghA bl n`f"V osQ izpkj&izlkj dk ,d rjhdk jktoa'kh; bfrgkl fy[kuk&fy[kokuk FkkA eqX+ky jktkvksa us njckjh bfrgkldkjksa dks fooj.kksa osQ ys[ku dk dk;Z lkSaikA bu fooj.kksa esa ckn'kkg osQ le; dh ?kVukvksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk fn;k x;kA blosQ vfrfjDr muosQ ys[kdksa us 'kkldksa dks vius {ks=k osQ 'kklu esa enn osQ fy, miegk}hi osQ vU; {ks=kksa ls <sjksa tkudkfj;k¡ bdêòh dhaA vaxzs”kh esa fy[kus okys vkèkqfud bfrgkldkjksa us ew y &ikB dh bl 'kS y h dks ØkW fudYl (bfro`Ùk@bfrgkl) uke fn;kA ;s bfro`Ùk ?kVukvksa dk vuojr dkykuqozQfed fooj.k izLrqr djrs gSaA eqX+kyksa dk bfrgkl fy[kus osQ bPNqd fdlh Hkh fo}ku osQ fy, ;s bfro`Ùk vifjgk;Z lzksr gSaA ,d vksj rks ;s bfro`Ùk eqX+ky jkT; dh laLFkkvksa osQ ckjs esa rF;kRed lwpukvksa dk [+k”kkuk Fks] ftUgsa njckj ls ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+s O;fDr;ksa }kjk dkI+kQh esgur ls ,df=kr ,oa oxhZo`Qr fd;k x;k FkkA nwljh vksj fp=k 9-1 bu ewy&ikBksa dk mís'; mu vk'k;ksa dks laizsf"kr ckcj dks jktoa'kh; eqoqQV lkSairk rSewj] xksoèkZu }kjk yxHkx 1630 esa fpf=kr djuk Fkk ftUgsa eqX+ky 'kkld vius {ks=k esa ykxw djuk pkgrs FksA vr% ;s bfro`Ùk gesa bl ckr dh ,d >yd nsrs gSa fd oSQls 'kkgh fopkjèkkjk,¡ jph rFkk izpkfjr dh tkrh FkhaA ;g vè;k; eqX+ky lkezkT; osQ bl le`¼ vkSj yqHkkous vk;ke dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij izdk'k MkysxkA

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

225

1- eqX+ky 'kkld vkSj mudk lkezkT; eqX+ky uke eaxksy ls O;qRiUu gqvk gSA ;|fi vkt ;g uke ,d lkezkT; dh HkO;rk dk vglkl djkrk gS ysfdu jktoa'k osQ 'kkldksa us Lo;a osQ fy, ;g uke ugha pquk FkkA mUgksaus vius dks rSewjh dgk D;ksafd fir`i{k ls os rqdhZ 'kkld frewj osQ oa'kt FksA igyk eqX+ky 'kkld ckcj ekr`i{k ls paxs”k [kk¡ dk lacaèkh FkkA og rqdhZ cksyrk Fkk vkSj mlus eaxksyksa dk migkl djrs gq, mUgsa ccZj fxjksg osQ :i esa mfYyf[kr fd;k gSA lksygoha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku ;wjksfi;ksa us ifjokj dh bl 'kk[kk osQ Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, eqX+ky 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA lksygoha 'krkCnh ls gh bl 'kCn dk fujarj iz;ksx gksrk jgk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd jM;kMZ fdifyax dh taxy cqd osQ ;qok uk;d eksxyh dk uke Hkh blls O;qRiUu gqvk gSA eqX+kyksa o LFkkuh; ljnkjksa osQ chp jktuhfrd&eSf=k;ksa osQ ”kfj, rFkk fot;ksa osQ ”kfj, Hkkjr osQ fofoèk {ks=kh; jkT;ksa dks feykdj lkezkT; dh jpuk dh xbZA lkezkT; osQ laLFkkid ”kgh#íhu ckcj dks mlosQ eè; ,f'k;kbZ Lons'k iQjxkuk ls izfr}a}h m”kcsdksa us Hkxk fn;k FkkA mlus lcls igys Lo;a dks dkcqy esa LFkkfir fd;k vkSj fiQj 1526 esa vius ny osQ lnL;ksa dh vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus osQ fy, {ks=kksa vkSj lalkèkuksa dh [kkst esa og Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa vkSj vkxs dh vksj c<+kA blosQ mÙkjkfèkdkjh ulh#íhu gqek;w¡ (1530&40] 1555&56) us lkezkT; dh lhekvksa esa foLrkj fd;k foaQrq og vI+kQxku usrk 'ksj'kkg lwj ls ijkftr gks x;k ftlus mls bZjku osQ lI+kQkoh 'kkld osQ njckj esa fuokZflr gksus dks ckè; dj fn;kA 1555 esa gqek;w¡ us lwjksa dks ijkftr dj fn;k foaQrq ,d o"kZ ckn gh mldh e`R;q gks xbZA dbZ yksx tykyqíhu vdcj (1556&1605) dks eqXk+ y ckn'kkgksa esa egkure ekurs gSa D;ksfa d mlus u osQoy vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj gh fd;k cfYd bls vius le; dk fo'kkyre] n`<r+ e vkSj lcls le`¼ jkT; cukdj lqn<` + Hkh fd;kA vdcj fganoq Qq 'k ioZr rd vius lkezkT; dh lhekvksa osQ foLrkj esa liQy gqvk vkSj mlus bZjku osQ lI+kQkfo;ksa vkSj rwjku (eè; ,f'k;k) osQ m”kcsdksa dh foLrkjoknh ;kstukvksa ij yxke yxk, j[khA vdcj osQs ckn tgk¡xhj (1605&27)] 'kkgtgk¡ (1628&58) vkSj vkSjxa ”ksc (1658&1707) osQ :i esa fHkUu&fHkUu O;fDrRoksa okys rhu cgqr ;ksX; mÙkjkfèkdkjh gq,A buosQ vèkhu {ks=kh; foLrkj tkjh jgk ;|fi bldh xfr dkI+kQh èkheh jghA rhuksa 'kkldksa us 'kklu osQ fofoèk ;a=kksa dks cuk, j[kk vkSj mUgsa lqn<` + fd;kA

fp=k 9-2 gqek;w¡ dh iRuh ukfnjk dk] jktLFkku osQ jsfxLrku dks ikj djrs fn[kkrk gqvk] vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dk fp=k.k

226

ppkZ dhft,--irk yxkus dh dksf'k'k dhft, fd vki ftl jkT; esa jgrs gSa D;k og eqX+ky lkezkT; dk Hkkx Fkk\ D;k lkezkT; LFkkfir gksus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ml {ks=k esa fdlh rjg osQ ifjorZu gq, Fks\ vxj vkidk jkT; bl lkezkT; dk fgLlk ugha Fkk rks ledkyhu {ks=kh; 'kkldksa] muosQ mn~Hko vkSj mudh uhfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A os fdl izdkj osQ fooj.k dk ys[kk&tks[kk j[krs Fks\

px+rkbZ rqoQZ Lo;a dks pax”s k [kk¡ osQ lcls cMs+ iq=k dk oa'kt ekurs FksA

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku 'kkgh laLFkkvksa osQ <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k gqvkA buosQ varxZr iz'kklu vkSj djkèkku osQ izHkko'kkyh rjhosQ 'kkfey FksA eqX+ky 'kfDr dk lqLi"V osaQnz njckj FkkA ;gk¡ jktuhfrd lacaèk x<+s tkrs Fks] lkFk gh Jsf.k;k¡ vkSj gSfl;rsa ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh FkhaA eqX+kyksa }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk lSU; 'kfDr vkSj miegk}hi dh fHkUu&fHkUu ijaijkvksa dks lek;ksftr djus dh psru uhfr osQ la;kstu ij vkèkkfjr FkhA 1707 osQ ckn vkSjax”ksc dh e`R;ksijkar jktoa'k dh 'kfDr ?kV xbZA fnYyh] vkxjk vFkok ykgkSj tSls fHkUu jktèkkuh uxjksa ls fu;af=kr ,d fo'kky lkezkT; ra=k dh txg {ks=kh; 'kfDr;ksa us vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk vftZr dj yhA fiQj Hkh lkaosQfrd :i esa gh lgh ij eqX+ky 'kkld dh izfr"Bk us vHkh viuh vkHkk ugha [kksbZ FkhA 1857 esa bl oa'k osQ vafre oa'kt cgknqj'kkg ”kiQj f}rh; dks vaxzs”kksa us m[kkM+ isaQdkA

2- bfro`Ùkksa dh jpuk eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa }kjk rS;kj djok, x, bfro`Ùk lkezkT; vkSj mlosQ njckj osQ vè;;u osQ egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA ;s bfro`Ùk bl lkezkT; osQ varxZr vkus okys lHkh yksxksa osQ lkeus ,d izcq¼ jkT; osQ n'kZu dh izk;kstuk osQ mís'; ls fy[ks x, FksA blh rjg budk mís'; mu yksxksa dks] ftUgksaus eqX+ky 'kklu dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk] ;g crkuk Hkh Fkk fd muosQ lkjs fojksèkksa dk vliQy gksuk fu;r gSA 'kkld ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr dj ysuk pkgrs Fks fd Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, muosQ 'kklu dk fooj.k miyCèk jgsA eqX+ky bfro`Ùkksa osQ ys[kd fujiokn :i ls njckjh gh jgsA mUgksaus tks bfrgkl fy[ks muosQ osaQnzfcanq esa Fkha 'kkld ij osaQfnzr ?kVuk,¡] 'kkld dk ifjokj] njckj o vfHktkr] ;q¼ vkSj iz'kklfud O;oLFkk,¡A vdcj] 'kkgtgk¡ vkSj vkyexhj (eqX+ky 'kkld vkSjax”ksc dh ,d inoh) dh dgkfu;ksa ij vkèkkfjr bfro`Ùkksa osQ 'kh"kZd vdcjukek] 'kkgtgk¡ukek] vkyexhjukek ;g laosQr djrs gSa fd buosQ ys[kdksa dh fuxkg esa lkezkT; o njckj dk bfrgkl vkSj ckn'kkg dk bfrgkl ,d gh FkkA 2-1 rqdhZ ls I+kQkjlh dh vksj eqX+ky njckjh bfrgkl I+kQkjlh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, FksA fnYyh osQ lqYrkuksa osQ dky esa mÙkj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa fo'ks"kdj fganoh o bldh {ks=kh; fHkUurkvksa osQ lkFk I+kQkjlh] njckj vkSj lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa] [kwc iqf"ir&iYyfor gqbZA pw¡fd eqX+ky px+rkbZ ewy osQ Fks

227

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

vr% rqdhZ mudh ekr`Hkk"kk FkhA buosQ igys 'kkld ckcj us dfork,¡ vkSj vius laLej.k blh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks FksA vdcj us lksp&le>dj Ik+ Qkjlh dks njckj dh eq[; Hkk"kk cuk;kA laHkor;k bZjku osQ lkFk lkaLo`Qfrd vkSj ckSf¼d laidks± osQ lkFk&lkFk eqX+ky njckj esa in ikus dks bPNqd bZjkuh vkSj eè; ,f'k;kbZ izokfl;ksa us ckn'kkg dks bl Hkk"kk dks viuk, tkus osQ fy, izfs jr fd;k gksxkA Ik+ Qkjlh dks njckj dh Hkk"kk dk mQ¡pk LFkku fn;k x;k rFkk mu yksxksa dks 'kfDr o izfr"Bk iznku dh xbZ ftudh bl Hkk"kk ij vPNh idM+ FkhA jktk] 'kkgh ifjokj osQ yksx vkSj njckj osQ fof'k"V lnL; ;g Hkk"kk cksyrs FksA oqQN vkSj vkxs ;g lHkh Lrjksa osQ iz'kklu dh Hkk"kk cu xbZ ftlls ys[kkdkjks]a fyfidksa rFkk vU; vfèkdkfj;ksa us Hkh bls lh[k fy;kA tgk¡&tgk¡ Ik+ Qkjlh izR;{k iz;ksx esa ugha Fkh] ogk¡ Hkh jktLFkkuh] ejkBh vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd rfey esa 'kkldh; ys[kksa dh Hkk"kk dks bldh 'kCnkoyh vkSj eqgkojksa us O;kid :i ls izHkkfor fd;k FkkA pwf¡ d lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku Ik+ Qkjlh dk iz;ksx djus okys yksx miegk}hi osQ dbZ vyx&vyx {ks=kksa ls vk, Fks vkSj os vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh cksyrs Fks vr% LFkkuh; eqgkojksa dks lekfo"V djus ls Ik+ Qkjlh dk Hkh Hkkjrh;dj.k gks x;k FkkA I+kQkjlh osQ fganoh osQ lkFk ikjLifjd laioZQ ls mnwZ osQ :i esa ,d u;h Hkk"kk fudy dj vkbZA vdcjukek tSls eqX+ky bfrgkl I+kQkjlh esa fy[ks x, Fks tcfd vU; tSls ckcj osQ laLej.kksa dk ckcjukek osQ uke ls rqdhZ ls I+kQkjlh esa vuqokn fd;k x;k FkkA eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa us egkHkkjr vkSj jkek;.k tSls laLo`Qr xzaFkksa dks I+kQkjlh esa vuqokfnr fd, tkus dk vkns'k fn;kA egkHkkjr dk vuqokn j”eukek (;q¼ksa dh iqLrd) osQ :i esa gqvkA 2-2 ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh jpuk eqXk+ y Hkkjr dh lHkh iqLrosaQ ikaMqfyfi;ksa osQ :i esa Fkha vFkkZr~ os gkFk ls fy[kh gksrh FkhaA ikaMqfyfi jpuk dk eq[; osaQnz 'kkgh fdrkc[+kkuk FkkA gkyk¡fd fdrkc[+kkuk 'kCn iqLrdky; osQ :i esa vuqokfnr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;g njvly ,d fyfi?kj Fkk vFkkZr ,slh txg tgk¡ ckn'kkg dh ikaMqfyfi;ksa dk laxzg j[kk tkrk rFkk u;h ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh jpuk dh tkrh FkhA ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh jpuk esa fofoèk izdkj osQ dk;Z djus okys cgqr yksx 'kkfey gksrs FksA dkx”k cukus okyksa dh ikaMqfyfi osQ iUus rS;kj djus] lqys[kdksa dh ikB dh udy rS;kj djus] dksÝ- rxjksa dh i`"Bksa dks pedkus osQ fy,] fp=kdkjksa dh ikB ls n`';ksa dks fpf=kr djus osQ fy, vkSj ftYnlk”kksa dh izR;sd iUus dks bdêòk dj mls vyao`Qr vkoj.k

fyf[kr 'kCn dh mM+ku vcqy I+ kQ”y osQ 'kCnksa esa % fyf[kr 'kCn foxr ;qxksa dh cqf¼eÙkk dks ewrZ :i ns ldrk gS vkSj bl rjg og ckSf¼d izxfr oQk lkèku cu ldrk gSA mPpkfjr 'kCn muosQ fnyks&fnekx esa tkrk gS tks mls lquus osQ fy, mifLFkr gksrk gSA fyf[kr 'kCn u osQoy ikl jgus okys yksxksa cfYd nwj fLFkr yksxksa dks Hkh le>nkjh fl[kkrk gSA vxj fyf[kr 'kCn u gks rks mPpkfjr 'kCn rks cgqr tYnh gh ej tk,xk vkSj gekjs ikl mu yksxksa dh dksbZ fu'kkuh ugha jg tk,xh tks fnoaxr gks pqosQ gSaA lkekU; le> osQ yksx rks v{kjksa dks ,d xgjh vko`Qfr ek=k ekurs gSa ij xgjkbZ ls ns[kus okys yksxksa dks buesa ,d izKk nhi (fpjkx&,&f'kuklkbZ) u”kj vkrk gSA vius esa g”kkjksa fdj.kksa dks fy, gksus osQ ckotwn fyf[kr 'kCn dkyk fn[krk gS vFkok bl <ax ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g ,d ,slk izdk'k gS ftl ij ,d fry gS tks bls cqjh u”kj ls cpkrk gSA [kr ;k i=k le>nkjh dh rlohj gS_ fopkjksa dh nqfu;k ls fudkyk gqvk [+kkdk gS_ fnu dks ykus okyh xgjh jks'kuh gS_ Kku ls Hkjk gqvk ?kuk ckny gSA i=k ekSu gksrs gSa fiQj Hkh os cksyrs gSa_ fLFkj gksrs gSa fiQj Hkh os lI+kQj djrs gSa_ iUus ij iSQys gq,] fiQj Hkh mQij dh vksj mM+ku Hkjrs gSaA

228

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

essa cSBkus osQ fy, vko';drk gksrh FkhA rS;kj ikaMqfyfi dks ,d cgqewY; oLrq] ckSf¼d laink vkSj lkSan;Z osQ dk;Z osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA bl rjg osQ lkSan;Z dks vfLrRo esa ykdj bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa osQ laj{kd eqX+ky ckn'kkg viuh 'kfDr dks n'kkZ jgs FksA blh rjg bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh okLrfod jpuk esa 'kkfey oqQN yksxksa dks Hkh info;ksa vkSj iqjLdkjksa osQ :i esa igpku feyhA buesa lqys[kdksa vkSj fp=kdkjksa dks rks mPp lkekftd izfr"Bk feyh tcfd vU;] tSls dkx”k cukus okys vFkok ftYnlk”k xqeuke dkjhxj gh jg x,A lqys[ku vFkkZr~ gkFk ls fy[kus dh dyk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ dkS'ky ekuh tkrh FkhA bldk iz;ksx fHkUu&fHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa gksrk FkkA uLrfyd vdcj dh ilanhnk 'kSyh FkhA ;g ,d ,slh rjy 'kSyh Fkh ftls yacs likV izokgh <ax ls fy[kk tkrk FkkA bls 5 ls 10 feyhehVj dh uksd okys N¡Vs gq, ljoaQMs] ftls dye dgk tkrk gS] osQ VqdM+s ls L;kgh esa Mqcksdj fy[kk tkrk gSA lkekU;r;k dye dh uksd esa chp esa NksVk lk phjk yxk fn;k tkrk Fkk rkfd og L;kgh vklkuh ls lks[k ysA

ppkZ dhft,--vkt rS;kj gksus okyh iqLrosaQ fdu ek;uksa esa eqX+ky bfro`Ùkksa dh jpuk osQ rjhdksa ls fHkUu vFkok leku gSa\

3- jaxhu fp=k

fp=k 9-3 uLrfyO+kQ 'kSyh esa fy[kk gqvk ,d iUuk] ftls vdcj osQ njckj osQ lcls vPNs lqys[kdksa esa ls ,d dk'ehj osQ eqgEen gqluS (yxHkx 1575&1605) }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA blosQ v{kjksa osQ fo'kq¼ lekuqikfrd ?kqeko dh dnjnkuh esa bldks ^”kjhu O+kQye* (lksus dh O+kQye) osQ f[krkc ls uok”kk x;kA lqys[kd us i`"B osQ fupys Hkkx ij vius gLrk{kj fd, gSAa bl i`"B dk yxHkx ,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk blh esa iz;qDr gks x;k gSA

tSlk fd geus fiNys vuqHkkx esa i<+k] eqX+ky ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh jpuk esa fp=kdkj Hkh 'kkfey FksA ,d eqX+ky ckn'kkg osQ 'kklu dh ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k nsus okys bfrgklksa esa fyf[kr ikB osQ lkFk gh mu ?kVukvksa dks fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls n`'; :i esa Hkh of.kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA tc fdlh iqLrd esa ?kVukvksa vFkok fo"k;ksa dks n`'; :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkuk gksrk Fkk rks lqys[kd mlosQ vklikl osQ i`"Bksa dks [kkyh NksM+ nsrs FksA fp=kdkj 'kCnksa esa of.kZr fo"k; dks vyx ls fp=k :i esa mrkjdj ogk¡ layXu dj nsrs FksA ;s y?kqfp=k gksrs Fks ftUgsa ikaMqfyfi osQ i`"Bksa ij vklkuh ls yxk;k vkSj ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA fp=kksa dks u osQoy fdlh iqLrd osQ lkSan;Z dks c<+kok nsus okyk cfYd mUgsa rks] fyf[kr ekè;e ls jktk vkSj jktk dh 'kfDr osQ fo"k; esa tks ckr dgh u tk ldh gksa] ,sls fopkjksa osQ laizs"k.k dk Hkh ,d l'kDr ekè;e ekuk tkrk FkkA bfrgkldkj vcqy iQ”y us fp=kdkjh dk ,d ^tknqbZ dyk* osQ :i esa o.kZu fd;k gSA mldh jk; esa ;g dyk fdlh futhZo oLrq dks Hkh bl :i esa izLrqr dj ldrh gS fd tSls mlesa thou gksA

229

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

ckn'kkg] mlosQ njckj rFkk mlesa fgLlk ysus okys yksxksa dk fp=k.k djus okys fp=kksa dh jpuk dks ysdj 'kkldksa vkSj eqlyeku :f<+oknh oxZ osQ izfrfufèk;ksa vFkkZr myek osQ chp fujarj ruko cuk jgkA myek us oqQjku osQ lkFk&lkFk gnhl] ftlesa iSxEcj eqgEen osQ thou ls ,d ,slk gh izlax of.kZr gS] esa izfr"Bkfir ekuo :iksa osQ fp=k.k ij bLykeh izfrcaèk dk vkàku fd;kA bl izlax esa iSxEcj lkgc dks izko`Qfrd rjhosQ ls thfor :iksa osQ fp=k.k dh eukgh djrs gq, mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd ,slk djus ls ;g yxrk Fkk fd dykdkj jpuk dh 'kfDr dks vius gkFk esa ysus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA ;g ,d ,slk dk;Z Fkk tks osQoy bZ'oj dk gh FkkA

fp=k 9-4 ,d eqX+ky fdrkc[kkuk

bl y?kqfp=k esa fpf=kr eqX+ky ikaMqfyfi dh jpuk esa layXu vyx&vyx dk;ks± dh igpku dhft,A

Lkzksr 1

rlohj dh iz'kalk esa vcqy iQ”y fp=kdkjh dks cgqr lEeku nsrk Fkk % fdlh Hkh ph”k dk mlosQ tSlk gh js[kkadu cukuk rlohj dgykrk gSA viuh ;qokoLFkk osQ ,dne 'kq#vkrh fnuksa ls gh egkefge us bl dyk esa viuh vfHk#fp O;Dr dh gSA os bls vè;;u vkSj euksjt a u nksuksa dk gh lkèku ekurs gq, bl dyk dks gj laHko izkRs lkgu nsrs gSAa fp=kdkjksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k bl dk;Z esa yxkbZ xbZ gSA gj gÝ+ rs 'kkgh dk;Z'kkyk osQ vusd fujh{kd vkSj fyfid ckn'kkg osQ lkeus izR;sd dykdkj dk dk;Z izLrqr djrs gSa vkSj egkefge izn£'kr mRo`Q"Vrk osQ vkèkkj ij bZuke nsrs rFkk dykdkjksa osQ ekfld osru esa o`f¼ djrs gS-a -- vc lokZfèkd mRo`Q"V fp=kdkj feyus yxs gSa vkSj fcg”kkn tSls fp=kdkjksa dh vR;qÙke dyko`Qfr;ksa dks rks mu ;wjksih; fp=kdkjksa osQ mRo`Q"V dk;ks± osQ led{k gh j[kk tk ldrk gS ftUgksaus fo'o esa O;kid [;kfr vftZr dj yh gSA C;ks js dh lw{erk] ifjiw.kZrk vkSj izLrqrhdj.k dh fuHkhZdrk tks vc fp=kksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] og vrqyuh; gSA ;gk¡ rd fd futhZo oLrq,¡ Hkh izk.koku izrhr gksrh gSAa lkS ls vfèkd fp=kdkj bl dyk osQ izfl¼ dykdkj gks x, gSAa fganw dykdkjksa osQ fy, ;g ckr [+kklrkSj ij lgh gSA muosQ fp=k oLrqvksa dh gekjh ifjdYiuk ls dgha ijs gSAa oLrqr% iwjs fo'o esa oqQN yksx gh muosQ leku ik, tk ldrs gSAa vcqy iQ”y fp=kdyk dks egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa ekurk gS\ og bl dyk dks oSèk oSQls Bgjkrk gS\

230

ppkZ dhft,--fp=kdkj osQ lkfgfR;d vkSj dykRed jpuk izn'kZu (fp=k 9-4) dh rqyuk vcqy I+kQ”y dh lkfgfR;d vkSj dykRed jpuk&'kfDr ls dhft, (lzksr 1)A

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

foaQrq le; osQ lkFk 'kfj;k dh O;k[;kvksa esa Hkh cnyko vk;kA fofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa us bLykeh ijaijk osQ <k¡ps dh vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls O;k[;k dhA izk;% izR;sd lewg us bl ijaijk dh ,slh O;k[;k izfrikfnr dh tks mudh jktuhfrd vko';drkvksa ls lcls ”;knk esy [kkrh FkhA ftu 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku lkezkT; fuekZ.k gks jgk Fkk ml le; dbZ ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kksa osQ 'kkldksa us fu;fer :i ls dykdkjksa dks muosQ fp=k rFkk muosQ jkT; osQ thou osQ n`'; fpf=kr djus osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;kA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] bZjku osQ lI+kQkoh jktkvksa us njckj esa LFkkfir dk;Z'kkykvksa esa izf'kf{kr mRo`Q"V dykdkjksa dks laj{k.k iznku fd;kA fcg”kkn tSls fp=kdkjksa osQ uke us lI+kQkoh njckj dh lkaLo`Qfrd izflf¼ dks pkjksa vksj iSQykus esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;kA bZjku ls Hkh dykdkj eqX+kydkyhu Hkkjr vkus esa liQy gq,A oqQN dks eqX+ky njckj esa yk;k x;k tSls ehj lSÕ;n vyh vkSj vCnql len dks ckn'kkg gqek;¡w dks fnYyh rd lkFk nsus osQ fy, dgk x;kA vU; us laj{k.k vkSj izfr"Bk osQ voljksa dh ryk'k esa izokl fd;kA ckn'kkg vkSj :f<+oknh eqlyeku fopkjkèkkjk osQ izoDrkvksa osQ chp thoèkkfj;ksa osQ n`'; fu:i.k ij eqXk+ y njckj esa ruko cuk gqvk FkkA vdcj dk njckjh bfrgkldkj vcqy iQ”y ckn'kkg dks ;g dgrs gq, m¼`r djrk gS] ¶dbZ yksx ,sls gSa tks fp=kdyk ls ?k`.kk djrs gSa ij eSa ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks ukilan djrk gwA¡ eq>s ,slk yxrk gS fd dykdkj osQ ikl [+knq k dks igpkuus dk cstksM+ rjhdk gSA pwf¡ d dgha u dgha mls ;g eglwl gksrk gS fd [+knq k dh jpuk dks og thou ugha ns ldrk---¸

4- vdcjukek vkSj ckn'kkgukek egÙoiw.kZ fpf=kr eqX+ky bfrgklksa esa lokZfèkd Kkr vdcjukek vkSj ckn'kkgukek (jktk dk bfrgkl) gSA izR;sd ikaMqfyfi esa vkSlru 150 iwjs vFkok nksgjs i`"Bksa ij yM+kbZ] ?ksjkcanh] f'kdkj] bekjr&fuekZ.k] njckjh n`'; vkfn osQ fp=k gSaA vdcjukek osQ ys[kd vcqy iQ”y dk ikyu&iks"k.k eqX+ky jktèkkuh vkxjk esa gqvkA og vjch] iQkjlh] ;wukuh n'kZu vkSj lwI+kQhokn esa i;kZIr fu".kkr FkkA blls Hkh vfèkd og ,d izHkko'kkyh fooknh rFkk Lora=k fpard Fkk ftlus yxkrkj nfd;kuwlh myek osQ fopkjksa dk fojksèk fd;kA bu xq.kksa ls vdcj cgqr izHkkfor gqvkA mlus vcqy iQ”y dks vius lykgdkj vkSj viuh uhfr;ksa osQ izoDrk osQ :i esa cgqr mi;qDZ r ik;kA ckn'kkg dk ,d eq[; mís'; jkT; dks èkkfeZd :f<+okfn;ksa osQ fu;a=k.k ls eqDr djuk FkkA njckjh bfrgkldkj osQ :i esa vcqy iQ”y us vdcj osQ 'kklu ls tqM+s fopkjksa dks u osQoy vkdkj fn;k cfYd mudks Li"V :i ls O;Dr Hkh fd;kA

231

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

1589 esa 'kq: dj vcqy iQ”y us vdcjukek ij rsjg o"kks± rd dk;Z fd;k vkSj bl nkSjku dbZ ckj mlus izk:i eas lqèkkj fd,A ;g bfrgkl ?kVukvksa osQ okLrfod fooj.kksa (okO+kQbZ )] 'kkldh; nLrkos”kksa rFkk tkudkj O;fDr;ksa osQ ekSf[kd izek.kksa tSls fofHkUu izdkj osQ lk{;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA vdcjukek dks rhu ftYnksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS ftuesa ls izFke nks bfrgkl gSaA rhljh ftYn vkbu&,&vdcjh gSA igyh ftYn esa vkne ls ysdj vdcj osQ thou osQ ,d [kxksyh; dkypozQ rd (30 o"kZ) dk ekuo&tkfr dk bfrgkl gSA nwljh f”kYn vdcj osQ 46oas 'kklu o"kZ (1601) ij [+kRe gksrh gSA vxys gh o"kZ vcqy I+kQ”y jktoqQekj lyhe }kjk rS;kj fd, x, "kM~;a=k dk f'kdkj gqvk vkSj lyhe osQ lgkijkèkh chj flag caqnsyk }kjk mldh gR;k dj nh xbZA vdcjukek dk ys[ku jktuhfrd :i ls egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa osQ le; osQ lkFk fooj.k nsus osQ ikjaifjd ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;k x;kA blosQ lkFk gh frfFk;ksa vkSj le; osQ lkFk gksus okys cnykoksa osQ mYys[k osQ fcuk gh vdcj osQ lkezkT; osQ HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd] iz'kklfud vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lHkh i{kksa dk fooj.k izLrqr djus osQ vfHkuo rjhosQ ls Hkh bldk ys[ku gqvkA vkbu&,&vdcjh esa eqX+ky lkezkT; dks fganqvksa] tSuksa] ckS¼ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu vkcknh okys rFkk ,d fefJr laLo`Qfr okys lkezkT; osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA vcqy I+kQ”y dh Hkk"kk cgqr vyaÑr Fkh vkSj pw¡fd bl Hkk"kk osQ ikBksa dks Å¡ph vkok”k esa i<+k tkrk Fkk vr% bl Hkk"kk esa y; rFkk dFku&'kSyh dks cgqr egÙo fn;k tkrk FkkA bl Hkkjrh;&I+kQkjlh 'kSyh dks njckj esa laj{k.k feykA vcqy iQ”y dk ,d f'k"; vCnqy gehn ykgkSjh ckn'kkgukek osQ ys[kd osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bldh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ ckjs esa lqudj ckn'kkg 'kkgtgk¡ us mls vdcjukek osQ uewus ij vius 'kklu dk bfrgkl fy[kus osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;kA ckn'kkgukek Hkh ljdkjh bfrgkl gSA bldh rhu ftYnsa (n-Ýrj) gSa vkSj izR;sd ftYn nl panz o"kks± dk C;ksjk nsrh gSA ykgkSjh us ckn'kkg osQ 'kklu (1627&47) osQ igys nks n'kdksa ij igyk o nwljk n-Ýrj fy[kkA bu ftYnksa esa ckn esa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ o”khj lknqYykg [kk¡ us lqèkkj fd;kA cq<+kis dh v'kDrrkvksa dh otg ls ykgkSjh rhljs n'kd osQ ckjs esa u fy[k ldk ftls ckn esa bfrgkldkj okfjl us fy[kkA vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku vaxsz”k iz'kkldksa us vius lkezkT; osQ yksxksa vkSj laLo`Qfr;ksa (ftu ij os yack 'kklu djuk pkgrs Fks)] dks

,sfrgkfld fooj.k le;okj fodkl dh :ijs[kk izLrqr djrk gS tcfd ,ddkfyd fooj.k ,d [+kkl le; dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrk gSA

ckn'kkgukek dk lI+kQj eqX+kyksa osQ vèkhu cgqewY; ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh HksaV ,d LFkkfir jktuf;d izFkk FkhA blh dk vuqdj.k djrs gq, vo/ uokc us 1799 esa tktZ r`rh; dks lfp=k ckn'kkgukek HksaV esa fn;kA rHkh ls ;g fo¯Mlj dkly osQ vaxzs”kh 'kkgh laxzgksa esa lqjf{kr gSA 1994 esa gq, laj{k.k dk;Z esa c¡èkh gqbZ ikaMqfyfi dks vyx&vyx djuk vko';d gks x;kA blh dh otg ls fp=kksa dks iznf'kZr djuk laHko gqvk vkSj 1997 esa igyh ckj ckn'kkgukek osQ fp=k u;h fnYyh] yanu vkSj okf'kaxVu esa gqbZ izn'kZfu;ksa esa fn[kk, x,A

232

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

csgrj <ax ls le>us osQ fy, Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk vè;;u rFkk miegk}hi osQ ckjs esa Kku dk vfHkys[kkxkj LFkkfir djuk 'kq: fd;kA 1784 esa lj fofy;e tksUl }kjk LFkkfir ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWI+kQ caxky us dbZ Hkkjrh; ikaMqfyfi;ksa osQ laiknu] izdk'ku vkSj vuqokn dk f”kEek vius mQij ys fy;kA vdcjukek vkSj ckn'kkgukek osQ laikfnr ikBkUrj lcls igys ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh }kjk mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa izdkf'kr fd, x,A o"kks± dh dM+h esgur osQ ckn chloha 'krkCnh osQ vkjaHk esa gsujh csofjt }kjk vdcjukek dk vaxzs”kh vuqokn fd;k x;kA ckn'kkgukek osQ osQoy oqQN gh va'kksa dk vHkh rd vaxsz”kh esa vuqokn gqvk gS] bldk ewy ikB vius laiw.kZ :i esa vkt Hkh vuqokn fd, tkus dh izrh{kk esa gSA

ppkZ dhft,--irk yxkus dh dksf'k'k dhft, fd D;k vkiosQ dLcs vFkok xk¡o esa ikaMqfyfi;ksa dks fpf=kr djus dh ijaijk jgh gS\ bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa dks dkSu rS;kj djrk Fkk\ bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa esa fdu fo"k;ksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k Fkk\ bUgsa oSQls lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk Fkk\

5- vkn'kZ jkT; 5-1 ,d nSoh; izdk'k

izdk'k osQ fopkj dk lai"sz k.k lqgjkonhZ n'kZu osQ ewy esa IysVks dh fjifCyd gS tgk¡ bZ'oj dks lw;Z osQ izrhd }kjk fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA lqgjkonhZ dh jpukvksa dks bLykeh nqfu;k esa O;kid :i ls i<+k tkrk FkkA 'ks[k eqckjd us bldk vè;;u fd;k FkkA blosQ ckjs esa mlus vius iq=kksa iSQ”kh vkSj vcqy iQ”y dks crk;k tks mlosQ laj{k.k esa izf'kf{kr gq, FksA

njckjh bfrgkldkjksa us dbZ lk{;ksa dk gokyk nsrs gq, ;g fn[kk;k fd eqX+ky jktkvksa dks lhèks bZ'oj ls 'kfDr feyh FkhA muosQ }kjk of.kZr nardFkkvksa esa ls ,d eaxksy jkuh vykuoqQvk dh dgkuh gS tks vius f'kfoj esa vkjke djrs le; lw;Z dh ,d fdj.k }kjk xHkZorh gqbZ FkhA mlosQ }kjk tUe ysus okyh larku ij bl nSoh; izdk'k dk izHkko FkkA bl izdkj ih<+h&nj&ih<+h ;g izdk'k gLrkarfjr gksrk jgkA bZ'oj (iQj&,&b”kknh) ls fu%l`r izdk'k dks xzg.k djus okyh ph”kksa osQ inkuqoQz e esa eqXk+ y jktRo dks vcqy iQ”y us lcls mQ¡ps LFkku ij j[kkA bl fo"k; esa og izfl¼ bZjkuh lwIk+ Qh f'kgkcqíhu lqgjkonhZ (1191 esa e`r) osQ fopkjksa ls izHkkfor Fkk ftlus loZiFz ke bl izdkj dk fopkj izLrqr fd;k FkkA bl fopkj osQ vuqlkj ,d inkuqoQz e osQ rgr ;g nSoh; izdk'k jktk esa laifsz "kr gksrk Fkk ftlosQ ckn jktk viuh iztk osQ fy, vkè;kfRed ekxZn'kZu dk lzkrs cu tkrk FkkA bfro`Ùkksa osQ fooj.kksa dk lkFk nsus okys fp=kksa us bu fopkjksa dks bl rjhosQ ls laiszf"kr fd;k fd mUgksaus ns[kus okyksa osQ eu&efLr"d ij

233

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

fp=k 9-5 vcqy glu }kjk cuk, x, bl fp=k esa tgk¡xhj dks nsnhI;eku diM+ksa vkSj vkHkw"k.kksa esa vius firk vdcj osQ fp=k dks gkFk esa fy, fn[kk;k x;k gSA

vdcj dh iks'kkd lI+ksQn gSA lI+ksQn jax dks lwI+kQh ijaijkvksa esa izcq¼ tho ls tksM+k x;k gSA og ,d xksyd vfiZr dj jgk gS tks jktoa'kh; lÙkk dk izrhd gSA eqX+ky lkezkT; esa ,slk dksbZ dkuwu ugha Fkk tks fuèkkZfjr djs fd ckn'kkg osQ iq=kksa esa ls dkSu lk iq=k flagklu dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh gksxkA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd izR;sd jktoa'kh; ifjorZu dk fu.kZ; Hkzkr`?kkrd ;q¼ ls gksus yxkA vdcj osQ 'kklu osQ vafre Hkkx esa 'kg”kkns lyhe us vius firk osQ f[kykI+kQ fonzksg dj fn;k ysfdu ckn esa mls ekiQ dj fn;k x;kA ;g fp=k firk&iq=k osQ chp osQ lacaèk dks oSQls fpf=kr djrk gS\ vkidks D;ksa yxrk gS fd eqX+ky dykdkjksa us fujarj ckn'kkgksa dks xgjh vFkok iQhdh i`"BHkwfe osQ lkFk fpf=kr fd;k gS\ bl fp=k esa izdk'k osQ dkSu ls lzksr gSa\

LFkk;h izHkko MkykA l=kgoha 'krkCnh ls eqX+ky dykdkjksa us ckn'kkgksa dks izHkkeaMy osQ lkFk fpf=kr djuk 'kq: fd;kA bZ'oj osQ izdk'k osQ izrhd :i bu izHkkeaMyksa dks mUgksaus bZlk vkSj oftZu esjh osQ ;wjksih; fp=kksa esa ns[kk FkkA 5-2 lqyg&,&oqQy % ,dhdj.k dk ,d lzksr eqXk+ y bfro`Ùk lkezkT; dks fganqvksa] tSuksa] ”kjrqf'r;ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa tSls vusd fHkUu&fHkUu u`tkrh; vkSj èkkfeZd leqnk;ksa dks lekfo"V fd, gq, lkezkT; osQ :i esa izLrqr djrs gSaA lHkh rjg dh 'kkafr vkSj LFkkf;Ro osQ lzksr :i esa ckn'kkg lHkh èkkfeZd vkSj u`tkrh; lewgksa ls mQij gksrk Fkk] buosQ chp eè;LFkrk djrk Fkk] rFkk ;g lqfuf'pr djrk Fkk fd U;k; vkSj 'kkafr cuh jgsA vcqy iQ”y lqyg&,&oqQy (iw.kZ 'kkafr) osQ vkn'kZ dks izcq¼ 'kklu dh vkèkkjf'kyk crkrk gSA lqyg&,&oqQy esa ;w¡ rks lHkh èkeks± vkSj erksa dks vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk Fkh foaQrq mldh ,d 'krZ Fkh fd os jkT;&lÙkk dks {kfr ugha igq¡pk,¡xs vFkok vkil esa ugha yM+saxsA lqyg&,&oqQy dk vkn'kZ jkT; uhfr;ksa osQ ”kfj, ykxw fd;k x;kA + eqXkyksa osQ vèkhu vfHktkr&oxZ fefJr fdLe dk FkkμvFkkZr mlesa bZjkuh] rwjkuh] vI+kQxkuh] jktiwr] nD[kuh lHkh 'kkfey FksA bu lcdks fn, x, in vkSj iqjLdkj iwjh rjg ls jktk osQ izfr mudh lsok vkSj

234

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

fu"Bk ij vkèkkfjr FksA blosQ vykok] vdcj us 1563 esa rhFkZ;k=kk dj rFkk 1564 esa tf”k;k dks lekIr dj fn;k D;ksafd ;g nksuksa dj /kfeZd i{kikr ij vk/kfjr FksA lkezkT; osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa dks iz'kklu esa lqyg&,&oqQy osQ fu;e dk vuqikyu djus osQ fy, funsZ'k ns fn, x,A lHkh eqXk+ y ckn'kkgksa us mikluk&LFkyksa osQ fuekZ.k o j[k&j[kko osQ fy, vuqnku fn,A ;gk¡ rd fd ;q¼ osQ nkSjku tc eafnjksa dks u"V dj fn;k tkrk Fkk rks ckn esa mudh ejEer osQ fy, vuqnku tkjh fd, tkrs FksA ,slk gesa 'kkgtgk¡ vkSj vkSjax”ksc osQ 'kklu esa irk pyrk gS] gkyk¡fd vkSjax”ksc osQ 'kkludky esa xSj&eqlyeku iztk ij tf”k;k fiQj ls yxk fn;k x;kA 5-3 lkekftd vuqcaèk osQ :i esa U;k;iw.kZ izHkqlÙkk vcqy iQ”y us izHkqlÙkk dks ,d lkekftd vuqcaèk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA og dgrk gS fd ckn'kkg viuh iztk osQ pkj lÙoksa dh j{kk djrk gS& thou (tu)] èku (eky)] lEeku (ukel) vkSj fo'okl (nhu) vkSj blosQ cnys esa og vkKkikyu rFkk lalkèkuksa esa fgLls dh ek¡x djrk gSA osQoy U;k;iw.kZ laizHkq gh 'kfDr vkSj nSoh; ekxZn'kZu osQ lkFk bl vuqcèa k dk lEeku dj ikrs FksA fp=k 9-6 ckn'kkgukek ls ,d n`'; dykdkj i;kx }kjk yxHkx 1640 esa fpf=kr bl fp=k esa tgk¡xhj 'kg”kkns [kqjZe dks ixM+h esa yxkbZ tkus okyh ef.k ns jgk gSA

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

235

fp=k 9-7 vcqy glu uked ,d dykdkj }kjk cuk, x, fp=k esa nfjnzrk dh vko`Qfr dks ekjrs gq, tgk¡xhjA dykdkj us ;gk¡ y{; dks xgjs ckny osQ vkoj.k esa fn[kkdj ;g crkus dh ps"Vk dh gS fd ;g dksbZ okLrfod O;fDr ugha cfYd ,d vewrZ y{k.k dks izrhd osQ :i esa fn[kkrk ,d ekuoh; :i gSA dyk vkSj lkfgR; esa ekuohdj.k osQ bl <ax dks :id&dFkk dgk tkrk gSA U;k; dh ”kathj dks LoxZ ls mrjrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA

tgk¡xhj us vius laLej.kksa esa U;k; dh ”kathj dks bl izdkj of.kZr fd;k gS% jkT;kjksg.k osQ ckn eSaus tks igyk vkns'k fn;k og U;k; dh ta”khj dks yxkus dk Fkk rkfd U;k; osQ iz'kklu esa layXu yksxksa ls ;fn nsj gks tk, vFkok os U;k; pkgus okys yksxksa osQ fo"k; esa feF;kpkj dk O;ogkj djsa rks mRihfM+r O;fDr bl ”kathj osQ ikl vk losQ vkSj bls fgyk losQ vkSj mldh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr gks losQA bl ”kathj dks 'kq¼ lksus ls cuk;k x;k FkkA ;g 30 x”k yEch Fkh rFkk blesa 60 ?kafV;k¡ yxh gqbZ FkhaA

bl fp=k osQ izrhdksa dh igpku dj mudh O;k[;k dhft, vkSj bl fp=k dk lkj izLrqr dhft,A

U;k; osQ fopkj osQ n`'; :i esa fu:i.k gsrq vusd izrhdksa dh jpuk dh xbZA U;k; osQ fopkj dks eqX+ky jktra=k esa loksZÙke ln~xq.k ekuk x;kA dykdkjksa }kjk iz;qDr lokZfèkd ilanhnk izrhdksa esa ls ,d Fkk ,d nwljs osQ lkFk fpiVdj 'kkafriwoZd cSBs gq, 'ksj vkSj cdjh (;k fiQj xk;)A bldk mís'; jkT; dks ,d ,sls {ks=k osQ :i esa fn[kkuk Fkk tgk¡ nqcZy rFkk lcy lHkh ijLij ln~Hkko ls jg ldrs FksA lfp=k ckn'kkgukek osQ njckjh n`';ksa esa ,sls izrhd dk vadu ckn'kkg osQ flagklu osQ Bhd uhps ,d vkys esa gqvk gS (fp=k 9-6 nsf[k,)A

ppkZ dhft,--eqX+ky lkezkT; esa U;k; dks jktra=k dk bruk egÙoiw.kZ ln~xq.k D;ksa ekuk tkrk Fkk\

236

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

6 jktèkkfu;k¡ vkSj njckj

fp=k 9-8 cqyan njok”kk] iQrgiqj lhdjh

6-1 jktèkkuh uxj eqX+ky lkezkT; dk ân;&LFky mldk jktèkkuh uxj Fkk] tgk¡ njckj yxrk FkkA lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku eqXk+ yksa dh jktèkkfu;k¡ cM+h rs”kh ls LFkkukarfjr gksus yxhaA gkyk¡fd ckcj us yksfn;ksa dh jktèkkuh vkxjk ij vfèkdkj dj fy;k Fkk rFkkfi mlosQ 'kklu osQ pkj o"kks± osQ nkSjku jktlh njckj fHkUu&fHkUu LFkku ij yxk, tkrs jgsA 1560 osQ n'kd esa vdcj us vkxjk osQ fdys dk fuekZ.k djok;kA bls vklikl osQ {ks=kksa dh [knkuksa ls yk, x, yky cyqvk iRFkj ls cuk;k x;k FkkA 1570 osQ n'kd esa mlus iQrsgiqj lhdjh esa ,d u;h jktèkkuh cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bl fu.kZ; dk ,d dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd lhdjh vtesj dks tkus okyh lhèkh lM+d ij fLFkr Fkk] tgk¡ 'ks[k eqbuqíhu fp'rh dh njxkg ml le; rd ,d egÙoiw.kZ rhFkZLFky cu pqdh FkhA eqXk+ y ckn'kkgksa osQ fp'rh flyflys osQ lwfI+kQ;ksa osQ lkFk ?kfu"B lacèa k cusA vdcj us lhdjh esa tqEek efLtn osQ cxy esa gh 'ks[k lyhe fp'rh osQ fy, lisQn laxejej dk ,d edcjk cukus dk vkns'k fn;kA fo'kky esgjkch izo's k}kj (cqyna njok”kk) osQ fuekZ.k dk mís'; ogk¡ vkus okys yksxksa dks xqtjkr esa eqXk+ y fot; dh ;kn fnykuk FkkA 1585 esa mÙkj&if'pe dks vkSj vfèkd fu;a=k.k esa ykus osQ fy, jktèkkuh dks ykgkSj LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;k vkSj bl rjg rsjg o"kks± rd vdcj us bl lhek ij xgjh pkSdlh cuk, j[khA 'kkgtgk¡ us foosdiw.kZ jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa dks vkxs c<+k;k rFkk bekjr fuekZ.k osQ vius 'kkSd dks iwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr èku bdêòk dj fy;kA tSlkfd vkius igys osQ 'kkldksa osQ lanHkZ esa ns[kk] jktra=kh; laLo`Qfr;ksa esa bekjr fuekZ.k&dk;Z jktoa'kh; lÙkk] èku rFkk izfr"Bk dk lokZfèkd Li"V vkSj Bksl izrhd FkkA eqlyeku 'kkldksa osQ lanHkZ esa bls èkeZfu"Bk osQ ,d dk;Z osQ :i esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk FkkA 1648 esa njckj] lsuk o jktlh [+kkunku vkxjk ls u;h fufeZr 'kkgh jktèkkuh 'kkgtgk¡ukckn pys x,A fnYyh osQ izkphu fjgk;'kh uxj esa 'kkgtgk¡ukckn ,d u;h vkSj 'kkgh vkcknh FkhA ;gk¡ yky fdyk]

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

237

tkek efLtn] pk¡nuh pkSd osQ ck”kkj dh o`{k ohfFk vkSj vfHktkr&oxZ osQ cMs+&cMs+ ?kj FksA 'kkgtgk¡ dk ;g u;k 'kgj fo'kky ,oa HkO; jktra=k dh ”;knk vkSipkfjd dYiuk dks O;DRk djrk FkkA 6-2 eqX+ky njckj 'kkld ij osQa fnzr njckj dh HkkSfrd O;oLFkk us 'kkld osQ vfLrRo dks lekt osQ ân; osQ :i esa iznf'kZr fd;kA bldk osQa nzfcanq bl izdkj jktflagklu vFkok r[+r Fkk ftlus laiHz kq osQ dk;ks± dks HkkSfrd Lo:i iznku fd;k FkkA bls ,d ,sls LraHk osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk Fkk ftl ij èkjrh fVdh gqbZ FkhA lgÏkfCn;ksa ls Hkkjr esa jktra=k dk izrhd jgh Nrjh] 'kkld dh dkafr dks lw;Z dh dkafr ls i`Fkd djus okyh ekuh tkrh FkhA bfro`Ùkksa us eqX+ky laHkzkar oxks± osQ chp gSfl;r dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys fu;eksa dks cM+h lqLi"Vrk ls lkeus j[kk gSA njckj esa fdlh dh gSfl;r bl ckr ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh Fkh fd og 'kkld osQ fdruk ikl vkSj nwj CkSBk gSA fdlh Hkh njckjh dks 'kkld }kjk fn;k x;k LFkku ckn'kkg dh u”kj esa mldh egÙkk dk izrhd FkkA ,d ckj tc ckn'kkg flagklu ij CkSB tkrk Fkk rks fdlh dks Hkh viuh txg ls dgha vkSj tkus dh vuqefr ugha Fkh vkSj u gh dksbZ vuqefr osQ fcuk njckj ls ckgj tk Lkzksr 2

njckj&,&vdcjh vcqy IkQ”y vdcj osQ njckj dk cM+k ltho fooj.k nsrs gq, dgrk gS % tc Hkh egkefge (vdcj) njckj yxkrs gSa rks ,d fo'kky <ksy ihVk tkrk gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk vYykg dk xq.kxku gksrk gSA bl rjg lHkh oxks± osQ yksxksa dks lwpuk fey tkrh gSA egkefge osQ iq=k] ikS=k] njckjh vkSj os lHkh ftUgsa njckj esa izos'k dh vuqefr Fkh] gkf”kj gksrs gSa vkSj dksfuZ'k dj vius LFkku ij [kMs+ jgrs gSaA [;kfrizkIr fo}Ttu rFkk fof'k"V dkS'kyksa esa fuiq.k O;fDRk vknj O;Dr djrs gSa_ rFkk U;k; vfèkdkjh viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr djrs gSaA egkefge viuh lkekU; varn`fZ "V osQ vkèkkj ij vkns'k nsrs gSa vkSj lHkh ekeyksa dks larks"ktud <ax ls fuiVkrs gSaA bl iwjs le; osQ nkSjku fofHkUu ns'kksa ls vk, ryokfj;s o igyoku vius dks rS;kj j[krs gSa vkSj efgyk rFkk iq#"k xk;d viuh ckjh dh izrh{kk esa jgrs gSaA prqj ck”khxj vkSj e”kkfd;k dykck”k Hkh vius dkS'ky vkSj n{krk dk izn'kZu djus dks mRlqd gSaA

njckj esa gksus okyh eq[; xfrfofèk;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

dks£u'k vkSipkfjd vfHkoknu dk ,d ,slk rjhdk Fkk ftlesa njckjh nk,¡ gkFk dh rygFkh dks yykV ij j[kdj vkxs dh vksj flj >qdkrs FksA ;g bl ckr dk izrhd Fkk fd dksfuZ'k djus okyk O;fDRk vius ba fnz; vkSj eu osQ LFky dks gkFk yxkrs gq, >qddj fouezrk osQ lkFk 'kkgh njckj esa vius dks izLrqr dj jgk gSA

238

vfHkoknu dk pkj rlyhe rjhdk nk,¡ gkFk dks ”kehu ij j[kus ls 'kq: gksrk gSA blesa rygFkh mQij dh vksj gksrh gSA blosQ ckn gkFk dks èkhjs&èkhjs mBkrs gq, O;fDRk [kM+k gksrk gS rFkk rygFkh dks flj osQ mQij j[krk gSA ,slh rlyhe pkj ckj dh tkrh gSA rlyhe dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ vkRefuosnu gSA

'kc&,&ckjkr fgtjh oSQysaMj osQ vkBosa eghus vFkkZr pkSngosa lkou dks iM+us okyh iw.kZpanz jkf=k gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa izkFkZukvksa vkSj vkfr'kckf”k;ksa osQ [ksy }kjk bl fnu dks euk;k tkrk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd bl jkr eqlyekuksa osQ fy, vkxs vkus okys o"kZ dk HkkX; fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS vkSj iki ekI+kQ dj fn, tkrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

ldrk FkkA njckjh lekt esa lkekftd fu;a=k.k dk O;ogkj njckj esa ekU; lacksèku] f'k"Vkpkj rFkk cksyus osQ è;kuiwod Z fuèkkZfjr fd, x, fu;eksa }kjk gksrk FkkA f'k"Vkpkj dk ”kjk lk Hkh mYya?ku gksus ij è;ku fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ml O;fDRk dks rqjra gh nafMr fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kkld dks fd, x, vfHkoknu osQ rjhosQ ls inkuqØe esa ml O;fDRk dh gSfl;r dk irk pyrk Fkk tSls ftl O;fDr osQ lkeus ”;knk >qddj vfHkoknu fd;k tkrk Fkk] ml O;fDr dh gSfl;r ”;knk Å¡ph ekuh tkrh FkhA vkRefuosnu dk mPpre :i fltnk ;k naMor ysVuk FkkA 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kkludky esa bu rjhdksa osQ LFkku ij pkj rlyhe rFkk tehackslh (”kehu pweuk) osQ rjhosQ viuk, x,A eqX+ky njckj esa jktuf;d nwrksa lacaèkh u;kpkjksa esa Hkh ,slh gh lqLi"Vrk FkhA eqX+ky ckn'kkg osQ le{k izLrqr gksus okys jktnwr ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og vfHkoknu osQ ekU; :iksa esa ls ,dμ;k rks cgqr >qddj vFkok ”kehu dks pwedj vFkok I+kQkjlh fjokt osQ eqrkfcd Nkrh osQ lkeus gkFk ck¡èkdjμrjhosQ ls vfHkoknu djsxkA tsEl-I osQ vaxzs”k nwr VkWel jks us ;wjksih; fjokt osQ vuqlkj tgk¡xhj osQ lkeus osQoy >qddj vfHkoknu fd;k vkSj blosQ ckn cSBus osQ fy, oqQlhZ dk vkxzg dj iqu% njckj dks vpafHkr dj fn;kA ckn'kkg vius fnu dh 'kq#vkr lw;ksZn; osQ le; oqQN O;fDRkxr èkkfeZd izkFkZukvksa ls djrk Fkk vkSj blosQ ckn og iwoZ dh vksj eq¡g fd, ,d NksVs NTts vFkkZr >jks[ks esa vkrk FkkA blosQ uhps yksxksa dh HkhM+ (lSfud] O;kikjh] f'kYidkj] fdlku] chekj cPpksa osQ lkFk vkSjrsa) ckn'kkg dh ,d >yd ikus osQ fy, bar”kkj djrh FkhA vdcj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ >jks[kk n'kZu dh izFkk dk mís'; tu fo'okl osQ :i esa 'kkgh lÙkk dh Loho`Qfr dks vkSj foLrkj nsuk FkkA

jRutfM+r ¯lgklu vkxjk egy osQ lkoZtfud lHkk Hkou esa j[ks 'kkgtgk¡ osQ jRutfM+r ¯lgklu (r[+r&,&eqjLlk) osQ ckjs esa ckn'kkgukek esa fy[kk gS% ¯lgklu dh HkO; lajpuk esa ,d Nrjh gS tks }kn'kdks.kh; LraHkksa ij fVdh gqbZ gSA bldh mQ¡pkbZ lhf<+;ksa ls xqacn rd ik¡p D;wfcV (yxHkx 10 iqQV) gSA vius jkT;kjksg.k osQ le; egkefge us ;g vkns'k fn;k fd 86 yk[k #i, osQ jRu rFkk cgqewY; iRFkj vkSj ,d yk[k rksyk lksuk ftldh dher pkSng yk[k #i, gS] ls bls ltk;k tkuk pkfg,A ¯lgklu dh lkt&lTtk esa lkr o"kZ yx x,A bldh ltkoV esa iz;qDr gq, cgqewY; iRFkjksa esa :ch Fkk ftldh dher ,d yk[k #i, Fkh vkSj ftls 'kkg vCckl lI+kQkoh us fnoaxr ckn'kkg tgk¡xhj dks Hkstk FkkA bl :ch ij egku ckn'kkg frewj lkfgc&, fdjku] fe”kkZ 'kkg:[k] fe”kkZ myqx csx vkSj 'kkg vCckl osQ lkFk&lkFk vdcj] tgk¡xhj vkSj Lo;a egkefge osQ uke vafdr FksA

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

239

fp=k 9-9 vkxjk esa fookg ls iwoZ 'kg”kkns vkSjax”ksc dk lEeku djrs gq, 'kkgtgk¡A ckn'kkgukek esa i;kx }kjk dh xbZ fp=kdkjhA

ckn'kkg dh igpku dhft, vkSjax”ksc dks ,d ihyk tkek (Åijh oL=k) rFkk NksVs&NksVs ckSjksa okys gjs tSosQV esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA og dgk¡ gS vkSj firk osQ izfr mldh Hkko&Hkafxek ls D;k irk pyrk gS\ njckfj;ksa dks oSQls fn[kk;k x;k gS\ D;k vki ckb± vksj cM+h ixfM+;ksa okyh vkÑfr;ksa dk irk yxk ldrs gSa\ ;s fo}kuksa osQ fp=k.k gSaA

>jks[ks esa ,d ?kaVk fcrkus osQ ckn ckn'kkg viuh ljdkj osQ izkFkfed dk;ks± osQ lapkyu gsrq lkoZtfud lHkk Hkou (nhoku&, vke) esa vkrk FkkA ogk¡ jkT; osQ vfèkdkjh fjiksVZ izLrqr djrs rFkk fuosnu djrs FksA nks ?kaVs ckn ckn'kkg nhoku&,&[+kkl esa futh lHkk,¡ vkSj xksiuh; eqíksa ij ppkZ djrk FkkA jkT; osQ ofj"B ea=kh mlosQ lkeus viuh ;kfpdk,¡ izLrqr djrs Fks vkSj dj vfèkdkjh fglkc dk C;ksjk nsrs FksA dHkh&dHkh ckn'kkg mPp izfrf"Br dykdkjksa osQ dk;ks± vFkok okLrqdkjksa (feekj) osQ }kjk cuk, x, bekjrksa osQ uD'kksa dks ns[krk FkkA ¯lgklukjksg.k dh o"kZxk¡B] bZn] 'kc&,&ckjkr rFkk gksyh tSls oqQN fof'k"V voljksa ij njckj dk ekgkSy thoar gks mBrk FkkA lts gq, fMCcksa esa j[kh lqxafèkr eksecfÙk;k¡ vkSj egy dh nhokjksa ij yVd jgs jax&fcjaxs canuokj vkus okyksa ij vk'p;Ztud izHkko NksM+rs FksA eqx+y 'kkld o"kZ esa rhu eq[; R;kSgkj euk;k djrs Fks % lw;Zo"kZ vkSj panzo"kZ osQ vuqlkj 'kkld dk tUefnu vkSj olarkxeu ij I+kQkjlh uoo"kZ

fp=k 9-10 t'u&,&o”u vFkok rqyknku lekjksg esa 'kg”kkns [kqjeZ dks cgqeYw ; èkkrqvksa ls rkSyk tkuk (tgk¡xhj osQ laLej.kksa ls)

240

fp=k 9-11 (d) nkjkf'kdksg dk fookg

fp=k 9-11 (x) fp=k esa vki tks ns[k jgs gSa mldk o.kZu dhft,A

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

fp=k 9-11 ([k)

'kkgh ifjokjksa esa fookgksa dk vk;kstu dkI+kQh [kphZyk gksrk FkkA 1633 esa nkjkf'kdksg vkSj ukfnjk (jktoqQekj ijos”k dh iq=kh) osQ fookg dh O;oLFkk jktoqQekjh tgk¡vkjk vkSj fnoaxr egkjkuh eqerk”k egy dh izeq[k ukSdjkuh lrh mu fulk[kkuqe }kjk dh xbZA 'kknh osQ migkjksa osQ izn'kZu dh O;oLFkk nhoku&,&vke esa dh xbZ FkhA ckn'kkg rFkk gje dh fL=k;k¡ nksigj esa bls ns[kus osQ fy, vkb± rFkk 'kke osQ le; vfHktkr ;gk¡ vk,A nqygu dh ek¡ us Hkh blh rjg mlh fo'kky d{k esa migkjksa dks ltk;k FkkA 'kkgtgk¡ bUgsa ns[kus osQ fy, ogk¡ x;kA fgukcanh (esagnh yxkuk) dh jLe nhoku&,&[+kkl esa vnk dh xbZA njckj esa mifLFkr O;fDr;ksa osQ chp iku] byk;ph rFkk esos ck¡Vs x,A fookg ij oqQy 32 yk[k #i, [kpZ gq, Fks ftlesa 6 yk[k #i, 'kkgh [k”kkus ls] 16 yk[k #i, tgk¡vkjk (eqerk”k egy }kjk vkjaHk esa vyx ls j[ks x, #i;ksa dks feykrs gq,) vkSj 'ks"k nqygu dh ek¡ }kjk fn, x, FksA ckn'kkgukek ls fy, x, bu fp=kksa esa bl volj ls tqM+h oqQN xfrfofèk;ksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

241

^ukSjks”k*A tUefnu ij 'kkld dks fofHkUu oLrqvksa ls rkSyk tkrk Fkk rFkk ckn esa ;s oLrq,¡ nku esa ck¡V nh tkrh FkhaA 6-3 info;k¡] migkj vkSj HksaV jkT;kfHk"ksd osQ le; vFkok fdlh 'k=kq ij fot; osQ ckn eqX+ky ckn'kkg fo'kky info;k¡ xzg.k djrs FksA mn~?kks"kdksa (uO+kQhc) }kjk tc bu xqatk;eku vkSj y;c¼ info;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh Fkh rks os lHkk esa foLe; dk ekgkSy cuk nsrh FkhaA eqX+ky flDdksa ij jktlh u;kpkj osQ lkFk 'kklujr ckn'kkg dh iwjh inoh gksrh FkhA ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dks info;k¡ nsuk eqX+ky jkT;ra=k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ i{k FkkA njckjh inkuqØe esa fdlh O;fDr dh mUufr dks mlosQ }kjk èkkj.k dh tkusokyh info;ksa ls tkuk tk ldrk FkkA mPpre eaf=k;ksa esa ls ,d dks nh tkus okyh vkliQ [kk¡ dh inoh dk mn~Hko iSxEcj 'kkld lqyseku osQ dfYir ea=kh ls gqvk FkkA vkSjx”ksc us vius nks mPp inLFk vfHktkrksa t;flag vkSj tloar flag dks fe”kkZ jktk dh inoh iznku dhA info;k¡ ;k rks vftZr dh tk ldrh Fkha vFkok bUgsa ikus osQ fy, iSls fn, tk ldrs FksA ehj [+kku us vius uke esa vfyI+kQ vFkkZr ^v* v{kj yxkdj mls vehj [+kku djus osQ fy, vkSjax”ksc dks ,d yk[k #i, nsus dk izLrko fd;kA vU; iqjLdkjksa esa lEeku dk tkek (f[+kYyr) Hkh 'kkfey Fkk ftls igys dHkh u dHkh ckn'kkg }kjk iguk x;k gqvk gksrk FkkA blfy, ;g le>k tkrk Fkk fd og ckn'kkg osQ vk'khokZn dk izrhd gSA ljIik (^lj ls ik¡o rd*) ,d vU; migkj FkkA bl migkj osQ rhu fgLls gqvk djrs Fks % tkek] ixM+h vkSj iVdkA ckn'kkg }kjk vdlj jRutfM+r vkHkw"k.k Hkh migkj osQ :i esa fn, tkrs FksA cgqr [+kkl ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ckn'kkg dey dh eatfj;ksa okyk jRutfM+r xguksa dk lsV (in~e eqjLlk) Hkh migkj esa iznku djrk FkkA ,d njckjh ckn'kkg osQ ikl dHkh [kkyh gkFk ugha tkrk FkkA og ;k rks uT+kz osQ :i esa FkksM+k èku ;k is'kd'k osQ :i esa eksVh jde ckn'kkg dks is'k djrk FkkA jktuf;d lacaèkksa esa migkjksa dks lEeku vkSj vknj dk izrhd ekuk tkrk FkkA jktnwr izfr}a}h jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa osQ chp lafèk vkSj lacaèkksa osQ ”kfj, le>kSrk djokus osQ egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dk laiknu djrs FksA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa migkjksa dh egÙoiw.kZ izrhdkRed Hkwfedk gksrh FkhA VkWel jks dks bl ckr ls cgqr fujk'kk gqbZ Fkh fd mlus vkliQ [+kk¡ dks tks v¡xwBh HksaV dh Fkh] og mls osQoy blfy, okil dj nh xbZ fd og D;ksa ek=k pkj lkS #i, ewY; dh FkhA

ppkZ dhft,--D;k eqX+kyksa ls tqM+s oqQN fjoktksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk vuqikyu vkt osQ jktusrk djrs gSa\

fp=k 9-12 ixM+h j[kus osQ dke vkus okyk ,d eqX+kydkyhu fMCck

242

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

7- 'kkgh ifjokj

fp=k 9-13 IkQrsgiqj lhdjh esa vkarfjd dejksa dk ,d fgLlkA

^gje* 'kCn dk iz;ksx izk;% eqX+kyksa dh ?kjsyw nqfu;k dh vksj laosQr djus osQ fy, gksrk gSA ;g 'kCn I+kQkjlh ls fudyk gS ftldk rkRi;Z gS ^ifo=k LFkku*A eqX+ky ifjokj esa ckn'kkg dh ifRu;k¡ vkSj miifRu;k¡] mlosQ u”knhdh vkSj nwj osQ fj'rsnkj (ekrk] lkSrsyh o miekrk,¡] cgu] iq=kh] cgw] pkph&ekSlh] cPps vkfn) o efgyk ifjpkfjdk,¡ rFkk xqyke gksrs FksA cgqfookg izFkk Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa fo'ks"kdj 'kkld oxks± esa O;kid :i ls izpfyr FkhA jktiwr oqQyksa ,oa eqX+kyksa] nksuksa osQ fy, fookg jktuhfrd lacaèk cukus o eS=kh&lacaèk LFkkfir djus dk ,d rjhdk FksA fookg esa iq=kh dks HksaVLo:i fn, tkus osQ lkFk izk;% ,d {ks=k Hkh migkj esa ns fn;k tkrk FkkA blls fofHkUu 'kkld oxks± osQ chp inkuqØfed lacaèkksa dh fujarjrk lqfuf'pr gks tkrh FkhA bl rjg osQ fookg vkSj muosQ iQyLo:i fodflr lacaèkksa osQ dkj.k gh eqX+ky caèkqrk osQ ,d O;kid ra=k dk fuekZ.k dj losQA blls os egÙoiw.kZ oxks± ls tqM+s vkSj mUgsa ,d c`gn lkezkT; dks bd_k j[kus esa enn feyhA eqX+ky ifjokj esa 'kkgh ifjokjksa ls vkus okyh fL=k;ksa (csxeksa ) vkSj vU; fL=k;ksa (vxgk)] ftudk tUe oqQyhu ifjokj esa ugha gqvk Fkk] esa varj j[kk tkrk FkkA ngst (esgj) osQ :i esa vPNk&[+kklk udn vkSj cgqewY; oLrq,¡ ysus osQ ckn fookg djosQ vkbZ csxeksa dks vius ifr;ksa ls LokHkkfod :i ls vxgkvksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd m¡Qpk ntkZ vkSj lEeku feyrk FkkA jktra=k ls tqM+s efgykvksa osQ inkuqØe esa mifRu;ksa (vxkpk) dh fLFkfr lcls fuEu FkhA bu lHkh dks udn ekfld HkÙkk rFkk vius&vius ntsZ osQ fglkc ls migkj feyrs FksA oa'k vkèkkfjr ikfjokfjd <k¡pk iwjh rjg LFkk;h ugha FkkA ;fn ifr dh bPNk gks vkSj mlosQ ikl igys ls gh pkj ifRu;k¡ u gksa rks vxgk vkSj vxkpk Hkh csxe dh fLFkfr ik ldrh FkhaA izse rFkk ekr`Ro ,slh fL=k;ksa dks fofèklEer fookfgr ifRu;ksa osQ ntsZ rd igq¡pkus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrs FksA ifRu;ksa osQ vfrfjDr eqX+ky ifjokj esa vusd efgyk rFkk iq#"k xqyke gksrs FksA os lkèkkj.k ls lkèkkj.k dk;Z ls ysdj dkS'ky] fuiq.krk rFkk cqf¼erk osQ vyx&vyx dk;ks± dk laiknu djrs FksA xqyke fgtMs+ ([+oktklj) ifjokj osQ vanj vkSj ckgj osQ thou esa j{kd] ukSdj vkSj O;kikj esa fnypLih ysus okyh efgykvksa osQ ,tsaV gksrs FksA uwjtgk¡ osQ ckn eqX+ky jkfu;ksa vkSj jktoqQekfj;ksa us egÙoiw.kZ foÙkh; Ïksrksa ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk 'kq: dj fn;kA 'kkgtgk¡ dh iqf=k;ksa] tgk¡vkjk

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

vkSj jks'kuvkjk] dks m¡Qps 'kkgh eulcnkjksa osQ leku okf"kZd vk; gksrh FkhA blosQ vfrfjDRk tgk¡vkjk dks lwjr osQ canjxkg uxj tks fd fons'kh O;kikj dk ,d ykHkizn osaQnz Fkk] ls jktLo izkIr gksrk FkkA lalkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k us eqX+ky ifjokj dh egÙoiw.kZ fL=k;ksa dks bekjrksa o ckxksa osQ fuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj ns fn;kA tgk¡vkjk us 'kkgtgk¡ dh u;h jktèkkuh 'kkgtgk¡ukckn (fnYyh) dh dbZ okLrqdykRed ifj;kstukvksa esa fgLlk fy;kA buesa ls vk¡xu o ckx osQ lkFk ,d nkseaftyh HkO; dkjok¡ljk; FkhA 'kkgtgk¡ukckn osQ ân; LFky pk¡nuh pkSd dh :ijs[kk tgk¡vkjk }kjk cukbZ xbZ FkhA xqycnu csxe }kjk fy[kh xbZ ,d jkspd iqLrd gqek;w¡ukek ls gesa eqX+kyksa dh ?kjsyw nqfu;k dh ,d >yd feyrh gSA xqycnu csxe ckcj dh iq=kh] gwek;w¡ dh cgu rFkk vdcj dh pkph FkhA xqycnu Lo;a rqdhZ rFkk I+kQkjlh esa èkkjkizokg fy[k ldrh FkhA tc vdcj us vcqy iQ”y dks vius 'kklu dk bfrgkl fy[kus osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;k rks mlus viuh pkph ls ckcj vkSj gqek;w¡ osQ le; osQ vius igys laLej.kksa dks fyfic¼ djus dk vkxzg fd;k rkfd vcqy iQ”y mudk ykHk mBkdj viuh o`Qfr dks iwjk dj losQA xqycnu us tks fy[kk og eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa dh iz'kfLr ugha Fkh cfYd mlus jktkvksa vkSj jktoqQekjksa osQ chp pyus okys la?k"kks± vkSj rukoksa osQ lkFk gh buesa ls oqqQN la?k"kks± dks lqy>kus esa ifjokj dh meznjk”k fL=k;ksa dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedkvksa osQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls fy[kkA

8- 'kkgh ukSdj'kkgh 8-1 HkrhZ dh izfozQ;k rFkk in eqX+ky bfrgkl fo'ks"kdj vdcjukek us lkezkT; dh ,slh dYiuk nh ftlesa fozQ;k vkSj lÙkk yxHkx iwjh rjg ls ,dek=k ckn'kkg esa fufgr

fp=k 9-14 iQrsgiqj lhdjh esa 'kg”kkns lyhe dk tUe] vdcjukek] jkenkl }kjk fpf=kr

243

bl fp=k osQ izR;sd fgLls esa ftu xfrfofèk;ksa dk fp=k.k dykdkj us fd;k gS mldk o.kZu dhft,A vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa }kjk laikfnr fd, tk jgs dk;ks± osQ vkèkkj ij vki bl n`'; osQ 'kkgh izfr"Bku osQ lnL;ksa dks igpkuus dh dksf'k'k dhft,A

244

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

gksrh gS tcfd 'ks"k jkT; dks ckn'kkg osQ vkns'kksa dk vuqikyu djrs gq, iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA foaQrq eqX+ky jkT;&ra=k osQ ckjs esa bu bfrgklksa ls izkIr le`¼ tkudkjh dks ge è;ku ls ns[ksa rks ge mu rjhdksa dks le> ldrs gSa ftuls dbZ fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh laLFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr 'kkgh laxBu izHkko'kkyh <ax ls dk;Z djus esa l{ke gqvkA eqX+ky jkT; dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ LraHk blosQ vfèkdkfj;ksa dk ny Fkk ftls bfrgkldkj lkewfgd :i ls vfHktkr&oxZ Hkh dgrs gSaA vfHktkr&oxZ esa HkrhZ fofHkUu u`&tkrh; rFkk èkkfeZd lewgksa ls gksrh FkhA blls ;g lqfuf'pr gks tkrk Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh ny bruk cM+k u gks fd og jkT; dh lÙkk dks pqukSrh ns losQA eqX+kyksa osQ vfèkdkjh&oxZ dks xqynLrs osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k tkrk Fkk tks oI+kQknkjh ls ckn'kkg osQ lkFk tqM+s gq, FksA lkezkT; osQ fuekZ.k osQ vkjafHkd pj.k ls gh rwjkuh vkSj bZjkuh vfHktkr vdcj dh 'kkgh lsok esa mifLFkr FksA buesa ls oqQN gqek;w¡ osQ lkFk Hkkjr pys vk, FksA oqQN vU; ckn esa eqX+ky njckj esa vk, FksA 1560 ls vkxs Hkkjrh; ewy osQ nks 'kkldh; lewgksaμjktiwrksa o Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ('ks[k”kknkvksa) us 'kkgh lsok esa izos'k fd;kA buesa fu;qDr gksus okyk izFke O;fDr ,d jktiwr eqf[k;k vacsj dk jktk Hkkjey dNokgk Fkk ftldh iq=kh ls vdcj dk fookg gqvk FkkA f'k{kk

eqX+ky vfHktkr&oxZ panHz kku czkã.k us 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku fy[kh viuh iqLrd pkj peu (pkj ckX+ k) esa eqX+ ky vfHktkr&oxZ dk bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k gS% fofHkUu tkfr;ksa (vjc] bZjkuh] rqdhZ] rkftd] oqQnZ] rrkj] :lh] vfclhfu;kbZ bR;kfn) vkSj ns'kksa (rqdhZ] feÏ] lhfj;k] bjkd] vjc] bZjku] [kqjklku] rwjku) osQ yksxksa] oLrqr% lHkh lektksa ls fofHkUu lewgksa vkSj Jsf.k;ksa osQ yksxksa dks 'kkgh njckj esa vkJ; izkIr gqvkA Hkkjr ls fofHkUu lewgksa] Kku vkSj f'kYi esa fuiq.k O;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ;ks¼kvksa] mnkgj.k osQ fy, cq[kkjh vkSj HkDdjh] fo'kq¼ oa'kksa osQ lSÕ;n] vfHktkr oa'k osQ 'ks[k”kknk] yksèkh] jksfgYyk] ;qlqiQ”kbZ tSlh vI+kQxku tutkfr;ksa] jk.kk] jktk] jko o jk;k¡ vFkkZr] jkBkSj] fllksfn;k] dNokgk] gkM+] xkSM+] pkSgku] i¡okj] Hkknqfj;k] lksyadh] cqansyk] 'ks[kkor uke ls lacksfèkr dh tkus okyh jktiwr tkfr;ksa o ?kDdj] [kksdj] cywph vkSj vU; lHkh Hkkjrh; tutkfr;k¡ tks ryokj pykrh Fkha o 100 ls 7000 ”kkr osQ eulc] ?kkl osQ eSnkuksa vkSj ioZrh; Hkkxksa ls Hkw&Lokeh] dukZVd] caxky] vle] mn;iqj] Jhuxj] oqQek;w¡] frCcr o fd'rokM+ bR;kfn {ks=kksa ls lHkh tutkfr;ksa vkSj lewgksa dks 'kkgh njckj dks pweus (esa vkus) vFkok jks”kxkj ikus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvk FkkA

245

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

vkSj ys[kk'kkL=k dh vksj >qdko okys fganw tkfr;ksa osQ lnL;ksa dks Hkh inksUur fd;k tkrk FkkA bldk ,d izfl¼ mnkgj.k vdcj osQ foÙkea=kh VksMjey dk gS tks [k=kh tkfr dk FkkA tgk¡xhj osQ 'kklu esa bZjkfu;ksa dks mPp in izkIr gq,A tgk¡xhj dh jktuhfrd :i ls izHkko'kkyh jkuh uwjtgk¡ (1645) bZjkuh FkhA vkSajx”ksc us jktiwrksa dks mPp inksa ij fu;qDr fd;kA fiQj Hkh 'kklu esa vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ lewg esa ejkBs vPNh [kklh la[;k esa FksA lHkh ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ ntsZ vkSj inksa esa nks rjg osQ la[;k&fo"k;d vksgns gksrs Fks % ^”kkr* 'kkgh inkuqozQe esa vfèkdkjh (eulcnkj) osQ in vkSj osru dk lwpd Fkk vkSj ^lokj* ;g lwfpr djrk Fkk fd mlls lsok esa fdrus ?kqM+lokj j[kuk visf{kr FkkA l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa 1]000 ;k mlls mQij ”kkr okys eulcnkj vfHktkr (mejk tks fd vehj dk cgqopu gS) dgs x,A lSU; vfHk;kuksa esa ;s vfHktkr viuh lsukvksa osQ lkFk Hkkx ysrs Fks rFkk izkarksa esa os lkezkT; osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrs FksA izR;sd lSU; dekaMj ?kqM+lokjksa dks HkrhZ djrk Fkk] mUgsa gfFk;kjksa vkfn ls ySl djrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa izf'k{k.k nsrk FkkA ?kqM+lokjh I+kQkSt eqX+ky I+kQkSt dk vifjgk;Z vax FkhA ?kqM+lokj flikgh 'kkgh fu'kku ls ik'oZHkkx esa nkxs x, mRo`Q"V Js.kh osQ ?kksM+s j[krs FksA fuEure vksgnksa osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa dks NksM+dj ckn'kkg Lo;a lHkh vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ vksgnksa] info;ksa vkSj vfèkdkfjd fu;qfDr;ksa osQ cnyko dk iqujh{k.k djrk FkkA eulc izFkk dh 'kq#vkr djus okys vdcj us vius vfHktkr&oxZ osQ oqQN yksxksa dks f'k"; (eqjhn) dh rjg ekurs gq, muosQ lkFk vkè;kfRed fj'rs Hkh dk;e fd,A vfHktkr&oxZ osQ lnL;ksa osQ fy, 'kkgh lsok 'kfDr] èku rFkk mPpre izfr"Bk izkIr djus dk ,d ”kfj;k FkhA lsok esa vkus dk bPNqd O;fDr ,d vfHktkr osQ ”kfj, ;kfpdk nsrk Fkk tks ckn'kkg osQ lkeus rtoh”k izLrqr djrk FkkA vxj ;kfpdkdrkZ dks lq;ksX; ekuk tkrk Fkk rks mls eulc iznku fd;k tkrk FkkA ehjc[+'kh (mPpre osrunkrk) [kqys njckj esa ckn'kkg osQ nk,¡ vksj [kM+k gksrk Fkk rFkk fu;qfDr vkSj inksUufr osQ lHkh mEehnokjksa dks izLrqr djrk Fkk tcfd mldk dk;kZy; mldh eqgj o gLrk{kj osQ lkFk&lkFk ckn'kkg dh eqgj o gLrk{kj okys vkns'k rS;kj djrk FkkA osaQnz esa nks vU; egÙoiw.kZ ea=kh Fks % nhoku&,&vkyk (foÙkea=kh) vkSj lnz&ml&lqnqj (enn&,&ek'k vFkok vuqnku dk ea=kh vkSj LFkkuh; U;k;kèkh'kksa vFkok dkf”k;ksa dh fu;qfDr dk izHkkjh)A ;s rhuksa ea=kh dHkh&dHkh bdêsò ,d lykgdkj fudk; osQ :i esa dke djrs Fks ysfdu ;s ,d nwljs ls

Lkzksr 3

njckj esa vfHktkr vdcj osQ njckj esa Bgjk gqvk tslqbV iknjh iQknj ,aVksfu;ks ekUlsjsV mYys[k djrk gS % lÙkk osQ csèkM+d mi;ksx ls mPp vfHktkrksa dks jksdus osQ fy, jktk mUgsa njckj esa cqykrk gS vkSj fujaoqQ'k vkns'k nsrk gS tSls fd os mlosQ nkl gksaA bu vkns'kksa dk ikyu mu vfHktkrksa osQ mPp vksgns vkSj gSfl;r ls esy ugha [kkrk FkkA

iQknj ekUlsjsV dh fVIi.kh eqX+ky ckn'kkg o muosQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ chp lacaèk osQ ckjs esa D;k laosQr nsrh gS\

rtoh”k ,d vfHktkr }kjk ckn'kkg osQ lkeus izLrqr dh tkus okyh ,slh ;kfpdk Fkh ftlesa fdlh mEehnokj dks eulcnkj osQ :i esa fu;qDRk djus dh flI+kQkfj'k dh tkrh FkhA

246

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

Lora=k gksrs FksA vdcj us bu rFkk vU; lykgdkjksa osQ lkFk feydj lkezkT; dh iz'kklfud] jktdks"kh; o ekSfnzd laLFkkvksa dks vkdkj iznku fd;kA njckj esa fu;qDr (rSukr&,&jdkc) vfHktkrksa dk ,d ,slk lqjf{kr ny Fkk ftls fdlh Hkh izkar ;k lSU; vfHk;ku esa izfrfu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA os izfrfnu nks ckj lqcg o 'kke dks lkoZtfud lHkk&Hkou esa ckn'kkg osQ izfr vkRefuosnu djus osQ drZO; ls c¡èks FksA fnu&jkr ckn'kkg vkSj mlosQ ?kjkus dh lqj{kk dh f”kEesnkjh Hkh os mBkrs FksA 8-2 lwpuk rFkk lkezkT; lVhd vkSj foLr`r vkys[k rS;kj djuk eqX+ky iz'kklu osQ fy, eq[; :i ls egÙoiw.kZ FkkA ehj c[+'kh njckjh ys[kdksa (okfd;k uohl) osQ lewg dk fujh{k.k djrk FkkA ;s ys[kd gh njckj esa izLrqr fd, tkus okys lHkh v£”k;ksa o nLrkos”kksa rFkk lHkh 'kkldh; vkns'kksa (I+kQjeku) dk vkys[k rS;kj djrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr vfHktkrksa vkSj {ks=kh; 'kkldksa osQ izfrfufèk (odhy) njckj dh cSBdksa (igj) dh frfFk vkSj le; osQ lkFk ¶mPp njckj ls lekpkj¸ (v[+kckjkr&,&njckj& ,&eqvYyk) 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr njckj dh lHkh dk;Zokfg;ksa dk fooj.k rS;kj djrs FksA v[+kckjkr esa gj rjg dh lwpuk,¡ gksrh gSa tSls njckj esa mifLFkfr] inksa vkSj info;ksa dk nku] jktuf;d f'k"VeaMyksa] xzg.k fd, x, migkjksa vFkok fdlh vfèkdkjh osQ LokLF; osQ fo"k; esa ckn'kkg }kjk dh xbZ iwNrkNA jktkvksa vkSj vfHktkrksa osQ lkoZtfud vkSj O;fDrxr thou dk bfrgkl fy[kus osQ fy, ;g lwpuk,¡ cgqr mi;ksxh gksrh gSaA lekpkj o`Ùkkar vkSj egÙoiw.kZ 'kkldh; nLrkos”k 'kkgh Mkd osQ ”kfj, eqX+ky 'kklu osQ vèkhu {ks=kksa esa ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd tkrs FksA ck¡l osQ fMCcksa esa yisVdj j[ks dkx”kksa dks ysdj gjdkjksa (dlhn vFkok iFkekj) osQ ny fnu&jkr nkSM+rs jgrs FksA dkI+kQh nwj fLFkr izkarh; jktèkkfu;ksa ls Hkh o`Ùkkar ckn'kkg dks oqQN gh fnuksa esa fey tk;k djrs FksA jktèkkuh ls ckgj rSukr vfHktkrksa osQ izfrfufèk vFkok jktiwr jktoqQekj rFkk vèkhuLFk 'kkld cM+s euks;ksx ls bu mn~?kks"k.kkvksa dh udy rS;kj djrs Fks o lans'kokgdksa osQ ”kfj, viuh fVIif.k;k¡ vius Lokfe;ksa osQ ikl Hkst nsrs FksA lkoZtfud lekpkj osQ fy, iwjk lkezkT; vk'p;Ztud :i ls rhoz lwpuk ra=k ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

8-3 osaQæ ls ijs % izkarh; iz'kklu osaQnz esa LFkkfir dk;ks± osQ foHkktu dks izkarksa (lwcksa) esa nqgjk;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ Hkh osaQnz osQ leku eaf=k;ksa osQ vuq:i vèkhuLFk (nhoku] c[+'kh vkSj lnz) gksrs FksA izkarh; 'kklu dk izeq[k xouZj (lwcsnkj) gksrk Fkk tks lhèkk ckn'kkg dks izfrosnu izLrqr djrk FkkA izR;sd lwck dbZ ljdkjksa esa c¡Vk gqvk FkkA vdlj ljdkj dh lhek,¡ I+kQkStnkjksa osQ uhps vkus okys {ks=kksa dh lhekvksa ls esy [kkrh FkhaA bu bykdksa esa I+kQkStnkjksa dks fo'kky ?kqM+lokj I+kQkSt vkSj rksifp;ksa osQ lkFk j[kk tkrk FkkA ijxuk (mi&f”kyk) Lrj ij LFkkuh; iz'kklu dh ns[k&js[k rhu vèkZ&oa'kkuqxr vfèkdkfj;ksa] dkuwuxks (jktLo vkys[k dk j[kokyk)] pkSèkjh (jktLo laxzg dk izHkkjh) vkSj dk”kh }kjk dh tkrh FkhA 'kklu osQ izR;sd foHkkx osQ ikl fyfidksa dk ,d cM+k lgk;d lewg] ys[kkdkj] ys[kk&ijh{kd] lans'kokgd vkSj vU; deZpkjh gksrs Fks tks rduhdh :i ls n{k vfèkdkjh FksA ;s ekudho`Qr fu;eksa vkSj izfozQ;kvksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrs rFkk izpqj la[;k esa fyf[kr vkns'k o o`Ùkkar rS;kj djrs FksA loZ=k I+kQkjlh dks 'kklu dh Hkk"kk cuk fn;k x;k ysfdu xzke&ys[kk osQ fy, LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA eqX+ky bfrgkldkjksa us izk;% ckn'kkg vkSj mlosQ njckj dks xzke Lrj rd osQ laiw.kZ iz'kklfud ra=k dk fu;a=k.k djrs gq, iznf'kZr fd;k gSA ij tSlk fd vkius ns[kk (vè;k; 8)] bl izfozQ;k dk rukoeqDr jguk vlaHko lk gh FkkA LFkkuh; ”kehankjksa vkSj eqX+ky lkezkT; osQ izfrfufèk;ksa osQ chp osQ lacaèk dbZ ckj lalkèkuksa vkSj lÙkk osQ c¡Vokjksa dks ysdj la?k"kZ dk :i ys ysrs FksA ”kehankj izk;% jkT; osQ f[kykI+kQ fdlkuksa dk leFkZu la?kfVr djus esa liQy gks tkrs FksA

ppkZ dhft,--vè;k; 8 dk vuqHkkx 2 iqu% if<+,A xk¡oksa esa ckn'kkg dh mifLFkfr dks fdl gn rd eglwl fd;k x;k gksxk] bl ij ppkZ dhft,A

247

248

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

9- lhekvksa osQ ijs

fp=k 9-15 oaQèkkj dh ?ksjkcanh

bfro`Ùkksa osQ ys[kdksa us eqXk+ y ckn'kkgksa }kjk èkkj.k dh xbZ dbZ xqatk;eku info;ksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k gSA buosQ varxZr 'kga'kkg (jktkvksa dk jktk) tSlh lkekU; info;k¡ vFkok tgk¡xhj (fo'o ij dC”kk djus okyk)] vFkok 'kkgtgk¡ (fo'o dk jktk) tSls vyx&vyx jktkvksa }kjk viukbZ xbZ [+kkl mikfèk;k¡ 'kkfey FkhaA eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa osQ vfoftr {ks=kh; o jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k osQ nkoksa dks nqgjkus osQ fy, bfrgkldkj izk;% bu info;ksa vkSj muosQ vFkks± dk gokyk nsrs FksA ysfdu ;gh lelkef;d bfrgkl iM+kslh jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk jktuf;d fj'rksa vkSj la?k"kZ dk fooj.k nsrs gSa ftlesa izfrLièkhZ {ks=kh; fgrksa dh otg ls oqQN ruko vkSj jktuhfrd izfr}af}rk dk irk pyrk gSA 9-1 lI+kQkoh vkSj oaQèkkj eqX+ky jktkvksa rFkk bZjku o rwjku osQ iM+kl s h ns'kksa osQ jktuhfrd o jktuf;d fj'rs vI+kQxkfuLrku dks bZjku o eè; ,f'k;k osQ {ks=kksa ls i`Fkd djus okys fganwoqQ'k ioZrksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr lhek osQ fu;a=k.k ij fuHkZj djrs FksA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa vkus dks bPNqd lHkh fotsrkvksa dks mÙkj Hkkjr rd igq¡pus osQ fy, fganwoqQ'k dks ikj djuk gksrk FkkA eqX+ky uhfr dk ;g fujarj iz;kl jgk fd lkefjd egÙo dh pkSfd;ksa fo'ks"kdj dkcqy o oaQèkkj ij fu;a=k.k osQ }kjk bl laHkkfor [krjs ls cpko fd;k tk losQA oaQèkkj lI+kQkfo;ksa vkSj eqX+kyksa osQ chp >xM+s dh tM+ FkkA ;g fdyk&uxj vkjaHk esa gqek;w¡ osQ vfèkdkj esa Fkk ftls 1595 esa vdcj }kjk iqu% thr fy;k x;kA ;|fi lI+kQkoh njckj us eqX+kyksa osQ lkFk vius jktuf;d lacaèk cuk, j[ks rFkkfi oaQèkkj ij ;g nkok djrk jgkA 1613 esa tgk¡xhj us 'kkg

249

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj fp=k 9-16 tgk¡xhj dk LoIu bl y?kqfp=k osQ vfHkys[k ls irk pyrk gS fd tgk¡xhj us gky gh esa ns[ks x, ,d LoIu dks vcqy glu ls fp=k esa mrkjus osQ fy, dgkA vcqy glu us bl n`'; esa nks 'kkldksa& tgk¡xhj o lI+kQkoh 'kkg vCckl dks fe=kor~ xys yxkrs gq, iznf'kZr djrs gq, fp=k cuk;kA nksuksa gh jktkvksa dk fp=k.k mudh ikjaifjd iks'kkdksa esa fd;k x;k gSA 'kkg dh vko`Qfr 1613 esa eqX+ky jktnwr oxZ osQ lkFk bZjku x, fc'kunkl }kjk cuk, x, fp=kksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA blls bl n`'; dks] tksfd dkYifud gS D;ksafd nksuksa 'kkld dHkh vkil esa ugha feys] ,d rjhosQ dh izkekf.kdrk feyhA fp=k dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A tgk¡xhj vkSj 'kkg vCckl osQ lacaèk dks fdl rjg n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ buosQ 'kjhj dh cukoV rFkk gko&Hkko dh rqyuk dhft,A tkuojksa dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\ fp=k esa ekufp=k D;k lwfpr djrk gS\

vCckl osQ njckj esa oaQèkkj dks eqXk+ y vfèkdkj esa jgus nsus dh odkyr djus osQ fy, ,d jktuf;d nwr Hkstk ysfdu ;g f'k"VeaMy vius mís'; esa liQy ugha gqvkA 1622 dh 'khr ½rq esa ,d I+kQkjlh lsuk us oaQèkkj ij ?ksjk Mky fn;kA eqX+ky j{kd lsuk iwjh rjg ls rS;kj ugha FkhA vr% og ijkftr gqbZ vkSj mls fdyk rFkk uxj lI+kQkfo;ksa dks lkSaius iM+sA 9-2 vkWVkseu lkezkT; % rhFkZ;k=kk vkSj O;kikj vkWVkseu lkezkT; osQ lkFk eqX+kyksa us vius lacaèk bl fglkc ls cuk, fd os vkWVkseu fu;a=k.k okys {ks=kksa esa O;kikfj;ksa o rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa osQ Lora=k vkokxeu dks cjdjkj j[kok losaQA ;g fgtk”k vFkkZr vkWVkseu vjc osQ ml fgLls osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls lR; Fkk tgk¡ eDdk vkSj enhuk osQ egÙoiw.kZ rhFkZLFky fLFkr FksA bl {ks=k osQ lkFk vius lacaèkksa esa eqX+ky ckn'kkg vkerkSj ij èkeZ ,oa okf.kT; osQ eqíksa dks feykus dh dksf'k'k djrk FkkA og yky lkxj osQ canjxkg vnu vkSj eks[kk dks cgqewY; oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu nsrk Fkk vkSj budh fcozQh ls vftZr vk; dks ml bykosQ osQ èkeZLFkyksa o I+kQdhjksa esa nku esa ck¡V nsrk FkkA gkyk¡fd vkSjax”ksc dks tc vjc Hksts tkus okys èku osQ nq#i;ksx

250

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

dk irk pyk rks mlus Hkkjr esa mlosQ forj.k dk leFkZu fd;k D;ksafd mldk ekuuk Fkk fd ¶;g Hkh oSlk gh bZ'oj dk ?kj gS tSlk fd eDdkA¸ 9-3 eqX+ky njckj esa tslqbV èkeZ izpkjd

Lkzksr 4

ckn'kkg rd lqyHk igq¡p igys tslqbV f'k"VeaMy dk ,d lnL; ekUlsjVs vius vuqHkoksa dk fooj.k fy[krs gq, dgrk gS % mlls (vdcj ls) HksaV djus dh bPNk j[kus okys yksxksa osQ fy, mldh igq¡p fdruh lqyHk gS blosQ ckjs esa vfr'k;ksfDr djuk cgqr dfBu gSA yxHkx izR;sd fnu og ,slk volj fudkyrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh vke vkneh vFkok vfHktkr mlls fey losQ vkSj ckrphr dj losQA mlls tks Hkh ckr djus vkrk gS mu lHkh osQ izfr dBksj u gksdj og Lo;a dks eèkqjHkk"kh vkSj feyulkj fn[kkus dk iz;kl djrk gSA mls mldh iztk osQ fnyks&fnekx ls tksM+us esa bl f'k"Vkpkj vkSj Hknzrk dk cM+k vlkèkkj.k izHkko gSA

;wjksi dks Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh tslqbV èkeZ izpkjdksa] ;kf=k;ksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj jktuf;dksa osQ fooj.kksa ls gqbZA eqX+ky njckj osQ ;wjksih; fooj.kksa esa tslqbV o`Ùkkar lcls iqjkus o`Ùkkar gSaA ianzgoha 'krkCnh osQ var esa Hkkjr rd ,d lhèks leqnzh ekxZ dh [kkst dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, iqrZxkyh O;kikfj;ksa us rVh; uxjksa esa O;kikfjd osaQnzksa dk tky LFkkfir fd;kA iqrxZ kyh jktk Hkh lkslkbVh vkWI+kQ thll (tslqbV) osQ èkeZip z kjdksa dh enn ls bZlkbZ èkeZ osQ izpkj&izlkj esa #fp j[krk FkkA lksygoha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku Hkkjr vkus okys tslqbV f'k"VeaMy O;kikj vkSj lkezkT; fuekZ.k dh bl izfozQ;k dk fgLlk FksA vdcj bZlkbZ èkeZ osQ fo"k; esa tkuus dks cgqr mRlqd FkkA mlus tslqbV iknfj;ksa dks vkeaf=kr djus osQ fy, ,d nwreaMy xksok HkstkA igyk tslqbV f'k"VeaMy iQrsgiqj lhdjh osQ eqX+ky njckj esa 1580 esa igq¡pk vkSj og ogk¡ yxHkx nks o"kZ jgkA bu tslqbV yksxksa us bZlkbZ èkeZ osQ fo"k; esa vdcj ls ckr dh vkSj blosQ ln~xq.kksa osQ fo"k; esa myek ls mudk okn&fookn gqvkA ykgkSj osQ eqX+ky njckj esa nks vkSj f'k"VeaMy 1591 vkSj 1595 esa Hksts x,A tslqbV fooj.k O;fDrxr izs{k.kksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa vkSj os ckn'kkg osQ pfj=k vkSj lksp ij xgjk izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA lkoZtfud lHkkvksa esa tslqbV yksxksa dks vdcj osQ flagklu osQ dkI+kQh u”knhd LFkku fn;k tkrk FkkA os mlosQ lkFk vfHk;kuksa esa tkrs] mlosQ cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsrs rFkk mlosQ iqQjlr osQ le; esa os vdlj mlosQ lkFk gksrs FksA tslqbV fooj.k eqX+kydky osQ jkT; vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj lkekU; tu&thou osQ ckjs esa iQkjlh bfrgklksa esa nh xbZ lwpuk dh iqf"V djrs gSaA

Lkzksr 2 osQ lkFk bl fooj.k dh rqyuk dhft,A

ppkZ dhft,--os dkSu&oQkSu ls eqís vkSj ljksdkj Fks ftUgksaus eqX+ky 'kkldksa osQ muosQ lelkekf;dksa osQ lkFk lacaèkksa dks fuèkkZfjr fd;k\

251

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

10- vkSipkfjd èkeZ ij iz'u mBkuk tslqbV f'k"VeaMy osQ lnL;ksa osQ izfr vdcj us tks mPp vknj iznf'kZr fd;k mlls os cgqr izHkkfor gq,A bZlkbZ èkeZ fl¼karksa esa ckn'kkg dh Li"V fnypLih dh O;k[;k mUgksaus vius er esa ckn'kkg osQ èkeZ&ifjorZu osQ laosQr :i esa dhA bls if'peh ;wjksi esa gkoh èkkfeZd vlfg".kqrk osQ ekgkSy osQ izdk'k esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ekUlsjsV us fVIi.kh dh fd] ¶jktk us bl ckr dh cgqr de ijokg dh fd lHkh dks mlosQ èkeZ osQ vuqikyu dh vuqefr nsdj mlus okLro esa lcdk frjLdkj fd;kA¸ èkkfeZd Kku osQ fy, vdcj dh ryk'k us iQrsgiqj lhdjh osQ bcknr[kkus esa fo}ku eqlyekuksa] fganqvksa] tSuksa] ikjfl;ksa vkSj bZlkb;ksa osQ chp varj&èkehZ; okn&fooknksa dks tUe fn;kA vdcj osQ èkkfeZd fopkj] fofHkUu èkeks± o laiznk;ksa osQ fo}kuksa ls iz'u iwNus vkSj muosQ èkeZ&fl¼karksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh bdêòk djus ls] ifjiDo gq,A èkhjs&èkhjs og èkeks± dks le>us osQ :f<+oknh rjhdksa ls nwj izdk'k vkSj lw;Z ij osaQfnzr nSoh; mikluk osQ Lo&dfYir fofHkUun'kZu xzkgh :i dh vksj c<+kA geus ns[kk fd vdcj vkSj vcqy iQ”y us izdk'k osQ n'kZu dk l`tu fd;k vkSj jktk dh Nfo rFkk jkT; dh fopkjèkkjk dks vkdkj nsus esa bldk iz;ksx fd;kA blesa nSoh; :i ls izsfjr O;fDr dk vius yksxksa ij loksZPp izHkqRo rFkk vius 'k=kqvksa ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA

gje esa gkse ;gk¡ vCnqy dkfnj cnk;w¡uh osQ eqUr[+kkc&mr&rokjh[k ls ,d va'k fn;k x;k gSA ,d èkeZfoKkuh vkSj njckjh cnk;w¡uh vius fu;ksDrk dh uhfr;ksa dk vkykspd Fkk vkSj viuh iqLrd dh fo"k;oLrq dks og lkoZtfud ugha djuk pkgrk FkkA ;qokoLFkk osQ vkja Hk ls gh egkefge viuh ifRu;ksa vFkkZr fgan osQ jktkvksa dh iqf=k;ksa osQ lEeku esa gje esa gkse dk vk;kstu dj jgs FksA ;g ,slh èkeZfozQ;k gS tks vfXu&iwtk (vkfr'k&ijLrh) ls O;qRiUu gqbZ gSA ijarq vius 25osa 'kklu o"kZ (1578) osQ u, o"kZ ij mlus lkoZtfud :i ls lw;Z vkSj vfXu dks naMor~ iz.kke fd;kA 'kke dks fpjkx vkSj eksecfÙk;k¡ tyk, tkus ij lkjs njckj dks vknjiwoZd mBuk iM+kA

fp=k 9-17 njckj esa èkkfeZd okn&fooknA iknsZ #MksYiQ ,Dokfook igys tslqbV f'k"VeaMy dk usrk FkkA mldk uke fp=k osQ mQijh Hkkx ij fy[kk gSA

252

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

fp=k 9-18 bZjku osQ izoklh dykdkjksa }kjk eqYrku osQ edcjs ls ykbZ xbZ uhyh VkbysaA

;s fopkj njckjh bfrgkldkjksa osQ ifjizs{; ls laxfr j[krs FksA ;s bfrgkldkj gesa mu izfozQ;kvksa dk cksèk djkrs gSa ftuosQ }kjk eqX+ky 'kkld cM+s izHkko'kkyh rjhosQ ls ,slh fotkrh; turk dks ,d 'kkgh lajpuk osQ varxZr lfEefyr dj losQA HkkSxksfyd foLrkj vkSj jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k osQ O;kid :i ls ßkl osQ ckn Hkh yxHkx Ms<+ 'krkCnh rd bl jktoa'k dk uke Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa oSèk jgkA

dky&js[kk oqQN ize[q k eqX+ky bfro`Ùk rFkk laLej.k yxHkx 1530

ckcj osQ laLej.kksa dh ik.Mqfyfi dk frewfj;ksa osQ ikfjokfjd laxzg dk fgLlk cuukA rqdhZ Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, ;g laLej.k fdlh rjg ,d rwI+kQku ls cpk fy, x,A

yxHkx 1587

xqycnu csxe }kjk gqek;w¡ukek osQ ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr

1589

ckcj osQ laLej.kksa dk ckcjukek osQ :i esa Ik+ Qkjlh esa vuqokn

1589&1602

vcqy iQ”y }kjk vdcjukek ij dk;Z djuk

1605&22

tgk¡xhj }kjk tgk¡xhjukek uke ls viuk laLej.k fy[kuk

1639&47

ykgkSjh }kjk ckn'kkgukek osQ igys nks n-Ýrjksa dk ys[ku

yxHkx 1650

eqgEen okfjl }kjk 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kklu osQ rhljs n'kd osQ bfro`Ùk ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr

1668

eqgEen dkf”ke }kjk vkSjax”ksc osQ 'kklu osQ igys nl o"kks± osQ bfrgkl dk vkyexhjukek osQ uke ls ladyu

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

mÙkj nhft, (yxHkx 100-150 'kCnksa esa ) 1-

eqX+ky njckj esa ikaMqfyfi rS;kj djus dh izfozQ;k dk o.kZu dhft,A

2-

eqX+ky njckj ls tqM+s nSfud&deZ vkSj fo'ks"k mRloksa osQ fnuksa us fdl rjg ls ckn'kkg dh lÙkk osQ Hkko dks izfrikfnr fd;k gksxk\

3-

eqX+ky lkezkT; esa 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ksa }kjk fuHkkbZ xbZ Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

4-

os dkSu ls eqís Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ls ckgj {ks=kksa osQ izfr eqX+ky uhfr;ksa o fopkjksa dks vkdkj iznku fd;k\

5-

eqX+ky izkarh; iz'kklu osQ eq[; vfHky{k.kksa dh ppkZ dhft,A osaQnz fdl rjg ls izkarksa ij fu;a=k.k j[krk Fkk\

fuEufyf[kr ij ,d y?kq fuca/ fyf[k, (yxHkx 250-300 'kCnksa ) 6- mnkgj.k lfgr eqX+ky bfrgklksa osQ fof'k"V vfHky{k.kksa dh ppkZ dhft,A 7- bl vè;k; esa nh xbZ n`';&lkezxh fdl gn rd vcqy iQ”y }kjk fd, x, ^rlohj* osQ o.kZu (Lkzksr 1) ls esy [kkrh gS\ 8- eqX+ky vfHktkr oxZ osQ fof'k"V vfHky{k.k D;k Fks\ ckn'kkg osQ lkFk muosQ lacaèk fdl rjg cusA 9- jktRo osQ eqXk+ y vkn'kZ dk fuekZ.k djus okys rRoksa dh igpku dhft,A

fp=k 9-19 dbZ eqX+ky ikaMqfyfi;ksa eas fpfM+;ksa dk vadu gqvk FkkA

253

254

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

ekufp=k dk;Z ;fn vki vkSj tkudkjh pkgrs gSa rks bUgsa if<+,% cSEcj xSldksbus] 1971] fn xzsV eqxYl] tksukFku osQi fyfeVsM] yanu 'khjhu ewloh] 2006 (iqueqZfnzr) ,filksM~l bu fn ykbiQ vkWI+kQ vdcj us'kuy cqd VªLV] U;w fnYyh gjcal eqf[k;k] 2004 fn eqxYl vkWI+kQ bafM;k] CySdosy] vkWDliQksMZ tkWu ,iQ- fjpMZ~l] 1996 fn eqXk+y ,Eik;j (fn U;w oSQfEczt fgLVªh vkWI+kQ bafM;k] oksY;we&1) oSQfEczt ;wfuo£lVh izsl] oSQfEczt ,Uusesjh 'khesy] 2005 fn ,Eik;j vkWI+kQ fn xzsV eqxYl% fgLVªh] vkVZ ,aM dYpj] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuo£lVh izsl] U;w fnYyh

vfèkd tkudkjh osQ fy, vki fuEufyf[kr osclkbV ns[k ldrs gSaA www.mughalgardens.org

fp=k 9-20 ,d isM+ ij fxygfj;ksa dks n'kkZrh ,d eqX+ky fp=kdkjh

10-

fo'o ekufp=k osQ ,d js[kkfp=k ij mu {ks=kksa dks vafdr dhft, ftuls eqX+kyksa osQ jktuhfrd o lkaLo`Qfrd lacaèk Fks\

ifj;kstuk (dksbZ ,d) 11- fdlh eqX+ky bfro`Ùk osQ fo"k; esa vkSj tkudkjh <w¡f<+,A blosQ ys[kd] Hkk"kk] 'kSyh vkSj fo"k;oLrq dk o.kZu djrs gq, ,d o`Ùkkar rS;kj dhft,A vkiosQ }kjk p;fur bfrgkl dh O;k[;k esa iz;Dq r de&ls&de nks fp=kksa dk] ckn'kkg dh 'kfDr dks bafxr djus okys laosQrksa ij è;ku osaQfnzr djrs gq,] o.kZu dhft,\ 12- jkT;in osQ vkn'kks±] njckjh fjoktksa vkSj 'kkgh lsok esa HkrhZ dh fofèk;ksa ij è;ku osaQfnzr djrs gq, o lekurkvksa vkSj fofHkUurkvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, eqX+ky njckj vkSj iz'kklu dh orZeku Hkkjrh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ls rqyuk dj ,d o`Ùkkar rS;kj dhft,A

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk % eqx+y njckj

fp=kksa osQ fy, Js; fo"k; 5 fp=k 5.1: Ritu Topa. fp=k 5.2 : Henri Stierlin, The Cultural History of the Arabs, Aurum Press, London, 1981.

fp=k 5.4, 5.13: FICCI, Footprints of Enterprise: Indian Business Through the Ages, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999.

fp=k 5.5: Calcutta Art Gallery, printed in E.B. Havell, The Art Heritage of India, D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Bombay, 1964.

fp=k 5.6, 5.7, 5.12: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls, Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1971.

fp=k 5.8, 5.9: Sunil Kumar. fp=k 5.10: Rosemary Crill, Indian Ikat Textiles, Weatherhill, London, 1998. fp=k 5.11, 5.14: C.A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991.

fo"k; 6 fp=k 6.1: Susan L. Huntington, The Art of Ancient India, Weatherhill, New York, 1993. fp=k 6.3, 6.17: Jim Masselos, Jackie Menzies and Pratapaditya Pal, Dancing to the Flute: Music and Dance in Indian Art, The Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1997. fp=k 6.4, 6.5: Benjamin Rowland, The Art and Architecture of India, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970. fp=k 6.6: Henri Stierlin, The Cultural History of the Arabs, Aurum Press, London, 1981. fp=k 6.8: http:èkèkwww.us.iis.ac.ukèkview_article.aspèkContentID=104228 fp=k 6.9: http:èkèkwww.thekkepuram.ourfamily.comèkmiskal.htm fp=k 6.10: http:èkèka bangladesh.comèkbanglapediaèkImagesèkA_0350A.JPG fp=k 6.11: foziaqazi@kashmirvision.com fp=k 6.12: Stuart Cary Welch, Indian Art and Culture 1300-1900, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1985. fp=k 6.13: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls, Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1971. fp=k 6.15: CCRT. fp=k 6.16: C. A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991. fp=k 6.18: Ahmad Nabi Khan, Islamic Architecture in Pakistan, National Hijra Council, Islamabad, 1990.

fo"k; 7 fp=k 7.1, 7.11, 7.12, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.18: Vasundhara Filliozat and George Michell (eds), The Splendours of Vijayanagara, Marg Publications, Bombay, 1981.

255

256

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

fp=k 7.2: C.A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991. fp=k 7.3: Susan L. Huntington, The Art of Ancient India, Weatherhill, New York, 1993. fp=k 7.4, 7.6, 7.7, 7.20, 7. 23, 7.26, 7.27, 7.32: George Michell, Architecture and Art of South India, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. fp=k 7.5, 7.8, 7.9, 7.21 http:èkèkwww.museum.upenn.eduèknewèk researchèkExp_Rese_DiscèkAsiaèkvrpèkHTMLèkVijay_Hist.shtml fp=k 7.10: Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot.

India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006. fp=k 7.17, 7.22, 7.24, 7.28, 7.29, 7.30, 7.31, 7.33: George Michell and M.B.Wagoner, Vijayanagara: Architectural Inventory of the Sacred Centre, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. fp=k 7.25: CCRT.

fo"k; 8 fp=k 8.1, 8.9: Milo Cleveland Beach and Ebba Koch, King of the World, Sackler Gallery, New York, 1997.

fp=k 8.3: India Office Library, printed in C.A. Bailey (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991. fp=k 8.4: Harvard University Art Museum, printed in Stuart Cary Welch, Indian Art and Culture 1300-1900, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1985. fp=k 8.6, 8.11, 8.12, 8.14: C.A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991. fp=k 8.13, 8.15: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls, Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1971.

fo"k; 9 fp=k 9.1, 9.2, 9.12, 9.13, 9.19: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls, Jonathan Cape, London, 1971. fp=k 9.3, 9.4, 9.17: Michael Brand and Glenn D. Lowry, Akbar’s India, New York, 1986. fp=k 9.5, 9.15: Amina Okada, Indian Miniatures of the Mughal Court. fp=k 9.6, 9.7: The Jahangirnama (tr. Wheeler Thackston) fp=k 9.8: Photograph Friedrich Huneke. fp=k 9.9, 9.11 a, b, c : Milo Cleveland Beach and Ebba Koch, King of the World, Sackler Gallery, New York, 1997. fp=k 9.10, 9.16, 9.20: Stuart Carey Welch, Imperial Mughal Painting, George Braziller, New York, 1978. fp=k 9.14: Geeti Sen, Paintings from the Akbarnama. fp=k 9.18: Hermann Forkl et al. (eds), Die Gärten des Islam.