Architecture Thesis by Ian Tomitch

ian tomitch senior thesis

introduction • introduction

research – 2.1 case studies

• thesis

site analysis • location: site selection • 0.5 mi radius: locale

• physical • implied • movement • residence

– 2.2 precedents

• 1 mi radius: sports trifecta • 0.5 mi radius: transit • 1 mi radius: transit to greater bay area • 0.5 mi radius: noise • 1 mi radius: traffic

01 02 03 • petco park

• 0.5 mi radius: retail

• renaissance toronto downtown

• 1 mi radius: parking

• centurylink field

• 0.5 mi radius: dining

• hangzhou olympic sports center

• 1 mi radius: residential & hotel

• cluj arena

• 1 mi radius: green space

• millennium tower

• 0.5 mi radius: solar

table of contents

pg.

site analysis • 1 mi radius: wind

schematic design – 4.1 design narrative

• 0.5 mi radius: views

schematic design • program area • program diagram: dining section

• concept: “bridge” • park • dining • retail • hotel • residential

• program diagram: hotel plan • program diagram: hotel section •program diagram: hotel section • program diagram: residential section • program diagram: retail section

03 04 04 • seating

– 4.2 diagramming

• 3D program

• bubble diagram

• structure: stadium, hotel, retail, dining

• program: adjacency matrix

• structure: tower & canopy

• program: bubble diagram

• seating design

• circulation parti

• riser design: lower bowl

schematic design • riser design: upper deck

design development design development – 5.1 drawings

• elevation south • site elevation east

• acoustic design: materials

• site plan

• acoustic design: physics

• ground level

• exploded axon

• retail level 2 • promenade level • club level

• elevation east • site elevation west • elevation west

– 5.2 renders

• upper deck

• view of hotel entry plaza

• section n » s

• view of south entry plaza

• section w » e

• view of residential entry plaza

• site elevation north

• view of north entry plaza

• elevation north

• view from AT&T Park

• site elevation south

• canopy structure

04 05 05 table of contents

pg.

design development • wide angle view of seating bowl at kickoff • view of field from upper deck

appendix • endnotes • works cited • image list • additional notes

introduction

pg.

introduction

The National Football League is generating record revenues and experiencing unprecedented growth. In stark contrast to this growth is a five-year decline in ticket sales1. The NFL employs a dying stadium model. With the price of admission for a single game ticket very often north of $100, the long lines to buy concessions or use the restroom, and the lack of internet connectivity weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve all come to enjoy, fans are opting to stay at home and watch the game on giants flat screen televisions instead of at the stadium. This is problematic for the larger community where the stadium resides, because:

stadium that only brings with it additional debt, as in the case of the new/old Meadowlands stadiums in New Jersey.

Team owners create community debt2 to build new stadiums that only function for ten to twelve games per year. The rest of the time, they provide very little value for the community, and generate no revenue. Often, a community finds itself still repaying debt for an old stadium, demolished to make room for a new

The question in stadium design, going forward, looms: Can we design a stadium that can coexist with the new reality of living rooms & giant high definition televisions? More importantly, can we incorporate the community into the cost of planning and construction without saddling it with overwhelming debt?

Stadiums and sports complexes designed and built to host a single event have an even more devastating impact. Less than eight years after Greece had spent north of $15 billion to host the 2014 Summer Olympics in Athens, the venues that had been built specifically for the event were already crumbling and in desperate need of private investors3. The wide variety of sports fails to catch local interest after the event is done, yet venues need to be built to support each competition.

thesis

pg.

The fibers of connection between the community and the next incarnation of the NFL stadium seem to guide the main focus of the design less toward the actual bowl and more toward what occurs around the bowl. There are not many modifications one can make to a bowl, aside from stripping away seating to create public views into it. The key then lies within how this bowl ties into its surroundings. This connection manifests itself in the physical by finding innovative ways to literally connect with its surrounding neighborhood. An examination of the word “fiber” reveals the following two sub definitions: the essential structure or character (the fiber of one’s being), and an element that gives texture or substance4. The city, specifically, the neighborhood, that sacrifices real estate and tax dollars to host a stadium should be allowed to integrate the stadium into the fiber of its very being, so that it can benefit the community year-round. On a simple level, the stadium should be

thesis

centrally located, and easily accessible from all parts of the neighborhood; a deeper solution requires examining how to literally begin to integrate the bowl into both the built neighborhood, and the new program around the stadium. This connection is also implicit in its programmatic development. Rather than the architect choosing a preordained, community-oriented program, the site will dictate the program. The implicit connection to the stadium’s surroundings lies in the surroundings dictating the support spaces that function year-round. This way, the new stadium becomes the “element that gives texture or substance” to its neighborhood by drawing on the existing needs of the neighborhood. The secondary focus lies with the actual bowl. What would make fans want to spend their money and leave the comfort of their large flat-screen tv-equipped living rooms? What about the bowl experience will fibrously connect fans to the game?

The afore-mentioned record revenue the NFL is experiencing comes from television revenue. Watching the game on television is easier than watching it live, especially from the seats farthest from the field. Television broadcasts feature replay and visual aids; at the stadium, it is often difficult to tell with the naked eye, and fans have to rely on the scoreboard. The new bowl will seek to redefine the fiber of the fan experience by bringing new ways for them to connect to the game, and new ways to connect to the field in the offseason. The New NFL Stadium will serve as a more sustainable model for community and brand growth. The situation is win-win: communities that support new stadiums receive the benefit of growth, and the NFL brand profits from yearround exposure.

research

pg.

research

pg.

2.1 case studies

physical

pg.

“The organic architecture of the building challenges the typical stadium typology to become more than an impressive skin wrapped around an ordinary seating bowl.” 5 The first facet to explore of a stadium’s connection to its site & surrounding city is its physical connection to the site. This physical connection can be achieved through manipulation of the site, or through a physical emulation of the site, or through an incorporation of certain qualities present in its existing site. NBBJ achieves simple, yet masterful physical connection through manipulation with its “Garden Stadium” – a competition entry for Dalian Shide FC’s new 40,000 seat stadium in Dalian, Liaoning, China. The architects began by positioning the stadium on an axis on the site – a

physical

reclaimed park – that takes advantage of views of the city, the mountains, and out onto the ocean. The architects then manipulate the site by folding open the park along this axis to create two strong “garden walls”, which support the bowl between them. The open short ends created by folding the two garden walls up from the ground plane allow the surrounding site to flow freely through the stadium, connecting the event & its viewers to the urban context.6 The exterior walls house VIP suites, the media center, concessions, ticket booths, restrooms, mechanical spaces, & the roof structural system. Instead of being clad in typical concrete that would be lifeless in the context of the site, they emulate the site by having living exteriors – living plants that change with the seasons. These livings walls provide insulation, reduce energy use, reduce heat island effect, filter air pollution, reduce green house gases, & soften the typical hard

edge of a stadium.7 NBBJ developed the exterior garden walls to serve as an everchanging icon & to challenge the typical exteriors of stadiums with an organic alternative. This living skin even helps power the building through integrated wind turbines and solar cells. The interior walls are clad with huge LED panels, powered by renewable on-site energy, which display images, & change dynamically with the event. This creates a contrast between outer walls that change naturally to reflect the exterior, and inner walls that change dynamically to reflect the interior.8 NBBJ came up with the unique approach of separating the bowl entirely from the walls and using the space in between to create a main concourse. The main concourse opens onto the field via a gap between the upper and lower seating in the bowl, providing a constant connection to the event.

physical

pg.

physical

pg.

physical

pg.

The first facet to explore of a stadium’s connection to its site & surrounding city is its physical connection to the site. This physical connection can be achieved through manipulation of the site, or through a physical emulation of the site, or through an incorporation of certain qualities present in its existing site. Gras Arquitectos achieve physical connection through emulation of the site with their proposal for a new soccer stadium on the site of the old Olympic Stadium in Sofia, Bulgaria, called “the Crown of Septemvri”. They set out to preserve the aspects of green space and central location that the existing park site offered, so they designed the stadium to become the new central park of the Semptemvri neighborhood. The orientation of the main soccer field and the two smaller training fields responds to intersections of existing circulation paths (and align with the orientation of the existing old stadium).

physical

They form the centerpiece of the park. The program also calls for residential, commercial & office spaces. These move to the edges of the site and rise from it vertically.

“The stadium, together with the training fields, are carved in this mass, working as patios of the new complex. A green carpet covers the building mass, providing access to the stadium and recovering the footprint of the park on the roofs of the buildings.” 9 Thus, the proposal recreates the existing old quasi-abandoned park, into a thriving new neighborhood center. More importantly, it accomplishes this while preserving the physical connection to the existing green space & the central public quality of the site through emulation.

physical

pg.

physical

implied

pg.

The second facet to explore of a stadium’s connection to its site & surrounding city is its implied connection to the site. This implied connection can be achieved visually, through sight lines & views. This connection can also be established through an interaction between the inside & outside of a stadium. AT&T Park achieves an implied connection with the revitalized South of Market neighborhood in San Francisco visually and emotionally: The gameday experience begins long before a fan reaches his seat at the game. Often, throngs of fans will ride public transportation or find parking in SoMa and walk to the ballpark. Along the way, they are greeted by restaurants and bars, all of which are provide a live connection to the event within the park through large television sets and throngs of fans, both inside and on the patios that line the streets. This walk provides fans with a

implied

free taste of what lies ahead within the ballpark.

“The journey becomes part of the experience, from a lively streetcar ride to a scenic ferry trip, or an invigorating amble down Second Street.” 10

The dying model of the old football stadium usually sit in a sea of concrete, which, while creating wonderful opportunity for tailgating, fails to provide the year-round intimacy that a ballpark like AT&T can through its connection to “axes” of retail. AT&T Park also achieves the intimacy of implied connection another way: through its connection to McCovey Cove (China Basin), just outside the right field wall. It provides a ferry terminal that brings fans to games. More importantly, it allows fans

to crowd their boats and kayaks into the Cove waiting for a home run ball to fly over the right field wall. Home runs hit by Giants players that land directly into the Cove without hitting land are known as “Splash Hits”. A digital counter on the right field wall keeps a running tally of all the Splash Hits in AT&T’s history. These fans in the boats grill food & listen to the game on their radio while they wait. When a home run is hit over the right field wall, jets of water shoot up from the wall signifying a splash hit. In this way, there is a very real emotional connection between the fans inside the park and the fans who wait in the Cove. The last implied connection that AT&T Park achieves with its fans is visual. The right field wall is permeated with a gallery of archways, where the fans can come in from the waterfront and watch the game for an inning or two in a standing room only capacity, free of charge.

implied

pg.

implied

pg.

The second facet to explore of a stadium’s connection to its site & surrounding city is its implied connection to the site. This implied connection can be achieved visually, through sight lines & views. This connection can also be established through an interaction between the inside & outside of a stadium. Another ballpark that has mastered the interplay between the interior and exterior of a stadium is Chicago’s Wrigley Field. There persists a common theme around ballparks that are located in dense, urban areas of retail springing up around the park. Wrigley Field is one of the oldest and best, examples of this tenet. The neighborhood of residences, bars, and retail that sprung up around Wrigley Field historically became known as Wrigleyville. Among the structures that lined Waveland Ave & Sheffield Ave, both adjacent to the outfield, stood many houses that offered a view over the left &

implied

right field walls, and the bleacher seating. The residents of these homes would watch Cubs games from their windows, and from folding chairs on their roofs. These congregations would grow in size, and feature more social gatherings like barbeques.

In retaliation to the clubs’ formal prices of admission, the Cubs filed a lawsuit against the rooftops claiming copyright infringment. The two sides were able to license a 20 year deal, and now the Wrigley Rooftops supplement the Cubs income by an annual $3-4 million.11

As the Cubs became more and more popular, these residences began to erect actual bleacher seating on their rooftops. As Major League Baseball boomed with popularity from the late 90s onward, real estate developers began buying up these residences, turning them into cutting edge bars, clubs, and restaurants, constructing double deck formal seating, and charging admission for viewing. Price of admission gets you access to bleacher seating, buffet style dining, game rooms, billiards, & elevated bar areas. For the corporate clientele, they offer private business suites to host events and close deals, complete with complimentary computers, catering, concierge, and wifi access.

Thus, Wrigley Field & Wrigleyville perform a seamless integration between ballpark and neighborhood: visually, emotionally, and financially. In contrast, Philadelphia’s old Shibe Park stands as a dire warning of the failure to forge such a connection. When the houses on North 20th across from the outfield at Shibe began collecting admission from spectators, the owner erected a “spite wall”. The fence impacted the ability of several players to play the game, and caused irreperable damage in relations with the fans and residents.12

implied

pg.

implied

movement

pg.

The third facet to explore of a stadium’s connection to its site & surrounding city is movement. Movement embodies two crucial components of connection: how the surrounding people approach and depart the site, & how they move through the site. Architect/sculptor/engineer Santiago Calatrava offers a number of studies on the movement of people through a site, in projects ranging from bridges, to transportation hubs, to stadiums . Bridges obviously, by their very nature, serve to connect two areas to each other, to more evenly mix two or more groups of people who would otherwise remain divided. This, however, is a passive connection: the bridge lays there and statically allows people to cross it without connecting to them, or exploring how to better serve commuters’ specific needs. Calatrava offers some very compelling studies into how bridges could manipulate movement to better serve

movement

commuters, through connection:

“We tried not only to provide a convenient crossing, but also to create the idea that a bridge is not just a junction between two points, but can also become a place, even if a very modest one – a balcony.”13 With the Puente del Alamillo Bridge, Calatrava introduces the word “balcony”, which connotates a stationary viewing experience into the concept of a “bridge”, which normally connotates transit. To further explore the idea that a bridge can lose the necessity to serve only one purpose, Calatrava provided for a flower market under the bridge every Sunday.14 Again. this promotes the idea that a bridge does not merely serve to connect people, but that people can visit & connect to the bridge for its own sake. Here, Calatrava identifies which

specific groups of commuters will use the bridge and personalizes each of their connections to the bridge:

“In this case we chose to provide for the pedestrians through a raised pavement on the central section of the bridge. A more comfortable relationship is achieved and pedestrians are more comfortable there.” 15 Through his design of the Puente del Alamillo Bridge, Calatrava evolves the connection through movement inherent to the idea of the bridge: from the simple, passive connection of intermixing groups of people found in two originally separate places, to the more active, intimate connection of a balcony in transit, to connection through cultivating convenience and comfort by changing the experience of movement for subgroups of commuters.

movement

pg.

“To give the site cohesion, [Calatrava] established a central pedestrian route linking the stadium & an existing velodrome...” 16 The third facet to explore of a stadium’s connection to its site & surrounding city is movement. Movement embodies two crucial components of connection: how the surrounding people approach & depart the site, & how they move through the site. Faced with the problem of unifying the scattered remains of Athens’ existing Olympic venues, Santiago Calatrava turned to the Ancient Greek agora/stoa relationship for inspiration. The word “agora” translates to “gathering place” or “assembly”17. Stoas formed a symbiotic relationship with the agora — they wrapped around the agora to enclose & protect the gathering citizens. Stoas also defined entrances to public spaces.18

movement

One of the elements in Calatrava’s plan is an “Agora” — a covered, vaulted walkway made of thin steel that both unifies the site & defines its boundary. Directly beside the Agora, is the Plaza of Nations, & the Wall of Nations, an 856’ undulating screen, which accepts projected images. These elements provide the means to move through the site cohesively, but Calatrava uses the concept of “movement” to facilitate actual circulation. The undulating form of the main stadium roof, the covered Agora, and the kinetic Wall of Nations sculpture all combine to unify the once scattered Olympic Complex. Calatrava creates connection through movement because his forms themselves are kinetic and dynamic, and mimic motion. They act as a helping hand for people to diffuse throughout the site. If the Puente del Alamillo Bridge invited commuters to form a personal connection through

movement to the bridge by customizing each group’s experience of moving through the bridge, The Athens Olympic Sports Complex invites visitors to create a connection through movement by literally inviting visitors to move and interact throught the site. The agora/stoa relationship organizes the site to simplify circulation through it, while the undulating form encourages the circulation by mimicking motion.

“Although the roof is stationary, the limited number of points where it meets the ground creates an impression that it floats & has the ability to move. This quality was inspired... by the undulation of the nearby mountains & by the agility of an athlete in motion.”19

movement

pg.

movement

residence

pg.

“The Arena House is a synthesis of two architecture typologies that toggles between extreme difference in programmatic scales. The proposed design is an insertion of an adapted segment of the arena typology between the party walls of the residential site in Singapore.” 20 The final facet of a stadium’s connection to its site & surrounding city is a residential connection to the people. People tend to connect and lay down roots with areas they live in; housing that springs up around sports complexes tends to bring in real estate dollars, and retail/dining dollars. This connection is strengthened by bringing the home to the stadium and the stadium to the home. Prow Architects’ Arena House conducts a fascinating experiment by fusing

residence

completely different architectural types, and programmatic scales; this fusion preserves qualities from both types and scales, while creating a completely new environment. The design of this house arises from the strict and homogenous building envelope regulations for the property plot. High property prices in the area dictate a design language of maximized space on each floor. This creates a “segregation” between the common areas on the lower floor and the private areas on the upper floors.21 Therefore, the house is designed to scale to the specific activity the family wants to perform. The dominant arena space in the house is designed to have both smaller, more intimate spaces, and a larger viewing space. Sliding doors and curtains help define privacy for the family members, or to open out onto the larger space.22

This project achieves connection through adaptability and scalability of space. The residents connect to the event that occurs practically in their own living space, but maintain that space to suit their own personal daily living needs as well. The design of the Arena House as one space with two functions in mind allow the residents to both fall in love with it as a house, and a space to host the event.

residence

pg.

residence

research

pg.

2.2 precedent studies

petco park

pg.

san diego, ca

– park – cantilever – valleys –

renaissance toronto downtown

pg.

toronto, on

– hotel – dining – room plans –

centurylink field

pg.

seattle, wa

– seismic – acoustic – roof –

hangzhou olympic sports center

pg.

hangzhou, china

– cladding – efficiency – roof –

cluj arena

pg.

cluj-napoca, romania

– roof structure – curves – cladding –

millenium tower

pg.

san francisco, ca

– luxury apartments –

site analysis

pg.

interaction Where are the locals visually interacting with the San Francisco Cityscape? Because this stadium ascribes a high level of importance to connecting with the San Francisco demographic, the process of selecting a site for the project should include innovative selection metrics. For example, map enthusiast Eric Fischer used data from Flickr & Picasa search APIs to create a map of geotagged photos taken in San Francisco proper (pictured left). Blue data clusters represent locals (people who took pictures in SF for a month or more), and red data clusters represent tourists (people who took pictures in SF for less than a month). Yellow represents an indeterminate mixture of both groups. The data sets correspond with known local hangouts & tourist locations. One of the highest concentrations of locals is in the Mission Bay/SoMa area.

location

pg.

demographic Where are the gaps in the fabric of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population? While the previous metric measures connection through interaction with the city, this map by Eric Fischer (pictured right) measures both population density, and ethno-racial density: in other words, areas that need physical connection. One of the gaping holes in the fabric of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population density is also the Mission Bay/SoMa area, extending into the Dogpatch neighborhood as well. This area already overlaps with an area of high photographic interaction with the locals, and makes more sense to develop that the large gap above it (Financial District, already developed, no residences). Further, the large cluster of blue dots in the Southeast Quadrant represents the marginalized African American population living in Bayview/Hunters Point. Closing

site selection

the Mission Bay gap is a first step to creating a bridge for the marginalized residents of Bayview/Hunters Point to connect with the rest of the city.

location master

pg.

While a studies of locals interacting with San Francisco through photography and the ethno-racial fabric of the city both point to the SoMa, Mission Bay, and Dogpatch areas as the future location of the new stadium, 10 minute walking circles from central locations in SoMa & Mission Bay overlap to select a site: Parking Lots A, B, & C for AT&T Park. The stadium fits snugly onto Lot A, with the potential to redevelop the waterfront, and B & C provide overflow for a park area and a Parking Lot.

master site selection

The site is bordered to the North by McCovey Cove, to the South and Southwest by the Mission Bay Redevelopment, to the West by Third Street, and to the East by the San Francisco Bay. There is a cluster of buildings along the eastern waterfront, including some dining, an abandoned warehouse, and a port. The Barry Bonds Junior Giants baseball field resides in the upper Northeast corner of the site, while the North edge of the site is bounded by a long planter with trees. Pedestrians and vehicular traffic cross McCovey Cove by way of the Lefty O’Doul Bridge, and the T Third Street Muni Light Rail brings commuters up and down Third Street. The site is very close to the freeway – I-280 – at the King Street exit.

0.5 mi radius: locale

pg.

The new San Francisco stadium has the opportunity to become a part of a “sports trifecta” – baseball, football, and basketball. San Francisco’s baseball team, the Giants moved from their home at Candlestick Park to AT&T Park and revitalized their entire sector of SoMa in 2000. The Golden State Warriors basketball team has announced plans to leave its longtime home at Oracle Arena in Oakland, and return to San Francisco, on the Embarcadero waterfront, Piers 30 & 32. This state of the art arena would be located within a 10 minute walk of AT&T Park, and, by extension the newly proposed 49ers stadium site. This waterfront trifecta will extend the revitalization brought about to the area by AT&T Park in both North and South directions.

1 mi radius: sports trifecta

muni metro: t line 8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

major bus stops

1 1

brannan st. stop 2nd & king st. stop 4th & king st. stop mission rock st. stop mission bay st. stop mariposa st. stop

lines 10, 30, 45, 47, 76

4 & king station

caltrain

3 2

freeways 3 4

1. 2.

I-280: king st exit I-80: 4th st exit

ferries & ports 4 6

7 6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

at&t park ferry service pier 48 pier 50 pier 52 pier 40 pier 54 pier 56 pier 38

0.5 mi radius: transit

pg.

muni metro: j, k, l, m, n, t lines 1. 2. 3.

2 2

powell station montgomery station 20th st. stop

1 1

proposed t line extension

bart 1. 2.

powell station montgomery station

caltrain 1.

3 1

1 mi radius: transit to greater bay area

22nd street station

noise: dBA over 24 hrs , penalized for night yielding 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

above 70 65 – 70 60 – 65 55 – 60 50 – 55

0.5 mi radius: noise

1 3

pg.

5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10 mph 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

second street king street third street fourth street townsend street fifth street brannan street sixth street bryant street sixteenth street harrison street folsom street howard street mission street market street eighteenth street

35+ mph

3 4 16

1 mi radius: traffic

1. 2. 3.

I - 280 I - 80 US - 101

1 block radius

1 3 1

giants dugout store furry tales

2 block radius

1. 2.

ligne rosset ball park gallery k&d furniture

janine marie handbags & accessories

lucky strike

2 block radius 1.

camera boutique inc mog inc

alno san francisco

red wheel weiser llc bimma loft hd buttercup

k & l wine merchants

neillâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grocery & liquor fâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;real food casamia forbes studio jeremyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s department store

soma beverage co 440 brannan studio

2 block radius

0.5 mi radius: retail

pg.

general paid parking

customer parking only

1 mi radius: parking

1 block radius

2 2

1 3

distillery no. 209

public house mijita

quizno’s sub blush

panera bread tsunami sushi mission bay philz coffee

3 4

2 block radius

louisiana famous fried chicken happy donuts caffe pasucucci pete’s taven/pedro’s cantina momo’s the bagel bakery mcdonald’s abc pizza o’neill’s irish pub

paragon restaurant & bar south beach cafe

amici’s east coast pizzeria burger joint safeway starbucks coffee

caffe d’amore subway

4 1

0.5 mi radius: dining

pg.

3 block radius

2 2

ironside 3rd street grill saison tres

house of hunan town’s end restaurant & bakery

zeke’s sports bar & grill koh samui & the monkey the iron cactus the creamery twenty five lusk district primo patio cafe victor’s mexican food

latte express marlowe

1 3 2

3 4

3 4 4

4 block radius

the butler and chef bistro the american grilled cheese kitchen ozone thai restaurant & lounge hrd coffee shop mexico au parc cafe centro

nova bar and restaurant 21st amendment brewery brannan street cafe

city gourmet darwin cafe brickhouse cafe and bar le truc grand club and event space zuppa

0.5 mi radius: dining

listed hotels

listed residential

1 mi radius: residential & hotel

pg.

existing parks

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

14 11 7 10

9 3

china basin park mission creek garden mission creek park mission bay commons south beach park bay front park south park jackson playground victoria manalo draves park south of market rec center yerba buena gardens rincon park esprit park union square

2 4 6

8 13

1 mi radius: green space

proposed new park

noon sun angle – 75.74º

summer solstice

sunset 20:36

sunrise 05:49

sun angles

noon sun angle – 28.76º

winter solstice

sunset 16:55

sunrise 07:22

0.5 mi radius: solar

pg.

wind statistics average san francisco wind speed: 7 mph average site wind speed: 6.2 mph peak site wind speed (july): 21.5 mph

nne

1 mi radius: wind

january

february

march

april

may

june

wnw

july

wnw

august

september

october

wnw

november

wnw

december

0.5 mi radius: views

pg.

0.5 mi radius: views

schematic design

pg.

schematic design

pg.

design narrative

design guidelines: • site becomes bridge to connect outward to city. • bridge expands to include all four types of connection, takes on program. • design identifies each group of people it will serve, creates separate axis, or bridge to better connect them. • each bridge defined by user need, adjacency, & site analysis. • each bridge embodies all four types of connections to its users. • intersection of bridges determines placement of field. • user group connects to its axis, or bridge. bridge connects users to stadium as a whole. stadium connects users to city.

Two of San Francisco’s most iconic images are the bridges: the Golden Gate & the Bay Bridge. The Lefty O’Doul Bridge literally embodies the physical connection from the site across McCovey Cove. The site also possesses the unique opportunity to extend the metaphor of The Bridge, figuratively & literally, through to connect the neighborhoods of Mission Bay, SoMa, the Financial District, Dogpatch & Bayview/Hunter’s Point. The study of Connection through Movement has already proven that bridges can create that type of connection through circulation. The challenge, then, becomes to design a bridge that empowers the site to connect to its surroundings with all four types of connection: physical, implied, movement, and residence. The design must successfully identify which groups of people the new stadium will connect to, in order to create a program, and tailor each program element specifically towards that group.

concept: “bridge”

pg.

To this end, each program element becomes its own individual bridge, residing on its own individual axis. User need, adjacency, and site analysis determine the path of each axis, while the point of intersection of all the axes, or bridges, collectively determines the location of the football field. These physical bridges possess the potential to literally bridge the gap in population density and land use that exists in the space between the affluent neighborhoods of SoMa & the Financial District to the north, the redeveloping neighborhoods of Mission Bay & Dogpatch to the south, and the underprivileged neighborhoods of Bayview/Hunters Point (a little further south) & Civic Center/the 6th & Mission corridor (a little further northwest). These physical bridges posses the potential to figuratively bridge the gap between those neighborhoods by helping to uniformly circulate as many people

concept: “bridge”

through the site as possible, & forcing them to connect & interact. People of all socio-economic backgrounds – game day revelers, park-goers, commuters, diners, shoppers, tourists & hotel guests, permanent residents on-site, & at risk youth from low income families. Those are the primary users of the site, and the site must find ways to connect them to the stadium, and, by extension, the city. Unlike a ballpark, which remains open a minimum of 81 times per year, with many of the games being played in a series over a weekend, a football stadium hosts 10-12 games per year, & whatever events it can book. As the case studies and precedents have shown, ballparks often entice retail to spring up around them because of their frequent gameday use. Eventually, fans and residents alike begin dining and interacting with the surrounding neighborhood, even during MLB’s offseason. In the case of AT&T Park, entrepreneurs were opening

retail around the park, even before its completion, driven by the business that the ballpark’s construction crews provided during their lunch hour.23 When the ballpark opened, these businesses were ready to begin serving the throngs of fans. Since a new football stadium does not have 81 games in a season to lure patrons into interacting with its amenities when there isn’t an event occuring, it must immediately provide a bridge for all of the groups, not just the football fans. This will create a symbiotic relationship, driving more people to the games, while the games drive more people to the rest of the program.

adjacencies: • proximity – program needs access to new park, waterfront. (physical) • views – field (primary), water, AT&T Park. (implied) • serves – park-goers, tourists, residents, & hotel guests, game day revelers, at-risk youth. • field views – extension of kayaks in McCovey Cove during Giants games. (implied) • different experience for park-goers and tailgaters (movement)

existing park new park

field existing park

park

pg.

A number of tiny parks haphazardly occur around the site, which almost wants to become a centroid for these parks.

by the site is China Basin Park. It wraps around the North part of the site and terminates by the Bay.

Directly to the West, on the Southern shore of China Basin, lies Mission Creek Garden, and to the Northwest, directly across the Basin from the Garden lies Mission Creek Park.

The West portion of the site, separated from the main site by Third Street, wants to link Mission Creek Garden and China Basin Park by establishing a new park on the site between the two parks, and allowing the Park Bridge to grow out of it, circling the stadium and touching down at China Basin Park, by the waterfront. The Park Bridge begins on the shore of McCovey Cove, and ends on the shore of the San Francisco Bay.

Directly North, adjacent to the site, lies China Basin Park; slightly more North, across the cove lies South Beach Park. Directly South, lies the tiny lawn of Mission Bay Commons Park, and, slightly further Southeast, the patchy, grassy hill known as Bay Front Park. These parks are tiny, scattered and in some cases consist of a small patch of grass. The Park program of the new stadium really has the opportunity to become the center of a more unified network of tiny parks. The most developed park immediately

park

The new public park doubles as a tailgating green for 49ers & Giants games. The Park Bridge rises from the tailgate park and circumnavigates the field, terminating at the new waterfront The Park Bridge also has the opportunity to recognize the different types of park-goers it serves, and respond accordingly. Much like

Calatravaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Puente del Alamillo Bridge, which offers two separate paths for pedestrians and automobiles, the Park Bridge can offer separate experiences for people who go to the park for the sake of the park, bicyclists, and tailgaters.

adjacencies: • proximity – program needs easy access to Lefty O’Doul Bridge. program needs access to/ from retail. program needs easy access for residents. program needs connection to waterfront. (physical) •

at&t park

waterfront

views – field (secondary), water, AT&T Park (secondary). (implied)

• serves – diners, tourists, residents, & hotel guests, game day revelers, shoppers, park-goers, commuters/business people.

field

• field views – secondary: the field becomes a “second screen” to the large televisions inside the Dining program. (implied)

dining

pg.

The design of the Dining â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bridgeâ&#x20AC;? draws inspiration from the experience of walking down Second or Third Street through SoMa to attend a ballgame at AT&T Park. The Dining Bridge strives to implicitly continue this walk, by offering refreshments to all of the various user groups on the site. Besides the standard concessions and finer dining options available in the club levels, there are several levels of indoor/ outdoor dining. These bring the rowdy, loud, and festive atmosphere of friends gathering at a bar to watch games to the stadium. These restaurants include wall to wall high definition flat screen game coverage, complemented by actual views of the field, facing in towards the stadium. These restaurants also provide outward facing views towards the water & AT&T Park. The din and row of these restaurants serves to amplify the crowd noise and contribute to confusing opposing teamsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; offenses.

dining

The Dining program remains open yearround, inviting a flow of customers to revel at the stadium. During baseball season, these restaurants provide extra dining to fans attending games at AT&T park. It is located directly adjacent to the hotel and in very close proximity to the residential program to offer residents and guests easy access to fine dining options.The dining program also provides refreshment to park-goers & shoppers.

adjacencies: • proximity – program needs easy access to Lefty O’Doul Bridge & Third Street. program needs easy access for residents. program needs connection to waterfront. (physical)

soma connection to soma

• serves – shoppers, residents, hotel guests, tourists, game day revelers, park-goers, & commuters/business people.

field

third street mission bay

retail

pg.

Third Street serves as the crucial circulation axis for the new Retail program. As people circulate up and down Third Street from Bayview/Hunters Point, through Mission Bay, and into SoMa, the site offers a new mall facing the street. The center of the new mall is the team store, which retails all of the latest team merchandise, helping fans pick up last minute gear before gameday. The team store also serves as an entrance checkpoint for fans. The mall will attract major clothing retailers to the area to bring a constant stream of shoppers to Mission Bay, SoMa, the Dogpatch, and in close proximity to Bayview/Hunters Point. Precedents for the type of retail and mall will resemble the Westfield San Francisco Centre mall addition. The benefit to the area can also be measured in getting the underprivileged

retail

and marginalized youth in the Bayview/ Hunters Point area projects in programs that provide minimum wage jobs at retailers for them.

adjacencies: • proximity – program needs easy access to dining. program needs access to/from retail. program needs controlled access to stadium. program needs connection to waterfront, parks. (physical) •

views – field (primary), water, AT&T Park (secondary). (implied)

• serves – hotel guests, tourists, & commuters/business people.

field

waterfront

• field views – primary: the hotel suites serves as luxury boxes with views to the field. (implied)

hotel

pg.

The hotel functions around a double loaded corridor: one side faces the field, while the other side faces the waterfront. The wide corridor is punctured with holes to allow light to pass through and create an atrium space between the two sides of the hallway. The side of rooms facing the field has much more of a height constraint due to viewing angles than the rooms facing the waterfront. This way the rooms facing the field can end and be replaced by single loaded corridors with rooms facing the water, while the rooftop of the field-facing rooms becomes a rooftop garden. The hotel has easy access to the dining, the retail, & the park to serve the guests. It also has easy access to the T Third Street line to help guests circulate all over the city. The hotel remains open year-round, and serve 49ers fans, Giants fans (during their respective sportsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; seasons) and

hotel

tourists. There are available views to suit all of those groups: towards the field, towards AT&T Park, towards downtown, & towards the waterfront.

adjacencies: • proximity – program needs easy access to Lefty O’Doul Bridge. program needs access to retail. program needs easy access to dining. program needs easy access for residents. program needs connection to waterfront. (physical) •

views – field (secondary), water (primary), AT&T Park (secondary). (implied)

• serves – residents. • field views – secondary: the field becomes a “second screen” providing ambient noise to residents choosing to watch the game in their unit. (implied)

connection to soma field waterfront

residential

pg.

The Residential program emulates some of the newer luxury high rises that have sprung up in SoMa, such as the Millenium Tower & One Rincon Hill. The new tower is tiered: 2 large penthouses at the top of the tower, with 8 units per floor at the lowest floors. The rest of the tiers include 4 units per floor & 6 units per floor. The residential tower literally brings the new high rises of SoMa to an undeveloped lot in Mission Bay. It is located as a counterpoint on the opposite corner from the main entry to the site and serves as a visual balance to the crowds of people entering the site from the northwest. The housing community that springs up is intimately connected the both the football stadium and the ballpark. It is also intimately connected to the new UCSF Mission Bay campus. The residential program entices things like grocery, dry cleaning, etc. to spring up inside the retail

residential

program to create a microneighborhood for the residents.

connection to soma waterfront

field

at&t park

seating existing park

seating

pg.

The stadium seating fills the interstitial space between the metaphorical bridges. This is what brings all of the fans and different user groups together and unifies them to watch the game and support the on-field product. Seating shall take user comfort into account, and provide some of the wider seats in the league, at 20”, 21”, & 22” (For reference, Indianapolis’ Lucas Oil stadium boasts the widest seats in the league at 22”). Seating includes: 1) a two-tiered lower bowl, which brings viewers closest to the action. These are the widest and most comfortable seats. 2) a dedicated set of luxury boxes separate from the hotel, for those who wish to enjoy a box seat without an overnight stay. 3) a two tiered upper deck, cantilevered at around 50’ to help bring the upper deck viewers closer to the game action. The seating program is careful not to

seating

obstruct views of the waterfront, or the Downtown San Francisco Skyline.

schematic design

pg.

diagramming

park dining retail hotel residential transit field seating waterfront at&t park existing park existing dining

• park provides picnic area for diners. • new & existing parks serve hotel & apartments. • park easily accessible by transit. • park provides play space for at-risk youth. • park morphs into waterfront. • park directly connects to existing park(s). • dining serves retail as “food court”. • dining serves hotel & apartments. • dining experience along waterfront. • dining accessible from parks. • retail and hotel tightly linked to provide shopping experience for tourists. • retail provides residences with groceries, essentials, shopping. • retail must be easily accessible by transit. • retail provides jobs for at-risk youth. • hotel offers quick and immediate access to transit. • hotel opens onto waterfront. • residential offers quick & immediate access to transit. • residential opens onto waterfront. • field & seating tightly integrated.

1 0 0 %

program

pg.

• park serves hotel guests. • park allows for tailgaters to picnic before football at the new stadium and baseball games at AT&T Park. • transit quickly moves people from surrounding neighborhoods to dine during their lunch breaks. • dining provides secondary views of the field, so that diners can enjoy games simultaneously live and on the television while the dine (during gamedays). dining behaves as concessions during game. • dining becomes an extension of existing dining, & also serves as overflow options for AT&T Park patrons. • transit brings people to retail. • retail serves as “team stores” for gamedays, provides admission points to seating, and glimpses of the game form the stores. • hotel & apartments provide secondary views of the game, allowing inhabitants to simultaneously watch the game on television and experience it live. • hotel & apartments serve allow for quick,

easy access to giants games. • transit allows at-risk youth to leave their environment. • at-risk youth become gameday ushers, work on field maintenance crews, etc. work with 49ers & giants players. • at-risk youth enjoy waterfront. • transit brings fans to the game, alleviating traffic on the freeways. • transit brings people to the newly redeveloped waterfront. • transit unfies neighborhoods in southeastern quadrant of the city. • field offers secondary views of waterfront.

5 0 %

adjacency matrix

• new & existing parks serve at&t park as tailgate. • dining behaves as tertiary seating during gamedays. • retail serves at&t park. • seating offers tertiary views of waterfront – glimpses between seating decks.

2 5 %

at&t park g in

ist ex ng ni di

existing park

new park

hotel

FIELD

waterfront

dining

residential rk

t xis

transit

0.25

retail

0.5

miles

program

pg.101

new program at&t park

ist

existing program

100% interaction existing park

existing park

FIELD

new park

hotel

residential

bubble diagram

transit

retail

wateront

dining

50% interaction

hvac

5 4 3 2 1

service

promenade level field

program diagram: dining section

pg.103

program diagram: dining section

bay view

field view

junior guest ste. 800 sf

circulation

level 3

bay view field view

level 5

junior guest ste. 800 sf

circulation

club level

typ.

bi- level guest ste. 1,200 sf

field view

circulation

bay view

a 107

typ.

guest room 500 sf

guest room 600 sf

a 106

program diagram: hotel plan

pg.105

bay view

field view

bay view field view

junior guest ste. 800 sf

guest room 600 sf

program diagram: hotel plan

junior guest ste. 800 sf

roof deck

circulation

level 12

circulation

level 9

guest room 500 sf

circulation

level 6

guest room 600 sf

bay view

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 L

club level

a. 106: rooms facing field

service

lobby

program diagram: hotel section

pg.107

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 L

bay view

field view

club level lobby

program diagram: hotel section

lobby

a. 107: bay vs. field

(@ 75%)

3 - 14

(@ 75%)

12 floors: 8 Residences ea. 1,375 sf./ residence

fitness center lobby typ.

a 110 lobby lounge

program diagram: residential plan

pg.109

15 - 24

(@ 75%)

25 - 32

(@ 75%)

10 floors:

8 floors:

1 floor:

6 Grand Residences ea. 1,830 sf./ residence

4 Penthouses ea. 2,750 sf./ residence

2 Grand Penthouses 5,500 sf./residence

program diagram: residential plan

hvac

33 25 - 32 15 - 24 3 - 14 2

fitness center

lounge

lobby

service

promenade level

a.110: typ. room layouts

program diagram: residential section

pg.111

2 floors retail: typ. retail unit 1,200 sf. ea.

typ. plan

promenade level

2 L

program diagram: retail section

Luxury Suites similar to Hotel Bi-Level Ste.

3D program

pg.113

new program at&t park

ist

existing program

100% interaction existing park

existing park

FIELD

new park

hotel

residential

bubble diagram

transit

retail

wateront

dining

50% interaction

structure: stadium, hotel, retail, dining

pg.115

structure: tower & canopy

W S

seating design

pg.117

Fig. 3: Maximum Angle of Rake

Fig. 1-2: Riser Design & ADA

seating design

Values

units

Description

Height from focus point to eye

504

Distance from focus point to eye

5.5

C - value

Tread Width

11.8541666666667

Riser Height

Row

Rounded

Final riser

11.8541666666667

11.9

12.2113095238095

12.2

12.5466753774681

12.5

12.8627673314911

12.9

13.1616803749693

13.2

13.4451855296085

13.4

13.5

13.7147933727457

13.7

13.5

13.9718027185401

14.2173384328258

14.2

14.4523811678686

14.5

14.6777910039342

14.7

14.5

in in

14.894326437005

14.9

15.1026597703384

15.1

15.3033896973457

15.3

15.4970516691766

15.5

15.6841264991086

15.7

15.5

15.8650475517402

15.9

16.040206787409

16.2099598738287

16.2

16.3746305325113

16.4

16.5

16.5345142534416

16.5

16.68988148508

16.7

16.5

16.840980386179

16.8

16.9880392097083

north/south tier 1

riser design: lower bowl

pg.119 Values

units

Description

500

Height from focus point to eye

1614

Distance from focus point to eye

5.5

C - value

Tread Width

16.1486988847583

Riser Height

Row (Nominal)

Rounded

16.1486988847583

16.1

16.2621697585447

16.3

16.3733469285804

16.4823212875548

riser design: lower bowl

Final riser

Row (R

16.5

16.4

16.5

16.5891784304119

16.6

16.5

16.6939990582146

16.7

16.5

16.7968593442432

16.8

16.8978312664894

16.9

16.9969829101798

17.0943787435132

17.1

17.1900798694087

17.2

17.2841442557267

17.3

17.5

17.3766269461321

17.4

17.5

17.4675802535252

17.5

17.5570539377356

17.6

17.5

17.6450953689975

17.6

17.5

17.7317496785433

17.7

17.5

17.8170598975214

17.8

17.9010670853022

17.9

17.9838104481341

18.065327449006

18.1

18.145653909487

18.1

18.2

18.2248241042373

east/west tier 1

Values

units

Description

Height from focus point to eye

313

Distance from focus point to eye

5.5

C - value

Tread Width

11.7060702875399

Riser Height

Row

Rounded

Final riser

11.7060702875399

11.7

12.2592312070802

12.3

12.5

12.7618421731376

12.8

13.2223684889271

13.2

13.6473133012891

13.6

13.5

14.0417805144039

14.4098493480559

14.4

14.5

14.7548314269089

14.8

in in

15.0794520002647

15.1

15.3859806626851

15.4

15.5

15.6763275706791

15.7

15.5

15.9521155362951

16.2147349087372

16.2

16.4653859504038

16.5

16.7051119778011

16.7

16.5

16.9348255816197

16.9

17.1553295907835

17.2

17.3673339960699

17.4

17.5

17.5714697330794

17.6

17.5

17.7682999989281

17.8

17.958329613933

18.1420128200399

18.1

18.3197598191165

18.3

18.5

18.4919422878106

north/south tier 2

riser design: lower bowl

pg.121 Values

500

units

Description

Height from focus point to eye Distance from focus point to eye

1313

5.5

C - value

Tread Width

17.8198781416603

Riser Height

Row (Nominal)

Rounded

riser design: lower bowl

Final riser

Row (Real)

17.8198781416603

17.8

17.9507331602476

18.078547248846

18.1

18.2034585334451

18.2

18.3255959380252

18.3

18.5

18.4450799841895

18.4

18.5

31 32

18.5620235057843

18.6

18.5

18.6765322891283

18.7

18.5

18.7887056479557

18.8

18.8986369408975

18.9

19.0064140382643

19.1121197439701

19.1

37 38

19.2158321776767

19.2

19.3176251215749

19.3

19.5

19.4175683356577

19.4

19.5

19.5157278448602

east/west tier 2

Values

units

Description

1112.5

Height from focus point to eye Distance from focus point to eye

2048

C - value

Tread Width

21.915283203125

Riser Height

Row

Rounded

Final riser

21.915283203125

21.9

21.9898382776801

22.06329799332

22.1

22.1356940699195

22.1

east/west tier 1

riser design: upper deck

pg.123 Values

riser design: upper deck

1280

units

Description

Height from focus point to eye

Distance from focus point to eye

2361

4.75

C - value

Tread Width

21.6188055908513

Riser Height

Row (Nominal)

Rounded

Final riser

21.6188055908513

21.6

21.5

21.6803649553999

21.7

21.5

21.7411367259322

21.7

21.5

21.8011408009118

21.8

21.8603963341111

21.9

21.9189217713131

21.9

21.9767348847797

Row (Real)

22.0338528056488

22.0902920544031

22.1

22.1460685695545

22.1

22.2011977346613

22.2

15 16

22.2556944037951

22.3

22.5

22.3095729255663

22.3

22.5

22.3628471657976

22.4

22.5

22.4155305289462

22.4

22.5

22.4676359783446

22.5

22.5191760553487

22.5

22.5701628974537

22.6

22.5

22.6

22.5

22.6206082554529

22.6705235096902

22.7

22.5

22.7199196854704

22.7

22.5

25 26

22.7688074676746

22.8

22.8171972146351

22.8

22.865098971304

22.9

22.9125224817708

22.9

22.9594772011587

23.0059723069369

23.0520167096886

23.1

32 33

23.0976190633585

23.1

23.142787775015

23.1

23.187531014152

23.2

23.2318567215573

23.2757726177697

23.3

23.5

23.3192862111503

23.3

23.5

23.3624048055865

23.4

23.5

23.40513550785

23.4

23.5

23.4474852346261

23.4

23.5

23.4894607192323

23.5

east/west tier 2

acoustic design: materials

pg.125

acoustic design: physics

128

256

512

canopy cladding tower cable system canopy structure residential tower videoboard & scoreboard upper deck

hotel stadium luxury suites hotel hotel lower bowl seating indoor & outdoor dining vertical circulation stadium, hotel, & dining structural system vertical circulation retail levels 1 & 2 vertical circulation

exploded axon

pg.127

exploded axon

design development

pg.129

design development

pg.131

5.1 drawings

14 7

site plan

pg.133

site plan

north entry plaza

south entry plaza

residential entry plaza

hotel & dining plaza

barry bonds junior baseball field relocation

new park

player & vip parking

pedestrian paths

bike paths

waterfront promenade

existing planter & waterfront promenade

lefty oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;doul bridge

fourth street bridge

mission creek garden

at&t park

500

1000

2000

4 9

6 11

north entry

south entry

residential entry

hotel & dining entry

team store entry

team store â&#x20AC;&#x201C; level 1

retail â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mall level 1

home team locker room

away team locker room

10 medical

10 7

8 12

circulation

vertical circulation

ground level

pg.135

team store â&#x20AC;&#x201C; level 2

retail â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mall level 2

food court

circulation

vertical circulation

2 5

4 2

2 5

retail level 2

200

400

800

4 7

1 6

west vip clubs and dining

east vip clubs and dining

residential tower

north promenade

south promenade

circulation

vertical circulation

7 5 3

promenade level

pg.137

stadium luxury suites

hotel bi-level suites

hotel guest room

residential tower

indoor/outdoor dining

dining balcony & circulation

circulation

vertical circulation

6 5

1 3

2 1

7 1 8

club level

200

400

800

1 concessions

4 1

residential tower

junior guest suite

guest room

indoor/outdoor dining

circulation

vertical circulation

1 6

upper deck

pg.139

200

400

800

retail – mall level 1

retail – mall level 1 circulation

retail – mall level 2

retail – mall level 2 circulation

promenade level

promenade level circulation

vertical circulation

indoor/outdoor dining

hotel – stadium facing rooms

tower cable system

residential tower

6 5 4 3 2 1

128

256

512

section: n » s

pg.141

section: n Â» s

7 4

3 2 1

section w Â» e

pg.143

retail – mall level 1

retail – mall level 1 circulation

retail – mall level 2

retail – mall level 2 circulation

clubs & dining – promenade level

promenade level circulation

hotel bi-level ste

bi-level ste balcony circulation

stadium luxury suites

upper deck concessions

upper deck circulation

7 scoreboard

tower cable system

residential tower

7 videoboard

3 2 1

section w » e

128

256

512

128

256

site elevation north

pg.145

elevation north

0 0

128 128

256 256

512 512

128

256

site elevation south

pg.147

elevation south

128 128

256 256

512 512

128

256

site elevation east

pg.149

elevation east

128

256

512

128

256

site elevation west

pg.151

elevation west

128

256

512

design development

pg.153

5.2 renders

view of hotel & dining entry plaza

pg.155

view of south entry plaza

view of residential entry plaza

pg.157

view of north entry plaza

view from AT&T Park

pg.159

canopy structure

wide angle view of seating bowl at kickoff

pg.161

view of field from upper deck

appendix

pg.163

Endnotes 1. For numbers on NFL stadium attendance & the NFL’s attempts to solve the problem, see: Clark, Kevin. “Game Changer: NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats.” 2. See: Belson, Ken. “As Stadiums Vanish, Their Debt Lives On.” 3. For a fascinating photo essay on decaying venues from the Athens Olympics, see: Manfred, Tony. “Abandoned Venues From The 2004 Athens Olympics [Photos].” 4. See: Merriam Webster dictionary for further uses of the word “fiber”. 5. For architect’s description, see: Jordana, Sebastian. “Dalian Shide stadium / NBBJ” 6.

ibid.

9. For achitect’s description, see: Furuto, Alison. “ ‘The Crown of Septiemvri’ Soccer Stadium Proposal / Gras Arquitectos” 10. For further reading on design of AT&T Park, see AT&T Park section: Geraint, John, Sheard, Rod, and Vickery, Ben. Stadia: A Design and Development Guide.

11. For further reading on the Ricketts’ family feud with the Wrigley Rooftops, see: Thurm, Wendy. “Local Interests Stymie Cubs’ Wrigley Restoration Plans. 12. For further reading on the Shibe Park conflict, see chapter: Kuklick, Bruce. “Depression Era Conflict.” 13. For further reading on the Puente del Alamillo Bridge, see: Calatrava, Santiago. “Inner City Regeneration: Works and Projects.” pg. 38 14.

ibid, pg. 38

15.

ibid, pg. 37

20. For architect’s description, see: “Arena House.” Prow Architects. 21.

ibid.

22.

ibid.

23. For further reading on the revitalization of China Basin & SoMa around the then nascent AT&T Park construction, see: Nevius, C. W. “Giants’ Ballpark Bulks Up / Nearby Small Merchants Are Happy Just to Be in the Lineup.”

16. For further reading on the Athens Olympic Stadium Lubbell, Sam, and Joann Gonchar. “Santiago Calatrava Makes a Gigantic Structure Seem Weightless and Creates a Telegenic National Symbol in the Process.” pg. 232 17. For further reading, see: “Agora.” Wikipedia. 18. For further reading, see: “Stoa.” Wikipedia. 19. For further reading on the Athens Olympic Stadium Lubbell, Sam, and Joann Gonchar. “Santiago Calatrava Makes a Gigantic Structure Seem Weightless and Creates a Telegenic National Symbol in the Process.” pg. 236

endnotes

pg.165

Works Cited 1. Clark, Kevin. “Game Changer: NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats.” The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Co, a Division of News Corp, 02 July 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. <http://online.wsj.com/ news/articles/SB10001424052702303561504577495 083707417526>. 2. Belson, Ken. “As Stadiums Vanish, Their Debt Lives On.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 07 Sept. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. <http:// www.nytimes.com/>. 3. Manfred, Tony. “Abandoned Venues From The 2004 Athens Olympics [Photos].” Business Insider. N.p., 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 15 May 2013. <http://www.businessinsider.com/>. 4. “Fiber.” Def. 1, 3. Merriam Webster. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ fiber>. 5. Jordana, Sebastian. “Dalian Shide stadium / NBBJ” 15 Sep. 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 21 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily. com/?p=35207> 6. Furuto, Alison. “ ‘The Crown of Septiemvri’ Soccer Stadium Proposal / Gras Arquitectos” 10 Jan. 2013. ArchDaily. Accessed 10 Jan. 2013. <http://www.archdaily.com/?p=315943>

works cited

7. Geraint, John, Sheard, Rod, and Vickery, Ben. “Appendix 3/AT&T Park.” Stadia: A Design and Development Guide. Fourth ed. Oxford: Architectural, 2007. 270. Print. 8. Thurm, Wendy. “Local Interests Stymie Cubs’ Wrigley Restoration Plans.” Fangraphs. N.p., 5 Mar. 2013. Web. 21 Apr. 2013. <http://www. fangraphs.com/blogs/cubs-wrigley-restorationplans-stymied-by-local-interests/>. 9. Kuklick, Bruce. “Depression Era Conflict.” To Every Thing a Season: Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia, 1909-1976. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1991. 75. Print. 10. Calatrava, Santiago. “Inner City Regeneration: Works and Projects.” RSA Journal 542.5452 (1994): 37-47. JSTOR. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.sfpl.org/ stable/41376541>. 11. Lubbell, Sam, and Joann Gonchar. “Santiago Calatrava Makes a Gigantic Structure Seem Weightless and Creates a Telegenic National Symbol in the Process.” Architectural Record June 2006 (2006): 232-37. Print. 12. “Agora.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Jan. 2014. Web. 10 May 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agora>.(last modified Jan 15, 2014; accessed prior) 13. “Stoa.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Aug. 2013. Web. 10 May 2013. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa>.

14. “Arena House.” Prow Architects. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 June 2013. <http://prow-architects.com/ projects/arena-house/>. 15. Nevius, C. W. “Giants’ Ballpark Bulks Up/ Nearby Small Merchants Are Happy Just to Be in the Lineup.” SFGate. Hearst Communications, Inc., 23 Dec. 1998. Web. 02 Feb. 2013. <http://www. sfgate.com/sports/article/Giants-Ballpark-Bulks-UpNearby-small-2971360.php>.

Images Used 1. Fischer, Eric. Race & Ethnicity, San Francisco Bay Area. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., 11 Sept. 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.flickr. com/photos/walkingsf/4981425631/sizes/o/>. [USED: PG. 8, 59] 2. Dalian Stadium - 05. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily.com/35207/dalian-shidestadium-nbbj/1253026397-dalian-stadium-05/>. [USED: PG. 14] 3. Dalian Stadium Drawing - Section 02. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily.com/35207/ dalian-shide-stadium-nbbj/1253026333-dalianstadium-drawing-section-02/>. [USED: PG. 16] 4. Dalian Stadium - Diagram 06 - New Stadium. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily. com/35207/dalian-shide-stadium-nbbj/1253026325dalian-stadium-diagram-06-new-stadium/>. [USED: PG. 16] 5. Dalian Stadium - Folding Land Concept. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily.com/35207/ dalian-shide-stadium-nbbj/folding-land-concept/>. [USED: PG. 16]

6. Dalian Shide Stadium - Site Section Concept. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily. com/35207/dalian-shide-stadium-nbbj/site-sectionconcept/>. [USED: PG. 16]

12. Elevation 3. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/315943/the-crown-of-septiemvrisoccer-stadium-proposal-gras-arquitectos/ alzado3/>. [USED: PG. 22]

7. Dalian Stadium - 03 - Concourse. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily.com/35207/dalianshide-stadium-nbbj/1253026380-dalian-stadium-03concourse/>. [USED: PG. 17]

13. Section 1. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/315943/the-crown-of-septiemvrisoccer-stadium-proposal-gras-arquitectos/ secciones-1-1/>. [USED: PG. 22]

8. Dalian Stadium - 01. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily.com/35207/dalian-shidestadium-nbbj/1253026360-dalian-stadium-01/>. [USED: PG. 18]

14. Elevation 2. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/315943/the-crown-of-septiemvrisoccer-stadium-proposal-gras-arquitectos/ alzado2-2/>. [USED: PG. 22]

9. Dalian Stadium - 04. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 15 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.archdaily.com/35207/dalian-shidestadium-nbbj/1253026388-dalian-stadium-04/>. [USED: PG. 19]

15. Site Plan. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/315943/the-crown-of-septiemvrisoccer-stadium-proposal-gras-arquitectos/plcubierta/>. [USED: PG. 23]

10. Proposal (1). Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http:// www.archdaily.com/315943/the-crown-of-septiemvrisoccer-stadium-proposal-gras-arquitectos/view_ septemvri-area/>. [USED: PG. 20]

16. McCovey Cove - 2012 World Series. Digital image. ESPN. Ezra Shaw/Getty Images, n.d. Web. 01 Nov. 2012. <http://espn.go.com/mlb/ photos/gallery/_/id/8568686/image/5/mccovey-cove2012-world-series-recap>. [USED: PG. 24]

11. Diagram 1. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www. archdaily.com/315943/the-crown-of-septiemvrisoccer-stadium-proposal-gras-arquitectos/diagram_ concept-2/>. [USED: PG. 21]

17. Wong, Adam. McCovey Cove With the 30 Ft Launch Platform. Digital image. Wong Makes. Blogspot, 13 Dec. 2012. Web. 15 Jan. 2013. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-66YFJT2a5iw/ UMlJWKLy1fI/AAAAAAAABdE/1Zc7tM9Un4E/s1600/ McCovey+Cove.jpg>. [USED: PG. 26]

image list

pg.167 18. Whitt, Mark. Happy Mother’s Day From AT&T Park. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., 8 May. 2011. Web. 27 Oct. 2011. <http://www.flickr.com/ photos/44300823@N05/5705442597>. [USED: PG. 27] 19. Lopez, Rick. Wrigley Field. Digital image. Cowbird. 2 July 2009. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. <http:// cowbird.com/story/11650/Wrigley_Field/>. [USED: PG. 28] 20. Wrigley Field. Digital image. DeviantArt. N.p., 2 July 2011. Web. 10 May 2012. <http://carlieee1.deviantart.com/art/WrigleyField-216354852>. [USED: PG. 30] 21. Benenson, Bob. “Ballpark. Cathedral of Baseball. Beloved House of Horrors for Five Generations of Cubs Fans. And the reason I became, defying all reason, a middle-aged fan of baseball’s most star-crossed team.” Digital image. Cooler on the Lake Shore. Wordpress, 3 June 2012. Web. 18 June 2012. <http://cooleronthelakeshore. com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ DSC02053.jpg>. [USED: PG. 31] 22. Sánchez, Antolín Isidro. Puente Alamillo. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., 27 Mar. 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ orgueta/4494001371/sizes/l/>. [USED: PG. 32] 23. Calatrava, Santiago. Digital image. Calatrava.com. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www. calatrava.com/content/images/Olympics%20 Athens/0004.jpg>. [USED: PG. 34]

image list

24. Digital image. Skyscrapercity. com. N.p., 2 Mar. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showpost. php?p=18783330&postcount=1>. [USED: PG. 36] 25. Digital image. Turisti per Caso. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://static.turistipercaso.it/image/g/grecia/ grecia_kpf1a.T0.jpg>. [USED: PG. 37] 26. View of the Projection Screen from the Second Story Bedroom with Doors Fully Retracted. Digital image. Prow Architects. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. <http://prow-architects.com/projects/ arena-house/>. [USED: PG. 38] 27. Longitudinal Section. Digital image. Prow Architects. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. <http:// prow-architects.com/projects/arena-house/>. [USED: PG. 39] 28. Teh, Wagen. View of the Stepped Shelving System on a Regular Day. Digital image. Sci Arch Alumni Portal. N.p., 01 Apr. 2013. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. <http://www.sciarcalumni.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/WAGEN-TEH_ARENAHOUSE_05.jpg>. [USED: PG. 40] 29. View of the Projection Screen from the Seating on an Event Night. Digital image. Prow Architects. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. <http:// prow-architects.com/projects/arena-house/>. [USED: PG. 41]

30. Petco Park on Opening Day 2009. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. The Wikipedia Foundation, 06 Apr. 2009. Web. 03 Aug. 2012. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opening_ Day_2009_Petco_Park.jpg> [USED: PG. 44] 31. Petco Park. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. The Wikipedia Foundation, 04 Mar. 2005. Web. 03 Aug. 2012. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/0/0e/PetcoPark.jpg> [USED: PG. 45] 32. Petco Park, Section 218 Panorama. Digital image. Cook and Son’s Stadium Views. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. <http://www. cookandsonbats.com/panoramas/petco/petco-218. jpg>. [USED: PG. 45] 33. Petco Park, Beach Panorama. Digital image. Cook and Son’s Stadium Views. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. <http://www.cookandsonbats. com/panoramas/petco/petco-beach3.jpg>. [USED: PG. 45] 34. De La Fuente, Edward. Petco Park. Digital image. The Itinerant Fan. N.p., 23 July 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. <http://www.itinerantfan.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/petco-park-panorama1. jpg>. [USED: PG. 45] 35. Petco Park Gameday. Digital image. Populous. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 July 2012. <http:// populous.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ PetcoPark-SanDiego-Gameday.jpg>. [USED: PG. 45]

36. Hodder, Matt. Season Opener. Digital image. Panoramio. N.p., 08 Apr. 2009. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. <http://www.panoramio.com/photo_ex plorer#view=photo&position=10&with_photo_ id=20945642&order=date_desc&user=520483>. [USED: PG. 46] 37. Osorio, Carlos. Blue Jay Edwin Encarnacion heads to the dugout at the Rogers Centre before the start of a game against the Mariners in May. Digital image. Toronto Star. N.p., 25 June 2013. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://www. thestar.com/content/dam/thestar/sports/2013/06/25/ if_great_crowds_make_a_great_stadium_rogers_ centre_rocks_kelly/rogers_centre.jpg>. [USED: PG. 47] 38. Arthur, Michelle. Toronto Skyline. Digital image. Women Alive. N.p., 13 July 2011. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://www.womenalive.org/wp-content/ uploads/2011/07/Toronto-skyline.jpg>. [USED: PG. 47] 39. Britt, Matthew. View from Renaissance Hotel Toronto Restaurant. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., 19 May. 2012. Web. 31 July. 2013. <http://www. flickr.com/photos/20456447@N03/7237698694/ in/photolist-c2z6Ew-c3S4Zs-c1XWfA-c3SCwdc2CvBh>. [USED: PG. 47] 40. Renaissance Toronto Downtown. Digital image. Destination 360. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://www.destination360.com/contents/ pictures/toronto/renaissance-toronto-downtown. jpg>. [USED: PG. 47]

41. Reguin, Nicholas. Centurylink Field. Digital image. Pro Sports Extra. N.p., 11 Apr. 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://prosportsextra.com/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Century-Link-Field. jpg>.originally published in the Boston Herald. (photo credit found at http://prosportsextra. com/2013/04/11/nfl-changes-rules-promote-crowdnoise/) [USED: PG. 48] 42. Opened Upper Deck. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. The Wikipedia Foundation, 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Opened_Upper.JPG> [USED: PG. 49] 43. Merritt, Ian. Qwest Field Is Becoming CenturyLink Field. Digital image. The Shutter Eye. Blogspot, 15 July 2011. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8ITHuFrvo6k/ Th6OkQD_6ZI/AAAAAAAAE0Y/KTLDXFEfyBc/s1600/ P7128634aac%25C2%25A9+1024+x+768.jpg>. [USED: PG. 49] 44. Sounders! Sounders! Sounders! Digital image. Merrie Quilter. Blogspot, 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/bNO4bvHQZYA/Toy32VGTYMI/AAAAAAAAAHM/ TP5D2dJ8frI/s1600/074.JPG>. [USED: PG. 49] 45. Romero, Jose. Painting Lines and Prepping. Digital image. Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company, 11 Mar. 2009. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://blog.seattletimes.nwsource.com/sounders/ sounders3-11.jpg>. [USED: PG. 49]

46. Reed, Christina. Digital image. Discovery News. N.p., 14 Jan. 2011. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blogs/6a00d8341bf6 7c53ef0148c79ef8c7970c-500wi.jpg>. [USED: PG. 49] 47. Digital image. Skyscrapercity. com. N.p., 10 Oct. 2012. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showpost. php?p=3785289&postcount=1. [USED: PG. 49] 48. Hangzhou Render 2. Digital image. The Proving Ground. Wikidot, n.d. Web. 31 July 2013. <http://theprovingground.wdfiles.com/local--files/ nbbj-hangzhou/Hangzhou_Render2.jpg>. [USED: PG. 50] 49. Hangzhou DD Rendering Deck Level. Digital image. The Proving Ground. Wikidot, n.d. Web. 31 July 2013. <http:// api.ning.com/files/4SSnqWZKsLRhlEXeUM7cjf1aziM7eHMxnlzPYYKXsBYPpe7-zwI9SW849 WA2RRgqFv1BKC15KZ5gOmAL5Hv9R9IPvoe3h pg/Hangzhou_DD_Rendering_DeckLevelC.jpg>. [USED: PG. 51] 50. Aerial Bowl. Digital image. www.NBBJ.com. NBBJ, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <https://d3pxppq3195xue.cloudfront.net/media/ images/12/12/19/aerial-bowl_966_668.jpg>.Image embedded in slideshow at http://www.nbbj.com/ work/hangzhou-stadium/ [USED: PG. 51]

image list

pg.169 51. Hangzhou DD Rendering Master Plan. Digital image. www.NBBJ.com. NBBJ, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <https://d3pxppq3195xue. cloudfront.net/media/images/13/01/31/HangzhouDD_Rendering_MasterPlan_966_668.jpg>.Image embedded in slideshow at http://www.nbbj.com/ work/hangzhou-stadium/ [USED: PG. 51] 52. Parametric 1. Digital image. www.NBBJ.com. NBBJ, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <https://d3pxppq3195xue.cloudfront.net/media/ images/12/12/19/parametric-1_720_405.jpg>.Image embedded in slideshow at http://www.nbbj.com/ work/hangzhou-stadium/ [USED: PG. 51] 53. Hangzhou DD Parametric Grasshopper. Digital image. www.NBBJ.com. NBBJ, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <https://d3pxppq3195xue.cloudfront. net/media/images/12/12/19/Hangzhou_DD_ Parametric_Grasshopper_720_405.jpg>.Image embedded in slideshow at http://www.nbbj.com/ work/hangzhou-stadium/ [USED: PG. 51] 54. Hangzhou Rendering Schematic Petal Detail. Digital image. www.NBBJ.com. NBBJ, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <https://d3pxppq3195xue. cloudfront.net/media/images/12/12/19/Hangzhou_ Rendering_Schematic_petal-detail_720_405.jpg>. Image embedded in slideshow at http://www.nbbj. com/work/hangzhou-stadium/ [USED: PG. 51] 55. Cluj Arena Dico si Tiganas - Main Image. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/210638/cluj-arena-dico-si-tiganas/_mainimage_ cosmindragomir_clujarena_xl_118/>. [USED: PG. 52]

image list

56. Cluj Arena - Facade 1. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/210638/cluj-arena-dicosi-tiganas/cosmindragomir_clujarena_xl_110/>. [USED: PG. 53]

62. Gold Rock Group. Main Building Shot. Digital image. Gold Rock Group. Wordpress, 6 Nov. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://goldrockgroup. files.wordpress.com/2012/11/main-building-shot. jpg>. [USED: PG. 54]

57. Cluj Arena - East Elevation. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/210638/cluj-arena-dicosi-tiganas/east-elevation-160/>. [USED: PG. 53]

63. Grand 1. Digital image. Millennium Tower San Francisco. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://s3.amazonaws.com/mtsf/img/res/grand1. jpg>.Images hosted as part of a slideshow at www. milleniumtowersf.com. [USED: PG. 55]

58. Cluj Arena - Facade 2. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/210638/cluj-arena-dicosi-tiganas/cosmindragomir_clujarena_xl_029/>. [USED: PG. 53] 59. Cluj Arena - Structure. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/210638/cluj-arena-dicosi-tiganas/cosmindragomir_clujarena_xl_031/>. [USED: PG. 53] 60. Cluj Arena. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www. archdaily.com/210638/cluj-arena-dico-si-tiganas/ lindab-romania-lucian-enache_p1100239_/>. [USED: PG. 53] 61. Cluj Arena - Facade 3. Digital image. Archdaily. N.p., 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/210638/cluj-arena-dicosi-tiganas/cosmindragomir_clujarena_xl_112/>. [USED: PG. 53]

64. City 5. Digital image. Millennium Tower San Francisco. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://s3.amazonaws.com/mtsf/img/res/city5. jpg>.Images hosted as part of a slideshow at www. milleniumtowersf.com. [USED: PG. 55] 65. Residence 1. Digital image. Millennium Tower San Francisco. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2013. <http://s3.amazonaws.com/mtsf/img/res/the1. jpg>.Images hosted as part of a slideshow at www. milleniumtowersf.com. [USED: PG. 55] 66. Fischer, Eric. Locals and Tourists #3 San Francisco. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., 5 June 2010. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.flickr. com/photos/walkingsf/4671581511/sizes/o/in/set72157624209158632/>. [USED: PG. 58] 67. Rendering created by AUTHOR, using Adobe Creative Suite, based on Google Earth screenshot. All Rights Reserved. [USED: PG. 60]

68. Geraint, John, Sheard, Rod, and Vickery, Ben. “11.4 Viewing Angles and Sightlines for Stadia.” Stadia: A Design and Development Guide. Fourth ed. Oxford: Architectural, 2007. pp. 133-134. Print. [IMAGES USED: Figure 11.11, Figure 11.12, Figure 11.13; on PG. 117] 69. Sailboat. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., 26 Aug. 2010. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. <http://www.flickr. com/photos/lookdaphoto/4931489328/sizes/l/>. [USED: PG. 77] 70. Aluminum bleachers. Digital image. Dant Edge. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. <http://www. dantedge.com/images/home_slider/1383907849. jpg>. Image embedded in slideshow at http://www. dantedge.com [USED: PG. 124] 71. Aluminum Texture. Digital image. Bg Fons. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. <http://bgfons. com/download/1641>. [USED: PG. 124] 72. Mann, Wayne. Concrete. Digital image. Lining Arts. N.p., 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. <http:// liningarts.com/?page_id=217>. [USED: PG. 124] 73. Wallpaper Sheet Glass. Digital image. Wall Press. N.p., 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. <http://courtneyhouse.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/11/glass-sheetsheet-glass--chinamanufacturer----building-glass-mirror-gsccqkci. jpg>.

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pg.171

Additional Notes 1. Map of San Francisco used throughout this book heavily modified by AUTHOR from original found at: http://www.sf-planning.org/ftp/files/publications_ reports/library_of_cartography/City_Street_Map.pdf 2. Information on proposed Warriors arena found at: http://www.nba.com/warriors/sf; arena site plan heavily modified by author for use in diagram. Original found at: http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/media/2.0/ teamsites/warriors/images/sf-20131112-site-2.jpg 3. All transit, & locale data (dining, retail, etc.) found at www.maps.google.com 4. Noise, parking, residential, etc data found at: http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2426 5. Solar data for site found at: http://www.suncalc.net/#/37.7749,122.3886,15/2013.03.19/17:46 6. Wind & Weather data found at: http://www.windfinder.com/windstats/windstatistic_ san_francisco.htm 7. Sightline calculation from Stadia: a Design & Development Guide. (see Works Cited).

additional notes