MSc Integrated Urbanism & Sustainable Design (IUSD)
The Integrated Case Study Informal Areas‘ Development Approaches in Egypt Process & Roles “Ezbet ElHaggana“ Cairo - Egypt 2014/2015
MSc Integrated Urbanism & Sustainable Design (IUSD)
Disclaimer ‘The Integrated Case Study - Informal Areas' Development Approaches in Egypt - Process & Roles’ is produced as a part of the Integrated Case Study (ICS) module.
© IUSD Masters Program, 2014 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form of by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of IUSD-ASU, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. All rights reserved The ICS and associated publications would not have been possible without the support of variety of donors and partners organizations, which are thanked collectively as follows: IUSD is funded by DAAD, BMZ, BMF, MoHE The ICS 2014/2015 is generously supported by the MOURIS The ICS 2014/2015 is held at Ain Shams University - Egypt Federal Ministry of Education
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation
Ministry of Higher Education
Contacts: MSc Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design www.iusd.uni-stuttgart.de Ain Shams University
Faculty of Engineering El Sarayat street 1, Abbassia, Cairo-Egypt Fax: 0020222728225 Email: iusd@eng.asu.edu.eg
Ezbet ElHaggana Team Ahmad Bakry Balsam Madi Jude Zada Teresa Fellinger
Ain Shams Teaching Staff Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salheen Assistant Prof. Marwa Abd Al Latif Dr. Hassan ElMouelhi Ain Shams Assisting Team Eng. Aya El-Wagieh Eng. Mohammed Alfiky Achnowledgement We would like to achnowledge the input of: Mr. Khalil Shaat; Mr. Mohamed Abou Samra; Mr. Yahia Shawkat; Ms. Nagwa Raouf; Dr. Raghda El-Ibrashy and Dr. Sherif Algohary
Informal Areas‘ Development Approaches in Egypt - Process & Roles
Ezbet ElHaggana
Table of Contents 1. Introduction and methodology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methodology 2. Profiling of the area 2.1 Location 2.2 History 2.3 Urban aspects 2.3.1 Mapping of active strips 2.3.2 Physical aspects 2.3.3 Economic aspects 2.3.4 Environmental aspects 2.3.5 Socio-cultural aspects 2.3.6 Mapping of aspects over time 2.3.7 Conclusions and impressions 3. Mapping of community development interventions in the area 3.1 Description of each intervention 3.1.1 Location of intervention 3.1.2 Mapping of interventions over time 3.1.2 Scope and scale of interventions 3.1.2.1 Top-down interventions 3.1.2.2 Bottom-up interventions 3.1.2.3 Bottom-up and top-down interventions 3.2 Stakeholders analysis 3.1.1 Mapping stakeholders 3.3 Residents’ perception 3.3.1 Community oriented behaviour 3.3.2 Standard of living 4. Discussion and recommendations 4.1 International case study (Incremental Housing Strategy in Pune/India) 4.2 How to approach the area in the future
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1. Introduction and methodology 1.1 Introduction
The location and expansion of Haggana as an informal settlement is related and proportional to the expansion of formal settlements. When the construction labor of formal settlements is not taken into account in the planning process, informal areas rise to cater to the needs of affordable housing.
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1. Introduction and methodology 1.2 Methodology
a. Scientific literature research
The American University in Cairo
b. Interviews
Hassan El Mouelhi
The School of Global Affairs and Public Policy
Government and Community Efforts in Upgrading Infrastructure in Informal AreasThe Case of Izbit ElHaggana A Thesis Submitted to the Public Policy and Administration Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts
By Noura Wahby
Culture and Informal Urban Development The Case of Cairo’s ‘Ashwa’eyat (Informal Settlements)
Supervised by Dr. Jennifer Bremer Public Policy and Administration Associate Professor and Chair, AUC
Interviewing Jabal El Rahma
Interviewing a talk with Nagua, i.a. founder of the cultural centre
Team memeber trying to get some information from a girl passing by
Having interactions with the community of Ezzbet El Haggana
Carefully looking at the conditions of the houses and the way of construction
Having a conversation with Um Nasser
Dr. Khaled Zakaria Amin Associate Professor of Public Policy and Administration, AUC
Dr. Khaled Abdelhalim Assistant Professor of Public Policy and Administration, AUC
Spring 2013 1
‘Government and Community Efforts in Upgrading Infrastructure in Informal Areas - The Case of Izbit ElHaggana,’ Noura Wahby
‘Culture and Informal Urban Development: The Case of Cairo‘s Ashwa‘eyat (Informal Settlements),’ Hassan El Mouelhi
c. Observation
Observing street life and condition of intrastructure
Incessant and deafening noise by deep flying planes affecting the community
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2. Profiling the area 2.1 Location
Transportation
Suez - Cairo Road
d
Ebid st
st a’moon
Makram
qqad st
la Abbas E
M Hassan
a o R d a r t s Elauto
Ring Road
Road s a h a n l E Mostafa Ro n i e s s u Zaker H Main roads Arterial roads
Highway Transportation hub
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Entrances 7
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2. Profiling the area 2.1 Location Ownership Tegan project
Military secondary school
Tag Sultan project
Madinet Nasr Housing & Development Company owned land Military controlled land Conict zone - shared owned land (Squatting, individuals, MNHDC) Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
Govenorate controlled land Private owned land
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2. Profiling the area 2.1 Location Mapping
Nasr City police station
Municipality
Commercial axis
Services
High voltage line
High voltage cables
Military activities
Schools
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2. Profiling the area
2005 Choucairy
2.2 History
2009
Residents
OR
residents
Studio 95
1979
1989
1993
Abdou
Jabal El Rahma
2003 Al Shehab
2003
1930s
Ownership
Sudanese Haggana protect city borders
•
Nubian Soldier squatted on the land
1940s Sudanese border guards’ families move into land
1950s
1960s
Migration from upper egypt
1970s
Established as a public entity
1990s
Land is distributed among officiers
Peak of growth due to increase of surrounding construction jobs (1998)
Emerat El Nasan
2011
Bet El Baraka
Shaduf
2000s
2010s
2014
Studio 95, a consultancy, that planned a land sharing strategy for the high voltage area.
Legal settling due to national decree •
Actor profiling
Squatting due to migration from upper Egypt •
Nasr Real Estate Company owns all land due national decree •
Population expansion
1980s
2011
**
•
Squatters pay compensation to company to gain permant right to use land
individual/ natural leader
Sadat declares decree 3134 to define the borders of the Real Estate company land
governmental
* Officers sell pieces of their land
organizations 30,000 inhabitants
* Residents and Eng. Nagwa claim that the land was given to the officers , who sold pieces of their land (for an unknown period) to different individuals (through informal selling transactions) ** spatial population expansion is conceptual refering to location of settlement and is not accurate
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32,652 inhabitants in 1996
500,000 inhabitants
1,000,000 inhabitants in 2,006, 921 sqm
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects
2.3.1 Mapping of active strips Transportation Hub
Elbasheer clinic
Two primary public schools / 95 students per class
Elshehab NGO
Jabal Elrahma NGO
Emaret Elensan NGO Elhegaz primary private school Services NGOs Transportation hub
Elawamya cafe shop
High way Paved streets Commercial axe Street strip Car repairing strip
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects 2.3.2 Physical aspects
Suez road
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba Street conditions & infrastructure Building conditions Facilities Transportation Economic
Numbered buildings, governmental water and electricity connections, and shared access streets.
Environmental conditions
Gas pipes construction
Location
Water run-off in streets Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects 2.3.2 Physical aspects
Suez road
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba Street conditions & infrastructure Building conditions Facilities Transportation Economic
Exterior decorative painting on ground floor
Environmental conditions
Re-using building materials (finishing and steel)
Location
Efforts to decorate with brick construction
Signs of proposed construction
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects 2.3.2 Physical aspects
Suez road
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba Street conditions & infrastructure Building conditions Facilities Transportation Economic
Mosques
Environmental conditions
NGOs
Location
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Pharmacies and clinics Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects 2.3.2 Physical aspects
Suez road
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba Street conditions & infrastructure Building conditions Facilities Transportation Economic
Donkey cart
Mini micro bus
Environmental conditions
Truck
Location
Car transportation at the entrance
TukTuk
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TukTuk-Driver
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects
2.3.3 Economic aspects Suez road
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba Street conditions & infrastructure Building conditions Facilities Transportation
Some buildings show higher economic value through the finishing
Economic Environmental conditions
Economic activity can be restricted to a shop or extended to street
Location
Commercial shops on ground floor mostly run by women
Awamiya and Ghawasa families dominate the cafe industry
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects
2.3.3 Economic aspects Suez road
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba Street conditions & infrastructure Building conditions Facilities Transportation Economic Environmental conditions
Informal gathering around commercial shops
Food strip at the entrance
Location
High-rise buildings on the fringe show difference in economic value Car fixing strip Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
Active night commercial scene
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects
2.3.4 Environmental aspects Suez road
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba Street conditions & infrastructure Building conditions Facilities Transportation Economic Environmental conditions
Burning garbage
Constant airplane noise pollution
Location
Garbage dumping Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects
2.3.5 Socio-cultural aspects Suez road
Meeting spots for children
Eastern Haggana (Study Area)
Western Haggana | Eltabba
Neighborhood spirit
Free drinking water for community despite water shortage
Location
Weddings take place in street temporary events
Community initiated signage and surveying signs
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects
Architecture
Lot sizes
2.3.6 Mapping urban aspects over time
Development of urban fabric large lots: 1000-2000 sqm
50 -60 sqm
4 m x 7m lots
Development of building typologies & life style - deteriorated 1 storey - workshops/ suez house typology - mudbrick/ stone
1930s
Economic
Feddan: 4200 sqm
- 2 -4 storey buidings with introduction of concerte - added floors for sons/ renting
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
- multistorey buildings - 1012 floors due to real estate speculation - concrete buildings
1980s
1990s
2000s
- multistorey buildings - 10-12 floors due to real estate speculation - concrete buildings -parking space becomes valuable
2010s
owning: 0.25 pounds
owning: 1.5 pounds
owning: 2000- 4000 pounds
renting: 2 pounds
renting: 250 pounds
renting: ?
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Development of land value
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2. Profiling the area 2.3 Urban aspects
2.3.7 Conclusions and impressions
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
• Less pollution inside Haggana due to less cars
• No agricultural or green zone • Rooftop gardening failed as an initiative • Garbage and sewage water in the streets could negatively affect the health of the inhabitants • Access to clean water also puts inhabitants health at risk
• Hill condition could allow for natural wind ventilation • Rooftop greening could be re-intitiated through Nagwa‘s NGO and management • Rainwater collection and storage as well as grey water treamtent
• Flooding could occur due to heavy rainfall and weak infrastructure
• Village like setting in how people salute and interact with each other • Inhabitants from different backgrounds including Upper Egypt and inner city • Communal drinking water sharing despite water constraints
• Envy between neighbours due to different levels of development in the area
• Mapping the social capital amongst the inhabitants in order to benefit from it
• Increasing density and floors/ building is lessening the interaction and community spririt among the neighbours
• Communal money sharing serves as an informal way of financial assistance • Strong position of women occupying the shops on the ground floor provide equal gender economic opportunity • Vibrant commercial activity at night • Car-repair and food commercial strips attract people from outside Haggana
• Increasing economic levels among some inhabitants causes friction in the community • Inhabitants are occupied with buying affluent gadgets before allocating proper services and education
• Money sharing could inspire similar self organized sharing initiatives
• Increasing land and apartment prices due to real estate speculation, especially on the fringe where price trends are influenced by the adjacent formal areas • Presence of excesive financial funding discourages the inhabitants from committing to consistent jobs for a living
• Self organized commitee of natural leaders used to solve legal issues in the community
• Lack of basic services despite government policies to introduce them. Also, bad implementation often leads to conflicts
• The establishment of MOURIS could lead to comprehensive upgrading strategies.
• Lack of legality puts most residents at risk of losing their home, and this affects their motivation and ownership feelings
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.1 Description of each intervention 3.1.1 Location of interventions
Sewage network upgrading Construction of 8 houses through Emaret Elensan NGO
9
8
Proposed building for reconstruction by Emaret Elensan NGO
Military proposed land for services: - post office - police station - community center
6 10
2 3
1 4
Street renovation by Elshoukery
5 7
Military proposed land for services: - public garden - school
Proposed interventions Implemented interventions Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.1 Description of each intervention 3.1.2 Mapping of interventions over time
1998
2004 Government provides services
2005 Street naming on google earth
2009
2012
2014
Military land allocation
Nursery & computer lessons by Emaret El Ensan
Studio 95 land sharing plan
Government upgrading
Cultural by EEE
center
8 houses built by Emaret El Ensan Street upgrading by Choucairy
Annual military food donations
Natural leaders commitee always solve problems
Annual financial donations through Jabal El Rahma
Collective sharing
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money
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.1 Description of each intervention 3.1.3 Scope and scale of each intervention
Actor profiling
3.1.3.1 Top-down interventions
individual/ natural leader governmental
a)
Military
food donations
organizations CBO/ NGO private sector
b)
Governorate
Intervention scope
street numbering
intervention monitoring financial developmental (physical) developmental (social)
c)
in collaboration
Studio 95 Nasr City Real Estate
land sharing strategy
Intervention scale individual level * family level **
GoPP
ISDF Governorate * individual level: individuals profit from the intervention
community level ***
** family level: selected familites profits from the intervention *** community level: community profits from the intervention
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.1 Description of each intervention 3.1.3 Scope and scale of each intervention
Actor profiling
3.1.3.2 Bottom-up interventions
a)
Heliopolis women & other donors
nursery & computer classes
individual/ natural leader governmental
financial donations
Emaret El Ensan
education & awareness raising
organizations CBO/ NGO
teachers
private sector
Intervention scope
b)
Heliopolis women & other donors
financial donations
contruction of cultural centre
Emaret El Ensan
intervention monitoring
construction of 9 houses & 1 flat
financial developmental (physical) developmental (social)
Residents
c)
Caritas
in collaboration
beading training
Intervention scale individual level * family level **
d)
Contractors
construction of houses
Landowners Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
* individual level: individuals profit from the intervention
community level ***
** family level: selected familites profits from the intervention *** community level: community profits from the intervention
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.1 Description of each intervention 3.1.3 Scope and scale of each intervention
Actor profiling
3.1.3.2 Bottom-up interventions
individual/ natural leader
e)
Businessmen (active & passive)
governmental financial donations
organizations
Jabal El Rahma
CBO/ NGO private sector
f)
Legal/ problem solving committee
conflict solving
g)
Collective financial support by community
money collection
Intervention scope intervention monitoring financial developmental (physical)
h)
Jabal El Rahma
education for kids and women
i)
Street naming committee
street naming
developmental (social) in collaboration
Intervention scale Emaret El Ensan
individual level * family level **
j)
Choucairy
street upgrading * individual level: individuals profit from the intervention
community level ***
** family level: selected familites profits from the intervention *** community level: community profits from the intervention
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.1 Description of each intervention 3.1.3 Scope and scale of each intervention
Actor profiling
3.1.3.3 Bottom-up and top-down interventions
individual/ natural leader governmental
a)
Governorate
Ministries
providing electricity, sanitary, water & gas
organizations CBO/ NGO
monitoring implementation of sanitary
private sector
Jabal El Rahma
Al Shehab
Intervention scope intervention
b)
ISDF
financial donations
Emaret El Ensan
monitoring
painting of house
financial developmental (physical) developmental (social) in collaboration
c)
UN-Health
Intervention scale promoting health
individual level *
Al Shehab
family level **
GIZ * individual level: individuals profit from the intervention
community level ***
** family level: selected familites profits from the intervention *** community level: community profits from the intervention
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.2 Stakeholder analysis Top-down
3.2.2 Mapping of stakeholders
Ministries Central Government
Military
Strong relation Moderate relation
Ministry of housing Water company
Ministry of
Weak relation
Energy
One time collaboration
MOURIS Electricity &
Sanitation & sewage institute
Financial
Electricity Company
In collaboration
Governorate GOPP
Contractors & landowners
Caritas
UN-Health
Choucairy
Bottom-up
Al Shebab
Collective financial support by community
Studio 95
Nasr City Real Estate
GIZ
Street naming committee
Tensions
ISDF
Nagwa
Emerat
Jabal El
El Nasan
Rahma
Heliopolis women & other donors
Legal/ problem solving committee
Business men (active &
Haga Abdu
6 Natural leaders
passive)
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.3 Residents’ perception
3.3.1 Community oriented behaviour
Labeling:
Shared Access:
Water sharing:
Beautification:
Street naming:
Legal committee:
Community effort in labeling areas
Many building entrances share a dead-end street access which increases interaction
Drinking water is publically offered in the street, as in formal areas although there is a water shortage.
Efforts to beautify shared entrances and spaces and not just commercial shops increases feelings of ownership.
A collective effort to name the streets on the streets in the area was done 10 years ago on google earth
A commitee of natural leaders including Hajj Abdo act as legal mediators in family, estate and other conflicts.
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3. Mapping community developments in the area 3.3 Residents’ perception 3.3.2 Standard of living
• The residents perceptions of the area were deduced through unstructured interviews • Some of the questions were: 1. What do you feel the area lacks? 2. What do you like/ dislike most about the area? 3. How long have you been here? Will you stay here forever?
general perceptions
social aspects
physical aspects
unhelpful neighbours
decreasing life quality
Pharmacy Employee:
negative attitudes
lack of proper services
The area is fine but something needs to be done about the people’s attitudes and interaction manners
presence of drug dealers
unknown NGO interventions
unknown NGO efforts general satisfaction
Em Nasser:
Tuktuk driver:
Shoe shop owner:
No body helped me when I first moved here, except for one neighbour who provided me with electricity I am happy here its my home
It is the worst informal settlemtnt due to thugs. However its my home even if the quality of life is decreasing over time
The area is self sufficient and could potentially be much better if the people would interact and behave better.
Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
The general perception of satisfaction of the area was found. Interviewed residents generally complained about either social or physical aspects. In the case of residents complaining of social issues this could partially be explained by their financial ability to make up for the government’s lack of services.
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4. Discussion and recommendation 4.1 International case study Incremental Housing Strategy in Pune/India According to the Basic Services for the Urban Poor scheme (BSUP) under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) by the Indian Government, seven slums in the city of Pune were upgraded by the architect Prasanna Desai, Urban Nouveau partnered with the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC). Before: Unsafe and chaotic living conditions.
Before: People live in shelters at the top of houses.
Collage 1: for the Slum Mother Teresa Nagar.
During: Community participation during the entire process.
During: Discussing the timetable and the upgrading process.
Collage 2: for the Slum Mother Teresa Nagar.
After: Safe and clean living conditions.
After: Kids walking in a clean street.
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4. Discussion and recommendation 4.2 How to approach the area in the future Less charity, more empowerment!
Jabal El Rahma
a)
Heliopolis women & other donors
Emerat El Nasan
Businessmen
People are not motivated to work as they receive a lot of donations. Instead the money should flow in project which empower the community and increase their knowledge. education, awareness raising, job training
(active & passive)
Give people identity and dignity! b)
c) Governorate
Al Shehab
Ministries
Strenghten the monitoring of implementation of intrastructure as the construction is not done in a proper way!
providing electricity, sanitary, water & gas
Governorate
street numbering
Make the numbering more obvious (bigger & colour): Jabal El Rahma
Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I
1. easier for orientation in Haggana 2. people are recognized and given identity
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4. Discussion and recommendation 4.2 How to approach the area in the future Increase awareness! d)
Heliopolis women & other donors
financial donations
Emerat El Nasan
put dust bins Putting dustpins with the logo of Emerat El Nasan: 1. Cleaner environment 2. Make NGO known in the area
e) NGOs
raising awareness through theatre Rehearse a theatre with the kids about values and hygine and play it at public spaces in Haggana
f) NGOs
raising awareness through social media NGOs using facebook to present themselves, publish their activites and look for donors
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