Experiencing Construction. by Ivanka Teh

C O N T E N T GROUPMEMEMBERS

I NT RODUCT I ON

S I T E& S AF ET Y

PL ANT SANDMACHI NERI ES

EXT ERNALWORK

YEOW YICHUAN 0317576 T EHGI EENG,I VANKA 0316179 L I MJ I ANJ UN 0316867

F OUNDAT I ON

S UPERS T RUCT URE

DOORSANDWI NDOWS

ROOF

S UMMARY& REF ERENCE

J OANNEBERNI CECHUAYUNNT Z E 0315905 ANDREW CHEEKI ONG CHEEMANS HI NG 0316202 L OO MEICHUEN 0316379 S OHWEIAUN 0316887 MEERAS AT HEES H 0317062

byL ooMei Chuen& Yeow Yi Chuan

S t ep2:Ear t hCompact i ng -Ear t hi scompact edus i ng10t on compact or

Backhoel oader f ort ops oi l r emoval

10t onsmechani cal compact or T r uckf ort r ans por t i ng t ops oi l andt r ees

-Al ayerofhar dcor ei saddedt o s t r engt hent hebas e -Har dcor ei st henbei ngcompact ed t o6i nchest hi ck

-Quar r ydus taddedaf t erhar dcor e -Quar r ydus ti st henbei ngcompact edt o6 i nchest hi ck

F oundat i on

byL ooMei Chuen& Yeow Yi Chuan

e et r c on C 1. 7 A C BR & r Ba l ee St . 2 s l oo t S 3. 4.

5.T empor ar yT r adi t i onal T i mberF or mwor k

- madeofpl ywoodandi sr eus abl eupt o5t i mes - us edt os hapeands uppor tconcr et eunt i l i tcur es - t i mber â&#x20AC;&#x2122; ss moot hs ur f acesf acei ns i det oavoi dr ought ex t ur eon concr et e

7.Har dcor e( 6i nches )

-makeupmat er i al t or ai s el evel sandt opr ovi deaf i r m bas e onwhi cht ocas tagr oundf l oors l ab

8.Ear t h

- compact edandex cavat edt odi f f er entl evel saccor di ng t of i ni t eel ement sanal ys i sdonebyt heengi neer s F i ni t eEl ement sPl an

Af t erEx cavat i on Col umns

6.Quar r yDus t( 6i nches )

- beddi ngf orpi pesandcabl es - pl ent i f ul andcheap,pr oduceddur i ngcr us hi ngpr oces s Heavi erl oadpr es s edont ot hegr ound L i ght erl oadpr es s edont ot hegr ound

F o u n d a t i o n ADDI T I ONALI NF ORMAT I ON

Wal l

byL ooMei Chuen& Yeow Yi Chuan

Honeycombi sacommondef ectt hathappensonf oundat i on I ft hedef ecti snots er i ous ,engi neer i ngcons ul t antwi l l hel pi nt ouchi ngupt hehoneycomb

Raf tf oundat i on

e et r c on C

T r enchesar eex cavat edt o pos i t i oncol umns ( s t ar t erbar s )and t ogi vemor es uppor twhen concr et ei spour ed

Rebarcapss houl dbeus edt o pr eventi nj ur i es T hi ckerconcr et e( 450mm)att he s t ar t erbar ss t r engt hent hebas e oft hecol umns ( s t ar t erbar s )

Cr acks

S t ar t erbar sf orapr on

e et cr n o C

Apr on

Cr acki ngoccur sduet ot hepoor s uppor tofapr onâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ss t ar t erbar s

byL ooMei Chuen& Yeow Yi Chuan

cements ands cr eed

( a)Cements ands cr eed

20mm s t andar dbutvar i esi nor der t oobt ai nr equi r el evel

( b)Ref er encel i nes

cons t r uctr ef er encel i ness t ar t i ngf r om mi ddl et obal ancebot hs i de

( d)Pl acet hef i r s tt i l eatt hecr os s i ngofr ef er encel i nes andf ol l ow byt her emai ni ngt i l es . S omeoft het i l esmi ghtneedt obecutus i ngt i l ecut t eri nor dert oar chi eve bal ancebot hs i deoff l oorf i ni s h.

( e)Pl acet hes pacer si nbet weent i l es .T hi si st oens ur et hatt her ei s s omedi s t ancebet weent i l esf ort i l esex pans i on.

I nt hi scons t r uct i ons i t e,s t andar ds pacer sar enotus edbutnai l s i ns t ead,t hi smayr es ul ti naunevens paci ngbet weent i l es .

S UPE RS T RUCT URE

S t ai r smaybemadef r om t i mber ,br i cks ,s t one,met al andpl ai n andr ei nf or cedcementconcr et e.

S T AI RS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

S t ai rT ypes :Mat er i al s

Meas ur ement

WOOD •l i ghti nwei ght •eas yt ocons t r uct •havepoorr es i s t ancet of i r e •us edonl yf ors mal l r es i dent i al bui l di ngs •uns ui t abl ef orhi ghr i s er es i dent i al bui l di ngsandpubl i candcommer ci al bui l di ngs •t i mberus edf orcons t r uct i ons houl dbef r eef r om f ungal decayandi ns ectat t ackand s houl dbewel l t r eat edbef or eus e

T her i s ehei ghtorr i s eofeachs t epi smeas ur edf r om t het opofonet r eadt ot henext . T het r eaddept hofas t epi smeas ur edf r om t heedgeoft henos i ngt ot hever t i calr i s er . T hegoi ngofas t epi smeas ur edf r om t heedgeoft henos i ngt ot heedgeofnos i ngi n pl anvi ew. T het ot alr unort ot algoi ngoft hes t ai r si st hehor i z ont aldi s t ancef r om t hef i r s tr i s ert o t hel as tr i s er . -I ft her ear eNs t eps ,t het ot alr unequal sN1t i mest hegoi ng:t het r eadoft hel as ts t ep i spar tofal andi ngandi snotcount ed. T het ot alr i s eoft hes t ai r si st hehei ghtbet weenf l oor s( orl andi ngs )t hatt hef l i ghtof s t ai r si ss panni ng. -I ft her ear eNs t eps ,t het ot alr i s eequal sNt i mest her i s eofeachs t ep. T hes l opeorpi t choft hes t ai r si st her at i obet weent her i s eandt hegoi ng( nott het r ead dept h,duet ot henos i ng) . Headr oom i st hehei ghtabovet henos i ngofat r eadt ot hecei l i ngabovei t .

CONCRET E •f or m ofs t ai randi ndi vi dual t r eadsandr i s er smayvar yasdes i r ed •us edwher ef i r epr oofcons t r uct i oni sr equi r ed •t hewi dt h,r i s e,goi ng,headr oom andt hear r angementoft hef l i ght sofs t epsal l ar es ame asi nt i mbers t ai r s •cant i l ever eddes i gnsar epos s i bl e •ex t ens i vef or m wor kandwei ghtofcons t r uct i oni sani mpor t antcons i der at i ons •pr ecas ts t ai rel ement sar eavai l abl e

T ot al Run

I NS I T UREI NF ORCEDCONCRET E •Concr et epour edons i t e.Avar i et yofs t ai rt ypesorar r angement sar epos s i bl e.

Goi ng

T ot al Ri s e

Ri s e

PRECAS TCONCRET ES T AI RS •Pr oducedi nmos tf or mat sus edf ori ns i t uconcr et es t ai r s .L i mi t eds t ai rt ypes . S T EEL •l ooksnotgood,makesl otofnoi s ewhenus ed •r equi r esr egul armai nt enancei nt hef or m ofpai nt i ngt opr ot ectf r om cor r os i on •mos t l ys pi r al s t ai r s •bot hs t eel t ubesandangl esar eus ed •madeupofmi l ds t eel ( MS )orcas ti r on •us edi nver yex cept i onal /r ar ecas esasemer gencys t ai r s •al s ous edasf i r ees capes t ai r s/backs t ai r s

S t ai r s

Met hodsofI ns t al l at i on:I ns i t uRei nf or cedConcr et eS t ai r s I namor edet ai l edper s pect i vevi ew,t hef or mwor kwi l l var yf ordi f f er entt ypesofr ei nf or ceds t ai r sbutt he bas i cpr i nci pl esf oreachf or matar e t hes ame. •S ol i dwoodenboar dsmus tbel oadbear i ngt os uppor tt hewei ghtoft heconcr et e.

S UPE RS T RUCT URE S T AI RS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

•S ever al f i x t ur es ,s uchass cr ews ,ar eus edt oj oi nandf as t ent he r i s erboar dst ot hel at er al s t r uct ur eoft hef or mwor k.

•T her ei nf or ci ngbar s( j oi s t )ar ei ns t al l edi nt hef or mwor katt he bot t om oft hes l ab

S UPE RS T RUCT URE

Cons t r uct i onoft hes t ar i cas e

S T AI RS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

•Mar kt her i s eandt r eadont hel at er al woodpl anks •Us eofas pr i tt omakes ur et hef or mi sl evel andpl umbt oachi eveaneatl ook 1.

S i mpl er ei nf or cedconcr et es t epswi t hs ui t abl ef or m wor kar r angementi s bas edont hef ol l owi ngbas i cr equi r ement s : •concr et emi xus ual l yM15( 1: 2: 4)/20mm aggr egat e •mi ni mum “cover ”t or ei nf or cement15mm orbardi amet erorgr eat erval ue f or1hourf i r er es i s t ance

S UPE RS T RUCT URE S T AI RS

Concr et eS t ai rF i ni s hes

ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG T hes ur f aceoft hes t ai r smus tbeper f ect l yl evel bef or es t ar t i ngwi t ht hel ayer i ngoft het i l es . T heex i s t i ngconcr et es t epsar ecl eaned. T headhes i vei st henl ayer edus i ngt hes t r ai ghts i de oft hef l oati ns emi ci r cul armot i onsunt i l wehave anevenl ayer . T headhes i vei st hencombedwi t ht henot ched s i de. Cutt het i l esi nt ot hes peci f i cdi mens i onsus i nga wets aw. L ayert het i l esandi ns t al l s pacer si nbet went he t i l est ohaveevengapss epar at i ngt het i l es . Keeponl ayer i ngal l t i l esont r eadsunt i l t heent i r e s l abhasbeencover ed. Bul l nos et i l eswi l l covert hef aci ngedgeoft he s t ai r s .L ayert her i s eroft hes t ai rus i ngt hes ame pr oces sast het r ead. T apt het i l esgent l y,byus i ngar ubberhammert o l ockt het i l esi npos i t i onandhaveanevens ur f ace. T hemor t arandt headhes i vemus tbel ef tt ocur e f or24hour s . Pr epar et hegr outands pr eadt hegr outwi t ha r ubberf l oatt of i l l al l t hecr evi cesbet weent he t i l es . 20mi nut esofwai ti sneces s ar ybef or es t ar t i ngt o cl eanwi t ht hes emi wetcl ot h.

S UPE RS T RUCT URE

S t andar dRequi r ement s S t ai r waydes i gni ss t r i ct l yr egul at edbyt hebui l di ngcode.T hedi mens i onsof r i s eandt r eadar es ubj ect edt ot her equi r ement sappr ovedbyt heDepar mentofS t andar dsMal ays i a-anat i onal s t andar di s at i onandaccr edi t at i on body.

S T AI RS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

Ri s er sandT r eads T r eaddept h:11”( 280)mi ni mum -Ri s erhei ght :4”( 10)mi ni mum;7”( 180)max i mum Uni f or mr i s erandt r eaddi mens i onsar er equi r ed Openr i s er sar enotper mi t t ed

S t ai r waywi dt h -T heoccupantl oaddet er mi nest her equi r edwi dt hofanex i ts t ai r way. 44”( 1120)mi ni mum wi dt h;36“( 915)mi ni mum f ors t ai r wayss er vi nganoccupantl oadof49orl es s .

L andi ngs L andi ngss houl dbeasl eas taswi deast hes t ai r wayt heys er veandhavea mi ni mum l engt hequal t ot hes t ai rwi dt h,meas ur edi nt hedi r ect i onof t r avel .L andi ngss er vi ngs t r ai ght r uns t ai r sneednotbel ongert han48” ( 1220) . I ft her ei sadooratt hel andi ng,t hedors houl ds wi ngi nt hedi r ect i onof egr es s .Doors wi ngmus tnotr educet hel andi ngt ol es st hanonehal fofi t s r equi r edwi dt h. 60”x60”( 1525x1525)mi ni mum l andi ngwher es t ai r waychangesdi r ect i on.

Handr ai l s Requi r edonbot hs i desoft hes t ai r .T hebui l di ngcodeal l owsex cept i onsf or s t ai r si ni ndi vi dual dwel l i ngs . 34”t o38”( 865t o965)hei ghtabovet hel eadi ngedgeoft hes t ai r st r eads ornos i ngs . S houl dbecont i nuouswi t houti nt er r upt i onbyanewel pos torot herobs t r uct i on. S houl dex t endatl eas t12”( 305)beyondt het opr i s erandatl eas t12”( 305) pl usonet r eadwi t hbeyondt hebot t om r i s er .

Det ai l edAnal ys i s -T r eadswi dt hi swi t hi ns t andar dr equi r ement s . -Ri s erhei ghti swi t hi ns t andar dr equi r ement s . -L andi ngsands t ai r shaveequal wi dt h. -F ul l l andi ng -Cl os edr i s er s -Ex i s t enceofs ki r t i ngs

Door sanddoor waysgi veacces sf r om t heout s i det ot hei nt er i orofabui l di ng.T heycanal s obeus edaspas s age bet weeni nt er i ors paces .

DOORS&WI NDOWS DOORS

T er mi nol ogy

ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

DoorT ypesandDoor f r ames Hol l ow met al doorandf r ame

Wooddoorandf r ame

Gl as sdoorandf r ame

Hol l ow met al door shavef aces heet sof 16t o22gauges t eel bondedt oas t eel channel f r ameandr ei nf or cedwi t hchannel s ,akr af thoneycombs t r uct ur e.

Woodendoorcons i s t sofs ever al t ypesofdoor Hol l ow cor edoor shaveaf r amewor kofs t i l esand r ai l sencas i nganex pandedhoneycombcor eof cor r ugat edf i br eboar doragr i dofi nt er l ocki nghor i z ont al andver t i cal woods t r i ps .T heyar el i ght wei ght buthavel i t t l ei nher entt her mal oracous t i ci ns ul at i onval ue.

Rai l andSt i l eCons t r uct i on T ubul ars t i l esandr ai l s I nf i l l maybef l us horr eces s edpanel ,gl as s , orl ouver s Rai lPanelCons t r uct i on HI ngeandl ocks t i l esconnect edt owi de cent r epanel Ex pos edver t i cal i nt er l ocki ngwel ded s eams I nver t edchannel att opandbot t om.

S ol i dcor edoor shaveacor eofbondedl umber bl ocks ,par t i cl eboar d,orami ner al compos i t i on.Of t hes e,t hebondedl umbercor ei st hemos teconomi cal andwi del yus ed.

DoorHar dwar e Hi nges

Gl as sdoor sar econs t r uct edofheat s t r engt henedort meper ed gl as s . Cont i nuousbot t om r ai l w/l ock

Nar r ow S t i l e

Cor nerpi vot sw/ bot t om l ock

Medi um S t i l e

L ocks et s

But tHi nger s But thi nger sar ecompos edoft wopl at esorl eavesj oi nedbyapi nands ecur ed t ot heabut t i ngs ur f acesofwoodandhol l ow met al door sanddoorj ambs . us ual l yi nt hr eesorf our s ,whi char ei ns et( mor t i s ed)i nt ot hedoorandf r ame. Mos tr es i dent i al hi ngesar emadeofs t eel ,al t houghmor t i s ehi ngesf orex t er i or door sar eof t enmadeofbr as sors t ai nl es ss t eel t opr eventcor r os i on.

L everHandl es L ever oper at edmechani s ms , pus ht ypemechani s ms ,and Us hapedhandl esar egener al l yeas i erf orpeopl ewi t hdi s abi l i t i est ogr as p.

L ocki sconceal edex ceptf ora f acepl at eatt hedooredge,knobs orl evel s ,acyl i nder ,andoper at i ng t r i m.

Ros eores cut cheon

Hal f mor t i s ehngeshave onel eafmor t i s edi nt ot he edgeoft hedoorandt he ot hers ur f acemount edt o t hedoor f r ame.

Mor t i s eL ock Mor i s el ocki shous edwi t hi namor t i s ecuti nt oadooredges ot hat t hel ockmechani s mi scover edon bot hs i des .

Knob

DoorKnobs T het r adi t i onal doorknobhas abol tors pi ndl er unni ng t hr oughi tt hats i t sj us tabove acyl i nder ,t owhi cht hes pi ndl ei sconnect ed.T ur ni ngt he knobpul l st hecyl i nderi nt he di r ect i onoft het ur n.

DOORS&WI NDOWS

I ns t al l i ngt hedoorf r ame 1.I ti si mpor t antt omakes ur ewehaveenoughcl ear anceonei t hers i de f ort hej ambt os l i poverbot ht hei nt er i orandex t er i ors heat hi ngs .We wantt ohavepl ent yofcl ear ance.Wheni t ’ st i met oputt hej ambi n pl ace,we’ l l f i ghti tt hewhol ewayi fi t ’ st oot i ght .

5.Nex t ,i ns t al l t hehi ngeont hej amb.Af t err emovi ngt hecovert hat hi dest heex t er i orf as t ener s ,i ti st i met oat t acht hehi nget ot hef r ame.

DOORS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

2.I ti sbet t ert of as t ent heex t er i ors i det i ghtt ot hewal l f orweat her pr oof i ngpur pos es ,ands hi m outt hei nt er i or ,t hanhavet hewhol ej ambbet oo t i ght . 3.Nex tappl yt hewat er pr oof i ngs i l l membr ane.T oai dt hepr oces s ,us e s pr aygl ue,whi chens ur esagoodbondbet weens ur f aces . 4.F i nal l y,i ns t al l t hej amb.I t ’ sbes tt oi ns t al l onej ambl egf i r s t ,near l y s t r ai ght ,t hens l i pt het opj ambovert heheaderands l i dei tdownt o engaget het absi nt hej ambl eg.T heni ns t al l t heoppos i t ej ambl eg,engagi ngt het abs ,andr ai s edt heheadj ambaswes l i dei tovert hewal l . Over al l ,asl ongasyouhaveenoughcl ear ance,t hepr oces si sr el at i vel y eas y.

6.I ns t al l t hedoorpanel .Ens ur epr operal i gnmentandver i f yt heunder cutdi mens i onsbef or ef as t eni ngt hehi nges .Gapmayvar ydependi ng ont het ypeofhi nge. . 7.I ns t al l t hel ocks et

I ns t al l i ngt hes l i di ngdoor 1.Att hes amet i met hatt hewal l i sbei nger ect ed,i ns t al l t hes ubf r amef ornor mal s l i di ng door .

2.I ns t al l t hedoorpanel andi r onmonger y.

DOORS&WI NDOWS DOORS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

3.Checkandens ur et hedoorpanel i swi t houtdef ect s .Checkvi s ual l yf oranys ur f ace damagebef or ei ns t al l at i on.

4.F i xt hei r onmonger yont ot hedoorpanel .Checki ft hecor r ecti r onmonger i esar e bei ngus ed.Af t erf i x i ng,t es tt hef unct i onal i t yoft hedoor ,byopeni ngandcl os i ngi t .

5.I ns t al l t hemai nf r ameandt hear chi t r ave.I ns t al l t hever t i cal f r amesf i r s t ,t henf i ni s ht he ar chi t r avebyaddi ngt hehor i z ont al par t .

S af et yPr ecaut i ons

1.Oneoft hepr i ors t epoft hecons t r uct i oni st oens ur et hat t hever t i cal par t soft hef r amesar ef i r ml ys ecur edbef or ei ns t al i ngt hehor i z ont al par toft hef r ameast hehor i z ont al par toft hef r amemaycaus et hes wayi ngoft hever t ucal par t s .

2.Ens ur eacons i s t entgapbet weent hepanel andf r ame t oens ur es moot hoper at i onoft hedoor .

Awi ndow i sanopeni ngi nawal l ,door ,r ooforvehi cl et hatal l owst hepas s ageofl i ghtand,i fnotcl os edor s eal ed,ai rands ound

DOORS&WI NDOWS WI NDOWS

T er mi nol ogy

Wi ndow Oper at i on

ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

Cas ementAwi ndow t hati shi ngedont her i ght -or l ef t hands i deandopensout war dwi t hat ur nofa cr ankhandl e. Pr o:I tof f er sex cel l entvent i l at i on. Con:Becaus ei ts wi ngsout ,i twon’ twor kneara wal kwayoradeck.T hecr ankcangett edi ous .

F i xedI tdoes n’ topenbutof f er sunobs t r uct edvi ews . Pr o:As mal l onecanbr i ght enupas t ai r wel l ,whi l ea l ar geones howcas esanamaz i ngvi s t a. Con:Youwon’ tgetanyvent i l at i on,ofcour s e,and you’ l l needt ocl eant heex t er i orf r om t heout s i de. Awni ngS i mi l art oacas ementbuthi ngedatt het op. Pr o:Whenex t ended,t hegl as ss l opesdownwar d,s o t hewi ndow canbel ef topenwheni tr ai ns .I tcanbe us edasacl er es t or yt ol ethotai res cape. Con:Of f er sonl ypar t i al vent i l at i onandi sus ual l yt oo s mal l t ous ei nt heeventofanevacuat i on. Sl i di ngAwi ndow wi t hamovi ngpanel t hats l i dest o t hel ef tort her i ghtt oopen. Headi st heupper mos tmemberofawi ndow f r ame. J ambi sei t heroft het wos i decomponent sofa wi ndow f r ame. Si l li st hehor i z ont al memberbeneat hadooror wi ndow openi ng,havi nganuppers ur f aces l oped t os hedr ai nwat er .

Pr o:I ti seas yt oopenanddoes n’ tpr oj ectout war d, s oi twor kswel l nex tt owal kwaysandpat i os .T he openi ngi sus ual l ybi genoughf oranemer gency evacuat i on.F i x eds cr eenscanbeadded. Con:Youcanopenonl yones i deatat i me.

Mul l i oni saver t i cal members epar at i ngas er i esof wi ndowsordoor ways . Gl az i ngi st hepanesors heet sofgl as ss eti nt he s as hesofawi ndow. Weat her s t r i pi sas eal erf oropeni ngst opr eventr ai n andwat erf r om ent er i ngent i r el yorpar t i al l y. Es pagnol et t ei sal ocki ngdevi ce.

DOORS&WI NDOWS

Wi ndowsI ns t al l at i on

S ever al mat er i al scanbeus edf ort hef r ami ngoft hewi ndows . Mat er i al Wood

T her mal Res i s t ance Ver ygood

Dur abi l i t y Var i abl e

Recycl ed Cont ent L ow

Comment Changesi nhumi di t y caus edi s t or t i oni ns hape

Al umi ni um

Bad

Good

T ypi cal l y >95%

Us edi nmos tl ar ge s t r uct ur es

S t eel

Medi um

Ver ygood

>98%

T ypi cal l ywel dedatcor ner j oi nt s

Ourons i t ewi ndow f r amesar emadeupf r om al umi ni um Advant agesofus i ngAl umi ni um L ar ges cal edet ai l soff r ameands as hpr of i l es . Al l oy,wei ghtandt hi cknes sofs ect i ons . Res i s t ancet ocor r os i on,wat erpr es s ur e,ai ri nf i l t r at i onand wi ndl oadi ng. F i ni s hesavai l abl e

WI NDOWS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

Al umi ni um wi ndow f r amesar er el at i vel ycheap,l i ght wei ght andhaveahi ghcor r os i onr es i s t ance.Becaus et heyhave s uchagoodef f i ci encyi nconduct i vi t yofheat ,s ynt het i c r ubberorpl as t i ct her mal br eaksar er equi r edt oi nt er r uptt he f l ow ofheatf r om t hewar mt ot hecool s i deoft hef r ame. Conceal edal umi ni um i ncont actwi t hconcr et eormas onr y s houl dal s obepr ot ect edbyacoat i ngofbi t umi nousoral umi ni um pai ntorbyaz i ncchr omat epr i mer .

I ns t al l i ngt hes ubf r ame 1.Af t ert hel ocat i onoft hes ubf r amehasbeendeci ded,t he s ubf r amei sanchor edt ot hewal l . 2.Anchorbol theadsandj oi nt sbet weenex t er nal wal l and s ubf r ames houl dbes eal edwi t hs eal antf oref ect i vewat er t i ght nes s . 3.T hepr ot ect i vet apesorpl as t i csmus tnotber emoved t hr oughoutt hewhol econs t r uct i onwor ks . 4.Af t eral l t hewett r adeshavebeencompl et edar oundt he wi ndow openi ng,t hemai nf r amei st henf i x edont ot hes ubf r ame.Dur i ngt hef i x i ngoft hemai nf r ame,t hes ubf r ame s houl dbecheckedf oranydamage.Anydamageds ubf r ames houl dber emovedandr epl aced. 5.Ver i f i cat i onoft hes ubf r amei sver yi mpor t antbef or et he i ns t al l at i onoft hemai nf r ame. 6.T hes ubf r ames houl dbecl eanedandcl ear edofanydus t anddebr i s .T hedus tanddebr i scoul daf f ectt heal i gnment andt hef i x i ng.

Gl az i ngThepr oces sbywhi cht hewi ndow panei si ns t al edi nt ot hef r ame. Wi ndow

DOORS&WI NDOWS

WetGl az i ng

s as hesar emadewi t hal i ppedchannel ,cal l edar abbet ,t hathol dst hegl as s .A wi ndowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sr abbeti ss i mi l art ot hegr ooveornot chededgear oundt hebacks i deofa pi ct ur ef r amewher et hegl as sr es t s .

WI NDOWS ANDRE W CHE EKI ONGCHE EMANS HI NG

F aceGl az i ng S mal l gl as spanesmaybe s eti nar abbet edf r ame, hel di npl aceands eal ed wi t habevel edbeadof put t yorgl az i ngcompound.

WetGl az i ng Wetgl az i ngi st hes et t i ng ofgl as si nawi ndow f r amewi t hgl az i ngt apeor al i qui ds eal ant .

Dr yGl az i ngi st hes et t i ngofgl as si na wi ndow f r amewi t ha compr es s i ongas keti ns t eadofgl az i ngt ape oral i qui ds eal ant .

Choi ceofgl as s I ns ul at i ngGl as s T ype

Vi s i bl eL i ght

%t r ans mi t t ed

%r ef l ect ed

S ol arRadi at i on %t r ans mi t t ed

%r ef l ect ed

Cl ear+cl ear

7882

1415

6076

1115

cl ear+l owe

4986

1215

1756

1725

gr ay

1356

513

2256

bl ue

1962

813

2657

s i l ver

719

2241

514

1834

bl ue

1227

1218

1520

Cl ear+t i nt ed

1.Removet hes cr ewshol di ngt hewi ndow f r amet oget her .Al umi num f r amess andwi ch gl as spanesbet weenani ns i deandanout s i des egmentoft hef r ame.L oos enand r emoves cr ewshol di ngt het wopar t soft hef r amet oget her .Yous houl dnow s eea r ubbergas ketwhi chs ur r oundedt hepaneofgl as s . 2.Dampenacl ot handr uni tar oundt hes eatwher et hegl as swasi ns t al l edt or emove anys mal l gl as sf r agment s ,dus tordi r t .Pl acet her ubbergas ketar oundt he paneofgl as s al ongi t sout s i deedges . 3.I ns er tt hepaneofgl as si nt ot hef r ame.Reas s embl et hef r amei nr ever s eor dert ohow yout ooki tapar t ,t i ght eni ngt hes cr ewst os ecur et hegl as si npl ace.Becaus eoft he r ubbergas ket ,nos i l i coneorot hers eal anti sneces s ar y.L ar gegl as spanel ss houl dbe handl edwi t hs uct i oncups .S pacerbl ocksar enor mal l yus edt ot empor ar i l yhol dt he gl as spanel i npl ace. 4.T hengl as spanel hast obes ecur edi npos i t i onus i ngal umi ni um beads .T hepr of i l eof t hebeadss houl dbever i f i edf orcompabi l i t y. 5.Pl acet hewi ndow as s embl yi nt ot hef r amei nt hewal l .Putbackt hes ames cr ewsi nt o t hes amehol est oens ur et hatt hef i ti sper f ect . 5.T heal i gnmentandoper at i onoft hewi ndow panel s houl dbecheckedbef or eand af t eri ns t al l at i on.

Cl ear+coat ed

1632

T hechoi ceoft het ypeofgl as si sver yi mpor t anti nt hecons t r uct i on.Es peci al l yf orour s i t e,wher et heweat hercanbever ys unnyandt empear t ur escanr i s et over yhi ghone.

VI SI BI LI TY

ROOF

Ar oofi spar tofabui l di ngenvel ope,bot ht hecover i ngont heupper mos tpar tofa bui l di ngors hel t er .Roofpr ovi despr ot ect i onf r om ani mal sandweat her ,not abl yr ai n, butal s oheat ,wi ndands unl i ght .T hef r ami ngands t r uct ur es uppor t st hecover i ng.

T Y PE SOFROOF BYL I MJ I ANJ UN

T hes el ect edpr oj ects i t esus eddi f f er entt ypesofr oofs ys t em i nt her oofcons t r uct i ons .T hedes i gnoft her oof s ys t em var i esaccor di ngt ot her es i dent i al hous ebui dl i ngdes i gn.I tcons i s t sofmonopi t chedr oofatt hef r ont andt hebackoft hebui l di ng,gabl edr oofi spl acedi nt hemi ddl ewi t ht hef l atconcr et er oofs l abatt hes i de.

T ypeofRoof Gabl edRoof

Monopi t chedRoof

F l atRoofS l ab

Gener al l yt r i angul arpor t i onofawal l bet weent heedgesofa

Amonopi t chedr oofi sas i ngl es l opi ngr oofs ur f ace,of t ennotat t achedt oanot herr oofs ur f ace.T hi st ypeofr oofi ss omet i mescal l eda l eant owheni tabut sawal l whi chr i s est ohi gheerl evel t hant her oof

Aconcr et er ei nf or cedf l atr oofwher et hes l opei nany pl andoesnotex ceeds10degr eet ohor i z ont al

dual pi t chedr oof .I ti sal s ocal l edPi t chedRoofwher et he s l opesofr oofi nanypl aneex ceeds10degr eei ns t eepnes s .

Char act er i s t i c

-F unct i onal andeconomi cal

-L ow mai nt ai nence

-L i ghtWei ght

-Goodcons t r uct i bi l i t y

-Goodcons t r ucbi l i t y

-Reduces of f i t s

-Al l ow mor ei nt er i ors pace

-Pr ef abr i cabl e

-Des i gnbas edoncl i mat e, mat er i al sandaes t het i cs concer n

-Economi cal

-Pr onet opool i ngand wat erdamage

-Wi t hs t andscont i nuousr ai nf al l

-I ns ul at edt opr eventwat er penet r at i on

MET ALDECKI NG ROOF

ROOF

CONS T RUCT I ONDE T AI L S BYL I MJ I ANJ UN

L ayerofadhes i vef orbondi nggr i tors ur f acechi ppi ngs t ocompl et edbui l t upf el tandas phal tr oof s . Mi x t ur eofbi t umen,s andandver yf i nemat er i al cal l ed f i l l er .Pr ovi desf l ex i bl e,wat er t i ghtl ayerus edf orr oof i ng. S at ur at edori mpr egnat edl ayerwi t hbi t umen ofl ow s of t eni ngpoi nt( 100째 Ft o160째 F ) .

Met al deck

Al l oycoat eds t eel sus edast hemet al deck.Ex cel l enti nr ef l ect i ngs un andheatt opr ot ectdwel l i ngf r om damagi ngr ayandweat her i ng.

F i br ewool s

L i ght wei ghtgl as sf i berl ayerofmat ,des i gnedf oreconomi candef f ect i vei ns ul at i onoft her mal ,acous t i candf i r epr ot ect i onofbui l di ng,T he dens i t yoft hewool i sar ound6480kg/ m3.

Al umi num f oi l

Al ami nat edl ayermadeofal umi num,pol yat hyl eneandwovven f abr i c.I ti sus edi nr oofs ys t em f ort emper at ur econt r ol .

Wi r emes h

Us edi nr oofs ys t em ass uppor tl ayerorr ei nf or cement .I thasr es i s t ance t ocor r os i onandhi ght ens i l es t r engt h andnonr eact antt owar dsal kal i sandaci ds .

S t eel t r us s

As t r uct ur al f r amewor kofcoat edal l oys t eel i si ns t al l edt os uppor tt he r oof .T hechar act er i s t i coft hes t eel ar ewat erpr oof ,goods t r engt h andgoodwor kabi l i t y.

Chi ppi ng Mas t i cas phal t S heat hi ngF el t

I ns ul at ehear ,noi s eandvapour .

I ns ul at i onL ayer

I mper meabl el ayert opr eventwat ervapour .

VapourBar r i er

S t r uct ur al cover i ngt os uppor tt her oofl ayer s .

Concr et edeck

CONCRET EROOFS L AB

ROOF

CERAMI CT I L ESROOF

CONS T RUCT I ONDE T AI L S

Cer ami ccl ayr oofcons i s toft i l esmadeofcl ayuni t st hatover l apandi nt er l ockont oeach ot hert ocr eat eaver ys t r ongt ex t ur epat t er n.Cer ami ct i l esar ef i r er es i s t ant ,dur abl eandr equi r el i t t l emai nt enance.T i l esr equi r er ooff r ami ngt os uppor tt hewei ghtoft het i l esf l i ght .

BYL I MJ I ANJ UN

47X97MM L I PPEDCCHANNELT O S T RUCT URALDET AI L S

S T EELPURL I NBOL T EDT O S T EELT OPCHORD

F L AS HI NG S ECUREDD T OS T EELPURL I N

BRI CKWORKSWI T H19MM T HI NKCEMENT PL AS T ERI NG ONBOT HS I DES

S T EELT RUS SBOL T EDCONNECT T O WAL L S

T her i dgear eaons l opedr oofs ys t emss houl dbecappedt oens ur e awat er t i ghtr oofs ys t em aswel l asaes t het i cappeal Mor t ari sus ed t ocl os eupt heopeni ngst opr eventwat erorobj ectf r om goi ngi n. T hegapwi t hnal l ow ai rvent i l at i onbeneat h.

BRI CKF ORCEREI NF ORCEMENTI NS T AL L EDAT GAPBRI CKCOURS E

S CREW T OF I XGUT T ERT OF AS CI A

250mm x9mm T HI CKCEMENT PL ANKF AS CI ABOARD F as ci acapsheendofr af t er sout s i dea bui l di ngt ohol dt her ai ngut t er

Cer ami ct i l esar ei ns t al l edby s ecur i ngt het i l est ot hepur l i ns .

Pant i l eshavegr oovesal ongedgeswhi chpr ovi def i t t i ng overaf l angei nt henex tt i l esi nt hes amecour s e.

ROOF

I NST AL L AT I ONPROCESSES F L ATROOF

PI T CHEDROOF

I NS T AL L AT I ONPROCE S S BYMEERAS AT HEES H

1.T hepur l i nsar ei ns t al l edonebyoneont het r us s whi chhasa5degr eepi t ch.

2.T hemet al decksar et hes ecur edont ot hepur l i ns s uppor t edbyt het r us s es .

1.L i ght wei ghtpr ef abr i cat eds t eel t r us s esar e i ndi vi dual l yi ns t al l edands ecur edwi t hbol t s wi t hj oi nt swi t hs t andar dW s hape.

2.T heMet al decksar et hens ecur el yi ns t al l ed ont ot het r us s es .

3.T hechi ckenwi r emes hi st henpl acedon t hemet al deckst ohol dt heal umi ni um f oi l .

4.Al umi ni um f oi l i st heni ns t al l edont hechi ckenwi r e mes hwhi chact sasaheatr ef l ect or .

3.Chi ckenwi r enet t i ngi si ns t al l edbef or et ogi ve s uppor tt ot hes t r uct ur e.

4.Al ayerofr ef l ect i veal umi ni um f oi l i sat t achedt o t hes l ants t eel t r us st or ef l ectheat .

5.Nex tf i br egl as swool i st hens ecur el ypl aced ont heal umi ni um f oi l .T hi spi eceofmat er i al i s ver yi mpor t antf ort hei ns ul at i onofs oundand heatf r om ent er i ngt hebui l di ng.

6.T hef i nal pi ecet obeaddedt ot hi sr oof i ng s ys t em,i st oi ns t al l t hemet al decksbys cr ewi ng t hr ought heedgesoft her oof ,l eavi ngs pace f ordr ai nagebet weent hedecksandt he edges .

5.F ol l owedbygl as swool s about6i nchest ogi vei ns ul at i ont oheatand s ound.

6.T hemet al decki st heni ns t al l edbys cr ewi ng t hr ought heedgeoft her oof ,1/ 2i nchweep s pacei sl ef tf ordr ai nagebet weendecksand t heedges .

ROOF

T YPI CALST EELROOFT RUSSF RAMEWORKDET AI L S

CONS T RUCT I ONDE T AI L S

RI S E

byL I MJ I ANJ UN CHANNELPURL I NSS PAN T HET RUS SS PACI NG

PI T CH=RI S E/S PAN

RUN S PAN Br i cksar el ai donbeam aspedi ment af t err oofs t r uct ur ei sf i x ed

Mechani cal s er vi ces uchaspi pi ng,condui t andduct wor ki sar r angeandf i x edt ot het r us s t hr ought hewebs paces .

S t eel t r us sgener al l yf abr i cat edbywel di ngandbol t i ng s t r uct ur al angl esandt eest oget hert of or mt het r i angul at edf r amewor k.Duet ot hes l ender nes soft hes et r us s member s ,connect i onsus ual l yr equi r et heus eofs t eel gus s etpl at esorpl ai nl ybol t edwi t hbol t s .

J OI NT SANDCONNECT I ONS

S t eel pl at ebr acketf i x edt r us sont owal l .Cement i st henus edt ocoverupt heunevens ur f ace.

Raf t er sandchannel pur l i nsar e f i x edus i ngs el ff as t eni ngbol t s

T r us si sbol t edwi t hbr acketand anchorbol ti sf i x edi nt ot hewal l

T r us si ss ecur edt ot hegus s et pl at ef orgr eat ers uppor t

ROOF

GUT T ERSYST EM

ROOFGUT T ERS YS T EM

Nar r ow t r oughorductwhi chcol l ect sr ai nwat erf r om t her oofofabui l di ng anddi ver t si tawayf r om t hes t r uct ur e,t ypi cal l yi nt oadr ai n.

BYMEERAS AT HEES H

1.S t r aphanger sar es cr ewedt ot he r oofs heat hi ngt ot het opsoft he r af t er s . S t r ai nert opr event cl oggi ng ofdowns pout 5.Endcapi st hen s cr ewedi nt o t hedowns pout .

S hapeofgut t erus ed i sHal f RoundedGut t er Mat er i al sUs edi sAl umi ni um Gut t er

3.Ends ect i onwi t hout l eti st heni ns t al l ed 4.L eaderordowns poutl eadst os t or ms ewer ordr ycel l i st headj us t edandf i x ed.

Di agr am 1( a):Hal f RoundedGut t erS ys t em

6.Pr ovi del eaderheadf ordowns pout s 7.S t r apsatt het op,bot t om and i nt er medi at ej oi nt sar et heni ns t al l ed t i ght l y

100X40mm HW Wal l Pl at ewhi ch i sf i r ml ys ecur edt oR. C Beam at 600mm C/ C by12mm byM. S . AnchorBol t .

8.Downs pout

Met al r af t er

9.El bow ands pl as hbl ockt os t or m dr ai n i st henf i nal l yi ns t al l ed

S el ect edmet al bat t ent os ui tr oofmet al decks S el ect edconcr et er ooft i l esat pi t ch

S pi keandf er r ul ehanger s ar es pi kedt of as ci a ( r af t ert ai l s )

R. C RoofBeam Br acket sar es cr ewedt ot he f as ci a( r af t ert ai l s )

1220x610x3. 2mm t hi ckas bes t osf r eecement cei l i ngboar d.

250x9mm t hi ckcement pl ankf as ci aboar d

UPVC R. W downpi pe

T hr ought hi sr eal l i f eex per i ent i al l ear ni ngpr oj ect ,wehavedevel opedourunder s t andi ngoft hepr i nci pl es ,s equenceofcons t r uct i onact i vi t i es ,i mpor t anceofbas i cdet ai l i ng,cons t r uct i onj oi nt sandmat er i al appl i cat i on.Wear eex pos edt ocons t r uct i ont echnol ogyandmet hodsr es pondi ngt os i t econt ex tandhaveunder goneas er i esofcont i nuousas s es s ment s ,s i t evi s i t s ,di s cus s i onsandpr es ent at i on.T hr ought heanal ys i sanddocument at i ont hatwe havedone,weunder s t andandar eabl et oex pl ai nt hecons t r uct i onel ement s ,i t scomponent s ,s equenceandcoor di nat i onofcons t r uct i onats i t e. I nt hi spr oj ect ,wear eencour agedt obegenui nel ycur i ousaboutt hepeopl ewear ewor ki ngwi t h,s uchast eammat esandcons t r uct i onwor ker s :e. g. , whatt heyt hi nk,whatt heywant ,whatt heydo.Rat hert hancomi ngi nasanex per twi t ht heans wer s ,wecancomei nwi t has pi r i tofcur i os i t ywher ewe hopet ol ear nt oget heraswel l .I nt heendoft hi spr oj ect ,eachofusget st ol ear nmanyt hi ngsoratl eas thavi ngar oughi deaofhow t heot herpar t soft he bui l di ngsar econs t r uct ed. Weal s oobs er vedt hatnotever yas pectmeet st her equi r ement :e. g. ,s af et yr ebarcapar enotbei ngus edandmat er i al sar enotpl acedcar ef ul l yduet o var i esr eas ons uchascos t sands i t emanagement .Des pi t eofal l t hes er eas ons ,wes houl dhavef ol l owedt her ul esast heypr ovi deusmor es af et yand s af et yal waysi st hemos ti mpor t ant .

1.F RANCI SD. K.CHI NG,BUI L DI NG CONS T RUCT I ONI L L US T RAT ED,F our t hEdi t i on,Uni t edS t at e,J ohnWi l ey& S ons ,I NC,2008. 2.C. N.MI NDHAM,ROOFCONS T RUCT I ONANDL OF TCONVERS I ON,F our t hEdi t i on,Uni t edKi ngdom,Bl ackWel l Publ i s hi ng,2000. 3.CHARL ESGEORGERAMS EY ,CONS T RUCT I ONDET AI L S ,Engl i s hEdi t i on,Uni t edS t at e,T heAmer i canI ns t i t ut eofAr chi t ect s ,2004. 4.BRI ANCOOKE,CONS T RUCT I ONPL ANNI NG,PROGRAMMI NG ANDCONT ROL ,Uni t edS t at e,Wi l eyandBl ackwel l ,2009. 5.DAM RAMS EY ,BUI L DERSGUI DEST OF OUNDAT I ONSANDF L OORF RAMI NG,Uni t edS t at e,McGaw Hi l l ,1995. 5.Hoar di ng.( 2010) .Wi ki Ans wer s .Ret r i evedMay15,2014,f r om ht t p: / / wi ki . ans wer s . com/ Q/ I s _ t he_ t er m_ cons t r uct i on_ hoar di ng_ r ef er r i ng_ t o_ t empor ar y_ f enci ng_ ar ound_ a_ cons t r uct i on_ s i t e_ s t i l l _ i n_ us e?#s l i de=12 6.S i t eOf f i ce.( n. d. ) .S i t eOf f i ces .Ret r i evedMay15,2014,f r om ht t p: / / www. por t acom. co. nz / s i t eof f i ce. ht m 7.Hoar di ng.( 2010) .Wi ki Ans wer s .Ret r i evedMay15,2014,f r om ht t p: / / wi ki . ans wer s . com/ Q/ I s _ t he_ t er m_ cons t r uct i on_ hoar di ng_ r ef er r i ng_ t o_ t empor ar y_ f enci ng_ ar ound_ a_ cons t r uct i on_ s i t e_ s t i l l _ i n_ us e?#s l i de=12 8.S i t eOf f i ce.( n. d. ) .S i t eOf f i ces .Ret r i evedMay15,2014,f r om ht t p: / / www. por t acom. co. nz / s i t eof f i ce. ht m 9S et t i ngOutPr ocedur e.( n. d. ) ..Ret r i evedMay15,2014,f r om ht t p: / / l ear ni ng. covcol l ege. ac. uk/ cont ent / CI T B%20Cr af t %20I nf or mat i on%20S heet s / BW/ mat er i al s / S ec05S et t i ng%20Out / S ec05M04. pdf 8.C. R.As f ahl ,I ndus t r i al S af et yandHeal t hManagement ,5t hed.UpperS addl eRi ver ,NJ :Pr ent i ceHal l ,2004.