SWITCH
OSLO
2016 // IBBL // USC // Stud 5135 // Jesper Riis-Johannessen
INTRODUCTION
- Introduction - Motivation - Removal of paring spaces
9 15 17
CONTEXT
- Political situation - History of Oslo development - Mapping Oslo - Site - Connection to the city
21 23 25 29 33
BACKGROUND
- Parking dimension - History of Car Parking Structures
37 39
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- Architecture - Target groups - Vision - Suggestive spatial requirements and deliverables
43 45 47 49
REFERENCES
-Car free cities - Bibliography
53 55
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4
View of Oslo from Ekerberg restaurant, 25 October 2014
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INTRODUCTION
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They want to remove all cars inside ring 1 by 2020.
Oslo’s inhabitants elected a new city council 2015.
”In the 70s the city was built around the car. Today it’s the opposite. We can all agree that a car free city is a nice thing, but how can we realize it? ” -Håvard Haarstad. UiB (1)
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In the election of november 2015 Oslo’s inhabitants selected a new city council that wish to put the environment into focus. They want to remove cars from the urban landscape, more precisely there will be no car allowed within a certain area of downtown Oslo. This area will be within ring 1 which is one of the major roads surrounding the inner city core. One of the spatial problems is what to do with all the cars. The transformation of Oslo is going to remove many parking spaces and change accessibility for cars. The Switch is a strategic building responding to future demands of transportation. The project tries to discuss ownership, usage and storing of cars. The belief is that a reduction of car consumption is feasible.
(1) Astrid Rommetveit - TEKNOLOGIEN VERDEN VIL HA - nrk.no http://www.nrk.no/klima/xl/teknologien-verden-vil-ha-1.12636872 - 24.11.2015, kl. 20:25
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Let’s imagine a switch from Oslo as a city made for cars, to be dominated by pedestrians.
What if roads were giant holes in the ground?
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To respond to the new conditions in Oslo, I want to create a transport hub that filters multiple types of transportation on the edge of the car free zone in Oslo. Connecting car infrastructure with public transport, bike lanes, and walkways together in city regulator. Using the potential of the space created by intersecting infrastructures. I want to give the citizen an experience of transit and a short break and interruption from being on constant move to accomplish daily routines. The building provides a recreational option to change people’s state of mind. To achieve this the infrastructural midpoint is mixing programs and new thinking technology supporting the concept. Approaching a contrast between the movement of the transportation and a space for recreation. This project is the starting point to help the residents of Oslo to imagine the transformation of the inner city to a pedestrian utopia. Change social notion of cars and give something back to the city. The new typology will store cars in high rise parking structure. The building will involve multiple circulation patterns, because of the different conditions of cars and people, the design of the building have to adapt to specific needs. Wheels and feet, transform the spatial requirements. A wrapped interior to accommodate the motion on wheels, generates a continuous space throughout the building. Overlapping vertical motion of people moving in stairs and lower speed, gives different conditions, overlapping and intersection. The variety in conditions gives a potential for spatial exploration.
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“ - We are in dialog with the City council, to change the conditions and taxes on sharing cars.� Even Heggernes - Nabobil.no (18)
Karl Johans gate, 1966
Karl Johans gate, 2015
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The building will be closely connected to the efficient public transportation systems in Vika. The place is located central and already has a high concentration of parking. It’s today a desirable place to leave your car. Building upon these arguments there are already many conditions for developing a parking hub in Vika. To rethink the usage and ownership of cars in this project. There is already a shift from parking being offered from the public sector to private developments. As cars become more expensive, people tend to look at alternatives of ownership. A trend of sharing economy and other carpool alternatives gives the project new context and possibilities to develop new way of building a midpoint in the city. The concept of sharing cars is extremely popular and rapidly growing. Removing cars from the streetscapes, will release space in the city to continue transform for future needs. It frees up space to utilize for alternative transport methods as bike lanes, walkways, and other urban activities. As the social change in mobility is consistent, multiple urban spaces will adapt to the new demands. Introducing the concept of 10 minute city, where everything you need on a daily basis is located within walking distance. The local environment will blossom and we will gain a richer urban life. We have to exploit the political interest to start projects that will have a huge impact on the city. One of the starting projects for a greener city is The Switch. This is the first step of investment for the future city designed for pedestrians. The transformation of inner city is going to have a major impact over time, the CO2 emission will fall and particular matters will be reduced and achieve a cleaner and more desirable living and breathing environment in Oslo. The aim of my master project is to create a switch and infrastructural midpoint where all types of transportation and people meet and overlap. It will switch the notion of cars, switch travel methods, and switch the city to pedestrians.
(18) Phone Interview with Even Heggenes CEO of Nabobil.no - 10.02.16
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Space economy of cars
Calipers pollution in Oslo 04.02.16 Red equals a health risk to be outside (3)
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MOTIVATION Traffic jams cost the society 2,6 million kroner per minute or 100 Billion a year.(2) Cars stand still 95% of its lifetime. The value decreases 100 billion kroner a year. (2) CO2 and particulate matter is a big problem in the city center. (3) Electric cars can store excess energy during high wind and heavy rainfall witch otherwise disappears.
Oslo is a highly trafficked and congested city, especially during wintertime when temperatures get as low as -25 degrees celsius. Because of the harsh weather many cars in Oslo have studded tires, which greatly increases the undesired production of particulate matter. The level of particles in the air becomes dangerously high and it is a health risk to be outside on the most polluted days. The traffic jams in Oslo are huge comparing to the size of the city. The rush hour is 6 hours a day and cost the local society 2,1 million kroner a minute, which adds up to a frightening 100 billion kroner a year. The cost are calculated in lost working time, pollution and wear on vehicles. There is a strong need to cope with this situation and find better solutions. There are a lot of hidden resources stored in our already existing infrastructural network that is yet to be explored. Simply eliminating one transportation system will create chaos and collapse in others. Therefore The Switch will have such an important role in this huge transformation of inner Oslo city as social mobility changes.
(2) Marius Valle - Nå kan du tjene penger på å leie ut bilen din - Teknisk Ukeblad - http://e24.no/bil/naa-kan-du-tjene-penger-paa-aa-leie-ut-bilen-din/23520563 Publisert: 15:43 - 08.09.2015 (3) Public webpage showing the realtime pollution - 04.02.16 - http://www.luftkvalitet.info/home.aspx?type=Area&id={48fd69aa-76f7-4883-8bbb-5ba79c3879ea} (4) Oslo kommune Bymiljøetaten, Ruter AS, NSB AS Persontog - Prosamrapport 202 - http://www.urbanet.no/Documents/Publikasjoner/Prosamrapport%20202_Bearbeiding%20av%20MIS_rev1.pdf - side 15
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industry alike. Millions of euros are being invested in research, development and pioneer projects which contribute to the construction of truly smart cities. But why is there a need for developing smarter cities? why is there a need for smarter cities? First of all, a rapid urbanization process is taking place on a global scale. Every week, one million people move from rural areas into urban areas, driven by the economic opportunities that the cities of the world offer see Figure 1 and Figure 2. In fact, close to 4 billion of the world’s current population of 7 billion now live in urban areas. This number is expected
Figure 1.
World urbanization prospects
Source:
United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision
8
billion people
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1950
1970
2011
2030
2050
Urban population
Rural population
Change to a majority of urban population to increase to 6 billion people by 2050, most of whom will live in developing and less-developed countries see Figure 1. The global trend of urbanization and population growth, which puts ever increasing pressure on the world’s cities, is not likely to stop. As the cities continue to grow, so too will the focus on smart and sustainable solutions within them.
”In the future 7 out of 10 Europeans will be living in an urbanSecondly, area. cities Ouraround cities theare worldalso have become hubs for the global economy. the biggest consumer of resources. ThereBy 2025, the 600 biggest cities in the world are is a big potential in working with our cities and optimize them, in terms of organization, pollution and energy.” -Håvard Haarstad. UiB (1)
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drive 20% of global GDP gro 20202. Furthermore, cities p in the transition towards a k economy which is occurring not least in Europe. This is be that cities contain an increa of the world’s highly skilled, and creative population. This are home to concentrated a of knowledge, which spur ne development.
Finally, as growing economic historically gone hand in han greenhouse gas emissions, c become major contributors problem which the world is c Around 70% of global CO2 e from cities, which are also fa edented consumption levels inhabitants. This means that as much as 80 percent of to production3. Furthermore, so often larger within the cities and business centres are like within the same small geogr sum up, the cities of this wo sustainable.
The growing demographic, e and environmental importan cities creates both challenge ties. On the one hand, the w cities can easily become cha ordered places which contrib climate change and social in other hand, having many pe together in a city may have c For instance, the density of t have a positive effect on the economy as it leads to less t 1
Urban World: Mapping the Econ
McKinsey Global Institute 2011 2
The Global Cleantech Report 2
Cleantech Cluster 3
Cities and Climate Change: An
Bank 2010
REMOVAL OF PARKING SPACES
Remove
1 200 Parking spaces By 2020 9528 Total parking
8 604 Private parking
Working places 90 000
924 Public parking
Inhabitants 1065
+ 9 500
15 - 18 000
by 2030
daily on Ring 1
Other 35%
30%
4%
29%
2%
Daily transportation
* Nobody actually knows how many parking spaces is going to be removed.
Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster - Danish Smart Cities: sustainable living in an urban world - Publication date not known - page 4 (1) Astrid Rommetveit - TEKNOLOGIEN VERDEN VIL HA - nrk.no http://www.nrk.no/klima/xl/teknologien-verden-vil-ha-1.12636872 - 24.11.2015, kl. 20:25
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CONTEXT
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“- There are three reasons to achieve this goals. The first is the need to redistribute space in Oslo, so that we can fit public transport, bike and travelers in our city. The second is to cope with high air pollution in Oslo. Finally traffic in Oslo City has to be reduced by 25 percent to accomplish the goal of climate reduction in greenhouse emissions.” - Nguyen Berg (6)
“- The city council will work to accommodate residential parking and a parking garages instead of street parking.” - Nguyen Berg (16)
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POLITICAL SITUATION The new city council wants to do something right now, but they don’t have a strategy to solve the current situation and the upcoming challenges. The only instruments present to reduce usage of cars in the city center are through regulations and taxes. Without any strategy it will be hard to imagine the transformation actually happening and be accomplished as planned. An architect will need to be involved in the process and show the spatial potential and find solutions to cope with the challenges.
Oslo City council`s declaration 2015(8)
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions with 50 percent compared with 1990 level by • • • •
2020. Making city center inside Ring 1 pedestrianized during the council period. (2015 2019) Creating new car free streets throughout the city. Removing parking spaces that is conflicting with bike lane developments. Introduce residential parking fee on all municipal owned parking within Ring 2 starting 01.01.16
(6) STINE BARSTAD, LARS MOLTEBERG GLOMNES - Slik vil Miljøpartiet De grønne skvise bilene ut av Oslo - Osloby.no - http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Slik-vil-Miljopartiet-De-gronne-skvise-bilene-ut-av-Oslo-8151355.html - 05.SEP. 2015 21:52 (7) ASTRID LØKEN - Slik kan et bilfritt Oslo sentrum bli - Osloby.no -http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Slik-kan-et-bilfritt-Oslo-sentrum-bli-8341995.html - PUBLISERT: 03.FEB. 2016 06:37 (8) Oslo Arbeiderparti, Miljøpartiet De Grønne i Oslo og Oslo Sosialistisk Venstreparti - Byrådserklæring - mdg.no - https://www.sv.no/oslo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/10/Byraadserklaering-web.pdf - 19. oktober 2015 (16) OLIVIA KNUDSEN - Kraftig reaksjon på nye parkeringsbestemmelser i Oslo - http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Kraftig-reaksjon-pa-nye-parkeringsbestemmelser-i-Oslo-8352033.html - 10.FEB. 2016 18:40
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Oslo 2015 (9) Area: Population Oslo: Population metropolitan Oslo:
454,09 km² 647 676 1 546 706
Christiania1840
Bjørvika 1968 - Today the location of the Snøhetta Operah.
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OSLO HISTORY DEVELOPMENT The history of Oslo goes back to around year 1000 AD. The first known settlements in the city were in year 1624, and at that time Oslo was named Christiania. The city was rebuilt multiple times due to city fires, it was also at one point relocated closer to the Akershus fortress. In 1925 the city was changed back to its original name, Oslo, and the first settlement in the city around Akershus fortress is what is still known today as the city center of Oslo. In the 1960s people in Norway had the opportunity to buy cars for personal use. Ever since this time Oslo has been a city developed for car users, and the spatial implication is immediate, where to locate the cars and how to develop a higher capacity infrastructure. To deal with the spatial implications the municipality built a subway system in the 1970s. Oslo realized that they needed an alternative transport method to reduce car use in the city. When it comes to alternative transport methods as bikes, almost nothing has been developed. Oslo have very fractured bike infrastructure and very few of the inhabitants use bikes on a regular basis. However with the switch in city council power and their strong will to be environmentally conscious. There are ambitious goals to develop more bike infrastructure. Road infrastructure had a rapid growth in the 60s and the main road through Oslo was located close to the ocean. Because of this it took almost 40 years before the city was rejoined to the harbor and the beautiful ocean. The project was called Fjorden City, they removed the highway and relocated it underground to create a pedestrian access to the waterfront. Snøhetta’s creation of the Oprah is a sign of this new pedestrian city of Oslo and the first step towards a city designed for people.
(9) Statistisk Sentralbyrå - Folkemengde, 1. januar 2015 http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218730 (10) https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo
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200
300
500
Ring 2
50 percent increase in parking fees. This is the area the politicians want to make restrictions on cars trough tax and parking fees. Parking one hour 24 kroner
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MAPPING OSLO
200
300
500
Ring 1
Car free city by 2020 Parking one hour 56 kroner
25
P P
69
P
P
60
P
P P
T P
P
79
S P
1542
P
110
P
220
P
260
P P
P
T
T
450
P
P
463
P
P
P
P
460
P
P
P P
40 100
200
Moderate cultiv ation
Water
Gr een surface Public buildings Lo cultiv ation Gr w een surface
P
300 Swimming pool
150
Historical site/ castle Street infrastructure Historical site/ castle P
General spor t Swimming poolswimming pool Residential
Bank (Finance )
Tennis courts
Police station Public/Civic Police station Retail
Main roads Railway
Tourist attraction/leisur e venue Tennis courts General spor t
498
P
P
20
P
Lo w cultiv ation parks Recreational
134
P
71
P
1413
50
P
30
P
P P
T
Parking Priv ate clinic/priv
ate medical center
Galler y
Galler y
Caf e Subway stations Restaurants
CarProperty free public sales/r ealspaces estat e Bar
Property sales/r eal estat e
Bank (Finance ) Educational institution
/priv ate hospital Technology
Mobility Hote l Internet/ Car s
Caf e
Mapping parking and infrastructure
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P
650
P
P
T
50
100
200
Lo w cultiv ation parks Recreational Moderate cultiv ation
Water
Gr een surface Public buildings Lo cultiv ation Gr w een surface
300 Swimming pool
Historical site/ castle Street infrastructure Historical site/ castle
General spor t Swimming poolswimming pool Residential
Bank (Finance )
Tennis courts
Police station Public/Civic Police station Retail
Main roads Railway
Tourist attraction/leisur e venue Tennis courts General spor t
Priv ate clinic/priv ate medical center Galler y Galler y Caf e Restaurants
CarProperty free public sales/r ealspaces estat e Bar
Property sales/r eal estat e
Bank (Finance ) Educational institution
/priv ate hospital Technology
Mobility Hote l Internet/ Car s
Caf e
Mapping car free public space
(11) TROND HANSEN - Test: P-hus i Oslo - osloby - http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Test-P-hus-i-Oslo-6537655.html - 19.JAN. 2006 14:24 (12) Ghel Architects - Issuu.com - http://issuu.com/gehlarchitects/docs/issue_1242_oslo_bylivsunders__kelse - Mars 2014
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House of Oslo Site Existing building
6000 m² 58 500 m²
“Unsuitable building from the 1960s with weak space utilization” Storebrand Eiendom (13)
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SITE
The project will take place in Vika, located on the boarder between the pedestrian and car zone. The area was renewed in the 60s and the buildings during this period were often built with poor quality materials. On the site today there is a shopping mall called House of Oslo. The plan regardless of my project is to tear down the building in 2017, and complete a new building by 2020, but first it needs to be approved by the municipality next summer (2016)
(13) HANNE MELLINGSÆTER - House of Oslo kan bli revet - Osloby.no -http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/House-of-Oslo-kan-bli-revet-7920457.html?spid_rel=1 - 02.MAR. 2015 18:39
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3 min
50
100
200
Lo w cultiv ation parks Recreational Moderate cultiv ation
Water
Gr een surface Public buildings Lo cultiv ation Gr w een surface
6 min
300 Swimming pool
Historical site/ castle Street infrastructure Historical site/ castle
General spor t Swimming poolswimming pool Residential
Bank (Finance )
Tennis courts
Police station Public/Civic Police station Retail
Main roads Railway
Tourist attraction/leisur e venue Tennis courts
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Restaurants
CarProperty free public sales/r ealspaces estat e Bar
Property sales/r eal estat e
Bank (Finance ) Educational institution
General spor t
Priv ate clinic/priv ate medical center Galler y Galler y Caf e
Caf e
/priv at Techn
Mobi Hote
Intern Car s
te hospital nology ility l
net/
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250 m
New National Museum by 2020
Ring 1
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CONNECTION TO THE CITY
The site is location at the entry and exit of E18 (the main road through Oslo). Ring 1 is passing by in front of the building, which is the new border between pedestrians and cars. The site is in close connection to public transport, which is important for the concept to work. On the west side you can find the city tram and on the east side a bus station. 250 meter through a newly renovated pedestrian street is the railway and subway station called Nasjonalteateret. It is connecting the site to the metropolitan Oslo through the subway network, national connection with the railway and international connection with airport express train.
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BACKGROUND
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Variety to create parking circulation and continuous space.
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PARKING DIMENSION
6m
4,5 m
7m
5m 2,5 m
Minimum 2,1 m
6ยบ
20ยบ
3,6 m
Xm
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6ยบ 3,6 m
1905
WWI
WWII
Auguste perret, Garage de la sociĂŠtĂŠ Pointhieu automobiles Paris 1905 Is the first known parking structure.
Robert Law Weed, Miami Parking Garage, Miami 1948 A radical change happened when he stripped the parking structure pretensions and exposing it for what it was.
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1948
1950
Booming construction period Saved expense in construction at the same time the car became more affordable, resulted in a booming period of parking structure construction.
HISTORY OF PARKING STRUCTURES
1970
Oil crises. In the 70 the oil price increased by 400 percent, and there was little development of car parks.
1980
1990
Dealing with sprawl. In the 80s the concept of “park and ride� where introduced. Meaning that you park your car in the suburbs and ride public transport to the city.
Reuse Car park structures. It became interesting to transform this highly flexible spaces into office and retail. Recognize the unusual asset of the ramp making connection between floors.
(14) Simon Henley - The Architecture of Parking - Thames and Hudson - page 7 -19 - 2007
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2016
Underground parking. Essentially in historical cities car parking have been located under parks, squares and streets.
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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OMA - 2 Bibliotheques - Paris 1993
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ARCHITECTURE
What’s interesting with the architecture of parking is the fascination of the continuous space, speed, circulation and overlapping. Many different speeds and needs generate variables that will have a big impact on the spatial exploration. How to organize the infrastructure with different velocities and conflicting paths. Instead of floors being stacked, they are manipulated to touch the floors above and below, all connected to realize wrapped interior Boulevard. The continuous space throughout the building represents a unique extension of a public space. Opening up the building to gain access to the rooftop with an amazing view have the opportunity to give recreational program back to the city. Designing the building for wheels instead of feet will create a whole new way of thinking the interior building. The transition from one program to another is happening in one soft movement, ramps connecting the floors instead of stairs. Materiality with different characteristics will shape the construction of space. Casted concrete or slabs will change the aesthetics of the movement and architecture. The dynamic of an infinity space creates a unique way of thinking flexibility. Extending the interior can easily be done, as there are spaces next door that can be utilized. Parking garages is often optimized and stripped from unnecessary materials or ornament. The pureness of function i present in the architecture. The structure is is the element that keeps the building from collapsing, like a skeleton in the human body. Horizontal elements interact with the structure and creates spaces that we are able to utilized and habit. The basic elements of an architectural building makes up the building components. The minimal and optimized expression, makes parking structure interesting.
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84 percent of families with children use the car on a daily basis, while only 64 percent of adults without kids do. (15) 59 percent of families with children believe a switch to public transit would extend their commute time by 30 minutes or more. (15)
Fitness
Home
The Switch
Child Care
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Work
TARGET GROUPS
The building will give an alternative to people who needs their car the most. Study show that people with young children is most likely to use cars on a daily basis. Can we adapt to their current situation? Bring their kids to this place and continue to work with alternative transport methods. Suburbs People living in the suburbs want to enter the city center. They don’t have a public transport system that’s efficient to meet their needs and therefore they chose personal transportation methods when moving in their surroundings, as this become a habit they tend to use their preferred personal transportation method when going to the city. To not take up space in the city center they stop here without entering the city and create congestion. The city Turning this situation around there is a problem with people in the city owning a car, but not using it for their daily life. The car is parked within the border of the city core taking up unnecessary space, just sitting there until a weekend or vacation when the owner wants to leave the city. This is an example of poor economy of space, money and environment. Sharing cars or other alternatives can still give them the possibility to have a car when needed. Taking these different situations into account, there could be alternative future for the car. By overlapping needs and rethinking ownership of cars, there could be a good alternative solution to create a more efficient Oslo.
(15) NTB - Kun 600 biler ekstra skapAer køen på E18 - e24.no - http://e24.no/bil/kun-600-biler-ekstra-skaper-koeen-paa-e18/23515109 - Publisert: 08:39
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The Switch
Suburb
Parking Child Care
Retail
Fittness
Server
Printer
PC
City
Transport
Recreation
PC
Switch
PC
PC
Modem
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects devices together, process and forward data to the destination device.
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VISION The Switch will work as an entrance to the city where you can leave your car and continue into the core through public transportation, bikes or by foot. The public transportation system will be connected to The Switch for the convenience of the traveler. The Idea is that the building becomes important typology in the urban context to release the city from cars at the same time give social space back to the city. The typology becomes a symbol statement of a car free city, and shows the importance of the car in people’s lives with its presents. It becomes a space utilizer for the city. The new configuration of transport will go through a hyper switch for allowing comfortable transit. Like subway stations, bus stops, central station or airports. Can we make a similar typology for cars and personal transport options? The Switch is a distribution center that allows for huge amount of traffic, and a switch from one transport method to another. The critical point in infrastructure is when you change direction, speed or method. The goals are to remove cars from the street, instead store the cars efficient in a structure compared to the car’s function. Shared cars are easy to access. This frees up valuable space in the city to be utilize for other purpose than storing personal cars. The other goals are to work with transit. Everybody transit one or more times during a working week. How can this experience improve? There is a lot of excess time spent when commuting with public transport. The architecture want to deal with the time spent overlapping transport methods. Provide suitable spaces for people on the move. How can we exploit this excess time into something positive. Create a demand and desire to transit through The Switch. The life of the building will respond and adapt to the demand for future needs in society and follow technological changes.
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Retail
Fitness
Childcare Circulation/Recreational
Company cars 200
Private cars 400
Shared cars 400
Taxi
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Bike
SUGGESTIVE SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS AND DELIVERABLES City scale 1:1000 Showing the building in the surrounding context Building scale 1:200 Showing the organisation and flow of programs in plan / sections / elevations / diagrams and visualisations Zoom element i.e. facade 1:50 Showing the character of the building facade Models in relevant scales
Total m2
Percentage
Shared cars Private cars Company cars Taxi City bike Private bike Service Circulation Child Care indoor Child Care outdoor Fitness Retail Storage Technical Recreational space
14000 14000 7000 1050 800 1600 100 6000 500 500 1000 1000 500 300 9000
24% 24% 12% 2% 1% 3% 0% 10% 1% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 16%
Total
57350
100%
Space
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50
REFERENCES
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Carpark in Saas Fee
Eugenio Miozzi, Autorimessa (1931-34)
Carfree Copenhagen city center
Louis Kahn, Philadelphia 1947- 1952
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CAR FREE CITIES Saas Fee, Switzerland Saas Fee is a mountain village in Switzerland. It has 2000 inhabitants and is located 1800 m above sea level. The population more than doubles during winter because of it’s popular skiing area. No car is allowed in the city therefore there is a huge parking garage at the entrance to the city. However they have special electrical cars with permit that is allowed to drive inside the city border. Venice, Italy Eugenio Miozzi 2 500 space Autorimessa (1931-34) is a multi story car park literally at the end of the road releasing whole of Venice from cars. It becomes a distribution system for people and goods entering the city. Copenhagen, Denmark. The idea of closing the historical city center is also a present idea in Copenhagen. In politikken.dk they had a survey asking witch project people wanted to transform the city. A popular idea of a permanent transformation of Copenhagen city. Vienna, Austria Around 16,000 people live in the pedestrian zone in the Old Town. Strasbourg, France Efforts to shut down part of downtown for cars began in 1992 after the city had experienced increasing problems with traffic jams, accidents, sound and air pollution. Philadephia, USA Louis Kahn unbuilt city center proposal Philadelphia 1947- 1952 Kahn envisioned a city with a pedestrian city protected from the car by walls and collar of cylindrical parking towers. Siena, Italy The city was among the first in the world to try to get rid of car traffic in the center. This was initiated way back in 1966.
(17) ØYSTEIN LANGBERG - Nürnberg kastet ut bilene for over 20 år siden. Dette er rådene de gir Oslo. - http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/Nrnberg-kastet-utbilene-for-over-20-ar-siden-Dette-er-radene-de-gir-Oslo-8216029.html - 23.OKT. 2015 21:35
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Astrid Rommetveit - TEKNOLOGIEN VERDEN VIL HA - nrk.no http://www.nrk.no/klima/xl/teknologien-verden-vil-ha-1.12636872 - 24.11.2015, kl. 20:25 (2) Marius Valle - Nå kan du tjene penger på å leie ut bilen din - Teknisk Ukeblad - http://e24.no/bil/naa-kan-du-tjene-penger-paa-aa-leie-ut-bilen-din/23520563 Publisert: 15:43 - 08.09.2015 (3) Public webpage showing the realtime pollution - 04.02.16 - http://www.luftkvalitet.info/home.aspx?type=Area&id={48fd69aa-76f7-4883-8bbb-5ba79c3879ea} (4) Oslo kommune Bymiljøetaten, Ruter AS, NSB AS Persontog - Prosamrapport 202 - http://www.urbanet.no/Documents/Publikasjoner/Prosamrapport%20202_Bearbeiding%20av%20MIS_rev1.pdf - side 15 (5) Jan Usterud Hanssen - TØI rapport- 1093/2010 - 09.2010 (6) STINE BARSTAD, LARS MOLTEBERG GLOMNES - Slik vil Miljøpartiet De grønne skvise bilene ut av Oslo - Osloby.no - http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Slik-vil-Miljopartiet-De-gronne-skvise-bilene-ut-av-Oslo-8151355.html - 05.SEP. 2015 21:52 (7) ASTRID LØKEN - Slik kan et bilfritt Oslo sentrum bli - Osloby.no -http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Slik-kan-et-bilfritt-Oslo-sentrum-bli-8341995.html - PUBLISERT: 03.FEB. 2016 06:37 (8) Oslo Arbeiderparti, Miljøpartiet De Grønne i Oslo og Oslo Sosialistisk Venstreparti - Byrådserklæring - mdg.no - https://www.sv.no/oslo/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/10/Byraadserklaering-web.pdf - 19. oktober 2015 (9) Statistisk Sentralbyrå - Folkemengde, 1. januar 2015 http://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/folkemengde/aar/2015-02-19?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=218730 (10) https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo (11) TROND HANSEN - Test: P-hus i Oslo - osloby - http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Test-P-hus-i-Oslo-6537655.html - 19.JAN. 2006 14:24 (12) Ghel Architects - Issuu.com - http://issuu.com/gehlarchitects/docs/issue_1242_oslo_bylivsunders__kelse - Mars 2014 (13) HANNE MELLINGSÆTER - House of Oslo kan bli revet - Osloby.no -http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/House-of-Oslo-kan-bli-revet-7920457.html?spid_rel=1 - 02.MAR. 2015 18:39 (14) Simon Henley - The Architecture of Parking - Thames and Hudson - page 7 -19 - 2007 (15) NTB - Kun 600 biler ekstra skaper køen på E18 - e24.no - http://e24.no/bil/kun-600-biler-ekstra-skaper-koeen-paa-e18/23515109 - Publisert: 08:39 (16) OLIVIA KNUDSEN - Kraftig reaksjon på nye parkeringsbestemmelser i Oslo - http://www.osloby.no/nyheter/Kraftig-reaksjon-pa-nye-parkeringsbestemmelser-i-Oslo-8352033.html - 10.FEB. 2016 18:40 (17) ØYSTEIN LANGBERG - Nürnberg kastet ut bilene for over 20 år siden. Dette er rådene de gir Oslo. - http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/Nrnberg-kastet-utbilene-for-over-20-ar-siden-Dette-er-radene-de-gir-Oslo-8216029.html - 23.OKT. 2015 21:35
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Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademis Skoler for Arkitektur, Design og Konservering 2016 IBBL Urbanism And Societal Change Stud 5135 Jesper Riis-Johannessen Thesis supervisor: Morten Kjer Jeppesen