P32076 issues 1: 05/03/2012
"how do we safeguard and deliver high levels of environmental quality of land in the context of increasing intensification of land use?"
group 4: peter robinson, jamie strang, jonathan tan, clare washington
introduction
what is intensification?
"how do we safeguard and deliver high levels of environmental quality of land in the context of increasing intensification of land use?"
"how do we safeguard and deliver high levels of environmental quality of land in the context of increasing intensification of land use?"
As resources become increasingly scarce, we face a future where energy consumption needs to be minimised. The design of a compact city; a high density space that facilitates a more efficient lifestyle, is one of several possible solutions being investigated. Intensification can be seen as the process of increasing the density of an area to create a space capable of sustaining a greater number of businesses and amenities. At a certain critical threshold density, it is theorised that a walkable neighbourhood could be sustained.
the importance of environmental qualities Increasing numbers results in a large demand being placed on amenities, and a reduction in open space per person. If the goal of intensification is to create sustainable environments, it is essential that they are desirable places to live. To ensure that intensification has a positive impact, we have to determine what environmental qualities are required for a good city life. We can then assess the impact of an increase in density, and determine which environmental qualities should be safeguarded, even if it means a failure to achieve further intensification.
Our design process is split into three key approaches (Fig:0.01): A mathematical exploration on the impact of intensification on the civic infrastructure and amenities underpinning a city. An investigation into the qualities that make an environment pleasant to live in. Applying the subsequent design models to a site.
the design process
contents
physical requirements
desired qualities
spacial standards -existing policies and law
spreadsheet of provision
numeric design tool version 1
environmental qualities
2.0
environmental qualities
-our ambitions based on case studies
3.0
case studies
4.0
numeric design tool version 2
5.0
design concepts
6.0
generic models
7.0
transferability
8.0
site model
9.0
conclusion
10.0
references
design concepts
generic model
application of site data
site specific model Figure 0.01: the design process
1.0
1
model to create is a generic The design tool we aim y an in e plied for any sit for a city that can be ap country. fine cing this tool were to de Our first steps in produ ir the d an , rts of a city are what the component pa numeric relationships. heet design tool is a spreads The first version of the y cit r ou of ing and spaces that connects the build model through ratios.
V1.
what makes a city?
the design criteria
Cities compromise a wide variety of different spaces and intricate interconnections. At a very basic level, buildings and spaces can be categorised into one of three types (Fig:1.01):
A generic model will have to have some means of subdividing the site between these three categories of space (Fig:1.02). For the purposes of this model we have decided to make two assumptions:
Residential That the site area will always be given. Commercial That the desired density will always be specified. Amenity Space.
live
work
play
Residential buildings can be either housing or apartments. They take up a large amount of space and are subject to a large variety of standards. Commercial space refers to any business property, such as retail, offices, hotels and any private ventures. We have categorised amenity space as any public owned and accessible shared facilities. This includes large to pocket parks, public squares and leisure centres.
residential Figure 1.01: what makes a city?
commercial
From these two pieces of data it will always be possible to calculate the total population of the city, and to then work out the requirements for each area.
residential
The total population will be made up of a variety of people at different ages and in differing sizes of family unit. ď „ifferent countries will have very different demographics and as a result require differing mixes of dwelling types and sizes. The model will have to be robust enough to accommodate such changes.
amenity space Figure 1.02: the building blocks
commercial
Commercial provision will be dependent on retail requirements, and employment statistics. ď „epending on the location of the site, local planning data and requirements will have to be used to determine the commercial provision.
amenity space
Amenity provision in the United Kingdom is worked out by a series of standards based on providing adequate facilities per 1000 people. The size of the facilities is determined by distribution and the catchment population.
proposing a design model
residential
commercial
stackable and non-stackable components
amenity space
The model will be dependant on taking the total site area and splitting it between the total areas required for residential, commercial and amenity space (Fig:1.03).
stackable
At such high densities fitting all of the required units within the city will rely heavily on building vertically. This makes it very difficult to know how to divide up the land. Our theory is that there are two sorts of space within the city, those that are stackable and those which are not (Fig:1.04). By stackable we mean any function that can have residential built vertically above it. Our model will work by adding up the total area of nonď€stackable units. This will then be used to calculate the remaining area which can be subdivided between the stackable units.
leisuresports
retail
office
open space
places of worship
health centres
non-stackable
education Figure 1.03: ground subdivision
community
Figure 1.04: stackable and nonď€stackable
residential
design tool V1.
calculating the non-stackable area
education
places of worship
Density Base Block
Educational Facilities
Min Value Taken 11.06
The total requirements for educational stud/ classprovision30were calculated Type Percentage of students of classes classes per year(Barton, using data from chapterNo 4.8 from ShapingNumber Neighbourhoods Nursery 3.74 478.72 15.9573333 6 Grant and Guise, 2003). Catchment populations for different Primary 5.238 670.464 22.3488 6 size schools and average school areas were used to work Secondary 6.467 827.776 27.5925333 6 out College 2.455 of each 314.24scale that 10.4746667 6 the the number of schools could provide for 17.9 2291.2 76.3733333 population of our site, and the area required for them. Type nursery primary (shared) primary 1 c primary 2 c sec (11-‐16) sec (11-‐18) college
per unit Catchment Provision min max 2000 6 0.01 1000 13 0.3 2000 6 0.5 4000 3 1 8000 2 4 16000 1 6 25000 1 varied varied
0.6 0.6 1 2 8 12
total area min max 0.06 3.9 3 3 8 6 varied varied
Total
11.06
Residential Layering (0=yes 1=no) 1
Buildable area 11.06
Table 1.03: places of worship provision
Min Road (m)
6
5.96
5 to 7
3.74
8 to 11 12 to 16 17 to 18 20 to 64 65 + 2001 UK census 5.238 6.467 2.455 60.25 15.89
Max Buildable Area/block (m2) 8836
Max Buildable Area/block (Ha) 0.8836
Site Area
16
Number of Blocks 16
+
+
education 11.06
open space 28.16
Total Non-‐Residential Land Use
43.82
Total Land
16
=
+ places of worship 0.3
Total Non-‐Stackable Land Total Buildable Land
total non-stackable 40.02
health centres 0.5
40.02 14.1376
25.6
health centres
Table 1.01: education provision
Total Available Residential Land
public open space
Open space requirements for sport and play are determined based on quantities of land per 1000 inhabitants. This data was taken from chapter 4.8 of Shaping Neighbourhoods (Barton, Grant and Guise, 2003) and gave us total minimum and maximum space standards for an ideal UK development. Ha of Land per 1000 ppl Ha of Land per Site Min Max Min Max 1.6 1.8 20.48 23.04 0.2 0.3 2.56 3.84 0.4 0.5 5.12 6.4 Total
Table 1.02: public open space provision
28.16
-‐25.8824
Table 1.05: calculation of available residential land
total buildable land
Pitches Greens and Courts Playgrounds Informal Play Space
0 to 4
Demographic (%)
12800
Requirements for places of worship were determined using case studies to indicate average building sizes and catchment populations. m2 Ha Type Catchment Provision Area per unitTotal Area level of education 1assume different are not used 0.3 smallValues shown for each 10000 3000 types 3000 large 100000 0 10000 0 0 e.g 1 primary 2c replaces the need for 2 primary 1c Total 0.3
2.4
Block Length Block Width Area(m2) Area(Ha) 100 100 10000 1
Number of Residents
Important Note
3.6 7.8 6 6 16 12
PPD
800
Requirements for health centres were determined using case studies to indicate average building sizes and catchment Health Centres populations. All dwellings within 800m of a health centre, shaping neighbourhoods pg 110 can be within a podium m2 Ha Type Catchment Provision Area per unitTotal Area Local 10000 1 5000 5000 Hospital 100000 0 10000 0 Total
33.28
Table 1.04: health centre provision
total non-stackable area
= 0.5 0 0.5
available land for residential and stackable Table 1.06: tool overview
Our initial spreadsheet method uses the formula adjacent to calculate the available land for residential and commercial once all amenity and infrastructure have been allocated the required land. The plan was to then evenly distribute the population in a balanced mix of residential types within the available land. However we can see from the values above that it is impossible to meet United Kingdom provisions on open space and education within such a densely populated city. In these cases the amenity provision of the expected population exceeds the size of the whole site. Our next stage in the design process was to investigate environmental qualities; with the intention of creating our own standards of amenity and infrastructure provision.
Design Intent / Environmental Quality
A good balance of built form and nature
Lively streets
A vibrant, diverse range of public spaces
Pedestrian and cycle friendly
How are these measurable?
Trees and vegetation
Yes
Air quality
How many trees and vegetation and what types? How much pollution is likely?
Pavement width
Measure pavement width
Yes
Mixed use blocks
Look at the uses in blocks
Yes
Mix of amenities
Search for local amenities
Yes
Different types i.e. green, public, private, squares etc. Large open spaces to break up the built environment Places to stop and socialise
What different types of public spaces are there? What sizes are the public spaces?
Yes
Are there many people in the spaces?
No
Does the block size, mix of uses and level of amenities create a walkable neighbourhood? Is there provision for cycling? Cycle lanes and parking?
Yes
Use data from block sizes, amenity level and use mix to determine this: yes/no answer.
Yes
Prioritising pedestrians and cyclists over cars and buses Block sizes
Provision for cycling over cars/buses? Size of pavements/cycle lanes. How big are the blocks?
No
Look at street view to determine cycle provision and what this includes: cycle lanes yes/no, cycle parking yes/no
Sustainable transport
How many public transport points are there?
Yes
Sustainable building Maximising daylight for residential properties
Are the buildings built sustainably? How much overshadowing is there?
No No
What directions are the blocks facing?
Yes
Walkable Cyclable
What environmental qualities this involves
A high quality of built form
Can we measure this on a case study and get useful data to take forward to the model? If so, how and what data? Count the trees in our sample area: number of trees/hectare.
No
Yes
Yes
Measure pavement width: width of pavements Views from Google street view or photos: number of blocks that are mixed use Do a Google search for local amenities: number of different amenities Look at the public spaces and determine which typology they are: types of public space Measure the public spaces on Google Earth: amount of public space in hectares
Measure blocks on Google Earth: block sizes in metres Google search bus and train stops in the local area: how many pick-up points in 1 hectare But a general idea of what it would be like can be described Google Earth: north, south, east, west etc.
÷
÷
Residential Block Size Calculator
Site Data Total Site Area Density
Using average block? if not, what is the number of people in this block?
16 Hectares
Design Data
5.96
5 to 7
average number of people per block
985
number of people in this block
985
total number of rooms
253
type of room 1b2p 2b4p 3b5p
Areas of Spaces that cannot have residential stacked 2 Ha 2 Ha 1 Ha
Educational Class Size area devoted to schools at 200ppH area devoted to schools at 500ppH area devoted to schools at 800ppH
30 7 3 2
children Ha Ha Ha
Roads road width cycle path width pavement width effective street width
6 3 4 20
m m m m
Health m2 Ha Type Catchment Provision Area per unitTotal Area Local Clinic 10000 1 5000 5000 Hospital 100000 0 10000 0 Places of Worship m2 Ha Type Catchment Provision Area per unitTotal Area small 10000 1 3000 3000 large 100000 0 10000 0
0.5 0
0.3 0
stackable non-‐stackable
number of car spaces
stackable non-‐stackable
type of room 1b2p 2b4p 3b5p
Ratio of Commercial to Residential Commerical Total Residential Area
%
number of rooms 20 51 50 127 30 76
40
Residential 60
26.7225 Ha
Total Commercial Area 17.815 Ha
type of room 1b2p 2b4p 3b5p
spaces per room
0 0 1
spaces required 0 0 76
Total Site Area Area for Parks Area for Schools Area for Hospitals Area for Cathedrals Total Block Area for Commercial/Resi
16 1 2 0 0 13
Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha
0.64 Ha 8.32
minus roads and streetways minus roads and streetways
Using average block? if not, what is the area in this block?
yes
yes or no m2
area of commerical in this block
13703.8462 m2
spaces per room
1 1 2
spaces required 51 127 152
12800
Commericial Space Distribution
total number of potential commercial mix blocks 13 average area of commercial per block 13703.8462 m2
number of cycle parking
Overview of Site
Available Land Use per block Total Stackable Residential Land
yes or no
8 to 11 12 to 16 17 to 18 20 to 64 65 + 2001 UK census 3.74 5.238 6.467 2.455 60.25 15.89 % within age range
Parks area devoted to parkland at 200ppH area devoted to parkland at 500ppH area devoted to parkland at 800ppH
Total Number of People
yes
800 ppH
Demographic Data 0 to 4
Commercial Space
http://estancabigas.com/tag/mass-at-the-mall/#. T0n5clH7W_U http://estancabigas.com/tag/mass-at-the-mall/#. T0n5clH7W_U