GROUNDSETTING by j.stew_art

GROUNDSETTING INTERROGATING THE APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE WITHIN SPORTING SHOOTING

JACK STEWART

“Field & Game Australia is a voluntary organization formed by hunters. We partner with government and the community in the management and sustainable utilization of Australia’s wetlands for future generations by protecting game habitats through conservation. We promote responsible firearm ownership, ethical hunting and clay target shooting.” - Field and Game’s Mission Statement This publication is a design strategy, put forth on behalf of Field & Game Australia. Wishing to highlight the sport and it’s growing popularity, this document is intended to represent the sporting side of shooting and the application of landscape architectural thought within this area of design. “The wildlife of today is not ours to dispose of as we please. We have it in trust. We must account for it to those who come after.” - King George VI

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 01

01.

SITUATING SHOOTING

02.

THE ISSUES AND IMPACTS

03.

GROUNDSETTING DESIGN STRATEGY

04.

GROUNDSETTING DESIGN STRATEGY

05.

APPENDIX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

09 VICTORIA - sporting shooting across the state 11 EPPING - suburbia meets shooting 13 METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB - sporting shooting grounds 15 CLAY TARGET SHOOTING - disciplines and differences SHOOTING WITHIN THE GROUNDS 17 - during the week 19 - during a competition weekend 20 STAKEHOLDERS

25 SIGNIFICANT EVCS OF VICTORIA 27 WHAT’S HAPPENING IN EPPING - the state of the developing suburb

33 GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY - groundsetting on the shooting grounds 35 ASPECTS OF DESIGN - topography of the shooting ground SHOOTING GROUND DESIGN 39 - issues relating to noise and shot fallout 41 - topographic form 43 NATURAL TEMPERATE GRASSLAND OF THE VICTORIAN VOLCANIC PLAIN - plants of the threatened evc ASPECTS OF DESIGN 45 - planting and conservation works 47 - vegetation of reintroduced evc

51 EXPANSION OF THE DESIGN - groundsetting of metropolitan clay target club 53 EXPANSION OF THE DESIGN - epping’s relationship with the shooting grounds 55 APPLICATION OF THE DESIGN STRATEGY - how and where can groundsetting take place 57 GROUNDSETTING - upon reflection

INTRODUCTION

GROUNDSETTING, interrogates the application of landscape architecture within the clay target shooting discipline of simulated field. Groundsetting is the task of the groundsetter, to arrange a ground layout and target sequence of a simulated field competition. Simulated field is the discipline, derived from the sporting discipline (specifically the English sporting variant) in which the targets and shooting position are all dynamic and different, placed amongst the landscape of the shooting ground. This discipline varies greatly from those of skeet and trap which are seen more commonly in Olympic or Commonwealth Games competition, as they involve set target trajectories with a shifting shooting position, both of which are defined with infrastructural intervention, where simulated field is not; rather it uses whatever is available. The application of landscape architecture upon clay target shooting, is done so to investigate how it can be applied for the discipline of simulated field. The ground contributes a large portion of the presentation of targets for simulated field competitions. Landscape architecture has not been applied within sporting shooting but has the potential of contributing to the character of the ground. With there being groundsetting rules, a set of parameters are established for design action according to the function of simulated field.

As clay target shooting is a specific function, the project will also explore an application of functionalist principles in a landscape architectural discourse. Functionalism is a movement explored within architecture as the design of space for the specific intent of the usage of said space. Being a specific function in which design is applied for, the project will apply design actions through the parameters of clay target shooting; target types, shooter safety and flexibility of groundsetting options. The application of functionalism will be applied through the lens of spatial design, a methodology focusing on space as the main aspect of the design. Due to the nature of clay target shooting and the relationship of simulated field with the landscape, most grounds are opportunistic in how they use their land, and are rarely designed. Groundsetters use as much of the landscape as they can in whatever ways possible, with distinct space for specific target types; flat areas for grounded targets, slopes for deceiving crossers or trees and shrubs for hidden rising targets. By focusing the design on the relationship of space, the design will contribute to the role of the groundsetter and the target presentation possibilities, as well as direct the design strategy for the benefits of future shooters and competition targets.

The application of design within clay target shooting is also one in which the application of the design also considers the contextual impacts of a shooting ground. With firearms being quite a political issue with strong opinions across all sides, the contexts in which shooting grounds sit are sites of pressure; conflicting boundaries of neighbouring interests, such as the residential growth and development of surrounding areas. How the club can be retained in their current location and provide additional opportunities within their land usage will also be investigated through the design action. GROUNDSETTING intends to produce an outcome in which the application of spatial design is reflective of the function of clay target shooting through the creation of a designed simulated field ground, and investigate the ecological and environmental possibilities that shooting grounds can offer. This outcome interrogates what a designed form of shooting ground looks like amongst no former landscape architectural applications of design within clay target shooting or the discipline of simulated field. With this comes the consideration of how shooting can be designed for through landscape architectural means and the broader investigation into exploring landscape architecture as spatial design. The contributions and value of the grounds will also be explored through the design outcome and the created relationships to broader systems and processes beyond the shooting grounds.

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

MILDURA

SF SF SF ECHUCA

SHEPPARTONMOOROOPNA

SF/TR SF

SK/TR SF

SF/SK/TR/PS

BENDIGO

SF SK/TR RF

SK/TR

BALLARAT

SF/SK/TR

SF SF

MELBOURNE

SF/SK/TR/RF TR SF

PS SF/SK/TR

GEELONG

50KM

300KM

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

CBD

SF WARRNAMBOOL

SF/SK/

200KM

SK/TR SF SF/SK/TR

100KM

VICTORIA

SPORTING SHOOTING ACROSS THE STATE

Shooting in Victoria is a common past-time and activity; as both hunting and sporting competitions. The sport of clay target shooting has been in Victoria for many years, with the Field & Game being one of the largest shooting organizations. Formed in 1958 in Seymour, the Victorian Field and Game Association (now known as Field & Game Australia), was concerned with the loss of wetland habitat of game birds, one of the earliest applications of advocacy the organization undertook. Their name is derived from “field sportsmen” and “game management”, their two main objectives.

FGA has over 15,000 members, over 60 branches and 51 simulated field clay target shooting grounds throughout Australia. FGA volunteers spend many thousands of hours on a variety of activities, including wetland rehabilitation and management, shooter education, waterfowl identification courses (”WIT tests”), firearm safety and training, pest and vermin eradication, and organized duck hunts and fox drives.

AUBURY

SF/RF/PS

SF/RF

Simulated field is the most common discipline of sporting shooting that FGA provide to shooters. The discipline presents targets that are to simulate conditions found in hunting environments, such as game birds or rabbits. It is derived from the English sporting discipline, the largest of all the clay target disciplines.

GAME MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY DEER HUNTING MAP AREAS

F/SK/TR

SF N

SF SF

50KM

SHOOTING IN VICTORIA

SF/SK

STATE GAME RESERVES

SHARED CLUB GROUNDS SPORTING CLAYS AUSTRALIA LOCATIONS SPORTING SHOOTERS ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA LOCATIONS FIELD

& GAME LOCATIONS

TOWNS OF INTEREST/CBD LEAD CONTIMANINATED SITES DUE TO CLAY TARGET SHOOTING DEER HUNTING ALLOWED WITH PERMISSION FROM LAND OWNER DEER HUNTING

NOT ALLOWED

TYPES OF GUN CLUBS SF SK TR PS RF

SIMULATED FIELD GROUNDS SKEET GROUNDS TRAP GROUNDS PISTOL RANGE RIFLE RANGE

SUBURB - EPPING

SITE -

METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB

AUBURY

SF/RF/PS ECHUCA

SHEPPARTONMOOROOPNA

SF/SK/TR/PS

SK/TR

SF/RF

BENDIGO

SF SK/TR

SK/TR

EPPING

BALLARAT

SF/SK/TR

SF/SK/TR MELBOURNE

CBD

SF/SK/TR/RF

50KM SF

SK/TR SF

SF/SK/TR GEELONG

SF/SK SF

2005 HUME INTERCHANGE BUILT

SF/SK/TR SF

2002 DEVELOPMENT BOUNDARY 2010 DEVELOPMENT BOUNDARY 2018 DEVELOPMENT BOUNDARY

100KM

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

EPPING

SUBURBIA MEETS SHOOTING

Home to the Metropolitan Clay Target Club, Epping is a suburb 20km north of Melbourne CBD. Established in 1963 after formerly being the Coburg Gun Club, which was opened in 1937, the Metropolitan Clay Target Club purchased their current land at 20 Vearings Road due to the encroachment of suburbia of Coburg and Coburg North upon their original grounds.

Source: The Argus, 5 Jul 1937

The site sits on 25 acres of land, initially installing two skeet and two trap grounds in the 1980s. At that time was also an increased interest in the discipline of simulated field shooting, with some of the founding members of the Epping membership forming the Metropolitan Field and Game Club, and join the Victorian Field and Game (now Field & Game Australia).

fig 1 Metropolitan Clay Target Club, 1965

Epping has a population of 32,000, with a growth rate of 9.1%. Surrounding suburbs such as Mernda Wollert, South Morang, Lalor and Craigieburn, as well as Epping itself, have new housing developments taking place, such as the Epping North housing development Aurora undertaken by Lendlease. Proposed developments in Epping include: a proposal for a 300-bed private hospital, a 200-place childcare center, 200 aged-care beds, 2000 homes, 80,000sq m of commercial space, and more than 11ha of green space and recreation zones. The Aurora development in Epping North is working towards housing 25,000 people and has been ongoing since being approved in 2007. There are also development proposals for an interchange to be built along Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Herns Road, which leads into Vearings Road, where the Metropolitan Clay Target Club resides.

Source: Leader North, 2017

1KM

OZSHOOTING

5 SKEET

1 TOWER 2 TRENCH

SIMULATED FIELD

4 TRAP (DTL)

5 STAND

KEY SITE BOUNDARY BUILT INFRASTRUCTURE STORAGE AREAS PATHWAY RESTRICTED SHOOTING POSITION AREA SHOOTING POSITIONS REMOVED SHOOTING DISCIPLINE AREA

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

Metropolitan Clay Target Club shooting ground.

METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB SPORTING SHOOTING GROUNDS

Metropolitan Clay Target Club sits on 25 acres of land, initially installing two skeet and two trap grounds in the 1980s. Facilities have been upgraded and changed over the course of the clubs history, now supporting a tower[1], trench[2] and 5 stand[3] shooting layouts as well. The club also supports a number of different shooting organizations, such as: Metropolitan Field & Game, the Australian Hellenic Shooting Association, and the Australian Clay Target Association (ACTA). These organizations all utilize different aspects of the grounds for their competitions throughout each month. Metropolitan is also one of few clubs which are open throughout the week for practice. Most clubs are only opened on their designated competition day (typically one Saturday or Sunday of the month, such as the third Sunday of the month for the Field & Game within the grounds). During this time, the usage of the ground is quite different, with the grounds along the front of the clubhouse being the only shooting areas used. The remainder of the grounds are then used during the simulated field competitions held by the Field & Game. The grounds also support OzShooting, a company which offers come-and-try and private group events, operating in conjunction with Olympic medalist Adam Vella. Due to issues with shot fallout, the northernmost skeet ground had to be removed from operating, as shot and some targets were exceeding the property boundary. Disciplines that are available on the grounds include: trap[4] (in the form of down-the-line [or DTL] and trench), tower, 5-stand, skeet[5] and simulated field.

fig 2 The organizations that utilize the Metropolitan Clay Target Club

50M

SKEET

TRAP

Clay target shooting (also called inanimate bird shooting, or clay pigeon shooting) is a sport derived from the hunting of live birds. The terminology commonly used by clay shooters often relates to times past, when live-pigeon competitions were held, such as referring to targets as “birds”. Clay target shooting has at least 20 different forms of regulated competition disciplines, although most can be grouped under the main three of skeet, trap, and sporting. All forms of clay target shooting require the use of a target throwing device, often referred to as a “trap”. TARGET FLIGHT AREA

TARGET FLIGHT

SHOOTING DIRECTION

TRAP

SHOOTING DIRECTION

Skeet is a word of Scandinavian origin, though the discipline originated in America. Targets are thrown in singles and doubles from 2 trap houses situated some 40 1. SIMULATED FIELD meters apart, at opposite ends of a semicircular arc on 5. 2. which there are seven shooting positions. The 4.targets are 3. thrown at set trajectories and speeds.

6. 3.

SHOOTING POSITION

Trap shooting variants include but are not limited to international varieties of Olympic trap, also known as International Trap, Bunker, ISSF Trap and Trench as well as Double trap, also an Olympic event. Other non-Olympic disciplines include: Down-The-Line, also known as “DTL” and Nordic Trap. American Trap is also a predominant version in the United States and Canada.

fig 3 Skeet: one of the three major disciplines of clay target shooting; from two fixed stations, targets are thrown at high speed from a variety of angles of shooting positions.

TARGET FLIGHT

SHOOTING DIRECTION

2. 3.

TARGET FLIGHT AREA

Trap disciplines often utilize a single trap machine which is typically enclosed within a traphouse, downrange from SPRINGER the shooters’ shooting positions. The house provides 1. 5. , protection for the machine (e.g. from weather and errant15 BATTUE INCOMER 2. the machine’s oscillating 4. 16 shots) and also acts to obscure 3. 17 ( ) throwing position. International or Olympic trap employs 18 19 15 trap machines housed within a large elongated 20 traphouse recessed into the ground to form a “bunker” 21 RABBIT LOOPER and/or (resemble a trench. International or Olympic trap ( ) may at times be referred to as bunker trap.

TARGET FLIGHT AREA

HANDICAP MARKS

SHOOTING DIRECTION TARGET MOVES DIRECTLY UP FROM THE GROUND BEFORE FALLING STRAIGHT DOWN

M TARGET FLIGHT IS DIRECTED M TOWARD THE SHOOTINGHANDICAP MARKS M POSITION

TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT OR VICE VERSA IN A HIGH ARC ABOVE THE GROUND WHICH TURNS FROM SIDE ON TO ABOUT FACE DURING FLIGHT PATH

SHOOTING POSITION

TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT OR VICE-VERSA) ACROSS THE GROUND, POSSIBLY QUARTERING

TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT OR VICE VERSA IN A HIGH ARC ABOVE THE GROUND

SHOOTING DIRECTION

Sporting is a vastly different shooting discipline to skeet and trap, deriving majority of their target presentations from CROSSER more realistic hunting conditions. A typical course consists of -10 )to 15 stations, with each station presenting ( targets from trap machines. Usually up to 6 targets are shot at each station by a squad of up to six shooters for a OUTGOER total outing of 50 to 100 target competitions. Targets also are thrown in pairs. A pair of targets may be thrown as a true pair (or sim pair, i.e., thrown at the same time), as a following pair (thrown sequentially), or on report (the second clay launched on the firing of the shooter’s gun). SHOOTING DIRECTION

5. 2.

TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT OR VICE VERSA ABOVE THE GROUND

HANDICAP MARKS

SHOOTING POSITION

QUARTERING: MOVE AT AN ANGLE; GO IN A DIAGONAL OR ZIGZAG DIRECTION

TARGET FLIGHT IS DIRECTED AWAY FROM THE SHOOTING POSITION

TARGET FLIGHT AREA

fig 4 Trap: one of the three major disciplines of clay target shooting; the targets are launched from a single “house” or machine, generally away from the shooter.

SHOOTING DIRECTION

5. 2.

TARGET FLIGHT PATH CAN CURVE TOWARD OR AWAY FROM THE SHOOTING POSITION

15M 16M 17M 18M 19M

Numerous hunting conditions can be simulated by combining various speeds and angles with different types of clay targets. What truly makes the discipline unique, is that each station is unique. Throughout a course, the shooters might see targets crossing from either side, coming inward, going outward, flying straight up, rolling on the ground, arcing high in the air, or thrown from towers. The possible target presentations are limited only by safety considerations, the terrain, and the imagination of the groundsetter. The configuration of the stations is often changed to maintain interest for the shooters and for environmental preservation of the course.

HANDICAP MARKS

SHOOTING DIRECTION

20M 21M

SHOOTING POSITION

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

SIMULATED FIELD

CLAY TARGET SHOOTING DISCIPLINES AND DIFFERENCES

SPRINGER TARGET MOVES DIRECTLY UP FROM THE GROUND, BEFORE FALLING STRAIGHT DOWN

BATTUE TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT (OR VICE-VERSA) IN A HIGH ARC ABOVE THE GROUND WHICH TURNS FROM SIDE ON TO ABOUT FACE DURING FLIGHT PATH

LOOPER TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT (OR VICE-VERSA) IN A HIGH ARC ABOVE TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO THE GROUND (OR VICE-VERSA) LEFT IN A HIGH ARC ABOVE THE GROUND WHICH TURNS FROM SIDE ON TO ABOUT FACE DURING FLIGHT PATH

BATTUE

INCOMER TARGET FLIGHT IS DIRECTED TOWARD THE SHOOTING POSITION

SPRINGER

RABBIT

TARGET MOVES DIRECTLY UP FROM THE GROUND, BEFORE FALLING STRAIGHT DOWN

TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT (OR VICE-VERSA) ACROSS THE GROUND, TARGET FLIGHT IS DIRECTED POSSIBLY QUARTERING TOWARD THE SHOOTING POSITION

INCOMER

SHOOTING DIRECTION

RABBIT

LOOPER

TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT (OR VICE-VERSA) ACROSS THE GROUND, POSSIBLY QUARTERING

TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT (OR VICE-VERSA) IN A HIGH ARC ABOVE TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO THE GROUND (OR VICE-VERSA) LEFT ABOVE THE GROUND

CROSSER

QUARTERING: MOVE AT AN ANGLE; GO IN A DIAGONAL OR ZIGZAG DIRECTION

SHOOTING POSITION

OUTGOER

SHOOTING DIRECTION

TARGET FLIGHT IS DIRECTED AWAY FROM THE SHOOTING POSITION

CROSSER TARGET MOVES RIGHT TO LEFT (OR VICE-VERSA) ABOVE THE GROUND

QUARTERING: MOVE AT AN ANGLE; GO IN A DIAGONAL OR ZIGZAG DIRECTION

SHOOTING POSITION

OUTGOER TARGET FLIGHT IS DIRECTED AWAY FROM THE SHOOTING POSITION

TARGET FLIGHT PATH CAN CURVE TOWARD OR AWAY FROM THE SHOOTING POSITION

SHOOTING DIRECTION

TARGET FLIGHT PATH CAN CURVE TOWARD OR AWAY FROM THE SHOOTING POSITION

SHOOTING POSITION

SHOOTING DIRECTION

SHOOTING POSITION

fig 5 Sporting: unlike trap and skeet, which display repeatable target presentations, sporting simulates the unpredictability of live-quarry shooting, offering a great variety of trajectories, angles, speeds, elevations, distances, and target sizes; a typical course includes from 10 to 15 different shooting stations laid out over natural terrain.

The technique for clay target shooting is fundamentally different from rifle or pistol shooting. The latter shoots one projectile and aims to place accurately at a usually stationary target, and usually with at least a few seconds to aim. Clay target shooting involves shooting hundreds of pellets at a time, at a target that is moving quickly downrange, often quickly laterally, with an incredibly short amount of time to move the gun and fire. Rather than aiming at a target, shooters “lead” a target, firing at where the target will be rather than directly at it.

OZSHOOTING

5 SKEET

1 TOWER 2 TRENCH

SIMULATED FIELD

4 TRAP (DTL)

5 STAND

KEY SITE BOUNDARY BUILT INFRASTRUCTURE STORAGE AREAS PATHWAY RESTRICTED SHOOTING POSITION AREA SHOOTING POSITIONS REMOVED SHOOTING DISCIPLINE AREA SHOOTING AREA TARGET AND SHOT AREA TARGET FLIGHT DIRECTION

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

Metropolitan Clay Target Club discipline shooting areas on the ground.

SHOOTING WITHIN THE GROUNDS

DURING THE WEEK

Metropolitan Clay Target Club is one of few clubs which are open throughout the week, typically for practice. Most clubs are only opened on their designated competition day (typically one Saturday or Sunday of the month, such as the third Sunday of the month for the Field & Game within the grounds). During this time, the usage of the ground is quite different, with the grounds along the front of the clubhouse being the only shooting areas used. . During the week, the club opens up their skeet, DTL, trench, tower and 5-stand grounds. These disciplines are all separate from each other and can operate individually without affecting each other. Skeet is able to operate out of their built area, which includes two trap houses and built shooting positions. Next to this shooting area, a new trench facility has been built, also with built shooting positions. These disciplines work well near each other as skeet operates linearly across the shooting area, with trench operating linearly outward from the shooting area. The next area is available for tower and DTL disciplines to take place, with traphouses built for each discipline. These disciplines alternate usage of the area, with DTL being more popular and operates more regularly. Finally, the 5-stand set-up is further out of the way, due to the discipline being a compact variation of simulated field, showing a wider variety of target presentations which, SHOOTING ON THE GROUNDS across five stands, are in different sequences OVER THE COURSE OF A WEEKDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY per stand. MONDAY - FRIDAY

12AM

12PM

1PM

2PM

3PM

4PM

5PM

6PM

7PM

8PM

11PM

9PM SIM FIELD

10PM

10PM 11PM

SIM FIELD

11AM

12PM

TRAP (DTL)

10AM

11AM

5-STAND

9AM

10AM

TOWER

8AM

9AM

TRAP (DTL)

7AM

8AM

5-STAND

6AM

7AM

TOWER

5AM

6AM

TRENCH

4AM

5AM

SKEET

3AM

4AM

ZZ (OR HELICE)

3AM

TRENCH

The shooting area is contained to directly in front of the 1AM clubhouse and shooting areas, with shot being contained 2AM within the grounds.

SKEET

2AM

9PM SIM FIELD

TRAP (DTL)

5-STAND

TOWER

TRENCH

SKEET

ZZ (OR HELICE)

NO SHOOTING TAKING PLACE

1AM

ZZ (OR HELICE)

12AM COMPETITION OR PRACTICE TAKING PLACE NOT TAKING PLACE SET-UP OF GROUNDS/ SHOOTING AREA OCCASIONAL COMPETITION OR PRACTICE TAKING PLACE

SHOOTING DISCIPLINES AVAILABLE ON THE GROUNDS

50M

fig 6 A typical practice week timeframe.

EFFECTS OF SHOOTING

PROJECT TIMELINE

SOUND INTENSITY

17 INCREASING INTENSITY

AS COMPETITION TAKES PLACE, INTENSITY OF SHOOTING BUILDS AROUND MID-AFTERNOON

The project takes place across a few months to be built, requiring landform manipulation and plantings to take place, as well as installing some infrastructure within the grounds. A management plan is to be proposed as well to help with the establishment and upkeep of the planting of the endangered natural temperate grasslands EVC of the Victorian volcanic plains (VVP).

KEY SITE BOUNDARY SHOOTING AREA TARGET AND SHOT AREA BUILT INFRASTRUCTURE STORAGE AREAS TARGET FLIGHT DIRECTION PATHWAY RESTRICTED SHOOTING POSITION AREA SHOOTING POSITIONS REMOVED SHOOTING DISCIPLINE AREA MOVEMENT ROUTE

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

Metropolitan Field and Game simulated field event on the ground.

DURING A COMPETITION WEEKEND

Metropolitan Clay Target Club plays host to a number of different shooting organizations. These include: Metropolitan Field & Game, the Australian Hellenic Shooting Association, and the Australian Clay Target Association. These organizations all utilize different aspects of the grounds for their competitions throughout each month. Recently the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) have also begun hosting events on the grounds.

JAN

FEB

SUNDAY 12AM

MAR

1AM 2AM 3AM

Australian Hellenic Game and Conservation host simulated field competitions on the first Sunday of each month (also called the Greek shoot).

APR

4AM 5AM 6AM

The Australian Clay Target Association hosts their competitions on the second and fourth Sunday of the month, hosting disciplines such as: skeet, DTL and simulated field, and alternating the fourth Sunday with the ISSF.

MAY

7AM 8AM

JUN

9AM 10AM JUL

11AM

Field & Game host simulated field competitions on the third Sunday of each month (with the fifth Sunday as an extra competition date if it occurs within the month).

12PM 1PM AUG

2PM

During fourth Sundays of the month, Metropolitan Clay Target Club host ZZ (or Helice) competitions, a discipline of shooting which presents unpredictable targets which mimic birds in flight, if the ISSF is not holding a competition.

3PM SEPT

4PM 5PM 6PM

OCT

7PM

The ISSF host trench shooting on the fourth Sunday of the month, where possible.

NOV

SIM FIELD

TRAP (DTL)

5-STAND

TOWER

11PM

TRENCH

10PM

SKEET

SIM FIELD

9PM

ZZ (OR HELICE)

8PM TRAP (DTL)

Saturdays are typically reserved for practice, similarly to the rest of the week, and the set-up for competitions of the following day.

DEC

Simulated field utilizes the full extents of the grounds, setting up stands around the boundary of the property with dynamic target presentations.

2018 SHOOT CALENDAR OF METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB PRACTICE

PROJECT TIMELINE

METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB ACTA FGA CLOSED

The project takes place across a few months to be built, requiring landform manipulation and plantings to take place, as well as installing some infrastructure within the grounds.

ISSF NOVELTY HELLENIC

A management plan is to be proposed as well to help with the establishment and upkeep of the planting of the endangered natural temperate grasslands EVC of the Victorian volcanic plains (VVP).

ZZ ACTA TRENCH

fig 7 A benefit of the grounds location is the large HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS number of practice days CONTINUE TO GROW WITHIN THE SUBURB available throughout the year. INTRODUCED EVC IS PROPOSED TO BE EXTENDED TO INCREASE BIODIVERSITY NEARBY

BE R

M BE R

EC EM D

O VE

BE R M

C TO O

ST U G

SE PT E

E N JU

AY M

RI L AP

U RA

20 BR FE

JA N

EM EC D

UA RY

R M BE O VE N

C TO

BE R

BE PT EM SE

ST U G AU

20 18

PROJECT IS UNDERTAKEN ON THE GROUNDS

5-STAND

SHOOTING WITHIN THE GROUNDS

S, Y WHITTLESEA COUNCIL MEET TO PROPOSE DEVELOPING AN INDUSTRIAL PRECINCT

PROJECT IS CONCIEVED AND PROPOSED TO METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB AND THE SURROUNDING SUBURB FOR DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT IS COMPLETED ON THE GROUNDS

EXTENDED PLANTING PROGRAM TAKES PLACE ON NEARBY PROPERTY

WHITTLESEA COUNCIL NOW CANNOT INTRODUCE INDUSTRIAL ZONING IN THE AREA

Due to the proposal of introducing an endangered EVC, the proposal for introducing industrial zoning in nearby property which threatens the gun club will be challenged and not be possible due to the EVC being of such signiďŹ cance.

fig 8 A single stand of simulated field can have any form of targets within the sequence of targets presented. This example is of a rabbit and outgoer target sequence.

STAKEHOLDERS

The undertaking of the GROUNDSETTING design strategy is to be funded by the Metropolitan Field & Game and Metropolitan Clay Target Club, as a facility upgrade for the benefit of the shooting community in and around Epping and the larger Field & Game membership.

FIELD & GAME AUSTRALIA Formed in 1958 in Seymour, the Victorian Field and Game Association (now known as Field & Game Australia), was concerned with the loss of wetland habitat of game birds, one of the earliest applications of advocacy the organization undertook. Their name is derived from “field sportsmen” and “game management”, their two main objectives.

This project may also receive funding through the Victorian government’s Sporting Club Grants Program, of which the Metropolitan Clay Target Club has received funding for facility upgrades in the past. The project serves as a benefit to the growing sporting shooting community and establishing a precedent for additional design application within the discourse of clay target shooting for landscape architectural practices.

Both the Field & Game and the Metropolitan Clay Target Club will be able to take advantage of the designed grounds, providing a higher quality of target competition and incorporation into larger shooting organization’s interest in hosting events on the ground, such as the Field & Game National Carnival, Australia’s largest clay target event with over 500 competitors shooting 150 targets over 2 days.

METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB Metropolitan Clay Target Club have been in Epping since 1963. State, National and International Champions in clay target shooting have come from the grounds and many return on a regular basis for coaching and come-and-try events. Regular shooters of simulated field range up to 120 persons on competition dates, as well as consistent numbers of those wanting some practice shooting across the week. With growing interest and recent ground developments, the club is popular amongst avid and occasional participants. The club’s location also plays a large part in it’s popularity and functionality, as it is one of few that are able to allow all forms of shooting discipline to take place on their grounds. By being so close to the Hume Highway, travel to and from the grounds can be quite easily accessed.

01. SITUATING SHOOTING

“… an ‘assemblage’ is a whole ‘whose properties emerge from the interactions between parts’” [pg.16]

- Kim Dovey, Becoming Places: Urbanism/Architecture/ Identity/Power

02.THE ISSUES AND IMPACTS

MILDURA

SF SF SF ECHUCA

SHEPPARTONMOOROOPNA

SF/TR SF

SK/TR SF

SF/SK/TR/PS

BENDIGO

SF SK/TR RF

SK/TR

BALLARAT

SF/SK/TR

SF SF

MELBOURNE

SF/SK/TR/RF TR SF

CBD

PS SF/SK/TR

SF GEELONG

WARRNAMBOOL

50KM

300KM

02. THE ISSUES AND IMPACTS

SF/SK/

200KM

SK/TR SF

SF/SK/TR

100KM

SIGNIFICANT EVCS OF VICTORIA

EVCs (or Ecological Vegetation Classes) are a method of grouping vegetation communities based on floristic, structural, and ecological features. There are many hundreds of individual EVCs, some can be grouped together to form a “bioregion”, which is a landscape-scale approach to classifying the environment using a range of attributes such as climate, geomorphology, geology, soils and vegetation. There are 28 bioregions across Victoria. Each EVC within a biogregion can be assigned a conservation status, to indicate its degree of alteration since European settlement in Australia. There are a large number of endangered, vulnerable and threatened EVCs within Australia, with the selected EVCs mapped here being some of the most threatened.

The Natural Temperate Grasslands and Grassy Eucalypt Woodland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain are two of the most threatened, with less than five per cent of the original extent of both communities remaining.[see appendix.]

AUBURY

SF/RF/PS

SF/RF

GAME MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY DEER HUNTING MAP AREAS

F/SK/TR

SF N

SF SF

50KM

SHOOTING IN VICTORIA

SF/SK

STATE GAME RESERVES

SHARED CLUB GROUNDS SPORTING CLAYS AUSTRALIA LOCATIONS SPORTING SHOOTERS ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA LOCATIONS FIELD

& GAME LOCATIONS

TOWNS OF INTEREST/CBD

THREATENED SIGNIFICANT ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES NATURAL GRASSLANDS OF THE MURRAY VALLEY PLAINS ALPINE SPHAGNUM BOGS AND ASSOCIATED FENS BULOKE WOODLANDS OF THE RIVERINA AND MURRAY-DARLING DEPRESSION BIOREGIONS GIPPSLAND RED GUM (Eucalyptus tereticornis subsp. mediana) GRASSY WOODLAND AND ASSOCIATED NATIVE GRASSLAND GRASSY EUCALYPT WOODLAND OF THE VICTORIAN VOLCANIC PLAIN GREY BOX (Eucalyptus microcarpa) GRASSY WOODLANDS AND DERIVED NATIVE GRASSLANDS OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA NATURAL TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS OF THE VICTORIAN VOLCANIC PLAIN WHITE BOX-YELLOW BOX-BLAKELY’S RED GUM GRASSY WOODLAND AND DERIVED NATIVE GRASSLAND

LEAD CONTIMANINATED SITES DUE TO CLAY TARGET SHOOTING DEER HUNTING ALLOWED WITH PERMISSION FROM LAND OWNER DEER HUNTING

NOT ALLOWED

TYPES OF GUN CLUBS SF SK TR PS RF

SIMULATED FIELD GROUNDS SKEET GROUNDS TRAP GROUNDS PISTOL RANGE RIFLE RANGE

VEARING S RD

CRAIGIEBURN GRASSLAND NATURE RESERVE

POWERLINE HIGH VOLTAGE

SITE METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB

PROPOSED AREA FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

02. THE ISSUES AND IMPACTS

Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;HERNS

BUILT HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS

WHAT’S HAPPENING IN EPPING THE STATE OF THE DEVELOPING SUBURB

Epping has a number of ongoing housing developments to supplement their growing population. Many of these developments are towards the northern part of the suburb, such as the Epping North housing development Aurora undertaken by Lendlease. Surrounding suburbs such as Mernda Wollert, South Morang, Lalor and Craigieburn, also are undergoing housing estate developments. The Aurora development in Epping North is working towards housing 25,000 people and has been ongoing since being approved in 2007. RURAL CONSERVATION ZONE 1 - RESTRICTED SUB-DIVISION (40 HA MINIMUM)

There are also development proposals for an interchange to be built along O’Herns Road, which leads into Vearings Road, where the Metropolitan Clay Target Club resides.

PLANNED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AREA

More recently, Whittlesea Council has put forth a proposal to re-zone the property at 25 Vearings Road, applying a Industrial 1 Zone (INZ1), apply a Development Plan Overlay Schedule 38 (DPO38) and remove the Environmental Significant Overlay (ESO) from the area. A part of this planning proposal seeks to remove the Metropolitan Clay Target Club from their current site. Whittlesea Council intend to propose and develop 140 ha. of land into industrial zoning, threatening not only the Metropolitan Clay Target Club but also the Craigieburn Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve. The Craigieburn Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve is home to a number of critically endangered EVCs including: Plains Grassland to Danthonia Grassland and Stony Knoll Grassland. It also represents the most significant and largest remaining example of the Western Plains Basalt Grassland in Victoria. The grasslands also GOLF DRIVING RANGE EPPINGTemperate include the Natural Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain, a highly fragmented, critically endangered ecological community and the Grassy Eucalypt Woodland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain. Less than five per cent of the original extent of both communities remain. PROPOSED O’HERNS RD INTERCHANGE

Temperate Grasslands and Grassy Woodlands are among the most under-represented ecosystems in Australia’s conservation estate and are recognized nationally as among the most threatened vegetation types.

EXISTING INDUSTRIAL

HUME H

CURRENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT [UNDERGOING]

150M

fig 9 City of Whittlesea Minutes of Ordinary Council Meeting held July 3rd point 6.1.10 PLANNING SCHEME AMENDMENT C226 - 25 VEARINGS ROAD, EPPING REZONING - REQUEST FOR AUTHORISATION, which threatens both the Metropolitan Clay Target Club and Craigieburn Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve

fig 10 A letter sent to Lily Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ambrosio, MP, Minister for Energy, Environment and Climate change and Minister for Suburban Development in regards to the health and wellbeing of the kangaroos within Epping.

02. THE ISSUES AND IMPACTS

WHATâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HAPPENING IN EPPING THE STATE OF THE DEVELOPING SUBURB

The proposal for developing the nearby area into an industrial zone threatens a number of aspects in the area. Most prominent is the potential threat of the endangered EVCs of the Craigieburn Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve. Being such significant ecological communities, their survivability is an incredibly valuable resource to both Epping and Victoria as a whole. This aspect is to be explored within the retention of the clay target club. Since 1968, the club has held the property of 20 Vearings Rd, having moved due to encroaching suburban pressure of Coburg North where they were initially established in 1937. The operation of a shooting grounds creates a distinct boundary between surrounding interests, which contributes to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s threatened condition, with many clubs either closing or moving. These two aspects, through the GROUNDSETTING design strategy will be addressed through a planting strategy of reintroducing the endangered Temperate Grassland EVC into the grounds of the Metropolitan Clay Target Club. By creating a barrier of clay target shooting, the grounds will be able to maintain an uninterrupted redistribution of the threatened EVC, which in turn will protect the club from any development proposals to remove the club, which then in turn protects the Craigieburn Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve from any disruption or damage to the EVCs present. With the ongoing housing developments in the area also forcing encroachment upon the boundary of the Hume Highway, a large number of kangaroos in the area are beginning to be displaced. The kangaroos already move through the shooting grounds before any shooting takes place, grazing and moving through the area. The design actions undertaken within the shooting grounds will allow for this movement to help both contribute to the growth of the EVC as well as creating a protected habitat area for kangaroos in the area to occupy as they are moved out from where they are due to the housing developments.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY 31

TOPOGRAPHY

WHO?

Topography of the grounds is to take place in coordination with members of the Metropolitan Clay Target Club and the Metropolitan branch of the Field & Game, who have access to or can provide the means of earth moving equipment and time to build up the designed mounds of the GROUNDSETTING design.

- Metropolitan Clay Target Club - Metropolitan Field & Game

OF THE SHOOTING GROUND

THE ENGAGEMENT OF INVOLVED PARTIES

Both Metropolitan Clay Target Club and the Metropolitan Field and Game can contribute to the topography elements as they will benefit both of these organizations operations within the grounds.

INFRASTRUCTURE OF SIMULATED FIELD

- Metropolitan Clay Target Club - Metropolitan Field & Game - Construction companies

The infrastructure is of a single tower, with a handful of machines that can be accessed through winch systems that can lower the machines when they need refilling or maintenance. This heavy infrastructure can also be installed through member assistance or otherwise with funding through The Sporting Club Grants Program offered by the Victorian Government for facility upgrades, which they have previously used for upgrades to other shooting disciplines.

The infrastructural element of a tower contributes to a number of different shooting disciplines available on the grounds, and also contributes to showcasing the sport to those nearby.

VEGETATION OF REINTRODUCED EVC

Similar to some Field & Game branch planting programs, plants have been procured through grants and additional programs for revegetation of significant habitats. The planting of the endangered species can be done through both members of the Field & Game and outreach to other groups of interest with ecological engagement within the area.

- Metropolitan Field & Game - Friends of the Merri Creek - Merri Creek Management Committee - Environmental Protection Authority - Parks Victoria These groups all are focused on the establishment of healthy ecological management, but is focused to within the grounds and the nearby surroundings.

HABITAT

FOR DISPLACED WILDLIFE The creation of a conservation habitat for displaced wildlife within the area, protected by the established shooting ground, will be strengthened by having an endangered EVC revegetated within the area. These two considerable factors enable the protection of the space through denying the development of an industrial zone within the area, which threatens the shooting grounds and the conservation reserve.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

- Friends of the Merri Creek - Merri Creek Management Committee - Additional animal groups These groups all are focused on the establishment of healthy ecological management, but is focused to within the grounds and the nearby surroundings.

GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

GROUNDSETTING ON THE SHOOTING GROUNDS

The GROUNDSETTING design consists of a number of individual elements that work together to create the holistic outcome of the design. Firstly, the topography of the site is to be designed and built up, as the project works from the ground up. The topography contributes to many of the functions of sporting shooting around the grounds. Infrastructural elements for sporting shooting have a heavy impact on the ground and should therefore follow, allowing following design actions to occur without interference of heavy maintenance and development of infrastructure. Allowing the ground to have a minimal disturbance from development, the planting stage can take place, with the major design elements being taken care of and outlining how the planting can be accomplished and provide a sense of the growth of the planting areas over time. Finally, the creation of the site and surrounding areas into a conservation habitat for the displaced wildlife will occur through the development of nearby homes and further displacement of animals. Recognizing the lack of human interference, apart from when shooting is taking place, the animals can freely occupy the site and surrounds. In applying these design actions, GROUNDSETTING intends to produce a multi-faceted design of both a designed shooting grounds for simulated field and a conservation habitat for endangered vegetation and wildlife.

SITE

TOPOGRAPHY

INFRASTRUCTURE

VEGETATION

HABITAT

Bra. Oxa. Tri.

Mic.

Pti. Thl.

Bra. Oxa. Tri.

Aud. Aus. Ely. Poa. Thm.

10.

8. 7.

Metropolitan Clay Target Club designed shooting ground.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

ASPECTS OF DESIGN

KEY

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SHOOTING GROUND

SITE BOUNDARY SHOOTING AREA TARGET AND SHOT AREA BUILT INFRASTRUCTURE STORAGE AREAS TARGET FLIGHT DIRECTION PATHWAY RESTRICTED SHOOTING POSITION AREA SHOOTING POSITIONS REMOVED SHOOTING DISCIPLINE AREA MOVEMENT ROUTE EXISTING VEGETATION INTRODUCED VEGETATION

INTRODUCED INFRASTRUCTURE

PLANTS AND IDENTIFICATION KEY Austrodanthonia spp. Austrostipa spp. Elymus scaber var. scaber Poa labillardierei Themeda triandra

Aud. Aus. Ely. Poa. Thm.

Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis Oxalis perennans Tricoryne elatior

Bra. Oxa. Tri.

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides

Mic.

Ptilotus macrocephalus Thelymitra pauciflora

Pti. Thl.

Eucalyptus melliodora Eucalyptus microcarpa

Eme. Emi.

The designed ground introduces a minimal topographic variation to the existing conditions which contributes to a greater usage of shooting ground layout opportunities. This topography also doesn’t interfere with the operation of the other disciplines of shooting that are available within the ground. The only major infrastructural element is a tower installed to throw targets at high elevations, trajectories and speeds, using the introduced mounds as visual topographic distortions, where the landscape plays a part in shifting the perception of a target in flight. The club uses elevated target positions across their open space, and by installing some infrastructure which supports this alongside mounds for an added dynamic quality of target opportunities. These elements also support the added vegetation within the space, providing a barrier between shot and the plants to allow their establishment, which may be used as a part of a shooting sequence later on when the plants become more established, as well as the topography allowing runoff for rain and help irrigate the plants. The designed space contributes to the occupation of the site by displaced animals such as the kangaroos within the area, creating a location for grazing within the designed mounded topography.

“ … landscape architecture had to consider two factors characteristic of design professions. The first involve the human presence and, with it, use.” N

- Marc Trieb, Axioms for a Modern Landscape Architecture

50M

fig 11 Sporting Targets, in Bedfordshire, UK, is a designed shooting ground by Chris Batha. The grounds supports a wide variety of shooting disciplines.

fig 12 Noise control berm in Abera, Barcelona, designed by BATLLE I ROIG ARQUITECTES. The design is of a similar condition to the shooting ground of Sporting Targets.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

ASPECTS OF DESIGN

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SHOOTING GROUND

A large portion of the approach to designing the site is the form. To which the project title is derived from, groundsetting is the act of arranging the grounds of a clay target club for competition. Having a dynamic ground allows for a greater flexibility in target presentation options. By having a dynamic ground, the topography can also contribute to the sound of a gun club, a contributing factor to the issue of wanting to remove them. The use of berms or mounds on shooting grounds is a common tool in separating disciplines or creating shooting butts, found in rifle and pistol ranges. These butts are used to catch the fired projectiles, but can be used as a way to manage shot fallout on some designed trap or skeet grounds. Shot containment has been achieved through shot curtains, more commonly seen on trap or skeet grounds, which are comprised of fabric which absorbs the impact of shot, in other cases. Sporting Targets in Bedfordshire, UK is a designed shooting ground by Chris Batha. The ground is similar to Metropolitan, in that they support multiple disciplines operating at once across their grounds, however the use of the designed mounds differ between the two. In the UK, the mounds separate the disciplines and used for containment and separation. The proposed site design in Metropolitan is to heighten the topography; used as a part of the character of the grounds, the competition and the target trajectories. Similarly, berms and mounds have been used in landscape architectural design for similar circumstances, such as the noise control berm in Abera, Barcelona, by Battle i Roig Arquitectes. Taking on a more formal appearance, the berm is used primarily for the control and reflection of sound, with the aesthetics of the design being secondary.

Designed ground of the Metropolitan Clay Target Club shooting ground. 37

KEY SOUND DISSIPATION EFFECTIVE SHOTGUN RANGE SHOT FALLOUT WITHIN EFFECTIVE SHOTGUN RANGE SHOT FALLOUT BEYOND BOUNDARY SHOOTING DIRECTION

Noise on the shooting ground during a competition event.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

SHOOTING GROUND DESIGN

ISSUES RELATING TO NOISE AND SHOT FALLOUT

Sound is a major issue regarding shooting. A shotgun registers at 120db, however sound measured on site, from behind an active shooter registered at 85db. The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) has a number of restrictions for shooting ground operations, regarding sound as well as lead contamination caused by shot and shooting grounds. 45db is the sound level at which an operating shooting grounds ± 10 db of background noise should be measured as less than. This distance is achieved from an 85db recorded sound level at 100m distance. There are no nearby residential property or developments which infringe on this 100m distance. Since the ground is flat, the sound is able to carry further than the designed mounds, which help to reflect and dissipate the sound.

85DB

100M

45DB

MEASURED SOUND LEVEL AND DISTANCE OF DISSIPATION TO WITHIN EPA LIMITS

100M 45[±10] DB

85 DB

>100M 45[±10] DB

85 DB

fig 13 Sound is able to travel uninterrupted across flat terrain (having to only deal with air density and wind), but with built mounds, sound will be able to be absorbed and reflect into itself, dissipating more quickly.

“ We say that an event ‘takes place’, but the event also creates place.” [pg.25]

- Kim Dovey, Becoming Places: Urbanism/Architecture/ Identity/Power

Possible perspectives of Metropolitan Clay Target Club, of GROUNDSETTING in action.

CLUBHOUSE

SKEET GROUND

TOWER DISCIPLINE TRAP HOUSE

TRENCH DISCIPLINE TRAPS

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

SHOOTING GROUND DESIGN TOPOGRAPHIC FORM

The created topography to the ground adds additional surface to the grounds, allowing for the absorption of, as well as the reflection and dissipation of noise being achieved within the grounds. Also within the ground design, is the installation of a tower which includes a number of clay target traps providing elevated target trajectories that can be used across a variety of disciplines on the grounds, though primarily for simulated field.

MOUND OF DESIGNED TOPOGRAPHY

SHOOTING TOWER WITH AUTOMATIC TRAPS

SIT

RY DA

N OU

“ Function defined form, expressed in a pure geometry that the eye could easily grasp in its entirety.” [pg.2] - JG Ballard, A Handful of Dust

N M

Themeda triandra

Austrodanthonia sp.

Pimelea humilis

Themeda grassland

Centrolepis aristata

Leptorhynchos squamatus

Austrostipa sp.

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (weeping grass)

Craspedia glauca spp. agg. (common billy buttons)

Poa labillardierei

Schoenus apogon

Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis

(kangaroo grass) seed head

(spear grass)

(common tussock grass)

(wallaby grass)

(pointed centrolepis)

(common bog sedge)

fig 13 Some key species of the Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

(common rice flower)

(scaly buttons)

(woodland swamp daisy)

NATURAL TEMPERATE GRASSLAND OF THE VICTORIAN VOLCANIC PLAIN PLANTS OF THE THREATENED EVC

The Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain is an EVC listed as critically endangered. Currently there are no plans for recovery, however there are advice plans for conservation regarding monitoring of sites, removal of invasive weeds and removal of grazing where the EVC is found. Key plant species of the EVC include:

Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Austrodanthonia spp. (wallaby grass), Austrostipa spp. (spear grass), Poa labillardieri (river or common tussock grass), Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (weeping grass), Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis (woodland swamp daisy), Oxalis perennans (grassland wood sorrel), Thelymitra pauciflora (slender sun orchid), Ptilotus macrocephalus (feather-heads), Elymus scaber var. scaber (common wheat grass)

Oxalis perennans

(grassland wood sorrel)

There are also a number of significant species of vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered status found within or nearby the EVC. These include animals and plant species, some of which are found within the Craigieburn Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve.

Thelymitra pauciflora

(slender sun orchid)

Some significant species include: Southern brown bandicoot, eastern barred bandicoot, plains-wanderer (bird), striped legless lizard, grassland earless dragon, southern bell frog, growling grass frog and the golden sun moth. These species may not become present within the Metropolitan Clay Target Club grounds, but may become present within the surrounding areas, given the growth of the plant species across the surrounding areas.

Elymus scaber var. scaber

(common wheat grass)

Ptilotus macrocephalus (feather-heads)

fig 14 Sale Field and Gameâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Heart Morass tree planting day. This revegetation project made possible with a grant from the Gippsland Lakes Coordinating Committeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Love Our Lakes Program.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

fig 15 Metropolitan Field and Game has been involved with La Trobe University Life Skills Program who assembled the nest boxes to breed Australian native birds where tree hollows have been removed.

ASPECTS OF DESIGN

PLANTING AND CONSERVATION WORKS

Field & Game Australia organize through their branches a number of ongoing wetland health and management strategies. As the Field & Game contribute and deal with the state government and the Game Management Authority in regards to the hunting of ducks, the clubs organize volunteer planting days and programs that take part in state game reserves outside of the duck season. Sale Field & Game undertake a number of regenerative planting programs in the Heart Morass wetland area, previously used for heavy grazing, suffering from acid sulphate soils and salinity. Active engagement of the local community has been fundamental to the success of the project; today the entire Heart Morass complex covers around 1,800 hectares. Sale Field & Game, with a grant from the Gippsland Lakes Coordinating Committeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Love Our Lakes Program, were able to undertake a tree planting day of 6000 trees, with subsequent trips to maintain the health of the trees and showcase the wetland to schools with classes interested in wetland and ecological health. Similarly, Metropolitan Field & Game have similar programs such as a breeding box program for wetlands in South Morang. Many Field & Game branches undertake these programs, which support the wildlife populations supported by the wetland. Metropolitan Field & Game operated this program in conjunction with La Trobe University Life Skills Program. These activities are often undertaken by Field & Game branches on significant wetlands, allowing for possibilities of the activities and programs to be undertaken within their own grounds, to supplement their own environmental impacts and create possibilities of alternative conservation methods.

N M

Bra. Oxa. Tri. Aud. Aus. Ely. Poa. Thm.

01. The initial area of planting are four large bulbous areas. These areas are outside of the range of interfering with the other disciplines of the grounds besides simulated field. They are also contained within the created topography of the grounds.

Mic.

Pti. Thl.

02. Once planted within these spaces, the plants are able to establish, with the topographic variation being present allowing minimal lead contamination of the soil. Reducing shot within the area also protects the tree species planted as well.

03. GROUNDSETTING: THE DESIGN STRATEGY

ASPECTS OF DESIGN VEGETATION OF REINTRODUCED EVC

The planting of the Natural Temperate Grasslands will occur through a joint effort of the Metropolitan Field & Game, Friends of the Merri Creek, the Merri Creek Management Committee, and Parks Victoria.

Eme. Emi.

These organizations will operate together with the intention of replanting the EVC across the Metropolitan Clay Target Club and put together a management strategy for the growth of the EVC beyond the extents of the grounds. The planting is to occur after the topography element of the design is completed on the grounds. Engaging with the Friends of Merri Creek and the Merri Creek Management Committee is due to the Merri Creek running through the Craigieburn Grasslands Nature Conservation Reserve in which the Natural Temperate Grassland currently occupies. Their input in the management and planting of the EVC is important in establishing a larger EVC recovery plan or strategy for the Natural Temperate Grassland EVC.

03. Expansion beyond the planted space can occur through the movement of animals within and through the grounds outside of shooting periods.

Organizing a planting day across the ground will require sourcing the plants and co-ordinating with the relative organizations. At a minimum, an area of 0.05 hectares of the plant species of the Natural Temperate Grassland are required in order for the EVC to be considered present in an area.

PLANTS AND IDENTIFICATION KEY

04. The plant species have the chance of extending their boundary from the shooting grounds into the surrounding area and around the topography of the designed grounds.

Austrodanthonia spp. Austrostipa spp. Elymus scaber var. scaber Poa labillardierei Themeda triandra

Aud. Aus. Ely. Poa. Thm.

Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis Oxalis perennans Tricoryne elatior

Bra. Oxa. Tri.

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides

Mic.

Ptilotus macrocephalus Thelymitra pauciflora

Pti. Thl.

Eucalyptus melliodora Eucalyptus microcarpa

Eme. Emi.

04.IMPLICATIONS OF DESIGN 49

Bra. Oxa. Tri.

Mic.

Pti. Thl.

Bra. Oxa. Tri.

Aud. Aus. Ely. Poa. Thm.

10.

8. 7.

04. IMPLICATIONS OF DESIGN

EXPANSION OF THE DESIGN

KEY

GROUNDSETTING OF METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB

INTRODUCED INFRASTRUCTURE

PLANTS AND IDENTIFICATION KEY Austrodanthonia spp. Austrostipa spp. Elymus scaber var. scaber Poa labillardierei Themeda triandra

Aud. Aus. Ely. Poa. Thm.

Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis Oxalis perennans Tricoryne elatior

Bra. Oxa. Tri.

Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides

Mic.

Ptilotus macrocephalus Thelymitra pauciflora

Pti. Thl.

Eucalyptus melliodora Eucalyptus microcarpa

Eme. Emi.

50M

After initial introduction of the Natural Temperate Grassland and a few trees such as Eucalyptus melliodora (yellow box), and/or Eucalyptus microcarpa (grey box), of the Grassy Eucalypt Woodland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain (which is also a threatened EVC possible within the area), the plants are able to spread their boundary across the larger area of the grounds through the movement of animals which can move seeds from the grassland plant species. Initially expanding from beyond their initial planting boundaries, expected growth into nearby shooting areas should occur through primarily animal movement. Small patches of the grassland can occur throughout the grounds, with a management strategy in place to benefit the EVC’s health against invasive species which may threaten them. The management strategy for the design within the Metropolitan Clay Target Club should as include: specific rules for the groundsetter to avoid placing traps amongst the grassland in it’s early state, avoiding vehicle movement within grassland growth (a set back of 3m or as necessary to the ground layout required), if shooting within the grassland patches, set backs of stand locations, and regular weed monitoring and control as required.

VEARING S

CRAIGIEBURN GRASSLAND NATURE RESERVE

POWERLINE HIGH VOLTAGE

SITE METROPOLITAN CLAY TARGET CLUB

KANGAROO MOVEMENT

AREA REMAINS AGRICULTURAL WITH SECTIONED AREAS OF EVC PROTECTION

04. IMPLICATIONS OF DESIGN

Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;HERNS

BUILT HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS

EXPANSION OF THE DESIGN

EPPING’S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SHOOTING GROUNDS

Within the nearby area, the design will have a number of resultant effects. The growth of the EVC can be encouraged through the management strategy implemented across the nearby area. This will also encourage the land owners to consider the Craigieburn Grassland Nature Conservation Reserve and the ongoing protections works there for the naturally present EVC.

PLANNED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AREA BUILT

The management strategy will also consider the implications and methods of protection for the wildlife within the area and strategies to accommodate their agricultural practices around them.

DISPLACEMENT OF KANGAROOS DUE TO SHOOTING

With the O’Herns Rd interchange built, the increased vehicle access within the area and the awareness of the shooting grounds and ecological habitat in which it now resides, will have a social impact towards it’s success. The creation of a management group or co-ordination with existing ones will allow for the protection of the area from heavy vehicle or human presence, apart from the shooting of competition or practice on the shooting grounds.

GROWTH OF NATURAL TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS

Themeda triandra

MOST PROMINENT OF EVC PLANT SPECIES SPREAD

DESIGNED GROUNDS WITH ENDANGERED EVC PLANTING

EPPING GOLF DRIVING RANGE

KANGAROOS DISPLACED FROM THESE AREAS EXISTING INDUSTRIAL

HUME H

NEW INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

MILDURA

SF SF SF ECHUCA

SHEPPARTONMOOROOPNA

SF/TR 1. SF

SK/TR SF

4. SF/SK/TR/PS

BENDIGO

SF SK/TR RF

SK/TR

BALLARAT

SF/SK/TR

2. SF SF

MELBOURNE

3. SF/SK/TR/RF TR SF

CBD

PS SF/SK/TR

SF GEELONG

SK/TR SF

WARRNAMBOOL

SITES OF POSSIBLE DESIGN STRATEGY EXPANSION 1. NATIMUK FIELD AND GAME 2. BALLARAT FIELD AND GAME 3. WVCTC WERRIBEE VICTORIAN CLAY TARGET CLUB 4. SHEPPARTON FIELD AND GAME 5. SALE FIELD AND GAME

04. IMPLICATIONS OF DESIGN

SF/SK/

SF/SK/TR

APPLICATION OF GROUNDSETTING

ADDITIONAL DESIGN STRATEGY POSSIBILITIES

Nearly all Field & Game grounds could receive a designed element, in some form, within their grounds. There are however, a number of grounds within or near sites of environmental or ecological significance. The Natimuk Field and Game is in close proximity to the Lake Wyn Wyn Wildlife Reserve, as well as being in the region of 4 threatened EVCs. A GROUNDSETTING design could be implemented, with consideration of the wildlife reserve and the EVCs of the area. The Ballarat Field and Game is located near a former shooting ground (since closed due to lead contamination), as well as a number of threatened EVCs. A popular ground, a GROUNDSETTING design can be implemented as a way to improve facilities or target potential for larger shooting events.

SF AUBURY

SF/RF/PS

Werribee Victorian Clay Target Club is a large multidisciplinary shooting ground, similar to Metropolitan Clay Target Club. The GROUNDSETTING design can be implemented in a similar form (as similar EVCs and shooting disciplines are present).

SF/RF

Shepparton Field and Game is a large shooting ground with a number of ground layout possibilities. The GROUNDSETTING design strategy can be used as a method of improving their environmental impact and target possibilities for state or national titles (held on the grounds previously). Finally, Sale Field and Game may also be a recipient of the GROUNDSETTING design strategy, receiving some planting and ground design similar to their efforts on Heart Morass. These are some clubs with viable conditions for the implementation of the GROUNDSETTING design strategy, though how the design is applied can vary between them, due to the individual conditions each ground faces.

F/SK/TR

SF N

SF SF

50KM

SHOOTING IN VICTORIA

5. SF/SK

STATE GAME RESERVES

SHARED CLUB GROUNDS SPORTING CLAYS AUSTRALIA LOCATIONS SPORTING SHOOTERS ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA LOCATIONS FIELD

& GAME LOCATIONS

TOWNS OF INTEREST/CBD

THREATENED SIGNIFICANT ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES NATURAL GRASSLANDS OF THE MURRAY VALLEY PLAINS ALPINE SPHAGNUM BOGS AND ASSOCIATED FENS BULOKE WOODLANDS OF THE RIVERINA AND MURRAY-DARLING DEPRESSION BIOREGIONS GIPPSLAND RED GUM (Eucalyptus tereticornis subsp. mediana) GRASSY WOODLAND AND ASSOCIATED NATIVE GRASSLAND GRASSY EUCALYPT WOODLAND OF THE VICTORIAN VOLCANIC PLAIN GREY BOX (Eucalyptus microcarpa) GRASSY WOODLANDS AND DERIVED NATIVE GRASSLANDS OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA NATURAL TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS OF THE VICTORIAN VOLCANIC PLAIN WHITE BOX-YELLOW BOX-BLAKELYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S RED GUM GRASSY WOODLAND AND DERIVED NATIVE GRASSLAND

LEAD CONTIMANINATED SITES DUE TO CLAY TARGET SHOOTING DEER HUNTING ALLOWED WITH PERMISSION FROM LAND OWNER DEER HUNTING

NOT ALLOWED

TYPES OF GUN CLUBS SF SK TR PS RF

SIMULATED FIELD GROUNDS SKEET GROUNDS TRAP GROUNDS PISTOL RANGE RIFLE RANGE

04. IMPLICATIONS OF DESIGN

GROUNDSETTING UPON REFLECTION

GROUNDSETTING applies landscape architectural thought to the sporting shooting discipline of simulated field. Interrogating the conditions present within the selected shooting ground of design, the strategy outlines both functional and environmental elements and the relationship of the context in which these both sit. Primarily focused on the function of simulated field, design elements treat the ground as the extension of the target path. Created topography highlights the potential possibilities in groundsetting layouts and target trajectories, as well as infrastructural intervention, providing elevated target presentation opportunities. Larger implications of the survival of the grounds and the potential in protecting the surrounding area from development are also utilized through unearthing the value of significant threatened vegetation classes. The grounds potential extends beyond just the sport of shooting within the site, to the larger positive environmental impact that it can have to nearby sites of environmental significance. Metropolitan Clay Target Club sits within an area of proposed development threatening the removal of the grounds, though through the design implementation not only are they to remain but also support the nearby grassland reserve, creating a barrier between potentially harmful developments and protecting the significant EVC. This barrier restricting the growing boundary of Epping, creates a protected habitat for the displaced wildlife forced out due to the housing developments of the area. Already present and moving through the grounds around competition and practice, the wildlife (and specifically the kangaroos) are able to become agents of exchange, extending the revegetation area beyond the boundary of the grounds. These actions a part of the GROUNDSETTING design strategy, highlight both the intended output of shooting function through designed form and the subsequent environmental value that shooting grounds can provide.

Possible perspectives of Metropolitan Clay Target Club, of GROUNDSETTING in action.

05. APPENDIX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 59

FIGURE SOURCES fig 1. - http://www.metroclaytargetclub.com.au/about/ fig 2. - https://www.ahgc.com.au/ https://www.ozshooting.com.au/ https://www.fieldandgame.com.au/ https://www.claytarget.com.au/ fig 3. - Drawn by Jack Stewart fig 4. - Drawn by Jack Stewart fig 5. - Drawn by Jack Stewart fig 6. - Drawn by Jack Stewart fig 7. - Drawn by Jack Stewart fig 8. - Drawn by Jack Stewart fig 9. - https://cam.whittlesea.vic.gov.au/Open/2018/07/CO_03072018_ MIN_2864.PDF fig 10. - https://fionapatten.com.au/question/kanagroos-in-epping/ fig 11. - https://www.sportingtargets.co.uk/shoot.aspx fig 12. - http://www.batlleiroig.com/en/landscape/noise-control-berm-inabrera-barcelona/ fig 13. - http://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=683727 fig 14. - https://www.facebook.com/media/ set/?set=a.2158483187701027&type=1&l=1a7ce03c71 fig 15. - https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=16951303007 22142&id=1678694139032425

REFERENCED TEXTS Kim Dovey, Becoming Places: Urbanism/Architecture/Identity/Power Marc Trieb, Axioms for a Modern Landscape Architecture JG Ballard, A Handful of Dust

ADDITIONAL READINGS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Kim Dovey, Becoming Places: Urbanism/Architecture/Identity/Power Ulrich Exner, Dietrich Pressel, Basics Spatial Design Garrett Eckbo, Landscape for Living Jon Lang, Walter Moleski, Functionalism Revisited: Architectural Theory and Practice and the Behavioural Sciences Bernard Tschumi, Architecture and Disjunction Bill Hillier, Julienne Hanson, John Peponis, What do we Mean by Building Function?

DESIGN MOVEMENTS OF PROJECT DESIGN APPLICATION

spatialism. Lucio Fontana explored the illusory or “virtual” space of traditional easel painting and sought to unite art and science to project colour and form into real space by the use of up-to-date techniques such as neon lighting and television. functionalism. the theory that the design of an object should be determined by its function rather than by aesthetic considerations, and that anything practically designed will be inherently beautiful. These design movements were inspiration to approaching the project, through design of the function of space.

FURTHER RESOURCES Australian Government: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Nationally Threatened Ecological Communities of the Victorian Volcanic Plain: Natural Temperate Grassland & Grassy Eucalypt Woodland: A guide to the identification, assessment and management of nationally threatened ecological communities Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 - see 1. Australian Government: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain: A nationally threatened ecological community - see 2. Victorian Government, Shooting Sports Facilities Program (Round 3) Program Guidelines - see 3. EPA, Noise from Outdoor Shooting Ranges guidelines - see 4. City of Whittlesea, Green Wedge Management Plan 2011 - 2021 City of Whittlesea, Minutes of Ordinary Council Meeting held on Tuesday 3 July 2018, 6.1.10 Planning Scheme Amendment C226

Shooting Sports Facilities Program (Round 3) Program Guidelines

Nationally Threatened Ecological Communities of the Victorian Volcanic Plain: Natural Temperate Grassland & Grassy Eucalypt Woodland A guide to the identification, assessment and management of nationally threatened ecological communities Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

1. Nationally Threatened Ecological Communities of the Victorian Volcanic Plain: Natural Temperate Grassland & Grassy Eucalypt Woodland

3. Shooting Sports Facilities Program (Round 3) Program Guidelines

Guideline

Noise from outdoor shooting ranges Publication number 1508 October 2012 Authorised and published by EPA Victoria, 200 Victoria Street, Carlton

Introduction A Gunshot noise can be disturbing and irritating. It is loud and intrusive, with an impulsive character that increases annoyance. Buffering and noise control measures need to be considered for outdoor shooting ranges to ensure that they do not affect amenity. In 1991 EPA published the Interim gunshot noise guidelines. Later, EPA published the Using the interim gunshot noise guidelines (EPA publication 920) to supplement the interim guidelines. This document combines both these guidelines so that the content is readily accessible in one place without changing the intended environmental outcomes or obligations of shooting range operators.

Purpose of this Guideline This guideline provides duty-holders with advice on the recommended requirements for establishing a new shooting range, changing or operating an existing range, so that noise emissions do not affect amenity or sleep during normal sleeping hours.

Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain

Open discussion is critical to successful planning, ensuring that key issues for consultation are raised early in the process. Even if no potentially contentious issues are raised, independent testing and assessment by a qualified acoustic consultant is still recommended.

Legal status of this Guideline This guideline provides advice to help applicants and operators of shooting ranges ensure that noise emissions do not affect amenity or sleep during normal sleeping hours. If the shooting range emits noise that is unreasonable in the circumstances, EPA will take into account whether this guideline has been followed when deciding if enforcement action is necessary. Noise levels or outcomes specified in a planning permit or other statutory approval will have precedence over the recommended levels in this guideline.

Recommended requirements

Councils and EPA can use this guideline when assessing noise complaints about shooting ranges to determine acceptable outcomes in relation to shooting range noise.

The gunshot noise level (measured as dB(A)I) should be below the recommended level in a noise sensitive area.

Application of this Guideline

For daytime, the recommended noise level is the higher of:

The aim for new shooting range developments is to achieve acceptable outcomes. It is possible that the responsible authority (usually the local council) may decide that acceptable outcomes can be achieved, even though the recommended noise levels may not be met. In deciding to vary from the recommended levels, the fundamental considerations are whether shooting noise will be annoying, unreasonably intrusive or disturb sleep during normal sleeping hours.

A nationally threatened ecological community

with this guideline. Applicants should take a pro-active attitude towards seeking community input before and after submitting a proposal.

•

the daytime recommended level specified in table 1 for the appropriate number of days of shooting per week

•

the background sound level + 10 dB(A)l.

For the evening, the recommended noise level is the higher of: •

the evening recommended level specified in table 1 for the appropriate number of days of shooting per week

•

the background sound level + 5 dB(A)l.

Role of the council (the responsible authority) In considering a planning permit application, one of the council’s roles under its planning scheme is to decide whether the proposal will produce acceptable outcomes. In doing so, councils must consider a range of likely impacts, including on environmental factors such as soil and water quality, and impacts of the emission of noise, dust and odours.

Shooting shall be restricted to the following hours: •

Monday – Saturday 9am – 10pm

•

Sunday 12noon – 10pm.

This guideline assists councils in their decision-making of whether the potential noise impact of a planned outdoor shooting range is acceptable.

Role of the applicant In applying for a planning permit for an outdoor shooting range, the applicant needs to describe all the potential impacts of the proposal, including the level of compliance

Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain

2. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain: A nationally threatened ecological community

4. Noise from Outdoor Shooting Ranges guidelines

DESIGN TESTING

Initial design testing for the project focused on the topography, vegetation and shooting competition route options. Many of these tests had naturalistic forms and shifted some of the existing contours of the site.

Being a member of the Field & Game, a regular competitor of simulated field and having shot competition at Metropolitan Clay Target Club, many of the early tests (and later in the refined testings) operated from my knowledge of other grounds and the landform that they work with for their ground layouts. 63

Refined outcomes were created through competing on the grounds, and achieving a better understanding of how they use the ground for their simulated field competition.

LEXICON

SCORECARD

OF SHOOTING TERMINOLOGY Terms that occur in regards to sporting shooting: O/U, U/O. over under or under over; to describe the shotgun type. SxS, S/S. side by side; to describe the shotgun type. Trap. a trap or traphouse is an automatic clay throwing machine (these come in a number of types for required target types). Shot. rather than a single projectile or bullet, a shotgun fires shot: a number of pellets, typically made of lead, each between 2 and 2.29mm, from a shotgun shell containing a few hundred pellets each. Stand/Peg/Cage. all interchangeable, but referring to naming the shooting position. Choke. chokes refer to the constriction of the end of the barrel of the shotgun, contributing to the spread of shot over distance. In regards to simulated field: Sim. Pair. simultaneous pair. Rep. Pair, On Rep. report pair, on report: one target followed by the next after the first shot is fired. DB. double barrel; allowed two shots at the one target. Crosser. a target which crosses across the shooting position (from left to right or right to left). Battue. a looping target (either left to right or right to left) which during itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flight, rolls over, from edge to face (and if a high enough target, roll back onto itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge). Rabbit. a rolling target, thrown along the ground (either left to right or right to left). Crow/Springer. a rising target, often interchangeable as springing teal or crow, which travels vertically up. Outgoer. a target launched away from the shooting position. Incomer. a target launched towards the shooting position.

Scorecards are used by the Field & Game to provide fair competition amongst shooters. After every 10 rounds, your handicap is re-handicapped and used for handicap events and graded competition, putting equally skilled shooters against fair competition.

FULL CHOKE

24M

- 70%

SHOOTING DISCIPLINES

36M

There are a number of different shooting disciplines which range between highly infrastructural to more opportunistic, demonstrating different competition aspects. OLYMPIC TRAP ENGLISH SKEET AMERICAN SKEET ISSF SKEET SKEET

INFRASTRUCTURAL GROUND LAYOUT

OLYMPIC SKEET

ISSF TRAP TRAP

BALL TRAP DTL (DOWN-THE-LINE)

AMERICAN TRAP

ZZ OR HELICE

ISSF DOUBLE TRAP

TRENCH

5 STAND

ENGLISH SPORTING

SUPER SPORTING SPORTRAP

TOWER

DYNAMIC

STATIC

TARGET PRESENTATION

INTERNATIONAL (FITASC) SPORTING

TARGET PRESENTATION

COMPAK SPORTING

SIMULATED GAME

NO SHOOTING DISCIPLINES

*that I am aware of

SIMULATED FIELD

OPPORTUNISTIC GROUND LAYOUT

Since shotguns fire shot, the constriction of the barrel contributes to the effective usage of shot. Known as chokes, they contribute to the spread of shot at distance.

EXPANSION OF SHOT PATTERN OVER DISTANCE

30”

30” CHOKE - % THE AMOUNT OF SHOT WITHIN 30”

CYLINDER CHOKE - 40% ¼ CHOKE - 50% ½ CHOKE - 60% FULL CHOKE - 70%

CYLINDER CHOKE

0MM

CHOKE REFERS TO THE CONSTRICTION OF THE END OF THE BARREL

¼ CHOKE

SHOT PATTERN

0.25MM

½ CHOKE 0.5MM

FULL CHOKE

1.0MM

12M

110MM

90MM

60MM

STANDARD

MIDI

MINI

COLOURS OF TARGETS

THIN EDGE

BATTUE

24M

36M

OLYMPIC TRAP ENGLISH SKEET AMERICAN SKEET ISSF SKEET SKEET

INFRASTRUCTURAL GROUND LAYOUT

OLYMPIC SKEET

ISSF TRAP TRAP

AMERICAN TRAP

BALL TRAP DTL (DOWN-THE-LINE)

ISSF DOUBLE TRAP

TRENCH

ZZ OR HELICE

MODEL TESTING Small test models were created to explore the functional space against the topographic surface of the grounds. These models spatialised form and function and how the ground could be used by the function.

JACK STEWART s3487576