urban lace|renda da mata local agroforestry collective engagement networking people, food, and forests in porto alegre jacques abelman amsterdam academy of architecture
cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody. — jane jacobs
table of contents introduction
7-13 brazil facts critical issues problems and potentials
stories of the city
19-23 four interviews with urban green practitioners
key concepts
25-47 agroforestry key native brazilian fruiting species the urban agroforestry cycle urban lace concept
regional and urban analysis of porto alegre
49-71 urbanization history demographics mapping potential for urban agriculture regional ecosystems
urban l.a.c.e.
(local agroforestry collective engagement)
73-99 creating new multifunctional green infrastructure
3 site designs
101-163 praça bernardo dreher: community food forest praça dos açorianos: flagship botanical plaza vila são josé: intensive orchards
appendix
165-177 first built prototype: casa da mata house additional coursework certificates project presentations references thanks | colophon
urban agriculture, if it is to become integrated into the city, needs landscape architectural thinking in order to be woven into the larger urban fabric. thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development. these overlapping frameworks are informed and perhaps even defined by the emergent field of landscape democracy. landscape democracy understands landscape as an embodiment of differing forms of energy, labor, and organization. landscape is also understood as a basic infrastructure of society. urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces in the southern brazilian capital of porto alegre in the state of rio grande do sul. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazil’s atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific short-food production chain. these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.
“can you find a unifying language that cuts across age and income and culture that will help people themselves find a new way of living, see spaces around them differently, think about the resources they use differently, interact differently? can we find that language? the answer would appear to be yes, and the language would appear to be food.�
introduction
- pamela warhurst how we can eat our landscapes incredible edible in todmorden, uk
7
brazil roraima
5th largest country on earth
amapá
megadiversity of plant and animal species ceará
pará
maranhão
rio grande do norte paraíba
piauí
acre tocantins rondônia
pernambuco alagoas sergipe
203.4 million concentrated on coasts federal system of 26 states federal district (brasília) 5570 municipalities
bahia
mato grosso brasilia
goiás minas gerais
mato grosso do sul
espirito santo
são paulo paraná
rio de janeiro
santa catarina
rio grande do sul
population density
brazil facts
amazonas
9
guyana venezuela suriname french guiana columbia
mato grosso mato grosso do sul
equador
sao paulo
rio
lago guaĂba
santa catarina
bolivia chile
minas gerais
parana
brazil
peru
porto alegre
goias
lago dos patos
rio grande do sul
paraguay
uruguay argentina
atlantic ocean
waterfront
urban core
periurban zone
rural zone
city of viamĂŁo
5km
destination porto alegre
porto alegre
11
in 2050 brazil will be the world’s 5th economy
millions of people entering the middle class by 2020
2007
2050
bric economic growth: 6th in 2013, 5th in 2050 (goldman sachs)
growing middle class - earning between 6 and 30 k $ / year (goldman sachs)
rapid decrease in poverty but 21% still below poverty line
rapidly growing rates of obesity in adults and children
1974
31% of poulation at poverty line
27% 1989
24% 22% 21% 2009
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
percentage of population living under poverty line (world bank)
growing obesity (bmi > 30)
(usa = 30%) (veja and who)
brazil in context: critical issues
2004
13
problems
urgent need for better infrastructure
sterile public spaces
extreme wealth and poverty
widespread urban poverty
increasing social unrest
social inequality = spatial segregation
potentials
street food vendor tradition
urban parks of native vegetation
remarkable native ecosystems
increasing social movements
undesigned urban voids
problmens and potentials
popular organic food markets
15
The economic boom in recent years in Brazil has brought with it a complex array of social and environmental challenges. Continued growth has added to the pressure on informal housing areas or favela neighbourhoods in urban areas. Although the general rate of favela formation has decreased in the last several years, cities are increasingly stratified according to wealth. Currently over 50 million people still live in urban slums. Together these urban inhabitants would form the fifth largest state in Brazil. Public space is a contested zone where the urban poor compete for resources and economic opportunity. On the level of health and prosperity, growing obesity in the general population has greatly increased while malnutrition continues among the poorest. In 1974, the obesity level was 2.8% in men and 8% in women over twenty, compared with 12.4% and 16.9% respectively in 2009. Obesity rates have grown far more quickly amongst people of lower incomes although since 2003 this trend has stabilized, with the difference in obesity rates between the wealthy and lower income currently quite narrow. The Brazilian Department of Health Analysis has projected that Brazil will match the United States’ obesity levels by 2022. As urban populations continue to expand, cities in Brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models. New spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. Urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. UA can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. The Food and Agriculture Organization cites UA as an important factor in helping cities reach the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city.
the contrast to poverty: new consumerism of the middle classes
the growing stratification of space in the city: inequality is spatialized
extreme wealth and poverty coexist side by side
brazil in context: critical issues are spatial and economic
public space: emptied / cleaned / sterile
17
in order to propose a project built on people and place it is essential to study the city first-hand. in march and april of 2013 i lived in and conducted site research in porto alegre. my research methodology in this context was to explore the city on foot, by public transport, by bike and by car, and to observe and engage in dialogue wherever and whenever possible. i immersed myself in the processes of the city and discovered relationships and tensions present in a variety of different sites. over the course of my city explorations and while attending classes at the universidade federal do rio grande do sul (urfgs) in the rural sociology, agronomy, and urbanism departments, i met many engaging people who introduced me to their city. through them, as well as people i encountered on the street, i discovered sites and observed practices that became the foundation of urban l.a.c.e. / renda da mata.
stories of the city
stories of the city: people and practices
19
oscar endres
neighborhood guardian guerilla gardener food expert oscar is an avid gardener. he lives in the ipanema barrio south of downtown. he is of german descent, from immigrants who came to porto alegre in a wave from europe in the 19th century. he owned and ran a large stall in the central market for over 57 years. the store, called banca 43, still exists and is well known to all porto alegre’s citizens. he imported cheeses and smoked meats, nuts and preserved fruit, preserves, cheese... now retired, oscar is busy with cultivating his food garden, which now extends into the public park in front of his house, the praça bernardo dreher. he sneaks saplings of tropical fruit trees into the park, and protects them with various contraptions until they become part of the park itself. togehter with the neighbours, food is shared while the park has become safer.
20
pedro da cunha
native medicinals endangered species botanical garden
pedro ernesto sanhudo da cunha has been tending the medicinal plant collection for over a decade at the jardim botanico de porto alegre. the beds of native plants are strikingly beautiful, organized by plant genus. he propagates and maintains a range of south american species that have pharmacological and traditional importance. this knowledge is now held by a handful of individuals and dedicated growers, who sell herbal remedies and supplements at the farmers’ market in the parque de redenção on saturdays. this is also called the feira ecologica. it is a farmers’ market and also a knowledge network. these native medicinal species are adapted to growing with the native fruiting species.
stories of the city
traditional knowledge
21
fabio kessler
agronomist at urfgs agroforestry experts mata atlântica preservationist
Fábio da Kessler Soglio is an agronomist at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre. His research includes agroforestry systems. Most of these systems rely on economic species like coffee or bananas. Here at URFGS he is helping research agroforestry systems with native species from the Mata Atlântica, or Atlantic forest, which is now threatened in Brazil. At the Agronomia campus he and a group of students are tending an experimental orchard, which contains many fruiting and medicinal species. This work relates to agroecology, which has scientific and social aspects. In addition to the scientific intersection of ecology and agriculture, it includes indigenous knowledge systems.
paulo ferreira
favela health clinic small scale gardens
paulo runs the posto de saude in the vila jardim neighborhood. it’s one of many free clinics across the city. paulo took me to meet the people he serves in one of porto alegre’s favelas, situated in the narrow void between rich frontage developments. it was in the process of getting minimum infrastructure from the city, like sewage and paving. the urban poor often work as collectors of recyclables and cleaners of public space. many favela dwellers are intimately involved in the life of the city, and work extremely hard. the favela is also a repository of knowledge, as many people have left agricultural work and farms to live in the city.
stories of the city
folk knowledge
23
key concepts:
key concpets
agroforestry key brazilian native species urban agriculture cycle urban lace concept
25
the growing importance of urban farming food production globally is taking on an increasingly urban flavor, according to a new study that finds 456 million hectares—an area about the size of the European Union—is under cultivation in and around the world’s cities, challenging the rural orientation of most agriculture research and development work. “We see this dichotomy where urban farming in wealthy countries is praised for reducing emissions and enhancing a green economy while in developing countries, it can be regarded as an inconvenient vestige of rural life that stands in the way of modernization,” Drechsel said. “That’s an attitude that needs to change.”
Overall, the researchers found that 456 million hectares of land—about 1.1 billion acres—is being farmed in urban proximity. Most of that land lies just outside the city proper—within 20 kilometers—but 67 million hectares (about 166 million acres) is being farmed in open spaces in the urban core. These findings buttress previous studies documenting that up to 70 percent of households in developing countries are engaged in some type of farming and food production.
CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems http://wle.cgiar.org/blog/2014/11/13/shining-spotlight-urban-farming
the importance of urban agriculture
Drechsel and his colleagues note that urban agriculture, in addition to contributing to food security, puts marginal lands into productive use, assists in flood control, increases income opportunities for the poor, and strengthens urban biodiversity.
27
orchard
forest
two essential typologies of agroforestry
2
7
3
5
4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
canopy / tall tree layer sub-canopy / large shrub layer shrub layer herbaceous layer groundcover / creeper layer
6. underground layer 7. vertical / climber layer
6
agroforestry: 7 layer native species food forest structure
1
29
aguai
HEIGHT
USES
TYPE
FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD
TYPE OF HABITAT
TYPE OF SOIL
20 - 30
evergreen
dec - feb may - jul
Valley bottoms Slopes
Wet
10 - 20
semi-deciduous
sept - nov aug - oct
Valley bottoms Slopes
Wet
Chrysophyllum viride, Sapotaceae
URBAN AGROFORESTRY
vila são josé
praça bernardo dreher aguai amarelo Chrysophyllum gonocarpum, Sapotaceae
praça açorianos
vila são josé Angico-Vermlho
30 - 45
deciduous
parapiptadenia rigida, Fabaceae
nov - jan jun - aug
alluvial plains riparian forest slopes clearing
Wet
praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Araçá-Amarelo
3 - 6
deciduous/evergreen
psidium cattleyanum, Myrtaceae
jun - dec sept - mar
restinga slopes
Wet, poor, compact
vila são josé
praça bernardo dreher Araticum
5 - 10
deciduous
oct - nov jan - mai
altitude scrub
clay
5 - 10
evergreen
sept - jan jan - jul
clearing riparian forest
drained
rollinia rugulosa, Annonaceae
vila são josé
praça bernardo dreher Aroeira Vermelha Schinus terebinthifolius, Anacard.
praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Butià-da-Praia
max 5
evergreen
sept - jan dez - mar
plains Restinga dry areas
sandy rocky
4 - 10
semi-deciduous
oct - jan
fertile plains slopes wet area dense forest
wet high humus
Butia capitata, Arecaceae
vila são josé
praça bernardo dreher Cambucá Marlierea edulis, Myrtaceae
vila são josé praça açorianos
over 138 species of highly useful native trees in southern brazil
NAME
31
NAME
HEIGHT
Cerejeira-do-Mato
12 - 15
USES
TYPE
FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD
TYPE OF HABITAT
TYPE OF SOIL
deciduous
sept - nov oct - dec
dense forest understory
drained deep fertile
sept - nov jan - mar
forest edge clearing
wet rocky
Eugenia involucrata, Myrtaceae
Goiabeira-da-Serra
3 - 4
deciduous/evergreen
Acca sellowiana, Myrtaceae
URBAN AGROFORESTRY
praça bernardo dreher vila são josé
praça bernardo dreher praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Guabiju
15 - 20
semi-deciduous
Myrcianthes pungens, Myrtaceae
oct - nov jan - feb
slopes plateau riparian forest
drained
vila são josé praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Jabotica
8 - 10
evergreen
aug - sept
Plinia trunciflora, Myrtaceae
Mamaozinho-do-Mato
alluvial plains understory slopes
wet fertile
vila são josé praça açorianos
10 - 20
deciduous
Jacaratia spinosa, Caracaceae
sept - oct jan - mar
clearing Forest edge alluvial plain
clay fertile humus
vila são josé praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Palmito, Jussara
8 - 15
evergreen
Euterpe edulis, Aracaceae
sept - dec apr - aug
wet forest
wet
vila são josé
praça bernardo dreher Pitanga
max 5
semi-deciduous
Eugenia unifora, Myrtaceae
jul - nov oct - jan
understory forest edge riparian forest
wet drained
vila são josé praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Sete-Capotes Campomanesia guazumifolia, Myrtaceae
6 - 10
deciduous
oct - nov mar - mai
forest edge riparian forest
wet humus
vila são josé praça açorianos
NAME
HEIGHT
USES
TYPE
FLOWERING AND FRUITING PERIOD
TYPE OF HABITAT
TYPE OF SOIL
URBAN AGROFORESTRY praça bernardo dreher
Taruma preto
10 - 12
deciduous
Vitex megapotamica, Lamiaceae
oct - dec jan - mar
pioneer, secondary, climax environment
indifferent
capoeiras
clay high humus
vila são josé praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher max 10
evergreen
Rollinia sylvatica, Annonaceae
Araucaria
20 - 40
evergreen
12 - 16
evergreen
5 - 10
semi-deciduous
Inga uruguensis, Fabaceae
Inga macaco
sept - oct apr - mai
Altitude forest
fertile deep
vila são josé praça açorianos
Garcinia gardneriana, Clusiaceae
Inga-banana
vila são josé praça açorianos
Araucaria angustifolia, Araucariaceae
Bacupari
oct - dec feb - mar
apr - nov dec - jan
oct - nov dec - feb
Valley bottoms alluvial plains Riparian forest
clay high humus wet
slopes Riparian forest
clay wet
vila são josé praça açorianos
vila são josé praça açorianos
12 - 20
semi-deciduous
Inga sessillis, Fabaceae
sept - fev jul - jan
riparian forest
wet
praça bernardo dreher praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Inga-feijao
5 - 15
evergreen
Inga marginata, Fabaceae
oct - fev mar - mai
alluvial plains riparian forest
clay
vila são josé praça açorianos
praça bernardo dreher Mata-Olho Pouteria gardneriana, sapotaceae
8 - 14
deciduous
oct - nov jan - apr
slopes altitude forest
clay fertile humus
vila são josé
30 species of edible fruiting trees analysed and selected
Araticum-do-mato
33
praça dos açorianos tree legend
Inga-feijao Inga marginata
Pitanga Eugenia unifora
Araçá-Amarelo psidium cattleyanum
Cerejeira-do-Mato Eugenia involucrata
Goiabeira-da-Serra Acca sellowiana
Araucaria Araucaria angustifolia
Uvaia Eugenia pyriformis
Jabotica Plinia trunciflora
Cambucá Marlierea edulis
Sete-Capotes Campomanesia guazumifolia
Guabiju Myrcianthes pungens
Butià-da-Praia Butia capitata
35
agroforestry design paelette
the practice of landscape architecture in this context moves from fieldwork and analysis to normative illustration of spatial change. the images and scenarios created through the design process are boundary objects, what susan star defines as “entities that enhance the capacity of an idea, theory or practice to translate across culturally defined boundaries, for example, between communities of knowledge or practice.” the intention of the project is to frame the landscape architecture project as creative research endeavor that understands an urban context and makes a projection,through design, about best-practice scenarios. large scale urban and landscape analysis create a framework for establishing the structure and linkages of the network. the network relies and reacts to the ecological as well as human capacity found within it. the project works on not only one site’s potential but on many sites’ potential, and how these differing assemblages of site and actors could be linked together in one system. the principles of the emergent field of landscape democracy allow us to see urban space as a field of negotiation between people, places, and power. within this field, finding the every day practices that link people and place make it possible to augment and connect these practices into a larger strategy. in this way the project has the potential to catalyze processes of urban evolution, with the landscape architect acting as a mediator. based on dialogue, design, and the democratic ideal of inclusion, cultivating the city works toward this vision for change as one piece of a complex process.
6 step cycle of urban agriculture / agroforestry
CYCLE OF URBAN AGROFORESTRY: SITES IN THE SYSTEM
seed bank botanical garden native forest patches
backyard gardens botanical garden commercial nursery municipal nurseryry
SOURCE
beach street stall park public kitchen snack shop restaurant home
PREPARE CONSUME
PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE
TRANSFORM
food forests: urban park neighborhood park municipal plantings infrastructure
developing potential
home production neighborhood workshop local food cooperative small shop food bank public kitchen restaurant sites in thefacility urban agroforestry processing
system
the urban agriculture cycle
street vendor local food cooperative local outdoor market farmers market small shop food bank supermarket
orchards typologies: small scale urban orchard large scale peri-urban orchard
39
who
distributes?
street sellers
who consumes and where?
street beach park festival
neighborhood coalition
$ neighborhood families and volunteers
distribution network wholesalers
individual consumers families
farmers co-operative restaurants foodbanks caterers small scale artisanal products
municipal work program
local store farmer’s market
short food supply chain (sfscs) is a termchain: that describes a broad of food production-distribution-consumption short food production the network inrange action configurations, such as farmers’ markets, farm shops, collective farmers’ shops, community-supported agriculture, solidarity purchase groups. more in general, a food supply chain can be defined as “short” when it is characterized by short distance or few intermediaries between producers and consumers.
short food production chain: alternatives of food production and distribution
who produces?
41
biodiversity indigenous species preservation medicinal garden
EDUCATIONAL
native food garden incubator garden (gardener training)
kcal
food preservation food production
bike path
RECREATIONAL
pocket parks running paths slow paths for horse carts
food production for market food products for sale
ECONOMIC
R
flower production maintenance jobs work program
$
city identity
SOCIAL/ POLITICAL
social solidarity education neighbourhood identity
ESCOLA
the programmatic potential of the network for the city civic pride
potential functions of urban agriculture in the city
nutrition
43
how to introduce a coherent new spatial network?
45
lace metaphor: many small and fine handmade connections
47
sketching the lace concept in plan
regional and urban analysis
porto alegre regional and urban analysis
49
historical urbanization in guaĂba delta: a city evolving against the water
1736
1837
1888
1914 50
building new land in the lago guiaba in the 1950’s
flooding as a permanent threat: 1941
canalizing the arroio diluvio in the 1950’s
history of urbanization
the arroio diluvio before canalization
51
IL HA DO L INO
IL HA G R ANDE DOS MAR INHE IR O S
IL HA DO L AG E
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IL HA DO C IP R IANO
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ILHA DO OLIVEIRA
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52
waterfront city core urban periurban rural
urban zones of porto alegre metropolitan area
5km
53
growth 1820-1890
growth 1890-1945
growth 1945-2014
population: 12,000
population: 52,000
population: 272,000
population: 1,509,939
colonizers from the azores establish a port for the exportation of wheat from their farms.
waves of german and italian immigrants settle in porto alegre. consolidation of administrative, economic, and military power.
continued strong industrial and agricultural growth. inhabitants quadruple.
urbanization of metropolitan area. world social forum 01-10 world cup 2014
historical evolution
growth 1772- 1820
55
IL HA DO S E R AF IM
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57
“spontaneous occupationâ€? is the term used to qualify urban slums in brazil. cities are their own ecosystem; whatever niche that can support life is soon filled by an individual or family whose concern is food, shelter, and the business of survival. the pressure on empty urban land is great; spaces are quickly claimed by those arriving to the city who cannot afford conventional housing. however, over time favela areas can come to be thriving neighborhoods of ingenious architectures as residents climb the economic ladder out of poverty. temporary shelters solidify into lower middle or middle class housing made of brick and masonry. tiny manicured gardens are attached to many houses, often with similar plantings of medicinal, culinary, and religious plants. for example, espada de sĂŁo jorge, sanseveria, is thought to protect houses from evil spirits. mature fruit trees planted intentionally or as remnants of natural areas pepper the housing areas, and were carefully maintained as sources of extra food. in other favelas in peri-urban areas on the outskirts of the city the favela housing transitions into farmland or natural areas or aggregates along infrastructures such as highways. the residents rely on free sources of food such as fruit trees. across the city the locations of mature fruit trees are known, for instance many of the trees of the university campus in the downtown area.
wages
the wealthiest
the poorest
10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month
10+ minimum salaries per houshold per month
<10% of households belong to the income group 10% to 50% of households belong to the income group 50% to 90% of households belong to the income group >90% of households belong to the income group
<10% of households belong to the income group 10% to 50% of households belong to the income group 50% to 90% of households belong to the income group >90% of households belong to the income group
mean income
up to 600 600- 1200 1200-1800 1800-2400 2400 up
reais rs rs rs
a spatial analysis of poverty
the maps reflect 2000 census data, when the minimum wage was 151 reais or 56 euros. because of huge economic growth in 2013 the minimum wage has risen to 674 rs per month, still only about 250 euros.
59
61
vegetated and built surfaces
built / constructed surfaces
favela
stand alone houses and villas suburban middle class villas (dark purple) and wealthy urban villas (light purple)
high rise and apartment buildings urban center multi-story buildings (pink) warehouses and industrial zones (grey)
vegetated surfaces
agriculture
native forest
managed grassed zones / fields, lawns, pasture
built vs vegetated surface
native grassland
63
high rises apartments buildings favela
housing warehouses industrial spaces
park maintained grassland / lawn suburban neighborhoods high density urban core
detached houses
peri-urban zone
agriculture
villas favelas
native forest
native shrubland
native grassland degraded forest exposed soil / rock
swamp
water
64
high rises apartments buildings
favela
favela
housing
housing warehouses industrial spaces warehouses industrial spaces
park
park / lawn maintained grassland
agriculture
native forest
maintained grassland / lawn
agriculture
native forest native shrubland native shrubland native grassland degraded forest native grassland exposed soil / rock degraded forest exposed soil / rock
swamp
swamp
water
water
N 1: 25.000
2000m
1: 25.000
N 2000m
comparaison of built and vegetated surfaces: potential for urban agriculture
high rises apartments buildings
65
urban typologies
large-scale hardscapes
urban parks neighborhood squres pocket parks
roadsides infrastructure squares small plazas
parkways green avenues linear urban spaces large-scale parking lots urban voids
informal settlements urban periphery
8 relevant urban typlogies with potential for new green infrastructure
66
urban plazas large-scale hardscapes
agroforestry type
forest/orchard
large-scale parking lots urban voids
top down vs bottom up
plant sources
project type/goal
intitiated by municipality
municipal greenhouse + seedling center
changing identity of the city + work program
intitiated by municipality
botanical garden + municipal greenhouse
intitiated by municipality with local residents
maintenance
harvesting
products
food system endpoints
municipal work program
municipal workers + volunteers
fresh fruit and fruits/products
public market
intensive food plots
favela inhabitants + municipal worker support
favela inhabitants with municipal worker support
fresh food for immediate consumption or resale
kitchen table + street stall/ public market
botanical garden + municipal greenhouse
city image + improving urban neighborhoods
municipal workers/ locals/ gardening clubs/ volunteers
local residents + gardening clubs
fresh food for immediate consumption
kitchen table + local markets
intitiated by municipality
botanical garden + municipal greenhouse
improving urban quality + soft transport portential
municipal workers
municipal workers
fruit for processing
food banks food coop/ processing plants
intitiated by local residents with municipal support
botanical garden + families
improving neighborhood greenspaces and social networks
local residents + support from municipal workers
local residents
fresh fruit and artisinal products
intitiated by municipality
botanical garden + municipal greenhouse
multifunctional park space/ education/ recreation
municipal workers
municipal workers
fresh fruit/ juices
sale in park + food banks
intitiated by residents in partnership with entrepreneurs
university + community nursery
intensive commercial production`
paid workers from favelas
fresh fruit for processing
commercial networks processing plants
fresh fruit for processing
commercial networks processing plants
forest/orchard
squares small plazas forest/orchard
streets green avenues orchard
neighborhood squares pocket parks forest
large scale urban parks
kitchen table/ exchange + neighborhood markets
forest informal settlements urban periphery
entrepreneurs and paid workers
orchard
analysis matrix of urban typologiesbotanical for urban agriculture potential improving intitiated by municipality
roadsides infrastructure orchard
garden + municipal greenhouse
urban quality + soft transport portential
municipal workers
municipal workers
analysis matrix of urban typologies for urban agriculture
urban spatial typology
67
current spatial typology
new green infrastructure potential
high rises apartments buildings
high density urban typology
favela
favela typology
housing warehouses industrial spaces
medium density urban typology
high steppe campo
mountainside forest mata dos morros
park urban green
lowland forest and swamp mosaic mosaico
agriculture systems
lowland shady forest mata com figueira
maintained grassland/lawn
agriculture
aluvial plains forest mata aluvial
native forest
native shrubland
native grassland degraded forest exposed soil / rock
native ecosystems managed for agroforestry
ecosystem zones within city
/swamp
69
mata aluvial alluvial plans forest
mata com figueiras lowland shady forest
ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - low areas
mosaico lowland forest and swamp mosaic
campo alto high steppe
ecosytems zones of rio grande do sul - high areas
ecosystem zones
mata dos morros mountainside forests
71
72
local agroforestry collective engagement:
l.a.c.e.
networking people, place, and food
73
as urban populations continue to expand, cities in brazil must adapt to the spatial as well as the social needs of all their inhabitants in order to move towards just and sustainable urban models. new spatial practices must therefore be articulated to in order to offer successful strategies for attaining these goals. urban agriculture is a practice which can potentially address urban spatial quality and access to food simultaneously. ua can create a secondary food network in the city, simultaneously creating opportunities for livelihood and new economic activities. the food and agriculture organization cites ua as an important factor in helping cities reach the millennium development goals. at the same time, networks of food producing spaces can potentially increase the spatial quality of the city. thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development.
l.a.c.e.
urban l.a.c.e. explores and reclaims the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. the project is based on a network of productive urban green spaces. the plant species are selected from the hundreds of food bearing and medicinal tree, shrub, and plant varieties present in southern brazilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atlantic forest ecosystem. different typologies of plantings, based on orchard or forest patterns, compose a lace-like network of productive and aesthetic green infrastructure in the urban fabric. each typology is a scenario of different actors in a specific shortfood production chain. these narratives, as explorations of potential stakeholders working together on specific sites, illustrate the larger strategy of a adding a productive and multifunctional green infrastructure to the city.
75
current spatial typology new green infrastructure potential current current spatial typology potential spatial typology new green new infrastructure green infrastructure potential high rises high rises apartments buildings buildings apartments
high density high density urban typology urban typology
favela
favela typology
housing
favela
housing
warehouses industrial spaces warehouses
favela typology high steppe campo
medium density urban typology medium density
urban typology
park maintained grassland/lawn
urban green
urban green
+
maintained grassland/lawn agriculture
agriculture
agriculture systems
agriculture systems
native forest
native shrubland native grassland degraded forest native grassland exposed soil / rock
degraded forest exposed soil / rock
mata dos morros
lowland forest and swamp mosaic mosaico
lowland forest and swamp mosaic mosaico
lowland shady forest mata com figueira
lowland shady forest mata com figueira
aluvial plains forest mata aluvial
native forest
native shrubland
high steppe campo
mountainside forest mata dos morros mountainside forest
industrial spaces
park
native ecosystems
native ecosystems managed for agroforestry
native ecosystems managed for agroforestry
aluvial plains forest mata aluvial
77
map of potential for new green infrastructure
housing high rises apartments buildings
highagriculture density urban typology
current spatial typology
ology
new greenwarehouses infrastructure potential industrial spaces favela native forest favela typology high rises high density new green infrastructure potential apartments buildings urban typology park native shrubland housing
medium density urban typology
high st native ecosystems campo managed for agrofo
medium density high density urban green favela urban typology urban typology typology maintained grassland/lawn warehouses native grassland industrial spaces high density native ecosystems favela typology medium density urban green favela urban typology urban typology housing high steppe typology agriculture systems degraded forest agriculture campo medium density exposed soil / rock park urban typology existing native new urban existing urban parks new urban agriculture new urban agriculture warehouses forest and high steppe agriculture systems systems in favelas urban greenand green spaces systems in high industrial spaces grassland zones are in medium density they stay green and and peri-urban areas campo mountainside forest density neighborhoods: medium density enhanced and neighborhoods: are augmented with native forest maintained grassland/lawn matafor dos morros managed urban typology native food species. apartments
ldings favela
ces
urban typologies
park
high rises downtown plazas urban voids dense infrastructureagriculture urban typologies
maintained grassland/lawn neighborhood squares parks pocket parks
and
native urban green urban typologies urban typologies
roads infrastructure
native grassland
urban green native forest
lowland mosaico
production.
mountainside forest lowland systems mata dos morros lowland forest and swamp mata mos co native ecosystems mosaico managed for agroforestry
lowland forest and swamp mosaic aluvial mosaico lowland shady forest mata al mata com figueira
agriculture systems degraded forest large-scale neighborhood squares roads parks hardscapes infrastructure native shrubland pocket parksexposed soil / rock plazas lowland shady forest agriculture systems native ecosystems mata com figueira aluvial plains forest large scale neighborhood parks native forest managed for agroforestry large-scale neighborhood squares roads mata aluvial urban spaceparkways and squares urban squares informal settlements parks parks hardscapes urban green avenues pocket parks infrastructure native ecosystem favela small plazas urban interstices plazas linear urban spaces native grassland aluvial plains forest native shrubland mata aluvial native ecosystems degraded forest streets managed for agroforestry large-scale soil / rock parkways exposed urban squares informal settlements
ssland/lawn agriculture
nd
suburban parks small plazas pocket parks agriculture shrubland tree lines streets
mountai mata do
large-scale hardscapes plazas
parks
neighborhood squares pocket parks
roads infrastructure
large-scale dense infrastructure
native grassland parking lots urban voids
informal settlements
urban squares small plazas
green avenues linear urban spaces
small plazas
parkways large-scale green avenues parking lots linear urban urban spaces voids
native ecosystems managed for agroforestry
degraded forest exposed soil / rock parkways green avenues
parking lots urban voids
roads neighborhood squares infrastructure pocket parks
large-scale parks hardscapes plazas
informal settlements urban squares urban small interstices plazas
large-scale parking lots urban voids
urban squares small plazas
roads infrastructure
parks
urban interstices
parkways green avenues linear urban spaces
informal settlements urban interstices
parkways green avenues linear urban spaces
informal settlements urban interstices
79
map of potential with typologies
arks
ways avenues ban spaces
roads infrastructure
favela zones
informal settlements urban interstices
urban typologies
native forest native grasslands shrubland and steppe
large-scale hardscapes plazas
existing parks public green areas agricultural zones
neighborhood squares pocket parks
parks
roads infrastructure
urban typologies
urban typologies large-scale hardscapes urban typologies plazas
neighborhood squares pocket parks
urban voids exposed soil degraded forest areas
large-scale parking lots urban voids
large-scale
large-scale hardscapes hardscapes plazas plazas
neighborhood squares
neighborhood squares
pocket parks urban squares pocket parks small plazas
parks
urban typologies roads infrastructure
linear infrastructure new green avenues main avenue bisecting the city new tree lined streets
parks parkways parks green avenues linear urban spaces
roads infrastructure
roads
informal settlements infrastructure urban interstices
large-scale hardscapes plazas
semiprivate green areas private gardens
neighborhood squares pocket parks
parks
creating a new urban agroforestry landscape layer in the city depends on networking exisitng spaces, and building on the spatial potential of the city. careful analysis of the urban fabric yields maps of all spaces, classified in realtion to urban typology, which could be used to build the network over time.
large-scale parking lots
urban squares
parkways
informal settlements
81
urban typologies
large-scale hardscapes plazas
large-scale parking lots urban voids
neighborhood squares pocket parks
urban squares small plazas
parks existing parks public green areas agricultural zones
parkways green avenues linear urban spaces
infr
inform urba
83
building l.a.c.e.
native forest native grasslands shrubland and steppe
85
building l.a.c.e.
urban typologies
large-scale hardscapes urban plazas voids
neighborhoo pocket
exposed soil degraded forest areas
large-scale parking lots urban voids
urban squ small pla
87
building l.a.c.e.
large-scale hardscapes plazas
large-scale parking lots urban voids
neighborhood squares pocket parks
urban squares small plazas
parks
parkways green avenues linear urban spaces
roads infrastructure
informal settlements urban interstices
favela zones
89
building l.a.c.e.
urban typologies
large-scale hardscapes plazas
large-scale parking lots urban voids
neighborhood squares semiprivate green areas pocket parks private gardens
urban squares small plazas
g line
91
building l.a.c.e.
large-scale hardscapes urban typologies plazas
large-scale
large-scale hardscapes parking lots plazas urban voids
large-scale parking lots urban voids
neighborhood squares pocket parks
neighborhood squares
pocket parks urban squares small plazas
roads infrastructure
parks
parks parkways
roads infrastructure informal
green avenues linear infrastructure linear urban spaces
settleme urban interstice
new green avenues main avenue bisecting the city new tree lined streets
urban squares small plazas
parkways green avenues linear urban spaces
informal settlements urban interstices
93
building l.a.c.e.
95
network of mulitfonctional productive green spaces: l.a.c.e.
97
network of mulitfonctional productive green spaces: l.a.c.e.
lace network overlaid on topographical and ecosystem map
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99
government district: praça dos açorianos
ipanema neighborhood: praça bernardo dreher
agronomia neighborhood: favela vila são josé
what the sites above share in common is intensive human use shaping urban space. the obvious problems in these sites belie their potential; the potential of nature as well as the human potential. if the relationship between people and place could be augmented, challenged, and reimagined, urban l.a.c.e. can take shape. one key issue is how the economic disparity increasingly present in brazilian society is creating more economically stratified spaces in the city. who has access to public space? in the capitalist market system, those without the capacity to buy or sell, and those who are not owners, are quickly and literally pushed to the margins. landscape democracy in this context means an emphasis on inclusivity and connection. opportunities for the disadvantaged must be created in addition to designing new leisure and recreational spaces. human power can be coupled with ecological power (rich biodiversity, rapid growth) to create a motor for new projects. the examples that follow illustrate new configurations that become elements in a city-wide network.
urban l.a.c.e. site design
praça bernardo dreher praça dos açorianos vila são josé
101
the ipanema suburb is a middle class neighborhood far away from the bustle of downtown. ipanemaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tree lined streets frame well maintained homes with fences and gardens. security is an issue here, as slums are not far away and break-ins, sometimes at gunpoint or carjacking are not uncommon. neighborhood security guards watch from the shelter of small sheds on street corners. praça bernardo dreher has lawns, some swing sets, large trees, and a football terrain. i walk there with oscar, who shows me with pride a leafy shoot protected by broom handles and pieces of wood. it is a goiaba tree that he has raised from seed in his own backyard and transplanted into the park. he treats it with care, and visits it regularly. other residents have begun to do the same. a seed of pitanga or araça, for example, will quickly grow into a shrub, then a tree in the favorable subtropical conditions. the trees yield abundant fruit and in this neighborhood the harvest is free for all who care to pick it. the municipal workers who come to mow the park lawns steer clear of the protected seedlings, and once they are established they seem to be absorbed into the design of the park. a dozen new fruit trees planted here over the years augment this neighborhood landscape. small acts of guerilla gardening have become a shared neighborhood practice, bringing residents out to meet each other. eyes and ears in the vicinity are on the trees, also creating a safe area for children to play.
urban l.a.c.e. site design
praça bernardo dreher: community food forest
103
105
praรงa bernardo dreher: community food forest
after school center
senhor endres guerilla gardener senhor kessler horticulture expert
weekend fruit and vegetable stand at gas station
senhora da silva gardening enthusiast
community center
ESCOLA
elementary school roadside fruit and vegetable market
sociedade floresta aurora: african social club for families.barbecues and party rooms
garden center
coffee shop and bakery
cooking school
0m 25m
praรงa bernardo dreher: community food forest
N
107
The Praça Bernardo Dreher is a good example of bottom-up and top-down meeting halfway. As the act of neighborhood guerilla fruit tree planting is integrated into the life of the park, social cohesion is increased. The results are accepted and even maintained by municipal workers. Augmenting this practice could mean providing seedlings for free to those who want to plant them; almost all native fruit trees and medicinal plants are available at the botanical garden or the municipal plant nursery. A landscape architect or plannerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role could be to coordinate these plantings into better designs than haphazard planting. It would take a small number of interventions to achieve this; information could even be posted on site. The resulting food production could be distributed between neighbors, or simply left to those who need or want it. Harvest moments create occasions for people to meet each other around meals or celebrations. Fruit can also be gathered for sale in other areas, from a cart or a small stand, or even brought to the farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market. Processed fruits become fresh juices, preserves, and a variety of other products with potential small-scale market value.
fĂĄbio kessler horticulturalist
a
oscar endres chief community gardener
social trade organization (stro) headquarters botanical walk
picnic bbq playground
raised planters
football field
lawn forest plantings
aurora social club
aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; senhora da silva chief community gardener
after school center escola aberta
backyard seedlings
praça bernardo dreher: community food forest
kiosk
109
existing neighborhood park
new food park infrastructure
praรงa bernardo dreher: community food forest
new food plantings
111
kitchen
faĂĄbio kessler horticulturalist
a
social trade organization (stro) headquarters
oscar endres chief community gardener
picnic bbq
botanical walk
playground
kiosk
football field lawn
forest plantings
aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
senhora da silva chief community gardener
after school center escola aberta
praça bernardo dreher: community food forest
raised planters
113
a
food forest with edible perennial beds
botanical walk and picnic area
kiosk with kitchen
food forest with edible perennial beds
aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 1:125 5m
1:125 5m
praรงa aรงorianos seedling banks botanical garden backyard seedlings
maintenance done by municipal workers and inhabitants
at home in park
PREPARE CONSUME
praรงa bernardo dreher community garden
PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE
neighborhood residents
family harvest local food cooperative local outdoor market local shop TRANSFORM
home production neighborhood workshops local food cooperative
cycle of urban agroforestry related to the community park
SOURCE
119
Praรงa dos Aรงorianos is the heart of the central administrative district in downtown Porto Alegre. Most public transportation networks take passengers by this plaza, whose center features a monument to the first Azorean settlers of the city. The wide spaces of the pristine plaza are kept constantly clean by municipal workers. Their job is to remove any litter that accumulates there, on the lawns or beaten earth tracks and pavement. Public space is kept free of debris to the point of sterility. These spaces are free of bushes or clumps of weeds or anything that might possibly create shelter for humans or other creatures. Some people take to sleeping in relatively unpoliced areas. At night these spaces become dangerous. The noteworthy practice here, from a spatial point of view, is the manpower required in such a central, public space to keep not only humans but all extra vegetation out. In Portuguese, the word mata means forest. Mato is a closely related word meaning an uncultivated area covered in wild plants, but implies overgrowth and potential vermin. Thus spontaneous vegetative growth, even of useful plants which happens without human help in the sub-tropical climate, is something to be kept under tight control rather than to be encouraged. People as well as plants are carefully kept out of public space.
urban l.a.c.e. site design
praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project
121
123
praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project
procergs: office for processing of official government data
cidade baixa: alternative cultural neighborhood of poa. many students, shops, stores, restaurants, cafes, etc.
monumento aos açorianos: iconic sculpture of the identity of first settlers of poa
ESCOLA
$ centro administrativo do estado do rio grande do sul: main government administration building
educar: school organization many schools in downtown centro area
people take shelter / sleep on plaza during day
justice tribunal + Tribunal de Mediação e Arbitragem do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
Escola La Salle Pão dos Pobres: social and educational projects for the poor
0m 25m 50m
praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project
N 125
in porto alegre, large and empty urban plazas could serve as the sites for urban orchards whose beauty and productivity, seen by all, would become a new badge of identity. rows of native fruit trees would increase the beauty and leisure value of areas that were previously lawn or concrete, creating a new form of urban park. because the maintenance of the trees and the harvesting of the fruit is labor intensive, many new jobs could be created not requiring intensive training or education but instead relying on basic agricultural skills. the botanical circles of the new plaza uplift key native species into public consciousness and make a statement about preserving native biodiversity. at the seedling center free trees are availbale to all for planting across the city in accordance with the larger l.a.c.e. vision supported by the city. the central urban plaza of the praça dos açorianos supports an ephemeral urban agriculture market- a farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market for all the food and herbs grown around the city. the new market would be a vital link in the organization of the various food production projects across the city. as a platform bringing together many of the actors in the larger project, the market would become an anchor point and destination in a network that emphasizes economic opportunity and inclusivity across the city, as well as improving the overall urban spatial quality.
parobé state technical school cientec science and technology center
pão dos pobres foundation poverty and education center
municipal seedling center work program headquarters
educar schools organization
procergs government data office
botanical circles azorean monument
lowland forest swamp mosaic plantings
c’ fountain
mountainside forest plantings
market
b
lowland shady forest plantings
aluvial plains plantings
c centro administrativo fernando ferrari state administrative center
state secretary of education
state highways department
high steppe plantings
praça dos açorianos: botanical plaza flagship project
b’
127
municipal seedling center work program headquarters
procergs government data office
bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
azorean monument
botanical circles
fountain
b’ cientec science and technology center
pão dos pobres foundation poverty and education center
azorean monument lowland forest swamp mosaic plantings
c’
educar schools organization fountain
mountainside forest plantings
fruit market
b
lowland forest swamp mosaic plantings
c’
lowland shady forest plantings
aluvial plains plantings
c mountainside forest
high steppe plantings
praça dos açorianos: botanical plaza flagship project
botanical circles
129
12m
10m
8.5m
5m
central kiosk
municipal seedling center kiosk
native ecosystem plantings
ephemeral fruit market
praรงa dos aรงorianos: botanical plaza flagship project
15m
131
b
native ecosystem botanical gardens
bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
c
câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
botanical circles feature key species, seating, fountains: recreational and educational program
praรงa aรงorianos seedling banks
on plaza schools hospitals
maintenance done by municipal workers and work program PREPARE CONSUME
praรงa dos aรงorianos botanical plaza
PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE
municipal workers and work program
outdoor market food banks
TRANSFORM
small stands in market plaza local co-ops
cycle of urban agroforestry related to the central plaza
SOURCE
141
many residents in favelas have come to the city from rural areas to look for opportunity or are from families who left agricultural production to benefit from the economic possibilities of the city. favelas are reservoirs of human labor and knowledge. the location of peri-urban favelas next to agricultural or public land makes agricultural projects potentially possible. public projects could be created with land belonging to the university in collaboration with experts from agronomy and horticulture. the city could encourage entrepreneurs to start peri-urban agricultural projects by donating land, offering tax breaks, offering social support for worker training, etc. here high intensity fruit production could create jobs as well as large quantities of fresh food to be brought to market in the normal distribution chains. many of the native fruit varieties are not commercialized because they are either too labor intensive to pick, or too fragile to travel long distances. in a short food supply chain this problem is avoided. fruits and berries could also be processed into a variety of products, from juices to cosmetics, to be sold locally.
urban l.a.c.e. site design
vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery
143
145
vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery
Praca Bernardo Dreher: social context
unidade bĂĄsica de saĂşde sĂŁo Carlos: public health clinic
igreja evangelica assembleia de deus: evangelical church parish
main bus stops for area: direct to downtown poa
urfgs experimental forests, agroforestry projects, plant collections
mini market
ufrgs agronomy and horticulture campus
plant science laboratories
roadside fruit and vegetable market
public land under encroachment from people coming to the city
agronomy student and researcher housing
0m 25m 50m
vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery
N
147
the peri-urban neighborhood of vila sĂŁo josĂŠ is a favela zone undergoing rapid transformation. to the south it touches the morro da companhia, a natural area where spontaneous occupation threatens remaining indigenous ecosystems of mountainside forest and high steppe. the proximity of the neighbourhood to the agronomy campus and experimental agroforestry zones of the urfgs state university makes it an ideal location to create orchard production projects with appropriate species. in partnership with the university and local entrepreneurs, new business of food production are formed. orchard production is emphasized along with the management of natural areas for agroforestry production. food is sold to local co-ops or distributors, along with restaurants, markets, and street-side stands. streets lined with indigenous tree species invite the public in to the area to visit the nursery as well as use the new mountain path system for hiking and mountain biking. the center of the plan is a nursery within the neighbourhood. here local residents employed by new businesses prepare seedlings for the production areas as well as maintain beds of medicinal herbs and small scale vegetable production. this community heart also houses a production center for the making of fruit juices, preserves, and other food products for sale.
149
vila sĂŁo josĂŠ: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery
vila sĂŁo josĂŠ legend
community nursery center
new trees lining streets
native forest managed for food production
intensive orchards
new paths for hillside access
public health clinic ufrgs state university agronomy campus
bus stops to center and university
food shops
d
fruit stands
community nursery center
tree lined neighborhood entrance
d’
mountain orchard path system
e’
production orchards
e
forest areas managed for food production
morro da companhia area
vila são josé: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery
experimental agroforestry and horticulture zones morro santa reserve
151
d
community nursery center
dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
d’
mountain orchard path system
vila são josé: peri-urban intensive orchards and community nursery
food shops
fruit stands
e’
production orchards
e
forest areas managed for food production
morro da companhia area
153
d
dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
section of community nursery featuring seedling production of native species and raised perennial beds
e
section of intensive hillside orchards bordering forest areas managed for food production
eâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
seed stock of university agronomy department raised at community nursery
inhabitants in partnership with entrepreneurs
grocery stores restaurants
PREPARE CONSUME
são josé production orchards
PRODUCE DISTRIBUTE
employed local residents and hired workers wholesalers city markets processors of fruit products TRANSFORM
neighborhood workshop local food cooperative
cycle of urban agroforestry related to vila são josé
SOURCE
163
appendix first built prototype additional coursework project presentations references thanks colophon
design and construction of native fruiting vegetation rooftop garden in garopaba, brazil
Building bridges: The PUREFOOD event “Beyond Divides: An International Winter School and Forum on Contemporary Agri-Food Issues” forges network, debate and learning Barcelona 12 to 22 November 2012
The PUREFOOD Network and the Food and Nutrition Observatory of the University of Barcelona played host to the international winter school ‘Beyond Divides: An International Forum on Contemporary Agri-Food Issues”, held in Barcelona from the 12th through the 22nd of November, 2012. The event featured contributions of leading international scholars including Professors Patricia Allen (Marylhurst College, USA), Michael K. Goodman (King’s College, UK), James Kirwan (Countryside and Community Research Institute, UK) and Jesús Contreras (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain). With a mission of fomenting debate, exchange and collaboration, the forum featured various opportunities and learning formats, including thematic panels and roundtables on contemporary themes such as food justice, alternative food networks, food and nutrition security, tradition and innovation. It also proposed an integrated program of site visits that leveraged exemplars from a Catalan culture particularly strong in both food tradition and innovation, including visits to the Fundación Alicia (the food and science foundation patronized by leading chef Ferran Adría), the Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat (‘home’ to over 500 small producers), Mercabarna (the second-largest wholesale market in Europe), the Boquería (the flagship of Barcelona’s well-used network of 44 municipal markets), and Cavas Guilera (a small family-run cava producer in Catalonia’s renowned Penedés wine region). PUREFOOD is a Marie Curie Initial Training Network (an EU FP7 project) designed to build capacity and knowledge around the critical issues that define the contemporary peri-urban foodscape, including, among others topics, food and nutrition security, public health, and sustainable urban and rural development. The network comprises 12 fellows (early-stage researchers / Ph.D. students) at seven universities worldwide, each working on distinct projects related to secure and sustainable agri-food systems, as well as a leadership team of academic and non-academic partners. For more information see http://purefoodnetwork.eu/. ODELA is an interdisciplinary and inter-university team of researchers working toward the understanding and analysis of human food culture and behaviour from historical, social, economic and cultural perspectives. Its recent work has focused on the transformation of eating habits historically and in recent decades and on efforts to preserve and promote local culinary patrimony. More information is available at www.purefoodnetwork.eu and www.odela-ub.com. The event took place as part of an international thrust toward more collaborative work efforts and served to strengthen the academic and practical connections between Catalonia, Europe and North America.
PG DR
PGDR: Av. João Pessoa, 31 – 90040.000 – Porto Alegre – RS – Brasil – Fone/Fax: (0XX51) 3308.3281 E-mail: pgdr@ufrgs.br - Home Page: www.ufrgs.br/pgdr
The course is organised in co-operation with the Nordic Landscape Democracy Netowrk and the Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning Planning Group in the Euroleague University Network. Teachers Professor Jørgen Primdahl, IGN Lektor Lone Kristensen, IGN Professor Anne Whiston Spirn, MIT Professor Michael Jones, University of Trondheim Mfl. Content The linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) constitute the primary theoretical subject for the course with the aim to conceptualise and understand discourses as well as practices associated with landscape functions, patterns and change. Development of methodological skills to analyse human rights’ aspects of landscape functions is one of the course objectives. Objectives - To present a range of case studies on landscape democracy from a variety of disciplines and policy perspectives through which students will develop a broader understanding of issues, significance and meanings of the subject. - To present and discuss theoretical and methodological dimensions of researching the right to landscape and collaborative approaches to landscape policy, planning and management - To explore and examine the linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) - To develop methodological skills to analyse huma rigths’ aspects of landscape functions Learning Outcomes 1. Knowledge An understanding of the basic backgrounds and institutions affiliated with the right to landscape and public participatory processes associated with collective action and public policy interventions An overview of basic theoretical dimensions of works concerning use and owner rights including individual and shared rights to landscape resources 2. Skills Apply theories, key concepts and tools addressed during this course to specific research problems Apply critical analytical skills in order to gain insights from collective landscape actions and collaborative policy 3. Competencies Integrate relevant concepts, theories, and insights related to landscape democracy into a thesis Incorporate insights gained from the diverse disciplines and presented case studies to support and enhance the thesis’ arguments Clearly communicate ideas, rationale for, and relevancy of theoretical concepts on landscape democracy in the context of a thesis Teaching and learning methods Lectures, seminars excursion and paper presentations/discussions/feedbacks constitute the various forms learning processes applied within an overall frame of an emerging research field (outlined through key readings and key lectures on the first day) and individual ph.d. subjects (presented and discussed through student centred seminars) The pedagogic approach is to stimulate independent creative thinking capacity and develop critical analysis skills through an introduction of case studies and a range of theories and disciplinary perspectives. Students will be required to present their own work and engage in debates and discussions as well as preparation, individual and group work during the course.
THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN The PhD School of SCIENCE
2E. COURSE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that
The course is organized an intensive one week course (18-22.11.2013) with lectures by leading scholars, seminars, and Ph.D.-paper presentations. Assignments include readings and submission of an extended paper abstract before the course as well as submission of a short paper few weeks after the course. Course value: 4 ECTS.
Jacques Abelman has successfully completed the course Landscape Democracy – researching the right to landscape and collaborative landscape practices
at the University of Copenhagen. GENERAL CONTENT Landscape democracy, the main subject of this course, represents an emerging research field within a number of disciplines from sciences to social sciences and humanities. The linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) constitute the primary theoretical subject for the course with the aim to conceptualise and understand discourses as well as practices associated with landscape functions, patterns and change. Development of methodological skills to analyse human rights’ aspects of landscape functions is one of the course objectives. Individual paper submitted and approved. Title: Cultivating the City: Infrastructures of abundance in urban Brazil
DURATION
From 1. November 2013 to 31. January 2014 (intensive part in week 47, 2013)
COURSE WEIGHT AND TYPE ____4_____ ECTS (European Credit Transfer System). _________ Type 1 - Complementary skills course, e.g. IUP. ____X ___ Type 2 - International/specialist course. _________ Type 3 - Advanced master’s course. _________ Type 4 - Participation in journal clubs, self-study etc. COURSE ORGANISER Name, title and Department: Jørgen Primdahl, professor, The Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management _______________________________________________ [Signature] 1/1
Landscape democracy represents an emerging research field within a number of disciplines from sciences to social sciences and humanities. The linkages between human rights, landscape, democracy and public policy interventions (legislation, policy and planning practice) constitute the primary theoretical subject for the course with the aim to conceptualise and understand discourses as well as practices associated with landscape functions, patterns and change. Development of methodological skills to analyse human rights’ aspects of landscape functions is one of the course objectives.
Revised 18 March 2013
cultivating the city infrastructures of abundance in urban brazil
jacques abelman
amsterdam academy of architecture wednesday october 16th 2013 4:30pm pruyne auditorium fayerweather hall amherst college
www.groundcondition.com
amherst college architectural studies program
sponsored by the amherst college program in architectural studies, the program in european studies, the corliss lamont lectureship for a peaceful world, and the georges lurcy lecture series at amherst.
in the fall of 2013 i was invited to present the project at the landscape architecture department of cornell university by professor thomas oles. I also presented the project at amherst college, my alma mater, in a talk sponsored by the architectural studies program.
selected References
Blanco C., Jr. (2008) The Slums in Brazil. Brasilia: Brazilian Ministry of Cities Carta Capital. (2013) Retrieved from http://www.cartacapital.com.br/sociedade/unidas-favelas-e-comunidades-formariam-o5o-maior-estado-do-pais/ Chmielewska, D., & Souza, D. (2011) 'The food security policy context in Brazil', Country Study No. 22. Brasilia: International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth Egoz, S., Makhzoumi, J., and Pungetti, G. (2011) The Right to Landscape: Contesting Landscape and Human Rights. London: Ashgate Groundcondition. (2013) http://groundcondition.tumblr.com (Author's visual essay and record of fieldwork in Porto Alegre) Monteiro C.A., Conde W.L., Popkin B.M. (2007) Income-specific trends in obesity in Brazil: 1975-2003. American Journal of Public Health 97:1808–12 The Telegraph. (2010) Retreived from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ southamerica/brazil/8204625/Brazilsobesity-rate-could-match-US-by-2022.html The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. (2011) "6% da população brasileira vivia em favelas em 2010" Retreived from http://www.jcnet.com.br/Nacional/2011/12/ibge-6-da-populacao-brasileira-vivia-em-favelas-em-2010.html Cohen, B. (2006) Urbanization in developing countries: current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technology and Society 28:63–80 Drescher, A.W. (2004) Food for the Cities: Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries. In: Junge-Berberovic, R., J.B. Bächtiger & W.J. Simpson: Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Horticulture, Acta Horticulae 63: 227–231
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2005) Farming in urban areas can boost food security. FAO Newsroom. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2005/102877/index.html —————. (2010) Food, agriculture and cities – Challenges of food and nutrition security, agriculture and ecosystem management in an urbanizing world. Rome: FAO —————. (2004) Globalization of food systems in developing countries: impact on food security and nutrition. Rome: FAO —————. (2011) The Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) Program: The Brazilian experience. Brasília: FAO —————. (2001) Aragrande M., Argenti O., Studying Food Supply and Distribution Systems to Cities in DevelopingCountries and Countries in Transition - Methodological and Operational Guide. Rome: FAO FAO and World Bank. (2008) Urban Agriculture For Sustainable Poverty Alleviation and Food Security. Rome: FAO and World Bank Santandreu, A. and Merzthal, G. (2011) Agricultura Urbana e sua Integração em Programmeas e Políticas Públicas: A Experiência do Brasil. In: Fome Zero: Uma história brasileira, Vol III, MDS. Brasília: Banco do Brasil and FAO Star, S. and and Griesemer, J. (1989) Institutional Ecology, 'Translations' and Boundary Objects. Social Studies of Science 19 (3): 387–420 Veja São Paulo. (2010) Retreived from http://veja.abril.com.br/multimidia/ infograficos/ obesidade-no-brasil. Whiston Spirn, A. (2005) Restoring Mill Creek: landscape literacy, environmental justice and city planning and design. Landscape Research 30(3): 395–413 Zezza, A. and Tasciotti, L. (2010) Urban agriculture, poverty, and food security. Food Policy 35 (4): 265–273
many thanks
graduation project commission: jana crepon, mentor, inside outside marieke timmermans, la4sale han wiskerke, wageningen university aditional experts: rogier van den berg, smart city studio universidade federal de rio grande do sul rural sociology department: sergio schneider fabio kessler dal soglio flĂĄvia charĂŁo marques
jacques abelman hoogte kadijk 235 1018 bk amsterdam the netherlands info@groundcondition.com www.groundcondition.com www.groundcondition.tumblr.com landscape architecture department amsterdam academy of architecture waterlooplein 211 1011 pg amsterdam the netherlands www.ahk.nl
i would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to the abelman and endres families for making my time in brazil possible. Thanks to the many gracious and kind friends and colleagues who have supported me through the course of this exploration. and most especially to my partner eric dil. this project is dedicated to the people of brazil.
financial support:
avb internationaliseringfonds