2 STOKES | STUBBS | TAYLOR | BOURKE WILLIAMS | DERBOGOSIAN JACARANDA
VCE UNITS 3 AND 4 | THIRD EDITION
CHEMISTRY
JACARANDA CHEMISTRY 2
VCEUNITS3AND4 |THIRDEDITION
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JACARANDA CHEMISTRY 2
VCEUNITS3AND4
ROBERTSTOKES
ANGELASTUBBS
NEALETAYLOR
JASONBOURKE
BENWILLIAMS
MAIDADERBOGOSIAN
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|THIRDEDITION
Thirdeditionpublished2023by
JohnWiley&SonsAustralia,Ltd
155CremorneStreet,Cremorne,Vic3121
Firsteditionpublished2017
Secondeditionpublished2020
Typesetin10.5/13ptTimesLTStd
©RobertStokes,AngelaStubbs,NealeTaylor,JasonBourke,BenWilliams,MaidaDerbogosian2023
Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted.
ISBN:978-1-1198-8614-3
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Contents Aboutthisresource 000 Acknowledgements 000 UNIT3 HOWCANDESIGNANDINNOVATIONHELPTOOPTIMISECHEMICAL PROCESSES? 000 AREAOFSTUDY1 WHATARETHECURRENTANDFUTUREOPTIONSFORSUPPLYINGENERGY? 1 Carbon-basedfuels 000 1.1 Overview 000 1.2 Whatarefuels? 000 1.3 Thermochemicalreactions 000 1.4 Fuelsourcesforplantsandanimals 000 1.5 Review 000 2 Measuringchangesinchemicalreactions 000 2.1 Overview 000 2.2 Fuelcalculations 000 2.3 Energyfromfoodsandfuels 000 2.4 Solutioncalorimetry 000 2.5 Review 000 3 Primarygalvaniccellsandfuelcellsassourcesofenergy 000 3.1 Overview 000 3.2 Redoxreactions 000 3.3 Galvaniccellsandtheelectrochemicalseries 000 3.4 Energyfromprimarycellsandfuelcells 000 3.5 Calculationsinvolvedinproducingelectricityfromgalvaniccellsandfuelcells 000 3.6 Review 000 AREAOFSTUDY1REVIEW 000 Practiceexamination 000 Practiceschool-assessedcoursework 000 CONTENTS v UNCORRECTEDPAGEPROOFS
AREAOFSTUDY2 HOWCANTHERATEANDYIELDOFCHEMICALREACTIONSBEOPTIMISED? 4 Ratesofchemicalreactions 000 4.1 Overview 000 4.2 Factorsaffectingtherateofachemicalreaction 000 4.3 Catalystsandreactionrates 000 4.4 Enzymes—biologicalcatalysts 000 4.5 Review 000 5 Extentofchemicalreactions 000 5.1 Overview 000 5.2 Reversibleandirreversiblereactions 000 5.3 Homogeneousequilibria 000 5.4 Calculationsinvolvingequilibriumsystems 000 5.5 Thereactionquotient(Q) 000 5.6 ChangestoequilibriumandLeChâtelier’sprinciple 000 5.7 Review 000 6 Productionofchemicalsusingelectrolysis 000 6.1 Overview 000 6.2 Whatiselectrolysis? 000 6.3 Usingtheelectrochemicalseriesinelectrolysis 000 6.4 Commercialelectrolyticcells 000 6.5 Rechargeablebatteries(secondarycells) 000 6.6 Contemporaryresponsestomeetingsociety’senergyneeds 000 6.7 ApplicationsofFaraday’sLaws 000 6.8 Review 000 AREAOFSTUDY2REVIEW 000 Practiceexamination 000 Practiceschool-assessedcoursework 000 UNIT4 HOWARECARBON-BASEDCOMPOUNDSDESIGNEDFORPURPOSE? 000 AREAOFSTUDY1 HOWAREORGANICCOMPOUNDSCATEGORISEDANDSYNTHESISED? 7 Structure,nomenclatureandpropertiesoforganiccompounds 000 7.1 Overview 000 7.2 Characteristicsofthecarbonatom 000 7.3 Structureandsystematicnaming 000 7.4 Functionalgroups 000 7.5 Isomers 000 7.6 Trendsinphysicalproperties 000 7.7 Review 000 vi CONTENTS UNCORRECTEDPAGEPROOFS
8 Reactionsoforganiccompounds 000 8.1 Overview 000 8.2 Substitution,additionandoxidationreactions 000 8.3 Condensationandhydrolyticreactionsofesters 000 8.4 Hydrolyticandcondensationreactionsofbiomolecules 000 8.5 Theproductionofchemicalsandgreenchemistry 000 8.6 Review 000 AREAOFSTUDY1REVIEW 000 Practiceexamination 000 Practiceschool-assessedcoursework 000 AREAOFSTUDY2 HOWAREORGANICCOMPOUNDSANALYSEDANDUSED? 9 Laboratoryanalysisoforganiccompounds 000 9.1 Overview 000 9.2 Testsforfunctionalgroups 000 9.3 Laboratorytechniquesforanalysisofconsumerproducts 000 9.4 Volumetricanalysisbyredoxtitration 000 9.5 Review 000 10 Instrumentalanalysisoforganiccompounds 000 10.1 Overview 000 10.2 Massspectrometry 000 10.3 Infraredspectroscopy 000 10.4 NMRspectroscopy 000 10.5 Combiningspectroscopictechniques 000 10.6 Chromatography 000 10.7 Review 000 11 Medicinalchemistry 000 11.1 Overview 000 11.2 Structuresandisolationoforganicmedicines 000 11.3 Enzymesandinhibitors 000 11.4 Review 000 AREAOFSTUDY2REVIEW 000 Practiceexamination 000 Practiceschool-assessedcoursework 000 CONTENTS vii UNCORRECTEDPAGEPROOFS
HOWISSCIENTIFICINQUIRYUSEDTOINVESTIGATETHESUSTAINABLEPRODUCTIONOFENERGY AND/ORMATERIALS? 12 Scientificinvestigations 12.1 Overview 12.2 Keyscienceskillsandconceptsinchemistry 12.3 Characteristicsofscientificmethodologyandprimarydatageneration 12.4 Health,safetyandethicalguidelines 12.5 Qualityofdataandmeasurements 12.6 Waysoforganising,analysingandevaluatingprimarydata 12.7 Challengingscientificmodelsandtheories 12.8 Thelimitationsofinvestigationmethodologyandconclusions 12.9 Presentingfindingsusingscientificconventions 12.10 Review Answers 000 Glossary 000 Index 000 Periodictableoftheelements 000 viii CONTENTS
AREAOFSTUDY3
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About this resource
Aligned to the VCE Chemistry Study Design (2023–2027)
CHEMISTRY 2
Developed by expert Victorian teachers for VCE students
Tried, tested and trusted. The NEW Jacaranda VCE Chemistry series continues to deliver curriculum-aligned material that caters to students of all abilities.
Completely aligned to the VCE Chemistry Study Design
Our expert author team of practising teachers and assessors ensures 100% coverage of the new VCE Chemistry Study Design (2023–2027).
Everything you need for your students to succeed, including:
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• NEW! Access targeted questions sets including exam-style questions and all relevant past VCAA exam questions since 2013. Ensure assessment preparedness with practice SACs.
• NEW! Enhanced practical investigation support including practical investigation videos, and eLogbook with fully customisable practical investigations — including teacher advice and risk assessments.
• NEW! Teacher-led videos to unpack challenging concepts, VCAA exam questions, exam-style questions,
ABOUTTHISRESOURCE ix
VCE UNITS 3 AND 4 THIRD EDITION JACARANDA
Learn online with Australia’s most
Everything you need for each of your lessons in one simple view
• Trusted, curriculum-aligned theory
• Engaging, rich multimedia
• All the teacher support resources you need
• Deep insights into progress
• Immediate feedback for students
• Create custom assignments in just a few clicks.
Practical teaching advice and ideas for each lesson provided in teachON
Each lesson linked to the Key Knowledge (and Key Science Skills) from the VCE Chemistry Study Design
Reading content and rich media including embedded videos and interactivities
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x ABOUTTHISRESOURCE
powerful learning tool, learnON
Teacher and student views
Textbook questions
Fully worked solutions and sample responses
Practical investigation eLogbook
Digital documents
Video eLessons
Interactivities
Extra teaching support resources
Interactive questions with immediate feedback
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ABOUTTHISRESOURCE xi
Get the most from your online resources
Online, these new editions are the complete package
Each subtopic is linked to Key Knowledge (and Key Science Skills) from the VCE Chemistry Study Design.
Trusted Jacaranda theory, plus tools to support teaching and make learning more engaging, personalised and visible.
Interactive glossary terms help develop and support scientific literacy.
onResources link to targeted digital resources including video eLessons and weblinks.
Tables and images break down content, allowing students to understand complex concepts.
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Pink highlight boxes summarise key information and provide tips for VCE Chemistry success.
xii ABOUTTHISRESOURCE
Sample problems break down the process of answering questions using a think/write format and a supporting teacher-led video.
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Practical investigations are highlighted throughout topics, and are supported by teacher-led videos and downloadable student and teacher version eLogbooks.
• Online and offline question sets contain practice questions and past VCAA exam questions with exemplary responses and marking guides.
• Every question has immediate, corrective feedback to help students to overcome misconceptions as they occur and to study independently — in class and at home.
ABOUTTHISRESOURCE xiii
Topic reviews
A summary flowchart shows the interrelationship between the main ideas of the topic. This includes links to both Key Knowledge and Key Science Skills.
Area of Study reviews
Areas of study reviews include practice examinations and practice SACs with worked solutions and sample responses. Teachers have access to customisable quarantined SACs with sample responses and marking rubrics.
End-of-topic exam questions include past VCE exam questions and are supported by teacher-led videos.
Practical investigation eLogbook
Enhanced practical investigation support includes practical investigation videos and an eLogbook with fully customisable practical investigations — including teacher advice and risk assessments
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xiv
ABOUTTHISRESOURCE
A wealth of teacher resources
Enhanced teacher support resources, including:
• work programs and curriculum grids
• teaching advice
• additional activities
• teacher laboratory eLogbook, complete with solution and risk assessments
• quarantined topic tests (with solutions)
• quarantined SACs (with worked solutions and marking rubrics).
Customise and assign
A testmaker enables you to create custom tests from the complete bank of thousands of questions (including past VCAA exam questions).
Reports and results
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Data analytics and instant reports provide data-driven insights into progress and performance within each lesson and across the entire course.
Show students (and their parents or carers) their own assessment data in fine detail. You can filter their results to identify areas of strength and weakness.
ABOUTTHISRESOURCE xv
Acknowledgements
Theauthorsandpublisherwouldliketothankthefollowingcopyrightholders,organisationsandindividualsfor theirassistanceandforpermissiontoreproducecopyrightmaterialinthisbook.
SelectedextractsfromtheVCEChemistryStudyDesign(2023–2027)arecopyrightVictorianCurriculumand AssessmentAuthority(VCAA),reproducedbypermission.VCE® isaregisteredtrademarkoftheVCAA. TheVCAAdoesnotendorsethisproductandmakesnowarrantiesregardingthecorrectnessandaccuracyofits content.Totheextentpermittedbylaw,theVCAAexcludesallliabilityforanylossordamagesufferedor incurredasaresultofaccessing,usingorrelyingonthecontent.CurrentVCEStudyDesignsandrelated contentcanbeaccesseddirectlyat www.vcaa.vic.edu.au.TeachersareadvisedtochecktheVCAABulletin forupdates.
Everyefforthasbeenmadetotracetheownershipofcopyrightmaterial.Informationthatwillenablethe publishertorectifyanyerrororomissioninsubsequentreprintswillbewelcome.Insuchcases,pleasecontact thePermissionsSectionofJohnWiley&SonsAustralia,Ltd.
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xvi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS