Jack Richardson Architecture & Design | MArch Architecture Portfolio: Urban Agriculture Masterplan by Jack Richardson Architecture and Design

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Contents

CONTENTS M20 Hydrate: Introduction

INTRODUCTION Milan and Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION

00 Introduction

Milan and Transport

Introduction

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Tourism Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Water

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Food Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Local Area Masterplan Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Building Realisation and Climate Change Construction and Sustainability Issues Environment and Energy Services and Integration Facade - 3D Detailed Study

PROJECT 2.0: MILAN M20 HYDRATE

CONTENTS

RESEARCH 1.0

INTRODUCTION Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2.0

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION Milan and Contamination ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Local Contamination .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Land Reclamation .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Soil Remediation Strategies ................................................................................................................................................ 5

3.0

MILAN AND WATER Milan and Water ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 City Water Consumption .................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.0

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Food .................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Precedent: Habana Food Movement ................................................................................................................................... 9 Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) ............................................................................................................. 10 Precedent: Milwaukee Food Movement .............................................................................................................................. 11 The Farmers’ Market ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto ............................................................................................................................... 13

5.0

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and Agriculture ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites ..................................................................................................................................... 15

6.0

MILAN AND HISTORY Milan and History ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione ................................................................................................................................... 17

7.0

MILAN AND TRANSPORT Milan and Transport ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Existing Station Analysis: San Cristoforo ............................................................................................................................ 19

8.0

MILAN AND TOURISM Milan and Tourism ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 Il Parco delle Risaie .......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Le Cascine di Milano ......................................................................................................................................................... 22

DESIGN 9.0

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN Starting Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................... 23 Evolution of a Masterplan ................................................................................................................................................. 24

10.0

BUILDING DESIGN AND CLIMATE CHANGE (BDACC) Site Analysis .................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Programme Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 26 Precedent Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 Case Study: Co-operative Headquarters Building, Manchester ............................................................................................. 27 Building Description ......................................................................................................................................................... 28 Structure and Material Choice ........................................................................................................................................... 29

11.0

BUILDING REALISATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE (BRACC) Construction and Sustainability Issues ............................................................................................................................... 30 Environment and Energy .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Services and Integration .................................................................................................................................................. 32 Facade - 3D Detailed Study .............................................................................................................................................. 33

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE CONTENTS

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012

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M20 Hydrate Introduction

INTRODUCTION Milan and Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION Milan and Water City Water Consumption

MILAN AND WATER

01 Introduction

Milan and Transport

Introduction

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Water

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Building Realisation and Climate Change

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Construction and Sustainability Issues Environment and Energy Services and Integration Facade - 3D Detailed Study

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN CONTEXT AND PROJECT BRIEF

M2O HYDRATE: INTRODUCTION

M2O HYDRATE | PROJECT INTRODUCTION The city of Milan is Italy’s second largest metropolis behind Rome, but in all but governmental matters, stands as Italy’s leading city, recognised globally as one of the few Alpha World Cities.

MILANO

Lombardia

MILANO

The project M2O Hydrate finds its setting in the world-renowned city of Milan, in Northern Italy. The project takes inspiration from the city’s rich water heritage in a new drive to re-establish the city as a new world-renowned Citta D’Acqua, or ‘City of Water’.

Milan is located upon the Po Plain of Northern Italy, an area characterised by the highest density of urban, industrial and agricultural activities in the country. It is the principal city of the Lombardia region, standing at the gateway to the Italian Peninsula, which makes it an suitable location for some of the country’s largest wholesale markets, and transportation hubs with close connections to the wider European community.

Unlike many of Europe’s great cities, Milan was not founded upon a major river course, making the city highly unique for one that has grown to one of its size. Located upon a saturated plain below the Alps, the city instead benefits from a naturally-high water table, only a few metres below ground level with which it is able to supply much of the city’s municipal waters.

A city built upon industry and transportation, Milan has suffered the same fate as many in the post-industrial world with large areas of the city left vacant following the relocation of heavy industry to other areas of the region. A substantial amount of this decline, however, has been offset with the development of a powerful financial sector in the city with strong ties to the global economy, and the city has succeeded in retaining a small manufacturing base, which specialises in the high-end clothing sector, and high-tech industries.

Italy

Since the Roman occupation of the city, the hydraulic landscape of Milan (or Mediolanum, as it was then known) has undergone constant evolution, which has coincided with an evolution in land use, changing city functions, territorial invasions, and industrial expansions, all of which have altered how the city’s waterways have been utilised. From a seemingly homogeneous natural water landscape upon an elevated plain cut only periodically by a few minor rivers, Milan’s landscape has been transformed by a complex network of canals, locks and irrigation ditches which proved essential in propelling Milan into a position of economic, industrial and commercial importance in the region.

Milan seemingly now remains in a perpetual state of change , working to retain its status as a global centre of innovation and productivity. As the city builds stronger connections to the global markets, importing new cultures from around the world, much of Milan’s local culture is being sidelined, and slowly forgotten.

LOMBARDIA LOCATION MAP | NATIONAL CONTEXT

MILANO

To this day, water still runs along many of the rural irrigation channels, just as it has done for centuries. Of the urban waterways, the story however, is quite different. During the latter half of the Twentieth Century, pressures on inner city land and a loss in function of the extensive urban canal network led to the systematic draining and covering of the inner city water routes, to make way for additional highways in the city. This included the iconic Cerchia di Navigli, or Circle of Canals, dating back to the 12th Century, which now forms the route of the inner city ring-road, dedicated to private vehicular transport around the city centre.

The 2015 World Expo will be a huge event in the history of the city, attracting millions of around the World. The theme of the Expo has been announced as ‘Feeding the Planet, Energy for Change’, and a huge amount of work has been scheduled for the run up to the date to develop new transport infrastructure in and around the city for visitors to explore all that Milan has to offer. One of these infrastructural developments is the ambitious Via D’Acqua, which will provide a new water route around the western side of the city, which will connect the Expo Site in the North-West along the line of the existing Naviglio Grande to the City centre at the old city docks at the Darsena Basin.

Fortunately, Milan still boasts the presence of the Naviglio Grande and Pavese to the southwest of the city which still carries the waters of the Ticino to the Darsena Basin, located to the southwest of the city centre. As one travels further out along the Naviglio Grande, much of the vast irrigation network supplied by the Naviglio Grande still remains, providing essential hydration for the landscape, which has made it suitable for large-scale rice farming since the 14th Century.

The design of the Expo 2015 site has resulted from the collaboration of five architects; Jacques Herzog (of Herzog and De Meuron), Mark Rylander, Ricky Burdett, Stefano Boeri, and William McDonough. When complete, the Expo will exemplify the philosophy of ‘Cradle-to-Cradle’ manufacture, championed by William McDonough, as a means of sustainable design and manufacture, which seeks to eliminate waste from industrial production through the planned end-life of components, through either biodegradation or technical upcycling. In addition to the impressive Expo Site area, the event will also showcase the pavilion entries of hundreds of countries from around the world, as one of the most prestigious open-air architecture exhibitions of the 21st Century. The Expo 2015 will bring responsible design to the forefront of the global debate, and explore ways in which architecture can help to regenerate the city through the design of multi-functional facilities, able to accommodate of a wide range of diverse city functions, with food production and sustainable distribution at its heart.

CONTEMPORARY MILAN | A CITY OF CONSTANT REINVENTION Historically, Milan’s location at the gateway to the Italian Peninsula made it highly attractive to the great European powers, which consequently made it the target of innumerable invasions from the Romans to the Huns, the Ostrogoths to the Lombards, and later, the Austrians and the French. This continual state of occupation may well have provided the impetus to become a leading city of creativity through to the modernday, unafraid to reinvent itself to remain at the forefront of global innovation.

Milan (Province)

2015 WORLD EXPO | ‘FEEDING THE PLANET’

MILAN AND WATER | UNA CITTÀ D’ACQUA

FASHION CAPITAL Established itself much later than Paris, Milan’s fashion scene has grown to rival its neighbour at the forefront of the fashion world.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS

PROJECT DESIGN BRIEF | KEY ISSUES TO ADDRESS Milan’s strength as a global city of the present day can be largely attributed to the number of key characteristics mentioned left. Yet despite (and sometimes as a result of) the huge progress made in developing the city following the relocation of its major industries in the 1970s and 80s, a number of unaddressed issues now hamper the future development of Milan as a liveable, cultural and sustainable city of tomorrow.

BROWNFIELD CONTAMINATION

RISING GROUNDWATER PRESSURES

DIMINISHING FOOD CULTURE

The aim of this project will be to identify, analyse and address these issues through an architectural intervention in the city. By setting out an overall masterplan for the city, the final goal of the project will be to present an example of how architecture might create connections to the wider city and serve as a catalyser through which positive change can occur.

FASHION Known globally as a world city of innovation, Milan’s fashion sector ensures that the city remains at the forefront of art and creativity. Later to develop than Paris, Milan has been quick to make up the difference, and now shares the spotlight, with leading clothing labels of Versace, Armani, and Dolce and Gabbana, to rival Paris’ Chanel, Dior and Louis Vuitton. CITY LOCATION MAP | REGIONAL CONTEXT

COMMERCE Milan’s widespread recognition as a leading city of innovation and creativity has ensured its continued attractiveness to investment through commerce, and strengthened its financial sector as one of the strongest in Europe, far surpassing Rome. Its geographical location with proximity to Europe has always made Milan an ideal platform for trade to and from the Italian Peninsula, which in itself has provided a foundation upon which to develop a strong financial centre.

Milan (City)

FINANCIAL CAPITAL Unusually for a non-capital city, Milan is the home of the country’s powerful financial sector which has developed following the decline in industry.

AREA LOCATION MAP | METROPOLITAN CONTEXT

CULTURE

COSMOPOLITAN CITY

As a dominant city of in the North of Italy, Milan has benefitted from greater connectedness to mainland Europe, such that the exchange of cultures has created a culturally diverse metropolis, which central Italian cities, such as Rome and Naples, can only envy. This serves the city greatly as an aid to its development as a contemporary ‘global city’. The target of uncountable invasions, Milan bears an unusual and diverse culture which has borrowed from its occupants, both past and present.

SAN CRISTOFORO

Today, Milan boasts a highly culturally-diverse population, likely due to its proximity to mainland Europe at the gateway to the Italian Peninsula.

SPORT

AREA LOCATION MAP | METROPOLITAN CONTEXT

As the home of two of the world’s most successful sporting brands of AC Milan and Inter Milan, football captures a huge amount of the local and international sporting interest in the city. The impact that football has on the urban culture of Milan is evidenced by the allocation of football facilities in every neighborhood In addition, the high concentration of public and private tennis facilities across the city, especially in sub-urban areas also indicates the popularity of tennis in the public sphere.

San Cristoforo

Corsico

As a former manufacturing base in the heart of one of the most industrious regions in Europe, Milan has suffered a similar fate to that of its industrial neighbours, with large areas of inner city land left abandoned from a downscaling of industry. Many of these areas suffer local contamination from the accumulation of common pollutants held suspended in the soil, preventing even the regeneration of natural ecosystems in the unused areas. The inherent costs of remediation deter developers from building on the land, and many sites remain vacant. The result is an industrial wasteland, devoid of natural capital which often becomes a target of vandalism and crime, which in turn impacts upon local land values, and perceptions of the inner city.

RELATED ISSUES

Home to two of Italy’s most successful sporting brands, AC Milan and Inter Milan, football dominates the city’s leisure tourism sector.

RESEARCH

In 1915, the water table depth was recorded as being only one metre below the ground surface- the natural piezometric level. However, following decades of intensive water extraction and consumption through the Twentieth century, peaking in the sixties and seventies, the water table fell to a staggering 40m below ground in some places. The decline in industry from the 1970s to the present day has fortunately allowed the natural aquifer to return to close to its natural levels. However, this ‘naturalisation’ now poses new problems, which were not foreseen as the city expanded in the previous half a century. Two problems associated with the resurgence in the level of the aquifer include local and diffuse contamination from the release of pollutants which have been locked in the previouslyunsaturated soil, and the flooding of subsurface constructions as a result of groundwater surges. The former being discussed later in the project.

RELATED ISSUES

TESTING

REMEDIATION

EDUCATION

RESEARCH

AREA LOCATION MAP | METROPOLITAN CONTEXT As is described later in the project, Milan’s unwavering focus upon the future and its almost permanent state of reinvention has resulted in a loss of its native history, its customs and native traditions, as the global city increasingly looks to import culture from around the world. One such example is the loss of the tradition cuisine of the area, a key component of Milan’s food culture, as a result of imported fast foods from elsewhere in the continent. Deemed too time-intensive to prepare, Milan’s traditional, highly-nutritious rice and meat dishes, dairy products and confectionary are being replaced in city menus by southern Italian cuisine, pasta and pizza dishes, for their ease of preparation. In other areas, fast food is taking over, which leads to issues of sustainability of sourcing, and health problems.

RELATED ISSUES

MONITORING

TESTING

RESPONSE

AGRICULTURE

LOCAL RETAIL

DEMONSTRATION

PROMOTION

ARTS As a leading city of innovation and creativity, the arts have always held a strong significance in Milan’s city culture. As mentioned above, Milan’s fashion sector is widely recognised as one of the world leaders.

SITE Navigli

SITE LOCATION MAP | METROPOLITAN CONTEXT

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

CITY OF FOOTBALL

In a survey carried out in 2007, the City Tourism Board found that one of the two most objectionable aspects that deter visitors from the city is a widelyheld perception of being highly-polluted and unhealthy.

AREA LOCATION MAP | METROPOLITAN CONTEXT

In addition, theatre and opera, especially, have found a firm rooting in the city’s art scene, with Milan being recognised as the global centre of lyric opera. The renown of ‘La Scala’ opera house as one of the most influential buildings in the city highlights the importance placed upon its status as a world leader of the art. In addition, the Teatre Regio Ducal holds historical significance as being the venue chosen by Mozart to premiere three of his operas whilst living in the city in the 1770s.

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

OPERA World-renowned centre of lyric opera for many centuries. Was the location of three of Mozarts masterpieces in the 18th century. INDUSTRIAL WASTELAND | FORMER BROWNFIELD BECOMES REFUSE TIP

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE M2O HYDRATE: INTRODUCTION

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

CITY LOCATION | UPON A SATURATED PLAIN BELOW THE ALPS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

DA VINCI’S ‘LAST SUPPER’ | HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS TO FOOD

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION Milan and Water City Water Consumption

MILAN AND WATER Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Related Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD

02 Introduction

Milan and Transport

Introduction

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Water

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

AN INTRODUCTION TO BROWNFIELD CONTAMINATION IN THE MILAN AREA

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION

EXPO 2015 SITE

SOIL CONTAMINATION | INTRODUCTION STAZIONE CENTRALE

Following over a century as one of Italy's most industrious regions, the municpality of Milan is now characterised by the greatest levels of contamination in the country. An estimated 6 percent of the total land area consumed by some form of contamination, compared with an already worrying national average of 2.2 percent.

NATIONAL CONTAMINATION Surface Area (ITALY): = 302,233,600 ha Contaminated Surface Area: = 674, 835 ha = 2.2 %

In their current state, the health of the soil restricts the growth of plant life to only the most resilient varieties, whilst the overhanging costs of remediation discourage development. The result is a wasteland, both environmentally, and economically, as abandoned areas decreased surrounding land value, unable to generate potential revenue through development.

BOVISA

The majority of soil contaminants have been identified as hydrocarbons, inorganic compounds, and heavy metals, resulting from years of operation of fuel stations and depots, quarry landfills, the mechanical and metallurgical industries, fossil fuel refineries, and rail yards. The more expansive areas of the city suffering from soil contamination (shown right) are the former sites of Milan’s great industrial giants, such as Montedison, Fiat, and Alfa Romeo, only some of which have received the compensation needed to remediate the land for future use.

CASCINA MERLATA LAMBRATE

PROVINCIAL CONTAMINATION

CASERMA MONTELLO

SAN SIRO

Surface Area (MILAN): = 18,178.75 ha

Rise in Land Prices

Contaminated Surface Area: = 1,048.7 ha = 6.0%

Biodiversity

Development

CASCINA MONLUE

Agriculture

Leisure Development

Energy Production

ECONOMIC

CONTAMINATED LAND AREAS | RATIO TO WHOLE

FORLANINI

RONCHETTO SUL NAVIGLIO

ENVIRONMENTAL

REMEDIATION INCENTIVES | ENVIRONMENTAL. ECONOMICAL POTENTIAL

AREAS OF INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION| POTENTIAL TARGET AREA FORLANINI

NAVIGLIO GRANDE

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION | CONTAMINATED SITES ACROSS LOMBARDIA Milan

51%

Bergamo

11%

Brescia

TOFFETTI

Pavia

Other

(Varese 6%, Monza 4%, Other 12%)

PORTA ROMANA

PORTO DI MARE

INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION| DUSTRIBUTION OF CONATMINATED SITES ACROSS LOMBARDIA

CONTAMINATION MAPPING | REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY

Of the 1287 contaminated sites identified in 2002, by the Arpa Lombardia, over 50% are found within the Milan's municipal borders, compared with only 11% found in Bergamo, Lombardia's second most-contaminated urban centre.

LANDFILL

AGRICULTURE URBAN PARKLAND

Pesticides

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS DETERGENTS BACTERIA

Fertiliser

Septic Tanks

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS HERBICIDES INSECTICIDES FUNGICIDES

Sewage

ROCK SALT HEAVY METALS

Weedkiller/ Fertilisers

Leakage

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND CONTAMINATION

Road Salt

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

Road Salt

LOW (1 No. SITE) NONE (0 No. SITES)

Corroded Metal

HIGH (3-5 No. SITES) MEDIUM (2 No. SITES)

Oils/ Grease

VERY HIGH (>5 No. SITES)

SOLVENTS/ DEGREASERS DYESTUFFS/ INKS PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS PESTICIDES PAINTS ACIDS ALCOHOLS

RESIDENTIAL AREAS

PETROL

SALT PILES

Tyre Rubber

SULPHATE COMPOUNDS NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

NUMBER OF CONTAMINATED SITES

Leachate

Disposal

Spills

To the right, the schematic section shows the main contaminating activities in the province of Milan, which is characterised by a high concentration of agricultural and diverse industrial activities. The diagram also details the common contaminant flows which result from each activity to give an idea of the nature of the pollution which needs to be addressed across the province.

Leaks

Smokestack Fallout

The map left shows the concentration of contaminated sites across the Lombardia Region, the provinces with the highest number of sites highlighted in red. Bergamo, in the East of the region, is highlighted as being one of the provinces with a high level of environmental degradation through soil contamination, but the majority of the contamination is largely focused on the Milan province, with 5 of the city’s districts containing more than 5 contamination sites each.

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

VEHICULAR TRANSPORT

NITROGEN COMPOUNDS HERBICIDES INSECTICIDES FUNGICIDES

PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION Milan and Water City Water Consumption

MILAN AND WATER Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Related Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD

02 Introduction

Milan and Transport

Introduction

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Tourism Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Water

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

IDENTIFIED CAUSES OF CONTAMINATION IN URBAN BROWNFIELD SITES

LOCAL CONTAMINATION

LOCAL CONTAMINATION | INTRODUCTION Following years as Italy's most important industrial region, the Milan municipal area now bears the scars of more than a century of soil consumption, through contamination and environmental degradation, which currently occupies a staggering 8% of the total municipal area. The recent Piano Governo del Territorio has signified Milan's Municipal Government's intentionsto target abd remediate huge areas of the city to make improvements to the environmental health of the city. Land consumption in the Municipal area of Milan, whether by contamination, erosion, or expansion, now equates to around 42 percent of the total, based on a study carried out by the Centro Studi PIM in 2009. The latest Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento Provinciale seeks to contain this consumption to within 45 percent. If they fail in this goal, and soil consumption continues to rise, it is widely recognised by the scientific community that beyond 55 percent the damage sustained by the territory will be sufficient to render it incapable of environmental regeneration. This is a highly worrying statistic.

INDUSTRY AND HANDICRAFT

QUARRY/ LANDFILL

FUEL STATIONS

WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

STORAGE/ DEPOTS

RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE

ILLEGAL DUMPING

OTHER

CAUSES OF CONTAMINATION UNUSED EX-INDUSTRIAL AREAS | MILAN, 1986

Surface Area (ha)

% Total

Industry and Handicraft 723.7

50.0%

Quarry/ Landfills 18.2%

263.0 Rail Infrastructure

8.5%

123.7 Depots/ Storage 49.8

3.4%

Illegal Dumping 30.6

2.1%

Waste Treatment 15.9

1.1%

Fuel Stations

AREAS OF INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION | POTENTIAL TARGET AREAS

10.3

723.7%

Other 220.2

0.7% INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION IN GREATER MILAN | CATEGORISED BY AREA AND TYPE

INDUSTRY AND HANDICRAFT| CONTAMINATION

RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE| CONTAMINATION

DEPOTS AND DISTRIBUTION| CONTAMINATION

ILLEGAL DUMPING| CONTAMINATION

FUEL STATIONS| SEEPAGE

WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL| POLLUTION

Between 1960 and 1995, around 510 hectares previously occupied by productive plant, were abandoned due to the large-scale shift from the manufacturing sector to the information/service sector, and the outplacement of many of the largest industrial producers, such as Pirelli, Alfa Romeo, and Autobianchi, to permit greater expansion.

The third largest polluter of inner-city land in Milan is the rail network, which has been instrumental in maintaining Milan's industrial sector to over a century. Largely diminished since its heyday 40 years ago, the vast areas of railyards and stretches of abandoned track show the damage caused by diesel spillages and corroded metals, which stunts the growth of plants which nevertheless strive to reclaim the abandoned land.

The dramatic shift from the fordist model of manufacture and massdistribution, where vast areas of land were required for complete production on-site, to the Post-fordist/ service sector, which places greatest value in information, removed the need for large areas of depot and storage, leaving vast swathes of the city redundant.

Still a huge problem in modern Milan, the dumping of industrial wastes, as well as commercial waste ('fly-tipping'), commonly on already-contaminated, abandoned brownfield land, complicates the process of remediation by adding unknown and potentially-harmful mixtures, rendering basic remediation techniques ineffective.

Despite a decline in the manufacturing and distribution sector, the distribution of fuel stations and storage depots across the urban landscape of Milan has led to problems of contamination through seepage of petroleum-based hydrocarbons, which can become suspended in soil, restricting the growth of plant life and other bio-diversity.

Together, the disposal and treatment of household waste generated by the increasing urban population of Milan, has created the second greatest source of local contamination in the municipal area, and poses the greatest problems for future remediation, due to such a large number of pollutants concentrated in a single area.

Common pollutants which remain locked in the local soil include petroleumbased chemicals from haulage, as well as heavy-metals and sulphates, from metal corrosion and exhuast fumes.

Such contaminants can range anywhere from solvents, to petroleum hydrocarbons, to pesticides, paints, acids, and alcohols, to sulphate compounds and heavy metals.

This can not only become a serious local problem, but contamination of surface and underground water sources can lead to diffuse contamination over a much greater area.

The conversion of abandoned quarries to landfill sites encourages the accumulation of large concentrations of contaminants, which commonly seep into the ground, contaminating groundwater, and also damaging the local ecosystem.

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

Due to the nature of these industries, the common pollutants found in the former sites include petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and sulphate compounds, some of which have diffused across vast areas of land.

These stretches of underutilised land in the city hold great potential for conversion to public parkland, once the necessary remediation has been undertaken.

AREAS OF INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION | POTENTIAL TARGET AREAS

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE LOCAL CONTAMINATION

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION Milan and Water City Water Consumption

MILAN AND WATER Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Related Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD

02 Introduction

Milan and Transport

Introduction

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Tourism Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Water

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

CURRENT PROJECTS FOR THE RECLAMATION OF FORMER BROWNFIELD SITES IN THE MILAN.LOMBARDIA REGION

LAND RECLAMATION

BROWNFIELD REGENERATION | CURRENT STATUS OF RECLAMATION

EVOLUTION OF LAND USE | INTRODUCTION PRE-INDUSTRIALISATION

The evolution of land consumption in the province of Milan, formerly resitant to change, has seen dramatic restructuring of its proportional distribution land use. The expansion of the city has far exceeded.

2011

1980

20%

For the majority of sites identified in the city of Milan as having soil contamination, many can be attributed to the former activities of the industrial giants of Milan, of which six are detailed here. Of these industries, many underwent expansions of their original premises until production facilities occupied vast tracts of land. Eventually, lack of available space, and rising land prices forced many to relocate to satellite towns outside the city. For decades, authorities have been unsuccessful in their attempts to pressure these companies into contributing to the remediation of such sites, as many had long since sold their land and relocated out of town. However, in the last 10 years the regeneration of such areas has started to find momentum. The enormity of this task cannot be underestimated, with figures for the total remediation of industrial brownfields in Milan standing at around €900 million (based on an average cost of €500,000 per acre, remediated by conventional means).

46 km

34%

Agricultural Area

Urbanised

15%

57%

Agricultural Area

EARLY INDUSTRIALISATION

The deindustrialisation of the city of Milan through the second half of the 20th century has become the largest producer of ‘waste landscapes’ in the city. By the end of the 1980s, the total area of brownfield land resulting from the dismantlement of industry in the city had risen to over 900ha, 240ha of which was occupied by the former sites Milan’s industrial giants, Alfa Romeo, Montedison, Pirelli, and Bovisa Gas, with many sites unable to be developed due to complications with environmental contamination.

Dedicated to New Expansion

Green Space, and Water

65%

Urbanised

As a result, many sites remained abandoned for over a decade until, in the early 1990s the Piano Regolatore Generale (PRU), a new urban plan in which 50% of the vacant land could be converted to the new service sector (the other 50% safeguarded for the expansion of industry in the city). By 1995, the local authorities had drawn up a series of new programs for the recovery of some of the largest sites in the city, the Programmi di Requalificazione Urbana (PRU) totalling around 370ha of ex-industrial land, Over the course of the fifteen years, these sites have undergone with many now successfully transformed, with the exception of the former Bovisa Gasworks, which has been forced to discontinue due to complications with extensive environmental degradation.

Size (ha)

% Total

332.9

24.0%

Land Reclamation in Progress

Land Reclamation Not Necessary 34.3

54 km2

2.4%

Land to Be Reclaimed 236.7

17.0%

LEGEND

Partially-Reclaimed Land

EARLY INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION

163.6

70% MILANO TODAY

70% Land Occupation

65% MILANO PGT

11.8%

Land Reclamation Not Necessary

Potentially Contaminated Land 320.3

23.0%

Land to Be Reclaimed Partially-Reclaimed Land

Reclaimed Land

65% Land Occupation

INDUSTRIAL WASTELAND | THE SKELETON OF THE OLD INNSE FACTORY IN LAMBRATE

Land Reclamation in Progress

303.0 TOTAL

1390.8 ha

21.8%

Potentially Contaminated Land

100.0%

Reclaimed Land

86 km2

LATE INDUSTRIALISATION

PIRELLI

AEM SPA

184 km

URBAN FOOTPRINT | CITY EXPANSION SINCE 1860

INDUSTRIAL WASTELAND | THE SKELETON OF THE OLD INNSE FACTORY IN LAMBRATE

BROWNFIELD REGENERATION | FORMER SITES OF MILAN’S INDUSTRIES For the majority of sites identified in the city of Milan as having soil contamination, many can be attributed to the former activities of the industrial giants of Milan, of which six are detailed here. Of these industries, many underwent expansions of their original premises until production facilities occupied vast tracts of land. Eventually, lack of available space, and rising land prices forced many to relocate to satellite towns outside the city. For decades, authorities have been unsuccessful in their attempts to pressure these companies into contributing to the remediation of such sites, as many had long since sold their land and relocated out of town. However, in the last 10 years the regeneration of such areas has started to find momentum. The enormity of this task cannot be underestimated, with figures for the total remediation of industrial brownfields in Milan standing at around €900 million (based on an average cost of €500,000 per acre, remediated by conventional means).

Potentially Contaminated Land

IDENTIFIED BROWNFIELD POTENTIAL | FORMER LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRIAL SITES

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE LAND RECLAMATION

ALFA ROMEO

LOCATION Bicocca

LOCATION Rogoredo

LOCATION Portello

SIZE 37ha

SIZE 61.5ha

SIZE 24ha

ABANDONED 1985

ABANDONED 1982

RECLAMATION WORKS 1994-2004

RECLAMATION WORKS 2005-

RECLAMATION WORKS 2001-2010

RECLAMATION SCHEME University Housing

RECLAMATION SCHEME Housing, Park

RECLAMATION SCHEME Park, Housing

STATUS Completed

STATUS In Progress

STATUS Completed

The area of Bicocca was characterised by the presence of the huge Pirelli manufacturing plant, which gave it it’s nickname of “Borgo Pirellli”, or ‘Pirelli Town’. The area contained the productive plant totalling nearly 1 million sq. feet, a chamical laboratory, and various depots which all contributed to the steady contamination of the local soils, and death of the local environment.

The former site of Montedison SpA, was home to the pharmaceutical company’s primary chemical production plant, designated the role of production of insectice, one of which was given the name “Rogor”, after the district. After the plant’s closure in 1970, the site was redeveloped as a hypermarket and remained in use until 1987, when it was deserted until 2005.

The Alfa Romeo Portello Plant was them company’s first factory, established in 1908. Through expansion, t remained responsible for all major production up until the 1960s, where production was largely transferred to the Arese plant. Minor production continued up until 1986 when the factory finally closed its doors. Common contaminants include hydrocarbons, PAHs and Phenols.

AEM SPA

LEGEND

MONTEDISON

AEM OFFICINE DEL GAS

MARELLI

FIERA MILANO

LOCATION Bovisa

LOCATION Sesto San Giovanni

LOCATION City Life

SIZE 40ha

SIZE 47.5ha

SIZE 25.5ha

ABANDONED 1994

ABANDONED 1983

ABANDONED 2007-

RECLAMATION WORKS -

RECLAMATION WORKS 2006-

RECLAMATION WORKS 2008-

RECLAMATION SCHEME Housing, Research

RECLAMATION SCHEME Housing, Sports Centre

RECLAMATION SCHEME Housing, Park

STATUS Awaiting Investment

STATUS In Progress

Bovisa is characterised by its industrious past, which dates back to the latter half of the 19th century. Through the 20th century, the district served as Milan’s main supply of gas, with its refineries and storage, and also a nexus for the metallurgical industries. The soil in the local area therefore suffers from large amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals and toxic compounds such as arsenic and cyanide.

Magneto Marelli establised their first productive plant in Sesto San Giovanni, producing magnetos and electrical equipment for the automotive industry, namely Fiat. Following numerous expansions of the plant to accommodate a greater amount of plant equipment, the company finally relocated to Corbetta in 1983. The nature of work carried out at the plant led to the contamination of the sground by common petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as heavy metals.

The former site of the Fiera Milano is now in the process of being redeveloped in part to accommodate the new City Life complex, which will provide a new centre for the city. Up until 2006, the Fiera Milano was home to the grandest national and international trade exhibitions in the city. Although the main trade fair has relocate dto Rho, the Fiera still accommodate smaller exhbition such as Milan’s fashion festivals (Moda Milano).

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012

MILAN AND CONTAMINATION Milan and Water City Water Consumption

MILAN AND WATER Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Related Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD

02 Introduction

Milan and Transport

Introduction

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Tourism Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Water

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

MYCOREMEDIATION: USING MUSHROOM MYCELIUM TO REMEDIATE PETROLEUM-CONTAMINATED SOILS

SOIL REMEDIATION STRATEGIES

MYCOREMEDIATION | AN OVERVIEW A new method of soil remediation, still very much in its infancy is the use of fungi to breakdown and absorb harmful chemicals and heavy metals, which have accumulated in the presence of polluting industries in many industrialised cities, Milan being a prime example. The implementation of such ‘mycofiltration’ techniques have the ability to restore biodiversity in our native soils, through the growth and adaptation of fungus where other biological species would be unable to survive. In turn this technique has the ability to improve the health of the soil to a point where other biological species may return and flourish, thus acting as a vanguard, or pioneer species.

GE R

LL CE

HYP HA LK NO T

DISPERSAL

UM RDI IMO PR

LIFE CYCLE

SE LEA RE

T EN PM LO

FOOD WEB | FUNGI AT THE HEART OF THE FOOD SYSTEM

Irpex lacteus

Lentinula edodes

W X

Meruliporia incrassata

Mycena alcalina

Naematoloma frowardii (=Hypholoma)

X X

Phanerochaete chrysosporium

W W

Gloeophyllum trabeum X

Grifola frondosa

Irpex lacteus

Trametes versicolor

GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION | THE LIFE CYCLE OF FUNGI

STRUCTURE

3 Hymenium [Gills/Lamellae]

Fungi are commonly associated with mushrooms, as the only part of the plant to emerge from the earth, doing so in such a short period of time in order to reproduce. It is however the intricate network of branching, root-like, hyphae which infuses the soil beneath the surface that allows the fungus to gather nutrients, and at the same time generate and maintain soils for the benefit of other ecosystems across the planet. It was this ‘mycelial network’ that broke down volcanic rock billions of years ago, to produce the first soils. Ever since, fungi has formed a symbiotic relationship the plant kingdom in decomposing waste matter, generating humus soils, and even forming mutualistic relationships with plants to distribute nutrients for the benefit of both parties.

700

Solvent Extraction

lea ds to

Bioremediation Phytoremediation

justifies

Soil Washing

Healthy Environment

MYCOREMEDIATION

to ds lea

£ / TONNE

500

MUSHROOMS GROW

MUSHROOMS DECAY

INSECTS ATTRACTED

PLANTS/ WEEDS START TO GEOW

~£25/ TONNE 200

100

In order to provide energy to growth and reproduction, the fungus must feed through its mycelial network. In a nutrient-rich environment, the fungus is able to do this through the release of enzymes from its hyphae, which act upon larger molecules in the soil, breaking them down into sugars which can be absorbed through the hyphal skin. By digesting larger molecules before absorbing them into the mycelium, the fungus is said to have an external stomach, making them highly adept at breaking down harmful, even toxic chemicals without causing harm to itself. As the available nutrients are exhausted from the soil, the mycelia continues to grow, spreading out in search of new food, and at the same time kills off and digests older hyphae at another part of the fungus for energy.

PROTOZOA BACTERIA

POLLUTANTS MICROBES VIRUSES

MYCELIUM UTILISES EXTERNAL STOMACH | MYCELIUM RELEASES ENZYMES TO DIGEST POLLUTANTS

VIRTUOUS CYCLE OF MYCOREMEDIATION

STAGE 1: PROPAGATION

STAGE 2: INFUSION

STAGE 3: REPRODUCTION

STAGE 4: DIVERSIFICATION

The first stage of the process sees the inoculation of the polluted soil with spores of an appropriately-selected fungus, based on the type of contaminant found locally. Once the pile is covered, the moisture and warth of the environment lends to the growth and expansion of the mycelium membrane through the soil.

Through the four week test period, the mushroom mycelium is able to expand and infuse the entire pile of soil, releasing enzymes as it grows, to break down nutrients in the soil for reabsorption. As the fungus gains more energy, it is able to expand further into the soil.

In the weeks following the experiment, the fungus takes on the role of vanguard species. In areas which have for a long time been bereft of life, the fungus not only has the ability to improve the health of the soil, but it also attracts insects which come to feed on its flesh.

Once the nutrients of a particular area have been used up, the mycelium cuts off the flow of nutrients to the area, and the hyphae are digested and reabsorbed back into the fungus for nutrition.

The presence of insects in the area attracts birds who come to feed, and in doing so bring seeds which are deposited on the healthy soil.

After a short amount of time, the seeds germinate, sending roots down into the soil, and plants begin to spring up in the pile, giving testament to the revived health of the soil. The plants themselves then participate in the remediation of the soil through what is known as phytoremediation, and in doing so improve the quality of the soil so that other organisms can survive in the environment.

Through creating a dense web of linkages with its hyphal roots, the fungus is able to compartmentalise the soil into a large number of small external stomachs. Through releasing enzymes into these compartments, the fungus is able to break down long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller ones for nutrition.

THE VIRTUOUS CYCLE | JUSTIFICATION FOR ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION MYCOREMEDIATION

Through the presence of the fungus as a pioneer species, a new ecosystem has been born.

INSECTS LAY EGGS

The graph opposite illustrates a comparative costing for a wide range of remediation techniques for soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. As the graph indicates, mycoremedation techniques, boast a huge economic advantage over the conventional and commonly-employed techniques of soil remediation. Considering the effectiveness, environmental efficiency, and comparative pricing of such techniques, it is recommended that local authorities should look at investing in such techniques. With an estimated area of nearly 1,050 hectares of industrially-contaminated land in the Milan area alone requiring attention, the benefits are unquestionable.

SEEDS GERMINATE

LARVAE HATCH

BIRDS BRING SEED

BIRDS ATTRACTED TO FORAGE

MYCOREMEDIATION PROCESS | CYCLICAL PROCESS RESTORES SOIL HEALTH

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES FOR PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS | COMPARATIVE COSTING

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

For the majority of the groups, the results were inconclusive. However, upon uncovering the pile inoculated with mushroom mycelium, it was found that by through the infusion of the mycelium , the fungus had managed to break down the majority of the pollutants into harmless by-products, which could then be absorbed for nutrition. The concentration of pollutants dropped from a staggering 10,000 parts per million to just 200ppm, a 98% reduction in the contamination.

PLANTS/ WEEDS DIE

300

Remnants of Universal Veil [Cup]

THE STRUCTURE OF THE FUNGUS | MUSHROOM AS THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

Reduced Medication Costs

400

ENERGY 6 Volva

The experiment conducted by Batelle Laboratories, a non-profit foundation, in a vehicle storage centre in Belingham, Washington, invited a number of bioremediation groups to test the effectiveness of a variety of remediation techniques on soils heavily-polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons. Amongst the groups were technicians specialising in enzyme-based remediation, bacterial remediation, and mycoremediation, amongst others. The test piles were propagated with a variety of innoculants, and left covered for 4 weeks for the substances to take effect. After 4 weeks the piles were uncovered.

Indirect Thermal

600

In an environment where nutrients are scarce, it is important for the mycelium to be able to adapt and grow towards areas where nutrients are in their highest concentration, and sever nutrient flows to parts where the environment is hostile. In this way, the mycelium can assume the most effective form for any environment in which it inhabits.

MYCOREMEDIATION IN ACTION | THE BATTELLE LABORATORIES EXPERIMENT

Solidification Soil Venting

The mycelium forms a dynamic structure capable of responding to changing demands of any environment. Through a dense interconnected network of hyphae, the mycelium is capable of sending information to other parts of the fungus, to instruct upon the flow of nutrients, and route of growth.

5 Stipe [Stem]

800

Minimise Pollutants

4 Remnants of Partial Veil Annulus [Ring]

MYCELIAL NETWORK

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES | COMPARATIVE COSTING

Incineration

THE STRUCTURE OF THE FUNGUS | MUSHROOM AS THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

2 Universal Veil Remnants [Warts]

ADAPTATION

MYCELIUM VS. TOXIN | MUSHROOM SPECIES WITH ACTVITY AGAINST TOXINS

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES

1 Pileus [Cap]

W X

MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP | MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS AS EXTENSION OF ROOT SYSTEM

Following extensive research in the field, it is possible to remediate an area of known contaminants, by selecting a number of specific strains of fungi which are known to be effective.

B X

Mycena alcalina

Mycelial network of branching hyphae increases active root surface by up to 700 times

The ability of fungi to breakdown and absob large harmful molecules such as poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals sets them apart from almost any other organism on the planet. This hyperaccumulation of such substances makes them highly-suitable for the remediation of soils in ex-industrial areas, with known contaminants.

W X

Meruliporia incrassata

Lentinula edodes

Brown (B) or White (W) Rot?

Tri-nitro-toluene (TNT)

Pentachlorophenols (PENTAs)

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Dioxin

Dimethyl metyl phosphonate (VX Soman, Sarin)

Chlorine

Chromated Copper Arsenate

Benzopyrenes

Anthracenes

Persistent Organophosphates

Grifola frondosa

In the case of mycorrhizal fungi, the mycelium has developed a way by which it is able to tap into the root system of a plant to gain the necessary nutrition needed to be able to survive and grow, and in doing so the mycelium is able to infuse the soil, and to trap and convey water to the plant area, thus greatly increasing to active root surface area, and the health and prosperity of the plant.

HYPERACCUMULATION

X X

Gloeophyllum trabeum

HIGHER PREDATORS

In environments where nutrients are scarce, the fungus is sometimes forced to form mutualistic, even parasitic relationships which local plant life, where the fungus benefits from nutrients in the roots of the plants and in return, the mycelium is able to expand to form a dense network which aids the growth of the plant.

Bjerkandera adusta

The growth of a fungus begins with the germination of a single spore and the production of its first hypha, or ‘germ tube’. This hypha then grows and branches, with each of those hyphae then branching again, until the resulting network encircles the starting location of the spore, producing crossconnections between other branches, which makes it unique from a plants root system. This expanding cross-connected network of hyphae called the ‘mycelium’, provides a rapid and efficient means to transport nutrients in environments where food is scarce, and send instructions to other parts of the fungus as to how to adapt to benefit from local nutrient availability.

Armillaria ostoyae

DEVELOPMENT

DE VE

Antrodia radiculosa

SPO RU LAT IO N

SMALL MAMMALS

TH OW GR

SONG BIRDS

MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS

PR O D

ARTHROPODS

GROWTH

LIFE CY CL E

PROTOZOA

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS | MUTUALISM. HYPERACCUMULATION

FRUIT BODY

Beginning with the work of Paul Stamets, notable for his publication ‘Mycelium Running’, a team of researchers has begun to compile a complete database which identifies which species of mycelium are most effective in remediating soils for certain levels and types of contaminants, in any given polluted area. The results are as follows:

FUNGI

FUSION

D EA NH PI

BACTERIA

E PHA HY

GER MIN AT IO N

ORGANIC MATTER

NEMATODES

MUSHROOM MYCELIUM | ‘THE HEALING MEMBRANE’

ON TI UC



Milan and Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE SOIL REMEDIATION STRATEGIES

STAGE 1 | INITIAL CONDITIONS: PROPAGATION OF FUNGAL SPORES

STAGE 2 | MYCELIUM INFUSES PILE, MUSHROOMS GROW, ATTRACTING INSECTS

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STAGE 3 | INSECTS ATTRACT BIRDS FOR FEEDING, BRINGING SEEDS WHICH GERMINATE

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

STAGE 4 | FURTHER INFUSION OF FUNGI PROMOTES GOOD SOIL HEALTH AND PLANT DIVERSITY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012

MILAN AND WATER Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Related Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE

03 Introduction

Milan and Transport

Introduction

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Tourism Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Water

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

A HISTORY OF WATER IN MILAN AND AN OVERVIEW OF WATER ISSUES IN THE WIDER CONTEXT: PAST AND PRESENT

MILAN AND WATER “Milan is situated in a beautiful, rich, and fertile plain, […] equidistant between two marvellous rivers, the Ticino and the Adda.” Bonvesin del la Riva, c.13th Century

MILAN AND WATER | INTRODUCTION Unlike many of Europe’s great cities, Milan was not founded upon a major river course, making the city highly unique for one that has grown to become one of Europe’s largest metropolises. Located upon a saturated plain below the Alps, the city instead benefits from a naturally-high water table, only a few metres below ground level with which it is able to supply much of the city’s municipal waters. In addition to this, over its lifetime Milan has undergone a series of huge hydraulic engineering works to bring the waters of nearby major watercourses into the city. Original works carried out by the Romans saw the diversion of the Seveso River, for the dual purpose of feeding the city’s sewers and providing a line of defence around the city walls.

MILANO

THE LIFE OF THE NAVIGLI | HISTORIC USE AND FUTURE POTENTIAL

HUMIDITY AND RAINFALL | CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

The greatest hydraulic engineering works took place during the twelfth century with an ambitious plan to bring the waters of the Ticino over 40km to the city gates. The newly-established link to the Ticino via the Naviglio Grande enabled connections to the neighbouring economic centres of Pavia, and Piacenza, and east via the Po rover to the major cities of Venice and Ferrara, and the Adriatic Sea. With the readily-available surface waters of the Naviglio Grande, the Milanese were able to flood the landscape at will, enabling the cultivation of rice following its discovery from the East. A huge network of irrigation ditches spread south from the Naviglio Grande, changing the landscape forever. The ditches, still visible today define Milan’s agricultural area, symbolising the city’s control of the surrounding landscape.

P/mm

H/% 100

100

HUMIDITY

ROMAN ENGINEERING WORKS

Despite experiencing a mild climate throughout much of the year, Milan’s position upon an elevated plain with an abundance of groundwater means that the city tends to experience high humidity throughout, as a result of a lack of wind to provide ventilation for the city. Although fairly consistent throughout the year, the greatest humidity is experienced between October and January, unusually when the temperature is lowest. Milan regularly experiences thick fog during these winter months, especially around the fringes of the city nearest the South Agricultural Park.

Since the Roman occupation of Milan (or Mediolanum, as it was then known), the city’s hydraulic landscape has undergone a vast evolution to coincide with an evolution in land use, changing city functions, territorial invasions, and industrial expansions, all of which have changed how the canals have been utilised.

MUNICIPAL WATERS (feeding sewers)

From a seemingly homogeneous natural water landscape upon an elevated plain, cut only periodically by a few minor rivers, Milan’s landscape has been transformed by a complex network of canals, locks and irrigation ditches which proved essential in propelling Milan into a position of economical, industrial and commercial importance in the region.

RAINFALL 40

Precipitation, unlike humidity fluctuates greatly throughout the year with the highest rainfall generally experience in late autumn time (October) , and the lowest during the coldest winter months (January). Rainfall in Milan tends to obey two annual cycles, with the first taking place in the early summertime (May), followed by a dry June and July, followed once again by a period of extended fall between August and November., and a relatively dry spell between December and February.

TRANSPORT (Movement of Material)

The first hydraulic works undertaken by the Romans saw the diversion of the Seveso River, along new lines that would bring water into the city to feed the newly engineered sewer system. Once a sustained water supply had been established, the city was able to provide for public amenities, such as the Herculean Baptistry, public baths or spas. LEISURE (Feeding Spa)

CITY FOUNTAINS (Herculian Baptistry)

DEFENSE (Barrier to Invasion)

MEDIEVAL EXPANSIONS 0

Jan Feb

Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Heading into Milan’s medieval period, the construction of the main canal network, some of which we can still see today, served a dual purpose as a method of transporting goods for trade and city construction, and also setting up a series of obstacles to resist a likely invasion from Milan’s neighbouring provinces.

CLIMATIC ANALYSIS | RAINFALL. HUMIDITY GRAPH

HYDROLOGICAL MAP | MACRO SCALE [ITALY]

INDUSTRY (Commercial Expansion)

DIFFUSE WATER CONTAMINATION | THE POLLUTION OF THE PO

Domestic Use

Industry

ENERGY GENERATION (Water Mills)

Lago di Como

Luino Arona

Lago di Garda

Lago d’Isea

Abbiategrasso

FUTURE USES NEGLECT (underutilised potential)

Pavia

Cremona

Recent incidents upon the Po have exposed the fragility of the river ecosystems and the detrimental effect that river pollution can have on local wildlife population. As a result, efforts to monitor and crack down upon polluting industries have made a good impact upon the health of the river. However, as has been documented later in the project, recent discoveries in the Milan area have shown that water pollution for the first time in 30 years has begun to seriously threaten the health of the local environment, and that of the River. This calls for a renewed effort to clean up the city’s former industrial heartlands, to ensure that the contamination cannot spread to neighbouring regions.

Chioggia Porto Viro

Piacenza Revere

Brescello

Ferrara

Agriculture

73% HYDROLOGICAL MAP | LOMBARDIA REGION

WATER USE | MILAN PROVINCIAL AREA

WATER LEISURE (sailing, rowing)

Throughout the 18th and 19th Century and into the start of the Industrial Revolution, the continued expansion of the canal and irrigation network secured Milan’s agricultural control over the landscape, where millhouses utilised the power of water to process food for the first time, for export to a wider area.

In the past half-century, the combination of decreased use of the canals, and a need for inner city space has led to the systematic dismantlement of the city’s water networks, its locks and canals, many being covered to provide inner city highways to accommodate the increased use of private transport in the city.

FUTURE USES (fulfilling potential)

WATER TOURISM (boat trips)

LATTER DAY USAGE

During Milan’s industrial heyday, the ceramic and textile factories, which sprang up across the landscape, took advantage of the vast abundance of water to feed production.

VENICE

MILANO

Turbigo

PAST USES

Milan is located upon the Po Plain, a vast area which encompasses much of northern Italy, stretching from the West Piedmont, through Lombardia , Veneto in the East, and to the South into Emilia Romagna before emptying into the Adriatic Sea close to Porto Tolle. This vast watercourse carries the waters of the Alps from the border of Switzerland through some of Italy’s most industrious cities, and as a result has suffered over the past century with heavy contamination. Despite a decline in industry, which has enabled the river to discharge many of its contaminants elsewhere, by the time the waters reach the Po delta at Porto Tolle, the river is thick with accumulated pollution.

LAUSANNE

22%

MILANO

SURFACE WATERWAYS IN MILAN | CIRCA. 1800 IRRIGATION (agricultural expansion)

ENERGY GENERATION (hydroelectric)

LIFE OF THE NAVIGLI | EVOLUTION IN USAGE

POLLUTION OF THE RIVER PO | EXTENT OF DIFFUSE CONTAMINATION

SURFACE WATERWAYS IN MILAN | TODAY (2012)

GROUNDWATER IN MILAN | DEMAND FOR SUSTAINABLE EXTRACTION

MILAN’S HYDROLOGICAL EXPANSION | THE FORMATION OF THE WATERWAYS

r. seveso

a lon r. o

NAVIGLIO DI PADERNO

r. lambro

r. seveso

PADERNO

MILANO

LODI

mu zza

PAVIA

As has been mentioned previously, Milan benefits from a natural aquifer level of only a few metres below ground, providing an abundant supply of water for the city. During the 1970s following decades of irresponsible extraction however, the piezometric level had dropped to a staggering 38m below ground level. Fortunately, since the 1970s the groundwater level has recovered to around 10m below ground, and continues to rise. As recent indications have shown, the continued ‘naturalisation’ of the water table as a result of a decline in industrial activities, although welcomed in the more rural areas of the municipality, is causing untold damage to the sub-surface constructions in the city. The responsible and sustainable extraction of subsurface water to be used within the city is now essential to prevent any further damage as a result of the resurgence in sub-surface water. The recent rise in the water table following years of depletion through intensive extraction not only poses problems of flooding in the underground spaces in the city, but also threatens natural ecosystems within the municipality of Milan. After over forty years since Milan’s industrial heyday, much of the pollution has cleared, having flowed into watercourses and been carried elsewhere. However, local contaminants which have resided in soil previously unsaturated with water are now being slowly released back into the ecosystems as soils become saturated once again. Pollutants, which were previously forgotten, now pose a threat to the health of the urban ecosystems, which have fought to return to former habitats in the city.

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WORKS UNDER NEW RULE | CIRCA 1550

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By the turn of the Sixteenth Century, Milan was in direct contact with both the Adda and Ticino, providing direct links to the Po River and the Adriatic Sea, and stimulating trade between Milan and the rest of the World. Much of the work TICINELLO carried out prior to the construction of the Cerchia di Navigli, or the Circle of Canals can be attributed to the contributions of Leonardo da Vinci. In addition to devising a means to overcome the vertical distance needed to connect the two ABBIATEGRASSO ABBIATEGRASSO disparate canal systems, was the one to initially propose bringing the waters of the Martesana to the northeastern edge of the city, to feed city canal system.

MEDIEVAL EXPANSIONS | CIRCA 1380

LAGO MAGGIORE

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HYDROLOGICAL MAP | MILAN PROVINCIAL AREA

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The first transformation of Milan’s waterways was begun by the Romans in the diversion of the Seveso River along the ‘Sevesetto’ to provide a new line of defence along the eastern side of the city, and also to provide a good supply of water to its newly-constructed sewer system.

LAGO DI COMO

EARLY HYDRAULIC WORKS | CIRCA 1170

LAGO MAGGIORE

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It is reported that the large-scale transformation Milan’s waterways began during the Twelfth Century, although the history of Milan’s hydraulic work dates back centuries before.

AD DA

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Milan and Water City Water Consumption

MILAN’S HYDROLOGICAL EXPANSION | INFRASTRUCTURAL WORKS [C12th-C19th] In the latter half of the 12th century, under instruction from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, work was begun on diverting part of the large Ticino River east towards the city in order to provide Milan with its own major watercourse, which it so desperately needed to aid expansion. By 1233, the new ‘Ticinello’ flowed from Turbigo south along a new route to Abbiategrasso, before travelling on to Morimondo and Pavia. In order to handle to expected increases in the water flowing through the city, the new Vettabia was also dug to provide an efficient means of discharge for the waters of the diverted Seveso, Olona, and future planned waterways. HYDROLOGICAL MAP | MILAN MUNICIPAL AREA

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

LEONARDO DA VINCI SKETCH | CANAL-FED IRRIGATION SYSTEM

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND WATER

With the Vettabia completed, work could begin on the construction of the new branch of the Ticinello, which would later become the Naviglio Grande. The commencement of construction of the cathedral in 1386, requiring the movement of large amounts of lumber and stone, initiated a further widening of the Naviglio Grande to allow for larger vessel to navigate. Around the same time, the Lodigiani of Lodi fearful of the aggression of the Milanese expansion construct a new stretch of waterway, branching off along the western side of the Adda river to provide a clear line of defence between the two cities.

12.0

Interruptions in the construction of the cathedral call for a new connection to be established between Milan and the Adda River, to facilitate the movement of vast amounts of marble from the shores of Lake Maggiore. Plans were drawn up in and work on the Martesana Canal was begun. Under the Spanish rule of Pedro Enriquez de Acevedo, in 1564, work begins on construction of the Naviglio Pavese, although is forced to halt 20 years later unable to overcome the obstacle of the Meridionale River. In 1819, the Naviglio Pavese, under new instruction by the French, is completed with a series of six locks establishing new direct trade links between the cities of Milan and Pavia.

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

DIRECTION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

NAVIGLIO GRANDE | VIEW NORTH-EAST TOWARDS CITY CENTRE

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

DIFFUSE CONTAMINATION | CAUSED BY RESATURATION OF CITY SOILS

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Water City Water Consumption

MILAN AND WATER Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Related Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE

03 Introduction

Milan and Agriculture

Introduction

Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and History Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Transport

Milan and Water

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Local Area Masterplan Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

CONCERNS FOR THE GROUNDWATER LEVEL EVOLUTION IN THE MILAN PROVINCIAL AREA

CITY WATER CONSUMPTION “The Region recognizes the protection, preservation and development of natural resources and the reorganization of hydraulic and hydrological activities such as strategic for the territorial government, to ensure the sustainability of development and attractiveness of the region.”

WATER EXTRACTION | PUBLIC PUMPING DEMAND CONCERNS

Milan and its surroundings are characterised by the highest density of urban, industrial and agricultural activities in Italy, having found ways to use the water to its advantage.

At the time of construction, the receded water table height posed no threat to the integrity of the buildings, but now as the water table begins to approach its former natural levels, the increased water presence is causing flooding in most sub-surface areas, from hospitals, to car parks, and even the lower levels of high-rise housing. The need for detailed observation, management and responsive intervention of the water table through artificial means is now becoming increasingly apparent.

The decline in industry from the 1970s to the present day has fortunately allowed the natural aquifer to return to close to its natural levels. However, this ‘naturalisation’ now poses new problems, which were not foreseen as the city expanded in the previous half a century. Two problems associated with the resurgence in the level of the aquifer include local and diffuse contamination from the release of pollutants which have been locked in the previouslyunsaturated soil, and the flooding as a result of groundwater, the former being discussed later in the project.

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WATER DEPTH | SINCE 1900

As the city expanded through the second half of the previous century to accommodate an increasing urban population, the building of high-rise apartment blocks saw precedent over traditional housing types, and especially in the case of the city centre, the necessary excavation of land for sub-surface car parking, to accommodate an increasing reliance upon private transport.

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FIG 2.1 | ANNOTATED GRAPH SHOWING GROUNDWATER LEVEL EVOLUTION SINCE 1900

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FIG 1.1

GROUNDWATER LEVEL EVOLUTION | SINCE 1900

Although Milan was not built upon a major river course (a characteristic which in itself makes it highly unique, especially for a settlement which has grown into one of Europe’s largest cities), its location upon a plain directly below the Alps, and amongst a dense network of watercourses means that the ground has a naturally high piezometric water level, only a few metres below ground level.

In 1915, the water table depth was recorded as being only one metre below the ground surface. However, after decades of extensive water extraction and consumption throughout the twentieth century, especially for use in industry in the sixties and seventies, the water table had fallen to a staggering 40m below ground in some places.

Article 55: Regional Activities for the government, water and soil conservation Comune di Milano

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FIG 1.3 | A GRAPH SHOWING GROUNDWATER LEVEL EVOLUTION VS PUMPING RATES SINCE 1900 FIG 2.2 | HYDRO-TOPOLOGICAL PLANS ILLUSTRATING EVOLUTION IN HEIGHT OF THE WATER TABLE

WATER MANAGEMENT FACILITY | COMBINED RESEARCH CENTRE

DIFFUSE CONTAMINATION | CAUSED BY RESURGENCE OF WATER TABLE The recent rise in the water table following years of loss through intensive extraction not only poses problems of flooding in the underground spaces in the city, but also threatens natural ecosystems within the municipality of Milan. Since the 1970s, when industry was at its peak, a decline in contamination coinciding with the decline in industry has allowed previous contaminants to clear from the soil through the repeated filtration of rainfall. Many of the contaminants have reached groundwater sources and have been carried clear of the region. However, local contaminants which have resided in soil which was previously unsaturated with water, are now being slowly released back into local ecosystems as aquifer levels rise and soils become saturated once again. Pollutants, which were previously forgotten, and posed no threat to the environment, now recontaminate healthy ecosystems, threatening the local environment, upon which the city depends for its food, and organisms which have fought to return to former habitats in the city.

LEGEND Publicly-Owned Well

Privately-Owned Well

Before the explosion of industry in the region, the natural aquifer level remained at a constant 2m below groundsurface, making the land highly fertile, and suitable for the adoption of large-scale rice growing. Minimal contamination from everday activities in the city posed no great threat to local ecosystems

RESEARCH

MONITORING

RESPONSE

RESEARCH

MONITORING

EDUCATION

OBJECTIVES

POST-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Irresponsible extraction of groundwater to feed industry intensifies until its peak in during the 1970s, causing the natural aquifer level to drop to staggering 33 metres below its natural level. The drying of the soil means that contaminants remained suspended in deeper soils.

RAIN WATER

GROUND WATER

PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Collection

Pumping

Water Contamination

Monitoring Station

Observation

Groundwater Extraction

Observation

Tutorial

Canal Water Filter

Monitoring Station

Seminar

PRESENT DAY - Pumping rates decrease with the decline in industry, causing a resurgence in the water table. The saturation of soil with water now releases contaminants which posed no previous threat, and the local environment sees an increase in contamination.

CANAL WATER

Cycling

WATER TABLE CONCEPTS | RESEARCH. MONITORING. EDUCATION

As recent indications have shown, the continued ‘naturalisation’ of the water table following the decline in industrial activities, although welcomed in the more rural areas of the municipality, is causing untold damage to the sub-surface constructions in the city, and releasing formerly localised contaminants into the wider ecosystem, through the dense network of watercourses which surrounds the city. The responsible and sustainable extraction of subsurface water to be used within the city is now essential to prevent any further damage as a result of the resurgence in sub-surface water. In order to achieve this, a coherent management strategy, through extensive research and observation will be required to monitor hydrogeology in the municipal area, and assess and address contamination which has been released by the rising aquifer levels. In order to implement a coherent strategy of water management, a new all-in-one facility combining a pumping station and research and observational facility will be located within the city limits, and will provide a centre through which all research pertaining to water consumption, contamination and remediation in the city, will be conducted. By creating connections to prominent educational institutions within the city, such as the Bicocca University, and Politecnico di Milano, the centre will boast state of the art research facilities for use by universities, as well as city schools, to educate and co-ordinate valuable learning.

FIG 3.1 | WELL LOCATIONS IN THE CITY

first pumping of groundwater begins in the city

pumping intensifies in response to demand from intensive industries

- rate of water extraction decreases with the decline in industry, and the aquifer levels experience naturalisation.

LEGEND

2.0 m f

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Contaminated Well by Atrazine

Contaminated Well by Chlorinated Hydrocarbon

Contaminated Well by Other Compound

Uncontaminated Well

DIRECTION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

POST-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1970

PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1890

PRESENT DAY 2012

SATELLITE IMAGE | MILAN UPON THE LOMBARDIA PLAIN

FIG 3.2 | DIFFUSE CONTAMINATION CAUSED BY RESATURATION OF SUB-CITY SOILS

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE CITY WATER CONSUMPTION

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Food Movement Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY

04 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Water

Milan and Transport Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

TRADITIONAL. SELF-SUFFICIENT FARMING COMMUNITIES ON THE FRINGE OF THE URBANISED MILAN AREA

MILAN AND FOOD

MILAN AND FOOD | AN INTRODUCTION

MILAN AND FOOD | A HISTORY

The story of Milan can be told through places like Il Duomo, La Scala, The Last Supper, and La Brera Art Gallery, but can also be told through its restaurants, trattorias, cascine, and agritourism centres.

Throughout the medieval period of Milan’s history, the area of ‘La Bassa’ which today is covered by the South Agricultural Park was characterised by the presence of rural farmsteads, or ‘cascine’, and the landscape was a productive, diverse one where staple crops such as rice, wheat, and corn were cultivated to feed the city.

For a city striving to remain at the forefront of the new art and fashion movement, many people would regard Milan to have largely forgotten its traditions, sacrificing it instead to undergo a state of constant reinvention and change. However, at a time when global food prices are skyrocketing, and food distribution networks are damaging environments to an extent that has never before been witnessed, it may be important to consider a time in the city’s history when the immediate hinterland was the source of the majority of the food consumed within the city, and all was fresh, seasonal and local.

The availability of such foodstuffs dictated the nature of the local dishes, which were consumed by the majority of the working population, many of whom were employed on the farms. The native dishes were collectively called ‘La cucina povera’, or the ‘cuisine of the poor’, because it was local, seasonal, and nutritious for the consumption by the hard-working population.

Milan’s first ‘Earth Market’ was established as part of the proposal submitted by the Nutrire Milano program of action, in conjunction with the Slow Food Italia movement. Situated in the location of the former city fruit and vegetable market, Le Verzée, which from 1911 allowed producers to offer the best local produce to residents of the city, the new Mercato della Terra hopes to promote the same ‘short-chain’ distribution of food, and bring the city and countryside closer together. The majority of the 40 separate market producers of the Earth Market travel from Milan’s South Agricultural Park (Parco Agricolo Sud Milano), which ay 47,000 hectares is one of the largest urban-edge agricultural parks in Europe. With such vast expanses of underutilised space, Milan might be best positioned to become the world’s first 100% self-sufficient city.

The program has been documented as a repository of information, which is free for all to access, with ideas to produce change of this kind in the local community.

AGRICOLO

MILANO

As Carolyn Steel outlines in her book “Hungry City”, the Slow Food movement was started in response to the growth of fast food networks deeming culinary traditions to be under threat, as a protest against the opening of a McDonald’s restaurant near the Spanish Steps in Rome. The protest issued a stark warning to the global food business that Italy, a country passionate about its rich food culture, would not stand by and let globalised fast food destroy what was left of traditional methods of cooking and eating, as had already happened in Britain. Having been successful with the protest, a manifesto was signed in Paris which would serve to protect local and regional business interests against the expansion of global, industrial food production, namely from the United States.

SLOW FOOD | STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES The concept of the 'City Meal' held every year around harvest time has been conceived as a means to bring communities together in the name of food, to celebrate the collective production of food in the city, by its citizens, for its citizens. The City Meal, endorsed by Andre Viljoen and Katrin Bohn in their work into 'Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes', seeks to bring together the city's people to show appreciation for the efforts of food production over the year, where producers of all varieties of food bring their produce to the table, and share a feast with like-minded people. The Meal gives the producers a chance to discuss with fellow producers, and educate others as to all aspects of urban agriculture. Held every third Saturday of each month, the Mercato allows consumers to meet the producers in person, to ask questions pertaining to production and processing of the food, and manufacturers take full responsibility for ensuring high quality, seasonality and territoriality of the produce. ‘Taste workshops’ held within the Market also allow consumers to sample the difference between the high quality produce of the market and the low quality produce which is currently flooding the food market, via large-chain supermarkets. Trips organised by primary schools local to Milan, also allow children from an early age to learn to differentiate between fresh and pre-packaged produce, learn about the disadvantages of the mass-produced food industry, understand the benefits of local markets such as this one.

As fast food has spread across the globe, so it has had a greater effect upon global methods of food production. As we have seen over the past century, the mass food production market has abandoned a huge number of crop varieties, in favour of a few select varieties favoured by the mainstream market. This increased dependence upon a small number of productive species makes our food supply highly vulnerable in the event of an outbreak, a lesson that was learned over 150 years ago by the Irish population during the time of the Potato Famine of the 1840s.

Modern versions of traditional dishes are now often produced using shorthand recipes with local ingredients often substituted by more readily available ingredient, and therefore do not reflect and respect local traditions, and in many cases, the original recipes are lost altogether.

CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE | AN ESSENTIAL RELATIONSHIP ‘ALLEGORY OF GOOD GOVERNMENT’ | AMBROGIO LORENZETTI 1338-40 below ‘ALLEGORY OF GOOD GOVERNMENT’ | AMBROGIO LORENZETTI 1338-40 bottom

Great emphasis is placed by the Slow Food Movement on the decentralisation of large-scale processing facilities, (factories, abatoirs, etc.) to produce a greater number of smaller, local processing centres, where produce is required to travel a short distance to the customer. In the case of slaughterhouses, the removal of such facilities from the public eye, due to the belief that such activities are cruel and inhuman, only serves to further distance ourselves from the food production networks upon which we so heavily depend. A return of slaughterhouses to the inner-city will ensure a good source of fresh meat to consumers, and reacquaint the consumer with practices which are required to feed our fast lifestyles. In this way, we might learn to slow down a little.

TASTE EDUCATION The birth of 'taste workshops' in community food centres has been envisaged to allow for visitors of these centres, to sample local, organic fruit and vegetables, and contrast between the mass-produced, and somewhat tasteless fruit and vegetables which have flooded the shelves of supermar -kets over the last 30 years. It is hoped that visitors, such as school children, will be able to dustinguish between fresh, local produce, and mass-produced fruit and vegetables, and appreciate the merits of growing organically. ORGANIC FARMING

By successfully promoting the benefits of organic farming to the general public, it is hoped that customers will be able to distinguish between mass-produced, low-quality produce and higher-quality, responsibly-farmed produce. With greater awareness of the damaging impact made to the environment by huge, global food-transit operations, consumers will be able to make the decision to buy only local produce, shifting the demand to force supermarkets to source food more responsibly.

An effort to support organic farming on a large scale headed by the Slow Food movement is hoped will reduce our dependence upon petroleum-based fertilisers and pesticides, and therefore reduce our dependence upon non-renewable energy sources. A restriction upon the extensive use of fertilisers and pesticides in our current food production, will minimise damage to local environments, allowing for greater biodiversity in the countryside. HEALTH EDUCATION

MONOCULTURE/ MULTICULTURE One of the main concepts of the Slow Food Movement regarding food production is a return from large scale monocropping, to smaller-scale, diversified food production, where more than one crop can be grown in any given field. The series which faces on the opposite wall titled L’Allegoria degli Effeti del Cattivo Governo in Campagna, or the ‘Allegory of the Effects of Bad Government upon the Countryside’, shows a dramatic contrast where mismanagement has left behind a dry, desolate landscape with a blackened sky overhead, and toiling peasants turn to crime in the city streets. The message that can be taken from these paintings, perhaps more relevant today than ever before, is that a city is inexplicably intertwined with its rural hinterland, and the separation which we have brought about between the two in the past 150 years, will only make us more dependent upon areas which are farther and farther afield, and increasingly vulnerable when oil supplies which fuel global distribution begin to dry up.

A diversification of our current food production system will reduce dependency upon costly food imports from abroad, thus minimising vulnerability in a food system dictated by the global market.

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND FOOD

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

In a similar way to Taste Education, an emphasis placed by the Slow Food Movement on educating the general public about the health benefits of organic produce, is intended to reduce the number of diet-related illnesses in the community. Awareness of the causes of common malnutri-tion and information programs regarding the causes of illnesses such as Diabetes and Anaemia, hope to reduce the number of patients requiring healthcare for diet-related illness, and thus save the Health system a fortune in healthcare.

SKILLS Arguably the most essential concept of the Slow Food movement, is the focus upon education and skills-learning, teaching the urban population how to grow, cultivate and cook their own food (skills which have all but died out over the last half a century), so they may share with others and pass on such practices to their children. By re-engaging the population with their networks of food production, it is hoped that urban populations will be able to contribute to an overall reduction in energy demand.

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

SMALL-SCALE PROCESSING

ENCOURAGING ETHICAL BUYING The series of paintings along one wall titled L’Allegoria degli Effeti del Buon Governo in Citta e Campagna, or the ‘Allegory of the Effects of Good Government upon City and Countryside’, depicts a landscape dedicated to agriculture, where farmsteads scatter the land, and peasants work the land, bringing produce to the city markets, promoting trade and good city management.

The frescoes which line the walls of the Sala dei Nove in the City Hall in Siena provide a portrait of the city in medieval times, and its surrounding countryside. From the same room it is possible to look out over a vast landscape, which has remained nearly unchanged for hundreds of years, a landscape of rolling fields, dotted with farmsteads, similar to the ‘cascine’, which can still be found around Milan today. The relevance of the frescoes is brought to light through the depicted comparison between the states of good and bad government, and emphasises the importance of a strong relationship between a city and its surrounding countryside.

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

Particularly evident in Milan, the increased importation of foods from all over Italy now means that you are more likely to find a menu in a city centre restaurant with spaghetti (a southern Italian delicacy), than a Risotto alla Milanese (Milanese risotto with clams), which would usually be locally sourced, and prepared fresh. The implementation of an 'Ark of Taste' is intended to educate the local population in a location such as Milan, as to the native cuisine as the most environmentally friendly method of feeding the native population. The Ark of Taste is intended to uphold and preserve such traditions, but not for the sake of avoiding change.

PROTECTING TRADITIONAL METHODS Of PREPARATION Another great loss that has been felt by the Milan native food culture with the decline in traditional cuisine, is the decline in traditional preparation techniques, now considered to be uneconomical dut to their long preparation times, and complexity in recipe.

As Carolyn Steele highlights in her book Hungry City, in the last 150 years, cities have expanded enormously, many with no concept of how they might sustainably feed themselves in the future. As oil prices skyrocket, the cost of our reliance upon vast global food distribution networks becomes apparent, and we become dependent upon a much larger area to grow food in order to feed ourselves, and become distanced from our rural hinterlands, and the very concept of agriculture. Steele identifies that in order for a city to continue to support itself, it must first and foremost develop and maintain a strong relationship to the countryside, a concept which was first voiced over 650 years ago by the Italian painter, Ambrogio Lorenzetti.

SEED BANKS

It is also argued that some hardier, more uncommon varieties of crops which we have largely ignored in the current mass-production age may hold the key to feeding future world populations, especially if climate-change renders current favoured crops uncultivable, as global temperatures soar.

In order to keep the cost of the produce down, the Earth Market seeks to minimise the distance of produce to market. In ‘selling from the farm gate’, costly travel expenses as the bulk of the cost can be avoided. In order to maintain minimal distance to market, the Mercato della Terra demands that all producers are located within a prescribed 40km radius of the market, which is largely respected.

In the run up to the World Expo 2015 in Milan, the program has been implemented through three pilot projects, to cover the three main stages of the food distribution chain, one relating to agricultural production, one relating to food processing, and one relating to the distribution of produce to the city. It is hoped that this will provide a ‘model of food excellence’, and a monument through which to celebrate the city, not just the World Expo.

The Slow Food movement, as is inferred by the name, has been established as a protest against the expanding ‘fast’ food culture. It calls for a return from modern, intensive farming techniques in a ‘continuous global summertime’ to a state where citizens are able to recognise the ‘course of the seasons, and their genuine products’, and base their local food production on yearly cycles of native food cultures. The Movement gears itself around the promotion of local food production, farmers markets, and educational awareness programs on the health concerns of the fast food culture, and benefits of Slow Food.

CITY MEAL CELEBRATIONS

IL MERCATO DELLA TERRA | MILAN’S EARTH MARKET

Amongst the principal concepts driving the program is a promotion of short-chain food distribution networks, to provide fresh, local and seasonal food to the city.

SUD

The Slow Food movement, the brainchild of an Italian author and editor Carlo Petrini was signed in 1989 in Paris, as the first official step towards protecting the decline in food culture which has been taking place across the Italy, and indeed Europe, as a result of the onset of Industrialised, ‘fast food’ production.

The design of a centre for urban agriculture in a historic area of Milan must therefore emphasise the importance of traditional Milanese cuisine, it’s cooking and preparation, in order to keep traditions alive, and bringing back the foods and dishes which hold a connection to the local context, and are fresh local and seasonal.

However, the growth in the global food industry has led to the widespread adoption of such dishes, helped on by a growth in tourism, and rice dishes have gradually disappeared from the menus in many of the city centre restaurants. A similar story can be found with the traditional ‘michetta’ bread, which is perfectly suited to the lunchtime break, but following the importation of a wide and colourful variety of breads from the continent, it has lost its place in the limelight. The traditional ‘taleggio’ cheese has also been ousted by a nationwide consensus for the adoption of mozzarella in a variety of ‘traditional’ dishes.

‘Nutrire Milano: Energia per il cambiamento’ (‘Feeding Milan: Energy for Change’) is a program that has been set up in conjunction with the Universita Degli Studi di Scienze Gastronomiche (University of Gastronomical Sciences), Parco Agricolo Sud Milano (Milan’s South Agricultural Park), the Politecnico di Milano, and the Slow Food Italia movement, as a means to bring the city back in touch with its agricultural hinterland, through generating connections, both infrastructural and economical, to promote the implementation of peri-urban agriculture to feed the city.

PARCO

The traditional eating houses of Milan; the restaurants, the Trattorias and Osterie, have remained loyal to their roots but only by advertising at the higher end of the market, which ultimately excludes the working class citizens which they once served.

Milan’s unique climate and geographical location upon a plateau amidst a dense network of waterways, made it highly suitable for the cultivation of such crops, and following the import of rice from the Far East, the landscape was transformed the help of water engineering (culverts, locks, and irrigation ditches) to develop Lombardia into one of the leading producers of rice in Europe, a title which it still retains today. Dishes such as risotto, as well as semolina soups became much more popular than the pasta and pizza dishes that were being consumed elsewhere in Italy.

Recent moves to protect Milan’s vanishing food culture have sought to market the region’s more traditional cuisine in the face of stiff competition by the already-established, imported ‘Southern’ cuisine of pizza and pasta, one the whole more associated with Italy. Restaurants now advertising traditional cuisine must adhere to strict criteria, as a means to preserve it, but this makes such eating places more exclusive, catering for those who can afford such delights. This belies the very cuisine which used to be commonly known as ‘la cucina povera’, the cuisine of the poor, for its high accessibility to all.

NUTRIRE MILANO | ENERGY FOR CHANGE

THE ‘SLOW FOOD’ MOVEMENT | INTRODUCTION

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

HEALTH EDUCATION A large part of the Slow Food Movement is the constant drive to produce political change to restrict the growth of damaging food systems, such as the one we find ourselves in today, and simultaneously influence consumers to purchase local, good quality produce. By applying pressure on governments across the globe, the Slow Food movement can hope to influence political parties to implement new laws to protect local food production systems, and promote the values of local food production

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Food Movement Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY

04 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Water

Milan and Transport Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

AN EXPERIMENT IN URBAN AGRICULTURE

PRECEDENT: THE HABANA FOOD MOVEMENT

9° 12' 0 E 82° 21' 51" W

45° 28' 0" N

23° 7' 55" N

Havana, CUBA

Milan, ITALY

HABANA VS MILAN | PRODUCTIVE AREA COMPARISON

HABANA, CUBA | AN INTRODUCTION Habana is the largest city in the Caribbean and is home to 20% of Cuba’s 11.3million inhabitants.

Figure 1.1 Trade and Import Reductions in Cuba, 1989-1992 Population CA PI [%] CAPITAL

Population CA PIL[100%] COUNTRY

Population

Cuba Havana 1950

5 920 000 592 000

12 %

1960

7 141 000 1 500 000

21 %

2005

11 353 000 2 200 000

19 %

Figure 1.2 Trade and Import Reductions in Cuba, 1989-1992

Total imports ($US) Oil (tons) Fertiliser Imports (tons) Animal Feed (tons)

1989 8.1 bn 13.3 m 1.3 m 1.3 m

1992 1.7 bn 6.1 m 300 000 475 000

Reduction (%) 79 54 77 63

28.95 people per acre

12.02 people per acre

The productive area comparison provides a means of simple statistical analysis to determine the potential of a city to grow sufficient produce within its municipal boundaries to sustain its citizens.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 had a devastating effect upon Cuba’s fragile economy which relied almost entirely upon imports from not only oil, but also fertilisers and animal feeds from its communist allies, in order to sustain its highly productive agricultural sector.

In this case, the productive area comparison identifies the total productive area needed in a Habana to achieve a 90% sufficiency of fruit and vegetables in the city, taking into account the average population density of the city, and total land area available for conversion to food production.

In the space of just three years, total imports to Cuba fell by close to 80%, and Cubans suffered unprecedented levels of poverty and malnutrition as a result of its ailing agricultural sector, which had previously been dedicated solely to the production of export crops such as sugar and coffee. The government knew that it must take drastic action to prevent the country from sinking into a further depression from which it would likely never recover.

Transferring such findings to the case of Milan, the calculations take into account the much more limited land area available for production and much greater population density, which presents problems with achieving a 90% sufficiency as Habana has done.

PRODUCTIVE AREA COMPARISON - HAVANA

PRODUCTIVE AREA COMPARISON - MILAN

Total Muncipal Area = 278.4 sq.miles Total Population = 2,141,993 Population Density (Havana) = 7693.9 people/sq mi = 12.0`2 persons/acre

Total Muncipal Area = 70.95 sq.miles Total Population = 1,314,745 Population Density (Milan) = 18,529.5 persons/sq mi = 28.95 persons/acre

PERCENTAGE OF FOOD SUPPLIED LOCALLY = 90%

PERCENTAGE OF FOOD SUPPLIED LOCALLY = ~30%

POTENTIAL FOR EXTENSIVE URBAN AGRICULTURE?

In order to kick start food production for the purpose of feeding the people, many of the vast state-owned farms were dismantled to make way for many smaller farms which could be adapted to growing a more diverse range of produce, as opposed to its former subsidised production of cash crops for exportation. In addition to this, all open space in the urban areas, including large areas of Habana were converted to private gardens, state-owned research gardens, and the popular organoponicos, which became iconic of the new approach to extensive food production in the city.

URBAN AGRICULTURE SITES | TYPOLOGIES HUERTOS POPULARES (PARCELAS)

AUTOCONSUMOS ESTATALES

ORGANOPONICOS POPULARES

HUERTOS POPULARES (INTENSIVOS)

ORGANOPONICOS DE ALTO RENDIMIENTO

(Source: Deere, 1997)

RURAL HINTERLANDS | PRODUCTIVE AREA RADII 2km

Smaller Town Rodas

When analysing the ability of an urban area to successfully sustain itself through local food production, it is important to examine the size of its rural hinterland, as the total land area needed to grow the level of food consumed by its citizens. As urban areas especially those in the developed world, expand we find a disproportionate increase in the amount of land needed for food production. In the case of the Cuban Food Revolution, guidance has been put in place to limit the productive land area available to every town or city, to ensure that land area is available for the expansion of future populations, and not at the expense of nearby local areas. These Productive Area Radii are as follows:

5km

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS EMPLOYEES

LAND AREA

Volunteers/ Community Groups

YIELD

+1ha

0.6

+10 000 sq.m

[kg/m2.yr]

CONTAMINATION

PROFILE

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

LOCATION Organoponico Cuatro Caminos Cienfuegos, Cuba

EMPLOYEES

LAND AREA

DESCRIPTION Large Peri-Urban State Farm for Producers’ Consumption Unsuitable for Contaminated Land

CROPS CULTIVATED Lettuce, tomatoes, beans, beetroot, potatoes, chives, okra, radishes, aubergines, garlic, maize, onions

One Person or Family

YIELD

0.1ha

8-12

Up to 1000 sq.m

[kg/m2.yr]

CONTAMINATION

PROFILE

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

LOCATION Huertos Merced Y Paula Habana Vieja. HABANA

EMPLOYEES

DESCRIPTION Small, Linear Micro Garden located in the Historic Quarter of Havana Unsuitable for Contaminated Land

CROPS CULTIVATED Tomatoes, cabbage, banana trees, onions

Several Families/ Co-operative

LAND AREA

YIELD

0.3ha

8-12

From 1000 sq.m to 3000 sq.m

[kg/m2.yr]

CONTAMINATION

PROFILE

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

LOCATION Huertos Intensivo HABANA

EMPLOYEES

DESCRIPTION Large Peri-Urban State Farm for Producers’ Consumption Unsuitable for Contaminated Land

CROPS CULTIVATED Lettuce, tomatoes, beans, beetroot, potatoes, chives, radishes, aubergines, onions

Volunteers/Community Groups

LAND AREA

YIELD

0.5ha

20.0

From 2000 sq.m to 5000 sq.m

[kg/m2.yr]

CONTAMINATION

PROFILE

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

LOCATION Organoponico Gastronomica Playa Municipio Playa. HAVANA

EMPLOYEES

LAND AREA

DESCRIPTION Large Community Garden sited between a single storey junior school and a multistorey high school Suitable for Contaminated Land

CROPS CULTIVATED tomatoes, lettuce, parsley, cabbage, chives, leeks, onions, rocket, peppers, aubergines, beans, cauliflower, pumpkin

Commercially-Viable Work Centres or Co-operatives (~175 people)

PROFILE YIELD

+1ha

25.0

+10 000 sq.m

[kg/m2.yr]

CONTAMINATION

LOCATION Vivero Organoponico Alamar Alamar. HABANA DESCRIPTION Large Peri-Urban State Farm for consumption of local and tourist population.

Suitable for Contaminated Land

CROPS CULTIVATED Lettuce, tomatoes, beans, beetroot, potatoes, chives, okra, aubergines, garlic, maize, onions

Provincial Capitals (eg. Habana) = 10km Municipal Main Towns: (eg.Cienfuegos)

= 5km

Smaller Towns (eg. Rodas) = 2km

URBAN FOOD PRODUCTION | THE CUBAN STRATEGY

Municipal Main Town Cienfuegos

Provincial Capital Habana

10km

3 1

ORGANOPONICOS POPULARES

Returning to a time when all food was produced locally, and sold locally in nearby population centres, the concept of ‘selling at the farm gate’ allows for products to be sold at a much lower price, as it negates the need for the costly transportation of produce,which accounts for a great deal of the overall cost of food in today’s global food industry. This provides an opportunity in today’s market for local producers to be able to compete with large supermarket chains while the latter are forced to continually increase quantities of scale in order to overcome the increasing price of fuel. Selling at the farm gate, not only ensures that food prices are kept low, but also that food is cultivated when it is at it’s freshest (not before), it is seasonal, and it is consumed at its most nutritious.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL CENTRES

The collapse of the Soviet Union not only cut all supplies of oil to Cuba overnight, but also cut the 1.3million ton annual supply of agricultural fertilisers, upon which the country heavily relied, to deliver the levels of food production needed to sustain the nation. As a result, Cuba was forced to look for alternatives, and began the immediate production of its own fertilisers and pesticides. 20 years on, 200 biological control centres across the capital now capable of meeting the country’s demand for fertilisers, produce a variety of organic solutions, from bacterial pesticides, to fungal composts, to beneficial insects, for use in the urban agriculture sites, to enhance and promote organic production nationwide.

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE PRECEDENT: THE HABANA FOOD MOVEMENT

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

LESS-MECHANISED PRODUCTION

Our continued reliance upon fossil fuels means that our highly mechanised methods of food production and processing not only place an increasing strain upon the environment, but they make us highly dependent upon costly imports of foreign oil, and, as Cuba found out at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, highly vulnerable. As the flow of oil was cut almost overnight, Cuba was forced to look into alternative means of food production, employing any means necessary to get by. In the case of Cuba, the most commonly adopted strategy, which still remains popular today, is the use of oxen to work the fields, which becomes increasingly suitable as the larger farms are scaled down to more workable areas of land. The animals, now over 300,000 working in Cuba today, can be fed on excess food from the agricutural site, and organic waste can be used as a natural fertiliser for the plots.

CASAS DE POSTURAS

As a means to maintain a continuous line of production in the urban agriculture sites, casas de postura, or nursery houses are employed to plant seeds and tender seedlings, before they are due to be planted in the open-air raised organoponicos outside. The nursery houses can be a means to accelerate the growth of seedlings for planting with the urban agriculture site, or can be cultivated for selling as potted plants, to allow for cultivation at home.

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

‘SELLING AT THE FARM GATE’

CASAS DE CULTIVOS

One strategy which has been widely adopted in Cuba to in tensify local food production on smaller plots of land, is the construction of the covered casas d cultivo or ‘cultivation houses’, where climatic conditions can be better controlled/ enhanced, to increase quantities of production, as well as enable to cultivation of a wider variety of fruit and vegetables for local consumption.. Food grown in these cultivation houses is commonly picked and sold by volunteers, who are, in turn, paid through free access to their own share of the produce.

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Food Movement Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY

04 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

CONCEPTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND FOOD-BASED SOCIAL COHESION, LEARNING FROM THE SUCCESSES OF CUBA’S AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

CONTINUOUS PRODUCTIVE URBAN LANDSCAPES (CPULs)

CASE STUDY | CPUL MIDDLESBROUGH

CPUL CONCEPT | INTRODUCTION

‘CPUL MILAN’ ? | OBJECTIVES FOR A NEW CPUL RAGGI VERDI

The Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (CPUL) refers to the new concept of urban planning, which takes the Cuban model of urban agriculture, and conbines it with a landscaping model which promotes greater economic and ecological awareness, and an extensive landscape dedicated to leisure and food, building social interaction within the community through the process of food production.

The Cultivator The Market Seller The Market Owner

The Consumer

MICRO THE HUMAN SCALE

Size

Layout

MILAN CPUL

MILAN CPUL A new scheme to transform the cityscape of Milan into a Continuous Productive Urban Landscape could build upon the existing proposals for the 'Raggi Verdi' scheme, taking the concept of green linkages and linear parkland, and diversifying the scheme to incorporate new sites of urban food production and leisure facilities into a 'productive leisurescape'.

The Continuous Productive Urban Landscape envisaged by Andre Viljoen and Katrin Bohn for the city of Middlesbrough centres itself around the aim to increase awareness of issues relating to current patterns of food production, distribution, and consumption, through the transformation of the existing urban landscape, into one of productive, multi-functional greenspaces. The programme for Middlesbrough’s Urban Agriculture project began as a competition entry for Designs of the Time 2007, and since its initial implementation has expanded to include over 264 project sites across the city, each dedicated to its own unique component of the productive urban landscape, whether it be food production and growing (allotments, etc.) or community-based training centres, local food co-operatives, or a ‘food policy council’.

The concept of the CPUL is the brainchild of London-based landscape architects Andre Viljoen and Katrin Bohn, which they have developed from the Cuban model of urban agriculture, adapting it to implement in a number of European cities. The CPUL envisages a sustainable urban model with a new emphasis on urban agriculture, where green corridors stretch through the city along existing, established lines of public transport, strategically connecting allotment gardens, sports facilities, parks and other land uses, which enhances social cohesion in urban communities where individuals can often become isolated. With a focus upon local food production, cities can be adapted to a greater level of self-sufficiency, and the reliance upon the fossil-fuel dependent global food network is lessened, and eventually abolished.

LEISURE

WATER

AGRICULTURE

MILAN CPUL BIODIVERSITY

LEGEND CAPITAL

TRANSPORT

TOURISM

- Intensive Urban Agriculture Site

Existing Proposals

New Proposals

Combined Proposition

The city of Milan is well-known for its sporting prowess through its worldfamous football culture, which has developed with the success of its two Serie A clubs, AC Milan and Inter Milan. This sporting culture is plainly visible across the city's landscape with the frequent sight of a football field or sports academy, which provides a readily accessible form of leisure for the youth of the city. As a starting point for the Milan CPUL, these existing leisure facilities could be connected in some way to create new publicly accessible routes around and across the city, creating the basis for a new leisurescape. This will create a place where local residents and tourists can engage with the area, making better use of the city parks or watching or playing football. Such a scheme has the ability to promote better health and more inclusive community life, which the City would do well to engage with.

- Allotment Garden

- Container Gardens [Small-Medium-Large] Orientation

Materiality

MESO THE URBAN AGRICULTURE SITE

PROPOSED CPUL DESIGN | CPUL MIDDLESBROUGH MASTERPLAN

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

THE CPUL | DESIGN OBJECTIVES

Community involvement in the entire programme has been an essential element in the whole process. Integration of growing/training programmes into local schools, community groups, and junior health training schemes has sought to promote and increase awareness of all aspects relating to the implementation of a Continuous Productive Urban Landscape, and encourages inter-generational working between the very young and elderly members of society.

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP

Other Land Uses

Food Retail Site

The three strategies implemented in the design of the Continuous Productive Urban Landscape to achieve greatest environmental benefits include an emphasis on preserving biodiversity, the reduction of waste and closing material/waste cycles, and the reduction of energy used in the modern production/processing of food for consumption in the city.

‘GROW ZONES’

The concept of the CPUL with an emphasis on a more diversified agricultural landscape also sees an end to the damaging practice of mono-cropping, where local crop varieties over the years have been systematically replaced by a select few commercial types popular with supermarkets. By sectioning the land into a greater number of land parcels, biodiversity in the ‘in-between’ spaces, such as hedgerows and parks can be preserved.

THE TOWN MEAL

Reducing Energy

Preserving Biodiversity

Reducing Waste

Reducing Monocropping

CPUL DESIGN CRITERIA | FOUR KEY OBJECTIVES

CPUL MIDDLESBROUGH | THREE PRIMARY ELEMENTS

Identify existing green space

THE TOWN MEAL

MACRO CITYWIDE SCALE

URBAN AGRICULTURAL FOOD NETWORKS | THE THREE SCALES

One way in which the establishment of areas of production has been effectively implemented in such a small space of time is through the provision of containers to public spaces, such as school grounds and car parks, to establish ‘grow-zones’, as the new centres of urban food production in previously under-utilised areas of the city. With each ‘grow-zone’ constituting a new project, the local community is able to take ownership of a project to ensure its continued success.

GROW ZONES

The U.A. Site

Educational Facilities

As a means to provide a succinct indicator of success in the programme, with which the community can identify, the programme for Middlesbrough’s urban agriculture project culminates in an annual event of the ‘Town Meal’, where produce harvested in September is invested in providing for the city inhabitants in a celebration of its achievements. In its opening year of 2002, 2,500 people were fed at the event, with substantial increases in the following years.

detail

SAN CRISTOFORO

Site Location Create linkages between adjacent green areas

‘I RAGGI VERDI’ | A VISION FOR MILAN’S FUTURE Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4 ESTABLISHING THE CPUL | THROUGH LINKAGES IN EXISTING FABRIC The proposal for the new 'Raggi Verdi' or Green Rays masterplan for Milan sees the introduction of extensive areas of new urban parkland along major routes into the city, creating a direct connection between the countryside and city. The objective of the scheme will be to create healthy, breathable environments in which citizens can undertake exercise through walking cycling and sports.

ESTABLISHING A CPUL | CONNECTING URBAN ‘GREEN CENTRES’

Figure 1.3

Creating linkages along key arterial routes into the city

Figure 1.4

Attracting population to new centres of local commerce

The principle of the CPUL is to provide a local connection between key nodal centres in the city (transport interchanges, cultural hubs, and popular destinations), which provides a greater sense of social inclusiveness and stimulates interaction between residents of local communities. Through the provision of a continuous agricultural landscape, local populations can engage with the process of food production through working the land, and the local market or allotment garden becomes a social hub for people who can often become isolated in a harsh and poorly accommodating urban environment. The CPUL begins by identifying the key arterial routes and transport interchanges across the city. Providing a basic network of mobility within the city, the location of these routes dictates the location of productive, distributive, and trading centres (markets).

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

From the establishment of a continuous distributive network, a number of distribution centres and intensive agricultural sites begin to spring up, thanks to the availability of efficient transport means. The final step in the process sees the distribution of the population around these centres, decentralising the out-dated, mono-centric model of the city into a more sustainable and easily governable polycentric one. The populations of these Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes not only provide a local workforce for sustainable food production within the city, but the residential districts in which they reside provide the linkages between the new local centres across the city.

The designation of these vast areas of connecting parkland, which extend for 7-12km to the centre of the city will also help to reduce the effect of Urban Heat Island (UHI) in the summer months, where a combination of large areas of hardstanding, high levels of humidity and high temperatures contribute to stiflingly-hot temperatures across the city centre.

R5_ Il Raggio dei Navigli

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE CONTINUOUS PRODUCTIVE URBAN LANDSCAPES (CPULs)

D ar se na Pi az za 24 Vi M a ag Sa gi nt o a Pa Cr rc oc o e de lla Ba sil ich e Co rs o di Po rt Vi a a Ti To cin rin es o e Pi az za D uo O m tta o go no

Identifying potential sites for intensive food production

Cr ist of or o

An existing city with no established CPULs

Figure 1.2

Sa n

Figure 1.1

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

The Raggi Verdi will be seen as an exchange of culture and nature. The connections created through parkland will help to 'import nature' into the centre of the city, whereas greater connectivity will allow the 'export' of culture from the Region's centre to its suburbs and neighbouring cities.

Develop urban agriculture along linkages to facilitate food production I RAGGI VERDI | FACILITATING PRODUCTION THROUGH GREEN LINKAGES

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Food Movement Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY

04 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

PROGRAM PRECEDENT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A COMMUNITY FOOD EDUCATION CENTRE

PRECEDENT: THE MILWAUKEE FOOD MOVEMENT “I think ahead to a new economy that is good for all the people. And I feel this process of renewal is going to begin with the most important thing in our lives: food.” WILL ALLEN, Farmer, Founder and CEO of Growing Power

GROWING POWER OBJECTIVES | ESTABLISHING LOCAL FOOD NETWORKS

GROWING POWER, MILWAUKEE | AN INTRODUCTION Growing Power is a non-profit organisation based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, established to promote education of young people from poorer backgrounds, in the field of sustainable urban agriculture. First set up in 1995, although it was only in 1997 that the program gained its own premises from which to educate the community. In 1997, the organisation joined forces with Will Allen, a former professional basketball player from the Miami Hurricanes, who provided the premises upon which to build a new community food centre.

Silver Spring Drive

Main Entrance

Greenhouse Existing Kitchen

Classroom 1

With the involvement of young people and trades people from the local area, Growing Power was able to transform the run-down greenhouses on an abandoned 2-acre plot of land in North Milwaukee, by attracting the necessary funding through sponsorship by local businesses and government through the program. The ethos of Growing Power is in low-tech, organic farming which is accessible to all, and can be continuous improvement to be highly-productive.

Classroom 2

New Kitchen

Store

ISSUE

The store at Growing Power’s Milwaukee farm is the only place for miles around that carries fresh produce, free-range eggs, grass-fed beef, and homegrown honey. In addition, an effective marketing campaign now means that local food retailers and Farmers’ markets now sell Growing Power’s produce.

The low-income areas of Milwaukee see a staggeringly-high percentage of the population out of work. Realising the potential of this waste of human resources, many people could be 1 encouraged to try their hand at small-scale agriculture, working with others to generate an income for themselves through sales.

Growing Power provides jobs for the community. In a partnership with the City of Milwaukee, Growing Power has been tasked to create up to 150 full-time jobs for low-income city residents.

Landfill-Destined Food Waste

Prior to the opening of Growing Power Inc, the waste products of 2 food and drinks manufacturers in the Milwaukee area were discarded in landfill, without a thought to their potential as biological nutrients, through the generation of compost.

Growing Power diverted over 9,00 tonnes of food waste from landfills, with composting materials provided by Milwaukee store-owners, such as Alterra Coffee and Lakefront Brewery.

High Crime Rate

As a consequence of a high-level of unemployment in the area, many young people, some not even completing high school turn to small-scale crime to finance themselves. 4

2 PROCESSING

100m

GROWING POWER INC. | SCHEMATIC SITE LAYOUT

E.g. Supermarket point-of-sale advertising, Local Media

Marketing at first will begin small, in line with production. However, once a number of urban agricultural sites have been established in the local area, it is essential to establish links to local centres of food commerce, and to create a good market demand for the new food produced. Work in the community with help educate local residents as to the benefits of locally-sourced food, and its availability. Once a market has been established, work in farmers’ markets, greengrocers and even supermarkets will ensure that there is a continuous supply to consumers. 4. DISTRIBUTION

With new job programs, sustainable, organic practices and providing and establishing healthy food options in necessary areas, Growing Power is pulling communities out of desperate circumstances in a decisive and structured way. THE LOCAL FOOD NETWORK | FROM PRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTION

FLOW OF NUTRIENT-DEPLETED WATER

WATER-CRESS LAYER

Another low-tech method of sustainable food production adopted by the Centre, is the process of aquaponics which allows the simultaneous production of plants and fish through a mutually beneficial relationship. The system is set up in a stacked format (shown right), where shelves of plants and vegetables are constructed above a number of tanks, in which the fish are reared. The waste water produced by the fish is pumped to the vegetable planting trays and pots above where it fertilises the plants, and at the same time is filtered by the soil, sending fresh water back down to the fish. Cress on an intermediate shelf has been identified as an ideal filter for the water, and can be sold as it is produced to local businesses to aid the income of the Centre.

FILTERING OF WATER ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

3. MARKETING

POTTED VEGETABLE LAYER

E.g. Community Food Processing Centre

MARKETING

DISTRIBUTION

TARGETING COMMUNITY ISSUES | THE FOOD MOVEMENT AS A REMEDIATOR OF WIDER SOCIAL PROBLEMS

2. PROCESSING

In order to market a product successfully in a number of local food retail centres, good presentation and quality control will need to be established to ensure that consumers are confident when making the switch from the aesthetic-based supermarket produce. In order to achieve this, a facility will need to be provided for use by the community, where washing, quality control and packaging can all take place, to make the new product acceptable for distribution in local supermarkets.

E.g. Food Boxes, Supermarkets, Farmers Markets

The first stage of the four-step process with which Growing Power encourages the establishment of local food systems is through the adoption of intensive local urban agriculture. This takes place through the creation of seed nurseries, capable of initiating the growth of new plants for distribution into the community. In order to maximise yields, but limit damage to the environment, it is first important to establish a sustainable source of organic fertiliser and compost to maintain consistently high productivity.

GROWTH

SOLUTION

Low income areas of the city lack a supply of fresh produce within an easily-reachable distance. Instead, fast food restaurants and businesses hold the monopoly on the food market, giving the population little choice but to eat unhealthily.

High Unemployment

1. GROWTH

From within the centre, the organisation is able to offer training, active demonstrations, outreach and technical assistance to thousands of visitors each year, who come from all over the US, as well as from the local community to learn how to grow, process, market and distribute local produce within a local area (see right).

PROBLEM

Food Deserts

Old Barn

The community food centre located in Silver Spring Drive now serves as the headquarters for Growing Power Inc. with outreach to a number of urban agriculture sites and food community centres across the city. The organisation maintains strong links to the local community, through youth programs, school community gardens, and local commerce, to which food produced on-site will be redistributed and sold.

AQUAPONICS | SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

FLOW OF FILTERED WATER

FISH TANK LAYER

The entire system mimics that of a natural river and in the same way is able to fully sustain itself. Flies and other insects which can be bred with ease also supplement the diet of the fish, which further boosts this sustainable production of locally-sourced protein.

FILTERING OF WATER

FLOW FLOW OF OF FILTERED FILTERED WATER WATER

ORGANIC WASTE PRODUCTION BY FISH

AQUAPONICS CYCLE | SELF-SUSTAINING FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESS

E.g. Food Boxes, Supermarkets, Farmers Markets

Once a market has been created for the new product, it is important to distribute the product, along with suitable marketing to all local food centres, to get local produce out into the community. This includes all food retail centres such as farmers markets, greengrocers, convenience stores and supermarkets, or the creation of online food ordering, and delivery-to-door businesses. Such businesses will offer discounts to repeat customers who pay in advance for frequent deliveries of food boxes, thus generating capital for reinvestment into the business.

LEGEND Food Centre

Livestock

Classroom

Apiaries

Hydroponics

Work Areas

Vermiculture

Kitchen

Aquaponics

Office

Windrows

New Building

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS | AWARENESS. SKILLS. ENGAGEMENT

Composting Summer Camps

Science Projects

As a key component of the city’s growing food movement, the provision of a wide range of educational programs and courses seeks to raise awareness of important issues relating to food production and distribution in the city, and also teaches valuable skills to raise employability of local residents. This fulfils a number of the objectives of the Milwaukee Food Movement. Courses offered by the two centres are geared towards teaching local residents important skills and techniques in local food cultivation, processing and preparation in order to promote healthy eating and sustainable food production.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

Gardening Workshops GROWING POWER PREMISES | BIRD’S EYE VIEW

Sustainable Construction

COMMUNITY AIMS

Local Employment

Sports Equipment

The rental facility will comprise a gardening store, a cycle hire store, and a watersports hire centre, where it will be possible to hire anything from kayaks to fishing rods, for use on the city’s lakes and waterways. RENTAL FACILITY

Kayak Hire

Fishing Rods

Outdoor Excursions

Science Projects

Gardening Tools

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS | IMPROVED AWARENESS AND SKILL LEARNING

Cycle Hire

CAPITAL FUNDING | INCOME GENERATION FOR THE CENTRE

The partnership of the Urban Ecology Centre and Growing Power Inc. in Milwaukee’s emerging urban agriculture movement has set out a series of goals which respond to identified problems inherent in communities across the city.

As non-profit organisations, both Growing Power Inc. and the Urban Ecology Centre depend on an effective marketing campaign to attract volunteers and visitors from the local and wider community, and investment from local and larger businesses, as well as authorities to ensure its continued success.

In response to high levels of unemployment and rising crime rates, the work of the combined centres hopes to provide unemployment for youth in the growing local food and agriculture sector, which in turn will help to contain the spread of crime in poorer neighbourhoods across the city.

Part of the marketing campaign focusses its efforts on advertising a wide range of courses at the two centres, including farming courses, cooking courses, and other community-oriented activities. By appealing to all age groups, the centre is able to generate an income through course fees, offering discounts to membership holders, who pay upfront for a 6-month or 12-month contract. Awareness provided through its various educational programs encourages local residents to organise events in the community, with the aim of raising funds for the upkeep of the centres. Growing awareness, and increasing popularity of the food movement in Milwaukee, enables the centres to apply for funding from local and national governments, who donate a significant proportion of the centres’ overall incomes.

As a former industrial centre in the region, the city of Milwaukee suffered from the continued effects of environmental degradation, through industrial contamination. The project therefore aims to raise awareness of this issue through it new educational programs which devote a considerable amount of resources to practical outdoor education, where students can see the effects at first hand, which will help to engage the community with the issue.

AQUAPONICS SYSTEM | SELF-SUSTAINING FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESS

RENTAL FACILITY | COMMUNITY AND VISITOR EQUIPMENT HIRE

COMMUNITY AIMS | SOCIAL. ECONOMIC .ECOLOGICAL

Ecosystem Improvement

Identified as instrumental in promoting the growth of the urban agriculture movement is the ready access to necessary equipment, reducing the need for large investment to get started. This is especially important in the poorer areas of the city. A rental facility, allowing local residents to hire a wide range of gardening equipment for a nominal fee, not only generates income for the centre, but also provides a form of ‘tool-sharing’, allowing universal access to expensive equipment, which would otherwise be unavailable to all but the most wealthy of citizens.

A large part of the educational program is conducted outdoors in urban agricultural sites, such school or community gardens, or the city parks, bringing students closer to the subject matter through direct engagement in matters of environmental sustainability and food production.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

Lectures

COMMUNITY HIRE FACILITIES | ACCESSIBILITY TO ALL

Course Fees

Grants

CAPITAL FUNDING

Fundraising

COMPOSTING + VERMICOMPOSTING | AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF URBAN AGRICULTURE An estimated 9000 tonnes of food and organic waste are delivered to the site every year by Milwaukee shop-owners, restaurants, and local residents, which would otherwise have been destined for landfill. DISTRIBUTION OF PACKAGED COMPOST

DEPOSIT OF FOOD WASTE

PROCESSING/PACKAGING OF ‘MBG’

EXTERNAL PRE-COMPOSTING

THE COMPOSTING PROCESS

APPROX. 6 MONTHS

INPUT OF ‘CHOER’ (grated coconut shells)

INTERNAL WORM COMPOSTING EXTERNAL TUNNEL COMPOSTING

The process of composting begins with the delivery of this food waste. On average around 500kgs of food and organic waste is delivered to the site every week, which provides the input for the composting on-site. The food waste delivered on site is first buried in large bins outside and covered to begin the process of pre-composting, with which heat is produced and pathogens and weed seeds are killed in the mixture. After a month or so, the mixture, already rich with nutrients is moved to bins inside where worms are added to increase soil fertility. The bins are once again covered for a month and are frequently watered and mixed to ensure that the soil is properly processed. After the month is up, ‘choer’ (grated coconut shells) are added to the mixture to provide a substrate upon which nutrients can settle, and tossed to allow oxygen into the mix. Grubs from insects attracted in the process also provide a good source of food for chickens reared at the centre, and so the reduce the demand for costly feed, saving the centre valuable capital. The resulting mixture, which is rich in nutrients is then used to grow the fruit and vegetables on-site, with the remaining 30 percent packaged and sold the local community as MBG, short for ‘Milwaukee Black Gold’.

INPUT OF WORMS

Outdoor Education

Safety and Protection

Membership Fees

COMMUNITY AIMS | OBJECTIVES THROUGH FACILITY’S PROGRAM

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

Donations

CAPITAL FUNDING | SOURCES OF INCOME GENERATION

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE PRECEDENT: THE MILWAUKEE FOOD MOVEMENT

TUNNEL COMPOSTING | EXTERNAL PROCESSING OF COMPOST TO ALLOW VENTILATION

THE COMPOSTING PROCESS | 6 STAGE PROCESS FROM WASTE TO COMPOST

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Food Movement Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

THE FARMERS’ MARKET “The increased disconnection between consumers and producers of food means that urban populations have little connection with food production and thus have a limited knowledge of the issues associated with it.”

Andre Viljoen & Katrin Bohn

‘Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs)’

So cia l

+End of Oil

Envi ron me nt al

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Ide ntit iy

Foo dM iles +En do In f Oil du str ial i s ed Ec o Fo od gi Pro al du cti o on pr in fC tie s

ion trt Nu

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Ag en cy

FOOD CONSUMPTION

FOOD SPACES

ce an lev e R t

Bro wnf ield Site s

Gr ee nb elt +

ructure d Infast Layere

Urban Connectivity

Access to Outd oor Sp ace

Gr ee nfi eld

cc es

Sp ati al

Piazza Fontana [c.1750-1776]

Piazza Duomo

[1600-1684]

The ‘Ortomercato’, as it is more commonly known today likely originated in the Piazza Duomo around the turn of the 17th century, before being relocated to the adjacent square of Piazza Fontana in 1684. The Verziere moved once more to the nearby Piazza Santo Stefano before finally settling permanently at Largo Augusto, where the historic Colonna Verziere still marks its original location.

Porta Vittoria [1911-1965]

Via Lombroso [1965-Present]

Piazza Santo Stefano

[1684-c.1750]

Air + W ater M anage ment

Train ing +

Largo Augusto [1776-1911]

THE URBAN FOOD SYSTEM | CONSIDERATIONS

. E.U ER OTH

MILANO VERONA PADUA

VENICE

FERRARA GENOA

BOLOGNA PESARO ANCONA

PISA

PESCARA

In 1911, the Verziere moved away from being a city-centre market to the larger site of Porta Vittoria, where it could be formerly established in a number of covered halls. In 1965, the Verziere moved to its current location in Via Lombroso, where it remains a symbol of the city.

ROME

FOGGIA BARI

SASSARI

NAPOLI

OLBIA

BRINDISI

TORTOLI

Some notable Milanese scholars such as Carlo Porta and Carlo Maria Maggi celebrate the Verziere in their literature, as “a place where both the Milanese dialect, and the Milanese culture was represented in their purest form”. A statue titled "Carlo Porta al Verzee", or ‘Carlo Porta by the Verziere’, commemorates the life of Carlo Porta in the Market’s former location of Piazza Santo Stefano.

The growth of the supermarket chain over the past 40 years has coincided with the steady decline of high street shopping and the death of independent food retailers in towns and cities, which is only now in the process of being reversed. However, in many towns and cities, we still find ourselves beyond walking distance of our local supply of fresh fruit and vegetables, and commonly require the use of a car to reach the out-of-town supermarket where the majority of us carry out our weekly shop.

Perhaps one of more unusual features of Milan’s diverse food culture, despite being located on the mainland, is its vast fish retail sector. Its location as a large city in proximity to mainland Europe makes it suitable as a distribution centre for fish exports from the Italian peninsular to the rest of Europe, and Milan can boast as being the centre of fish retail in Italy, both wholesale and domestic. Even on a local level, the remoteness of Milan’s geographic location has never prevented the growth of the fish retail sector, with the oldest fish market in the city dating back to the 12th Century. The hydraulic engineering works of the 14th century saw the growth in rice cultivation, where the marcite, or water meadows provided an ideal habitat for freshwater fish, who fed on the insects of the paddy fields. Soon the local cuisine began to include freshwater fish such as perch, and shellfish, such as shrimp and crayfish.

FRANC E

From this location, the Verziere could be reached by boat through Milan’s canal system via the small port of the Larghetto, or ‘small lake’.

The farmers market promotes the production and distribution of food within a local area. It is able to keep the price down for food produced locally (within a 40 mile radius in Italy) to the market by minimising the distance and therefore the transportation costs that increase the retail price per unit item. For this reason, it will soon be able to compete against the supermarket, where transportation costs will soon send the price of everyday food skyrocketing.

Edu cati on Fo od Gr ow ing Su pp lie s

IL MERCATO DEL PESCE | ITALY’S FISH RETAIL CAPITAL

The Verziere, or Verzee as it was known specifically in Milan, was the traditional greengrocery market in the centre of the city. The Verziere was historically located in Largo Augusto, where it was based from 1776 until 1911.

It is for this reason that the farmers’ market has made a huge resurgence in the past 15 years. In 1997, there were no farmers’ markets in the UK. Now there are around 600, and the number continues to grow.

CO2 + other GHG emissions

e m co In ng t+ ssi en ce m Pro oy od pl Fo + Em e rad lT ca Lo sing Hou ed) en( Gre

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ty rsi ive lD tia a Sp

FOOD TRADING

tion edia Rem

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FOOD GROWING

Eco no m ic

Space Open tion of Percep

The inherent problem with this form of food system is that it was developed at a time of cheap oil, making it easy to ship huge amounts of food over large distances, (even half way across the world!) whilst keeping the price of food low (but at a cost to the environment). Now that we have reached ‘peak oil’, the increasing price of fuel has rendered our current food system financially unsustainable, and we will soon be forced to look into ways to produce and sell food close to the point of production, where transportation costs can be minimised.

+ ion inat tam n o C Soil

Leisure

Public Space

The modern food system upon which we so heavily rely depends upon moving large amounts of goods from place of production, through to processing and packaging plants, to distribution centres, where the products are shipped to supermarkets for sale.

ity ers div Bio

‘IL VERZIERE’ | MILAN’S HISTORIC VEGETABLE MARKET

K. U.

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Food M iles

od Local Fo

Access to (Fresh) Food

LOCAL FOOD DISTRIBUTION | INTRODUCTION

GERMANY

Milan and History

Introduction

PO RT UG AL

Introduction

SPAI N

RESEARCH INTO THE ORIGINS AND WORKINGS OF FARMERS MARKETS AS A KEY COMPONENT OF LOCAL FOOD NETWORKS

CAGLIARI

VIBO VALENTIA

TRAPANI

PALERMO CALABRIA

When considering the future of food consumption in our everyday lives, and taking into account the damaging global impact of livestock farming to feed our protein consumption, it makes sense to consider a collective change in our collective eating habits to find a more sustainable source of protein. Fish farming, is one of the least energy intensive forms of protein generation, as has the potential to achieve this cultural shift. As Milan is already the fish retail centre of Italy, with much of the nation’s fish already passing through the city’s markets, it would be logical to introduce fish onto the city restaurant menus.

SIRACUSA

FUTURE SCENARIO | THE RESURGENCE OF FARMERS’ MARKETS

ITALIAN FISH MARKET | DISTRIBUTION ROUTES VIA MILAN

Commute 3%

Consumer Goods 10%

FOOD DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS | GLOBAL VS LOCAL FOOD SYSTEM

I MERCATI DI MILANO | MILAN’S EXISTING MARKET SCENE As a major city located in the heart of an important agricultural region of Europe, Milan has managed to maintain strong links to its local food retail scene, its restaurants and city markets generating continued popularity of its local farmers markets, where other cities such as London have failed. As a result, many have remained largely intact in the face of pressures by global food importation, and the convenience of supermarket shopping.

Indeed, one of the main criticisms of Milan’s farmers’ markets today, is that many have expanded beyond the retail of local produce as many traders strive to maintain a competitive edge over their neighbours. Over the past half-century, food from farther afield such as salami from Genoa, or mozzarella from Pesaro, has begun feature more and more prominently in stalls across many of the city markets, to the extent that much of the local Lombardian produce no longer has a place.

Following Milan’s designation as a Citta Slow, or ‘Slow City’, in the past few years, the Slow Food movement in Milan has established a new Mercato della Terra, or Earth Market in the east of the city, which restricts the selling of products to only those produced within a 40km radius of the city. In this way, it hopes to protect the city’s local food scene from pressures from imports from across the region, nationally, and internationally.

San Miniato

Ciccotti Drago

Gaeta

Val Di Ledro

Pareto

De Capitani Catone

Fiamminghino De Predis

Bonola

Isernia

FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

Arioli Venegoni Pistoia Val Cannobina

Palmi

Porta Nuova

Pagano

San Marco

Papiniano

Stresa

Bentivoglio

Della Rondine

Ferrieri

Lorenteggio

Falck

Darsena Crema

Borsi

Ponti Ettore Curiel Di Rudini

CLOTHES/SHOES MARKETS

Cermenate

Route to Consumer Capital Flow Movement of Produce

Cima

Calvi

Construction 6%

Food 67%

This resurgence of town centre shopping will provide a setting in which producers will be able to engage with consumers, promoting education and greater awareness of the processes of food production. Increased interaction and communication between citizens will help to create new, cohesive and safe communities, as a result of how we buy our food. The Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) reports that “large food stores can and have had an adverse impact on market towns and district centres. It is vital that those responsible for the future of market towns and district centres take positive steps to improve the range and quality of food shopping in those centres”.

Recycling & Waste 1% Travel 1%

CARBON EMISSION SOURCES | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES

PROJECT PROPOSALS | NEW S. CRISTOFORO FARMERS’ MARKET The recent resurgence of local farmers’ markets across the city of Milan, coupled with a thriving peri-urban agriculture movement in the southwest of the city, calls for the emergence of new local food retail centres, where producers are able to distribute their produce to the local population, in a new sustainable model of food distribution. The farmers’ market will provide a place for consumers to come in contact with local producers, providing an environment for local citizens to learn about all aspects of food production, and in doing so ‘reconnect’ the city and its people to the agricultural hinterland from which it has become disconnected. Located at the heart of the district of San Cristoforo in the southwest of the city, the new Farmers’ Market will provide a new food retail centre which is easily accessible to both the local urban consumer population, and the producers in the south-western fringes of the city, through well-connected transport links.

Energy Input INITAL CONCEPT SKETCH | COVERED MARKET SQUARE STANDING OVER CANAL BASIN

Waste Stream

Canaletto Barigozzi

BENEFITS

Martini

SUPERMARKET

Vasari

Benaco Baravalle Oglio Bordighera Ghini Luca

Ungheria

Edge of town location means many consumers are forced to drive for weekly shop.

Mompiani

Agilulfo Santa Teresa

Fauche Rogoredo Val Maira Valvassori Peroni Calvi Eustachi

Moretto Da Brescia

Calatafimi Vespri Siciliani

LEGEND

URBAN AGRICULTURE SITES (UASs)

Rombon Ampere Valvassori Peroni Eustachi

Kramer

Osoppo Tonezza

COMMUNITY GARDENS

Pisani Dossi

Cesariano Zamagna

Orbetello

Marco Aurelio

Garigliano

Fauche

In the past aa past half-century, half-century,the thecurrent currentglobal globalfood foodnetworks networkshave haveadopted adopted model of mass-production, handling mass-production,mass-processing, mass-processing,and andmass-distribution, mass-distribution, and shipping quantities of food over the help of the handling andhuge shipping huge quantities of vast food distances over vastwith distances with cheap to cultivate increasing returns on its products. As oil prices increase, help ofoil, cheap oil, to cultivate increasing returns on its products. As oil prices so too does production, and the ‘middle-man’ of processing increase, sothe tooprice doesof the price of production, and the ‘middle-man’ of and shipping. processing and shipping.

MASS-DISTRIBUTION CENTRE

Cambini

Zuretti

Stresa

Ardissone

Vittorelli

Rancati

Asmara

Benedetto Marcello Arcangeli

Aristotele

GLOBAL FOOD

As an alternative the alternative to tothis thismodel, model,local localfood foodnetworks networksseek seektotominimise minimise the distance between between the theproducer producerand andthe theconsumer, consumer,ininorder ordertotokeep keepcosts costs down. Smaller-scale environSmaller-scaleproduction productionfor foraabetter betterhold holdon onpest pestcontrol controland and mental management, allowingallowing local producers to cut their consumption of environmental management, local producers to cut their consumpcostly and harmful pesticides, reducingreducing costs further. more tion offertilisers costly fertilisers and harmful pesticides, costsThis further. This decentralised model model of foodofproduction close toclose the city increases the number more decentralised food production to the city increases the of producers, and in doing increases the diversity produceofatproduce local food number of producers, andso, in doing so, increases theof diversity at markets, to protect of varieties produce, of and increaseand food local foodhelping markets, helping vulnerable to protect varieties vulnerable produce, security. increase food security.

Pascarella Val Maira

The two diagrams global diagrams below belowaacomparative comparativeanalysis analysisbetween betweenthe thecurrent current global food networks aa networks and and the theemerging emerginglocal localfood foodnetwork, network,which whichhas hasmade made resurgence resurgence in in recent recentyears yearsfollowing followingthe thespike spikeininoiloilprices. prices.

Energy & Water 12%

LOCAL FOOD

The ’middle-man’ section of the global food model, once highly economical for large-scale processing and distribution, now becomes increasingly expensive as oil prices skyrocket.

Trechi

Val Maira Benedetto Marcello Lorenteggio Rogoredo Calvi Fauche Papiniano Orbetello Darsena

Canaletto Crema Osoppo Valvassori Peroni

FACTORY PROCESSING

Giussani

FLEA MARKETS

FLOWER MARKETS

Large-scale processing and distribution require huge input of energy in the form of non-renewables.

To provide an example , the Mercato San Papiniano, one of the most famous of Milan’s city markets, held every Tuesday and Saturday morning features traders as far afield as Calabria , Campania, Sardinia, Liguria, and even Sicily, with Lombardian produce no longer the majority, amongst the competing food cultures.

LEGEND

Papiniano Benedetto Marcello Darsena Valvassori Peroni Lorenteggio Calvi Kramer Dei Guarneri Barigozzi Martini Ponte Ettore Asmara Rancati San Marco Di Rudini

MONOCROPPING

As fuel prices skyrocket, the supermarkets will be forced to disband as their sub-urban locations make them inaccessible to those who have no access to a car. The demand for local, inner-city food shopping will likely encourage a growth in farmers’ markets, and a resurgence of butchers’ shops and greengrocers, which have almost vanished from our town centres.

Location of farmers’ markets close to town centres allows consumers to walk to carry out weekly shop.

ALLOTMENT GARDENING

Farmers’ markets offer additional choice and attract customers back to town centres, helping strengthen other smaller outlets

FOOD AWARENESS AND EDUCATION

Rogoredo Dei Guarneri

BOOSTING THE LOCAL ECONOMY

INITIAL CONCEPT SKETCHES | FOOD PRODUCTION TO FARMERS’ MARKET

Farmers markets will provide a setting in which producers can engage with consumers, promoting food education. GLOBAL FOOD NETWORK | CENTRALISED FOOD PRODUCTION, DEPENDENT ON CHEAP OIL

GREATER DIVERSITY OF PRODUCE Gratisoglio Nord

LOCAL FOOD

GLOBAL FOOD

LOCAL FOOD RETAIL

Gratisoglio Sud

FISH FLEA MARKETS Benedetto Marcello Cesare Lombroso

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

High Energy Input

Less-Mechanised Production

Greater Market Dependency

Reduced Market Dependency

Greater Reliance upon Imports

Reduction of Food Imports

High Wastage

Out-of-Town Retail

Accessible Urban Retail

GLOBAL FOOD VS LOCAL FOOD| BENEFITS OF LOCAL FOOD NETWORKS

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE THE FARMERS’ MARKET

A greater number of producers means a more varied selection of produce, protecting diversity of species and environment.

REDUCTION IN ENERGY Moving the point of retail to town and city centres will reduce the distance travelled by the consumer to market.

Local food production centres provide sustainable supply of local, healthy produce to the urban population, provide employment, and increase diversity of produce available.

FRESH, LOCAL PRODUCE LOCAL FOOD NETWORK | DECENTRALISED PRODUCTION CLOSE TO CONSUMER

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

Reduced distance from point of production to market will ensure that produce reaches the consumer fresh.

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

PERSPECTIVE SKETCH | ILLUSTRATING COVERED MARKET SQUARE

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes (CPULs) Food Movement Precedents

MILAN AND FOOD Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY

04 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Water

Milan and Transport Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

A PRECEDENT FOR THE ADAPTIVE REUSE OF A FORMER INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX INTO A FOOD PRODUCTION AND EDUCATION CENTRE

PRECEDENT: WYCHWOOD BARNS. TORONTO

WYCHWOOD BARNS | INTRODUCTION

HYBRID FACILITY | CENTRE LAYOUT

The Artscape Wychwood Barns project not only provides a precedent for the adaptive reuse of a former industrial complex, but also the implementation of a community-based food production and distribution programme to provide much needed facilities for the local community. The Wychwood Barns consist of 5 industrial buildings built on a 4.3-acre plot of inner-city land in downtown Toronto, which was previously use for the maintenance of railway carriages from 1913 onwards but Toronto Civic Railways. Having fallen into disrepair from the 1980s, the buildings were transferred to city ownership in 1996. From there they were sold to Artscape who, with the help of funding from the Federal government, the Ontario Government and the City of Toronto, redeveloped them into a community complex which features a farmers’ market, a greenhouse, a number of office spaces for local community groups, a multi-purpose space, and a beach volleyball court. Barn 4, run by The Stop Community Food Centre, a non-profit organisation engaged in various food education programmes, houses a greenhouse and demonstration garden for the growing of local produce, and teaching children of the benefits of eating healthy local food, and the drawbacks of our current model for global food distribution.

WYCHWOOD BARNS MAIN ENTRANCE | IMAGE CREDIT: LLOYD ALTER, treehugger.com

The Farmers’ Market, held every Saturday in the main arcade of the complex accommodates around 40 vendors, most of which are from the nearby southern Ontario region, and specialise in local and organic foods.

WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY | HARVESTING. STORAGE. CONSERVATION

STUDIO BARN

Strainers Pressure Tank Roof Drain

Water Meter

In response to the need for affordable housing in the neighbourhood of St. Clair and Wychwood, the 'Studio Barn' will provide 26 affordable 'Live/Work' studios, ranging in size from 445sq.ft to 1,050sq.ft, as a combination of one-bedroom studios, smaller bachelor apartments, and five 2-level family units.

Control Panel

All of the apartments will look out over Benson Avenue, with the one-bedroom apartments located on the first floor, the bachelor apartments on the ground floor, and the family units benefitting from a double-height entry occupying a share of both levels.On the opposite side of the barn will be 15 work-only, artist studios which face out over, and gain access from the covered street of Barn 2.

UV System

Duplex Submersible Pumps

Backflow Preventor Water Closet

Settlement Sump Pit

COVERED STREET

IE ST RI CH

CO VE RE D

FIF TH

CO MM UN ITY

GR EE N

(O pe n) BA RN

ST UD IO ST RE ET

BA RN

BE NS ON

Incoming Domestic Water From City

Overflow to City Connection

BA RN

LA ND SC AP ED

PA RK

D OO HW C WY

COMMUNITY FOOD CENTRE | FOOD PROVISION AND EDUCATION

Providing Food for those who need it most

Engaging population with lessons in how to cook

EDUCATION

Learning the importance of local food production, healthy food, and drawbacks of global food networks

COMMUNITY BARN

ENGAGEMENT

How to grow your own food locally, and how to engage others in spreading the word

FROM DEPENDENCY TO PROVISION | ACCESS. SKILL. EDUCATION. ENGAGEMENT

In addition, Barn 3 also houses the mechanical plant for the building, public facillities such as washrooms, and small theatre 'Galleria' space that opens out onto the park, connecting the exterior leisure space with the covered market hall.

UE EN AV

WATER CISTERN INSTALLATION | LOCATED IN PART-EXCAVATED BARN

VENTILATION STRATEGY | ENVIRONMENTALLY-RESPONSIVE SYSTEM

Barn 3, also known as the 'Community Barn' houses the majority of the community spaces for the centre with samller offices for non-profit ventures, and affordable rental spaces available to community arts and environment organisations.

GLOBAL FOOD NETWORK | CENTRALISED FOOD PRODUCTION, DEPENDENT ON CHEAP OIL

SKILL

FROM DEPENDENCY TO PROVISION | ACCESS. SKILL. EDUCATION. ENGAGEMENT

E NU VE A E AD SL

ACCESS

Low Level Switch

The space also serves as an exhibition hall and community meeting place, whilst allowing covered access to the adjacent work studios and community spaces.

BA RN

Overflow to City Connection

Rainwater Cistern

The concrete floor pattern used in the hall echoes the former use of the barn by the trains, and the original steel trusses have been treated and left exposed to illustrate its industrial construction.

AV EN UE

Any excess water accumulated in the system can be easily fed back into the city’s municipal water supply.

Non-Potable Water Storage Tank

Water Closet

Barn Two has been envisaged as a covered street, as the public heart of the facility. It is here that the farmer's market is held every Saturday, where the open skylit space, enclosed with full-height glazing at either end provides a perfect setting for local residents to move through the market stalls.

ET RE ST

The Wychwood Barns project has employed a strategy of rainwater harvesting for use in the building as greywater, and therefore reduce the centre’s overall dependence on the city’s municipal water supply. By collecting stormwater, and rainwater from the roof, the water management system employs a 1.5m diameter x 50m concrete cistern located directly under Barn 2, to provide a reservoir with which to feed the facilities 40 water closets, irrigate the surrounding parkland, and sustain plant and vegetable cultivation in the Green Barn greenhouse. In addition to the collection and reuse of rainwater, the facility utilises low-flow fixtures and waterless urinals to achieve a 67% reduction in municipal water demand compared to a typical building of the same size.

In order to minimise energy consumption of the facility employs an automated ventilation system strategy in the public zone of the building to monitor and respond to temperature and humidity fluctuations during use. Barn 2, acting as a covered street, has the ability to regulate the temperature of the adjacent Studio Barn (No.1) and Community Barn (No.3) through the volume of air contained within. By employing a system which seeks to maintain predefined levels of humidity and temperature, it is able to effectively manage the environment for the whole building.

Roof Vents Dampers in roof vents open when temperature or humidity exceed a certain level.

Heat Generation

Large Air Volume

Activities taking place in the Covered Barn, especially the farmers’ market generate excess heat and humidity.

Expanse of air serves as a temperature regulator for the facility, helping to reduce large temperature fluctuations whilst in use.

It achieves this control through employing a series of dampers in the roof vents which open when temperature or humidity exceed a certain level. In an environment in which fresh food is bought and sold, having such an effective ventilation strategy is essential to maintain quality of the environment and control smell.

VENTILATION STRATEGY OUTLINE | DESIGN CONSIDERATION AND REALISATION

ENERGY STRATEGY | GROUND-SOURCE ENERGY SYSTEM

THE STOP COMMUNITY FOOD CENTRE’S

GREEN BARN

The Green Barn, home of the stop community food organisation is a semiprivate facility with an accessible greenhouse, for the nuturing of seedlings, growing of organic produce, and a community kitchen. The Barn also houses a sheltered community garden space, featuring a bake oven, which serves as a traditional space between building and park.

Warm/Cold Air Supply to Condition Space

Water-to-Air Heat Pump

The purpose of the Green Barn is largely to promote community learning, and urban agricultural education through programs in horticulture, community gardening, composting and organic food growing.

Heat Exchanger for Underfloor Heating

The ethos of the Wychwood Barns is to aid the community by making available resources (physical and educational) to local residents who would otherwise have no direct access. The Barns are conceived as a place where the most-needy citizens of the neighbouring community are able to be provided for through a community soup kitchen, which provides the most basic of resources for those who are homeless.

Over time, it is encouraged that those who are aided by the centre will engage with the practices of growing, processing and cooking produce, so that they can contribute, and ‘give back’ to the centre in the form of help. Through teaching by volunteers into the merits of sustainable food production, the local resident is educated in the importance of locally-sourced, healthy food and sustainable farming practices, which engages them mentally with the ethos of the centre.

Geothermal Pump

Water-to-Water Heat Pump

FIFTH BARN

Hot Water Generator

Hot Water Recirculator

Heat Exchanger for Domestic Hot Water

The Wychwood Barns project utilises a ground-source energy system to meet its heating and cooling need throughout the year. The system comprises 48no. boreholes dug between 120m and 130m deep and spaced 5m apart, through which food-grade polypropylene glycol is circulated. By supplying a small amount of energy, a pumping system is able to compress the glycol circulated from the ground to create the necessary heating effect for the building in winter, which can be reversed for cooling in summer. The nature of the system means that it is able to deliver high thermal performance throughout the coldest months, when a stable heat supply will be needed, and also through the warm summer months, where a reverse cooling cycle is able to dissipate heat to the ground. Any additional heat generated by the pumping system is likewise able to be dissipated to the ground. In order to supply the energy needed to sustain the system, a photovoltaic panel array will be erected on the roof of the barn, which will offset the centre’s remaining CO2 emissions, by means of a sustainable energy source.

Domestic Hot Water Ground

Domestic Cold Water

The Fifth Barn has been stripped of its roof and walls, to remain open to the park beyond as a collonaded, hard-surfaced public space between the park and centre. Closed-Loop System

The fourth and final step in the development of the centre is the hope that those who have engaged with the teachings of the centre will pass on this knowledge to others, involving themselves in the teaching of key skills needed to promote a move to sustainable food production in the city.

Heating Degree Days

1500 1200

667

900

500

600

333

300 Thermally-Enhanced Grout

167 J

300

BORE FIELD

GROUND-SOURCE HEATING STRATEGY | ENERGY TRANSFER THROUGH AIR-WATER & WATER-WATER HEAT PUMPS

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

833

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE PRECEDENT: WYCHWOOD BARNS, TORONTO

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

0 167

Cooling Degree Days

HEATING/COOLING DEGREE DAYS | BASE 65OF/18.5OC

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

MILAN AND TRANSPORT

05 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

PAST AND EXISTING AGRICULTURAL PATTERNS IN THE LOMBARDIA REGION, AND THE NEW PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE MOVEMENT

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE “[the vegetable gardens] are in flower all year round and produce an abundance of pulses of every kind and cabbages of every variety, beet, lettuce... celery, spinach, parsley, fennel”.

Bonvesin della Riva, in “De Magnalibus Mediolani”

LOCAL URBAN AGRICULTURAL SITES | EXISTING ALLOMENT GARDENS

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE | AN INTRODUCTION Milan is one of the most important farming regions in Italy, second only to Piedmont in terms of number of farms operating per unit area. In total, there are over 3000 hectares of active farmland, and 109 farms in operation.

LEGEND - Wine

From a seemingly homogeneous water plain, cut only periodically by a few minor rivers, Milan landscape has undergone a transformation into a complex network of canals, locks and irrigation ditches, which has served to aid Milan’s industrial, commercial and economical expansion.

- Wheat

Sondilo

- Maize - Rice - Apples - Chestnuts

Como

Varese

Lecco - Cattle - Pig

Bergamo

- Sheep

Brescia

MILANO

LOCATION: TOTAL GROWING AREA: NO. OF PLOTS/OWNERS:

- Prairie and Pastures

It was the Cistercian monks of the Chiaravalle Monastery who revolutionised agriculture in the Milanese countryside in the 14th century with the construction of a new irrigation system. The then newly-formed marcite, or ‘water meadows’ which resulted by flooding the lowland areas downstream from the Naviglio Grande, allowed forage crops to be produced all year round, as opposed to the restricted growing times of solely the summer months. This greatly enhanced productivity in the region, and allowed for maximised cereal crops production in the higher months.

- Rice Farming

Pavia Mantova

Voghera

- Uncultivated Land

- Land Suitable for Arable Farming

Available Greenspace Rice Cultivation

Allotment Garden Allotment Garden Water Built Environment 03

As one of the most productive areas of the city, the area provides an ideal site for the location of a new centre based around food production in Milan, housing an agricultural advice and outreach centre, a facility to hire gardening equipment, and spaces to process, market and distribute local produce to the wider population. Identified as instrumental in the success of Cuba’s Agricultural revolution was the provision of widely-accessible agricultural advice centres where knowledge could be imparted to maximise productivity in the urban agricultural sites. In a setting still relatively inexperienced in intensive urban agriculture, the provision of readily-accessible advice will ensure that Milan’s city food movement continues to grow and thrive.

Meadow

The riverside setting of Via Buccinasco provides a small area of land alongside the access road to the local quarry, in which opportunistic urban farmers have begun to cultivate on a small scale. The site provides space for a small number of residents of the local high-rise apartments, who suffer from no access to garden space. With growing demand however, the site and others like it will need to expand to allow for equal access to all.

Vigevano

Cremona

LEGEND

VIA BUCCINASCO 8,206 sq.m 29 no.

Allotment Case Study

- Fruit Farming

AGRICULTURAL ADVICE CENTRE | PROJECT PROPOSALS

In order to achieve this, there will need to be a point of access to knowledge such as… - Which are the most climate suitable crops to grow in Milan? - What are the ideal seasonal crop varieties, and when should they be planted? - Which produce will fetch the greatest price on the city market? - How to create rich composts and environmentally-friendly fertilisers for use on city soils?

AGRICULTURAL ADVICE CENTRE

- Heavily-Saturated Land

PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURAL REGION | MILAN PROVINCIAL AREA

LOCATION: TOTAL GROWING AREA: NO. OF PLOTS/OWNERS:

PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE | GROWING LOCAL FOOD MOVEMENT The peri-urban area to the southwest of Milan’s city centre is characterised by the highest concentration of private allotment gardens, and stands at the forefront of Milan’s rapidly-growing urban agricultural movement. Many of the allotments are clustered in an area on the fringe of the city between the outlying districts of Robarello, Ronchetto Sul Naviglio, and Corsico, and the more extensive, protected areas of the South Agricultural Park.

VIA ERNESTO ROSSI 1,017 sq.m 6 no.

The Agricultural Advice Centre located at the Urban Ecology Centre will provide a permanent base for an otherwise mobile outreach centre, aimed at disseminating information and advice regarding food production in the city. The Advice Centre will provide a point of contact for farmers in the local area to seek advice regarding all matters of agricultural production. The centre will feature a ‘drop-in’ information centre for those interested in establishing their own sites of food production and a number of office meeting spaces with which local farmer s will be able to arrange an appointment with one of the permanent agricultural advisors.

The converted garden space of a local apartment building alongside Via Ernesto Rossi provides ample space for the residents to cultivate vegetables on a small scale. The site provides a model with which to convert other available underutilised garden space in the area to allow for a greater level of food cultivation.

The allotments occupy an area on the fringe of the city, between the sub-urban districts of Robarello, Ronchetto Sul Naviglio, and Corsico, and the more extensively cultivated areas of the protected South Agricultural Park. Many of the gardens have been established informally on sites of former industry or waste-disposal, some of which have been identified as being highly contaminated. In the long term, the cultivation of produce on the sites can help to assist the breakdown of contaminants in the soil and increase soil health, but in the long-term poses immediate health risks for those working in the area, with the likelihood of exposure to harmful substances buried close to the soil surface.

LOCATION: TOTAL GROWING AREA: NO. OF PLOTS/OWNERS:

VIA GIORGIO MERULA 2,624 sq.m 18 no.

LOCATION: TOTAL GROWING AREA: NO. OF PLOTS/OWNERS:

The urban agricultural site of Via Tre Castelli represents the largest informal concentration of private allotment gardens in the south-west of the city. Developed on the site of a former rubbish dump, which has been highlighted as being potentially contaminated, a number of residents from nearby apartment buildings have slowly transformed the area into an area of local small-scale food production. The local guerrilla farmers have slowly transformed their acquired plots through the use of waste building materials found in the area, from beds to tables and shuttering.

Another small ‘offcut’ of land sandwiched between a field and canal is home to another allotment garden, developed by opportunistic urban farmers. Local residents have transformed the underutilised strip of peri-urban land into a small allotment garden in which 20 local residents can cultivate a small amount of fruit and vegetables in a bid to become more self sufficient.

These sites form the target areas of the Environmental Research Centre, who will perform a detailed analysis of pollutants present on the sites, and explore potential remedial treatments to neutralise any harmful compounds.

VIA TRE CASTELLI 121,990 sq.m Unknown

VIA CESAR CHIODI 22,644 sq.m 100 no. approx.

One of the more formally-established allotment gardens in the south-west of the city lies along via Cesare Chiodi where local residents can apply for permits to rent a plot for sufficiency farming. The site, split into two large allotment gardens provides allotment plots for around 100 local residents to grow vegetables in the proximity of their homes, whilst the surrounding land is maintained by the local landowner.

EXISTING URBAN AGRICULTURE ANALYSIS | ALLOTMENT GARDEN CASE STUDIES

LEGEND

Cereals Cultivation Rice Cultivation

REMOTE ASSISTANCE The Mobile Outreach Unit will handle the majority of consultancy in the area, with a number of mobile advisors based at the Advice Centre, able to provide support to all farmers within the South Agricultural Park. Visits will be made to farms across the region to meet with farmers, and undertake any necessary observation, measurements, surveying or sampling at the point of production. Collected samples will be returned to the soil laboratories based at the Environmental Research Centre where more detailed analyses can be carried out.

Meadow Allotment Garden Water Parco Agricolo Sud Milan Municipal Boundary

EXISTING URBAN AGRICULTURAL SCENE | ALLOTMENT GARDEN IMAGES

RICE CULTIVATION IN MILAN | A BRIEF HISTORY

Ba sil

Gr e Plu en Cu m cu

As p Ar ar tic h

Peas Kale Snap Pe as Rhubar b

June

Squash

us ag ke o

e rgin be Au

Janu ary

Fe b

rbs He

ay M

atoes Pot d ar

r embe Dec

July

Radishe Lettuce Spinach Cabbage Pumpkin

r be em

t rro Ca

Beet

st gu

No v er temb Sep

Octo ber

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

er low ulif Ca cado o Av on i On

Despite being a staple feature in the diets of the Far Eastern countries as early as 2400BC, rice remained largely unknown in Europe throughout Greek and Roman times, featuring only in the collective mind as a medicinal herb. Its importation costs also discouraged its large-scale adoption into Western cultures. It remained so for another millennium, until it was first planted extensively around Naples by the Spanish, likely following introduction by Venetian merchants, or Crusaders travelling back from the Middle East. Close ties between the Aragonese and the ruling Sforza family of Milan meant it did not take long before the first rice was planted upon the Po Plain, near Vercelli, which was controlled by the State of Milan.

MOBILE INFORMATION POINT The third element of the Agricultural Advice Centre will be a the Mobile Information Point, which will handle the more promotional domestic side of urban food production, serving to initiate conversation between local producers and ordinary citizens at the point of food retail. A mobile information point and advice desk will be deployed at supermarkets, farmers markets, and high streets across the city to generate local awareness and promote the growth of the new local food movement. Each information point will employ two permanent reps, with the option of inviting a local farmer to attend. In this way, the advice centre can rely upon a source of expertise when talking to those interested in local food production.

In 1494, Galeazzo Maria Sforza prohibited the export of rice outside of the Duchy of Milan in order to allow Milan to establish itself as the primary producer. From this point on, rice production in the Milan area grew exponentially, reputedly exploding from 5,500 hectares in 1500, to a staggering 50,000 hectares in 1550. The large-scale production of rice in the region cemented it a central role in traditional Milanese dishes, such as the famous Risotto alla Milanese and Minestrone, both of which still exist today. Although rice dishes do not feature so prominently on today’s menus in Milan, with stronger competition from more typical Italian dishes such as pasta and pizza, rice production has not diminished. Lombardia today boasts 102,000 hectares of rice paddies, 43% of Italy’s total productive area, and just under 30% of Europe’s rice production area.

GROWING CALENDAR | PLANNING FOR SUITABLE CROP TYPES

NEW VISITOR CENTRE PROPOSALS | LOCATION ALONG THE INNER CITY RINGROAD

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

y ler Ce

y ar ru

Fig

PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURAL REGION | MILAN PROVINCIAL AREA

The large-scale production of rice in the region cemented it a central role in traditional Milanese dishes, such as the famous Risotto alla Milanese and Minestrone, both of which still exist today. Although rice dishes do not feature so prominently on today’s menus in Milan, with stronger competition from more typical Italian dishes such as pasta and pizza, rice production has not diminished. Lombardia today boasts 102,000 hectares of rice paddies, 43% of Italy’s total productive area, and just under 30% of Europe’s rice production area.

Apri l Tomatoes

r be m

h Marc

an Be

CLIMATE AND CULTIVATION | SUITABLE LOCAL FOOD PRODUCTION

Br o Sw cco iss li Ch



Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND AGRICULTURE

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Agriculture Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND AGRICULTURE Milan and History City Water Consumption

MILAN AND HISTORY Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

MILAN AND TRANSPORT

05 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

TEMPORARY LAND USE IN THE EVOLUTION OF A MASTERPLAN BASED AROUND SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION

PROPOSED URBAN AGRICULTURAL SITES

THE EVOLVING MASTERPLAN | TEMPORARY USE OF BROWNFIELD NAPOLI

As a means to maximise sustainable food production in the city to meet it current and future demands for food , the proposed masterplan of the area must incorporate a wide variety of production centres to be developed on all available, underutilised land in the city. Those production centres may occupy a portion of land only temporarily before a more permanent development is proposed, or become directly integrated into the existing urban fabric immediately from inception. The size and scale of each production centre will be determined by the amount of land available, and the size and nature of the workforce. Some larger enterprises may be able to employ a large number of full-time workers, whereas others will be powered predominately by part-time workers or community volunteers, with only a few full-time workers to guide and manage the sites.

VACANT BROWNFIELD LAND

URBAN AGRICULTURAL SITE

[ABANDONED EX-INDUSTRIAL WASTELAND]

Large areas of brownfield land in the city cost local councils more than just lost revenue as a result of inactivity. As is being discovered in many cities in the post-industrial world, the high level of contamination in areas of former industry discourages developers, due to the inherent costs of remediation. While the land remains disused, abandoned industrial units become a target of crime, which in turn lowers land values in the surrounding area.

LORENTEGGIO

MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

[VERTICAL FARM]

[COMBINED RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, COMMUNITY, LEISURE]

Temporary use of land as a point of urban food production provides a source of employment in the area, with the possibility of capital gain through ‘farm-gate’ or local market sales. Utilising the Cuban ‘organoponico’ method of food production, raised growing beds allow the simultaneous remediation of soils beneath, through the economically viable and gradual process of mycoremediation.

GIAMBELLINO

RESTOCCO MARONI NAVIGLI

RONCHETTO SUL NAVIGLIO

The primary objective of the move to establish urban production centres is to make immediate use of vacant land until a long-term use can be decided. By putting all available land ‘to the plough’, formerly vacant areas can immediately benefit local urban communities by providing employment for the unemployed and opening up skilled job opportunities in the agricultural sector

SAN CRISTOFORO CORSICO

PROBLEMS

Urban Brownfield Site

Identified Contamination

SANTA RITA

INTENSIVE FOOD PRODUCTION

SOLUTION

[VERTICAL FARM]

Possible Contamination/ Health Risk

Productive Use of Land

Attracts Vandalism

Allows Simultaneous Remediation of Land

Decrease in Surrounding Land Value

Increase in Surrounding Land Value

Remediation Costs Makes Development Unfeasible

Promotes Awareness of and Education in Food Production

PERMANENT FOOD RETAIL [COVERED MARKET + SQUARE]

BARONA

Conversion to Urban Agriculture Raised Beds allows for simultaneous remediation

STARTING CONDITIONS

TEMPORARY LAND USE

IDENTIFIED BROWNFIELD | CONVERSION TO URBAN AGRICULTURE

PERMANENT LAND USE

BUCCINASCO

MONCUCCO

URBAN AGRICULTURE AS TEMPORARY SOLUTION | POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING REMEDIATION PROPOSED URBAN AGRICULTURE SITES | COMMUNITY FOOD PRODUCTION CENTRES

MASTERPLAN COMPONENTS | TEMPORARY URBAN AGRICULTURAL SITES

SMALL URBAN GARDEN

PICCOLI ORTI

URBAN FACTORY

FATTORI URBANI

COMPOSTING

COMPOSTAGGIO

The Piccoli Orti, or Small Urban Garden, will dominate the new productive landscape, where every family will have access to a small private or shared garden, to produce a small variety of essential fruit and vegetables for personal consumption. Making the most of all available space in the city, these gardens provide space for local residents who do not have access to personal garden space.

The Urban Food Factory is designed for the intensive production of a wide range of produce, which will be essential to meet the demands of the growing urban population. The Urban Farm will need to be large-scale in order to achieve economic sustainability, therefore will be best suited to larger converted brownfield sites, such as the expanse of linear brownfield land between the Naviglio Grande, and the railway lines.

Essential in maintaining the health of the soil needed for cultivation, through replacing nutrients absorbed in the growing of produce. Composting requires a generous amount of space in order to support sustained inner city production of food. Located in a central location, and in the proximity of gardens, organic waste such as clippings can be delivered to contribute to the production of compost.

Through the implementation of container gardening, windfall sites across the city can be subdivided into a large number of smaller plots, each one available to a different resident. The nature of the container gardening raises the growing platform from ground level to make it more accessible to the young, the elderly, and the disabled members of the community.

Suitable Locations - Expansive Brownfield, Derelict industrial or Commercial units.

Composting facilities when effectively managed can allow ventilation, which is essential in the composting process. An effective set-up can allow for rapid production of compost for the food production system. The further implementation of worms or mushroom mycelium in the composting facility, will help intensify production of this essential ingredient of urban agriculture.

Suitable Locations - Urban Parks, Private Gardens, Other Agricultural Sites.

URBAN GARDENS

ORTI URBANI

SMALL FRUIT GARDEN

PICCOLI FRUTTI

Designed for the intensive cultivation of smaller fruits in the city, with generally-high retail price, value the vertical orientation of the growing zones in stacked rows, vertical towers, or vines, will help to intensify production in smaller areas, whilst allowing ease of maintenance, and harvesting by dedicated growers. Suitable Locations - Private Gardens, Parks, Community Gardens, Rooftops.

VIVAIO

Essential for the planting of new seedlings in order to aid the production of saplings which can then be distributed across the city to stimulate the growth of orchards in the city. The large nursery houses of approximately 5,000sq.ft will provide an effective use for abandoned brownfield land for employment for local workers, and seedlings can be sold to generate income for maintenance of the facilities. Suitable Locations - Highrise Rooftops,

SCHOOL GARDEN

ORTI SCOLASTICI

As an extension of the Community Garden and Demonstration Garden, the conversion of under-utilised school gardens into new food production areas, will help to make schools more self-sufficient, thus reducing their overall demand for funds on the national education system. In addition to this, it will also make the schools more healthy, through greater awareness of the benefits of healthy eating. Educating the young in schools, it is hoped will motivate future generations to devote resources to the production of food for the city.

EDIBLE FLOWER BEDS

AIUOLE EDIBILI

As an efficient use of smaller areas of publicly-owned land in the city, plots such as those on roundabouts or central reservations can be converted to gardens of edible flowers, whose vibrancy and colour can add to the look of the neighbourhoods, and the revenue generated by such gardens, can fund employment and greater economic production in the community. Suitable Locations - District centres, Garden Centres, Community Gardens.

Suitable Locations - Schools, Nurseries, Colleges, other Educational Institutions.

Suitable Locations - Urban Parks, Private Gardens, Other Agricultural Sites.

COMMUNITY GARDEN

ORTI COMMUNITI

More expansive areas of brownfield land remediated and made available to those interested in cultivating fruit and vegetables more intensively. The Urban Gardens may take the form of the Cuban ‘organoponico’ with large expanses of raised beds arranged linearly for cultivation by hand.

Located in the more central areas where building density limits personal garden space therefore necessitating the provision of land suitable for allotments. Conversion of underutilised land makes available a large plot of allotments for use by the local community.

Suitable Locations - Extensive Brownfield Areas, Parkland.

Suitable Locations - Community Centres, Church Halls, Social Clubs

APIARIES

APIARI

The development of fruit and seed in any agricultural system is greatly enhanced through the health of the ecosystem, and a healthy population of pollenating insects. By allocating small areas of available land to the raising of bees, plants in the city can benefit from the collection of nectar, thus increasing the rate of pollination. Suitable Locations - Low Density Residential, Nr. to Orchards/ Fruit Gardens

ORCHARDS

FRUTTETO

An effective use of inner-city green space is the introduction of orchards into the existing, underutilised areas of the inner-city, as they do not interfere with existing activities, including some leisure, as more intensive methods often do. Placed in the responsibility of local residents, they provide a low-maintenance form of income for the unemployed through revenue from local markets, and reduce consumption of energy-intensive fruit from outside the city. Suitable Locations - Parkland, Roadside Spaces, Enclosed Courtyard Gardens

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

NURSERY HOUSES

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE PROPOSED URBAN AGRICULTURAL SITES

GREENHOUSES

SERRA

DEMONSTRATION GARDENS

ORTI DIMONSTRATIVI

The greenhouse allows for the production of food throughout the year, even through the winter months where Milan experiences the damaging extremes of cold. The greenhouse also enables the cultivation of food varieties which would otherwise struggle to grow in the native climate, thus diversifying production in the city. An effective installation of greenhouses can benefit from surrounding land use, in the form of heat generated from power generation, which can be fed into the growing houses to maintain a tropical temperature range for the cultivation of more exotic fruits.

The proposed Urban Ecology Centre at the intersection of three communities is an ideal location for the establishment of a demonstration garden dedicated to educating local residents and visitors into a simple and effective means of intensive food production in the city, in an attempt to make Milan a more sustainable city. As opposed to the more intensive centres of food production in the new Plan for the city, the demonstration gardens will host a huge variety of produce, each grown in small quantities to show the complete range of produce available for cultivation in the city.

Suitable Locations - Urban Parks, Private Gardens, Other Agricultural Sites.

Suitable Locations - District centres, Garden Centres, Community Gardens.

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

FARMERS’ MARKET

MERCATI DEI CONTADINI

Given the success of the Mercato della Terra located on the Eastern side of the city, at the Giardini Largo Marinai d’Italia, the expansion of the citywide Earth Market into other areas of the city would be the logical next step. By locating a new market alongside the Naviglio Grande in the district of San Cristoforo, a new Earth Market will serve the Western side of the city, attracting shoppers from the local community, and visitors taking advantage of the boat tours from the Darsena Basin. Suitable Locations - District centres, Transport Hubs, Community Gardens.

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and History Il Palazzo della Ragione

MILAN AND HISTORY Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

MILAN AND TRANSPORT Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

MILAN AND TOURISM

06 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

A BRIEF HISTORY OF MILAN, DOCUMENTING ITS RISE TO A MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CENTRE IN EUROPE, FOLLOWED BY ‘SITE-SPECIFIC’ HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

MILAN AND HISTORY

ROMAN-ERA MILAN [400BC-400AD] | THE WEST ROMAN EMPIRE Metropolitan Area Map

circa. 1100

Early Settlement Map

circa. 1400

The first historical reference of Milan dates from around 400BC, where legend reports of a town that was founded by a Celtic king, Belloveso, and settled by the Insubres, a Gaulish population who occupied the region of Insubria, a region roughly covered by modernday Lombardia. The town was conquered by the legions of the Roman Army in 222BC, who renamed the city Mediolanum. For a further 150 years, the Mediolanum remained a quiet provincial town until 42BC, when it was brought under formally under the Roman Empire, which now expanded North to the Alps. In 50BC, Julius Caesar granted full Roman citizenship to all the Milanese. From this time, Milan entered a period of development in crafts and trade, and the construction of its first circus and theatre, which are still remembered in place names of Via Circo, and Via San Vittore al Teatro. In 15BC, the Emperor Augustus made Milan the capital of Transpadania, a region which included the towns of Como, Bergamo, Pavia and Lodi, and extended as far west as Torino. Due to its important location as a gateway to the Italian peninsula, Milan became known as Roma Secunda, or ‘Second Rome’. Christianity was brought to Milan in 90AD, with the first missionaries from Rome, Greece and Syria.

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF MILAN | A SUMMARY OF MAIN EVENTS In 250AD, the city suffered two attacks by the Barbarian Alemanni, who sought the new-found riches of the city. The Romans successfully repulsed the attacks and strengthened the city to deter any further invasions. In 286AD, Milan was officially designated as capital of the West Roman Empire, Byzantium being the capital of the East. From this point, Emperor Diocletian promoted massive restoration work in the city including the construction of the Imperial Palace, at the place which is now San Giorgio al Palazzo. In 313AD, Emperor Constantine granted freedom to all Christians, under the ‘Edict of Milan’, as a sign of tolerance to Christianity, and a vast number of churches are built in the city. In 355AD, the Christian population of Milan, under Bishop Auxentius, professed the Arian Heresy, following the Non-Trinitarian belief. For this, the city was excommunicated by the Vatican. In 374AD, following the death of Bishop Auxentius, Aurelius Ambrosius echoing the efforts of his predecessor to bring peace between the Arian and Catholic religions, was consecrated as Bishop. The worshipped Bishop Aurelius Ambrosius died in 397AD, at the age of 57, and 5 years later the city was besieged by the Visigoth army, who overthrew the last of the Roman occupation. Milan’s importance and influence in the region diminished with the fall of the Roman occupation, and the city entered a period of strife.

222BC

Richard-Ginori 1735 SpA. Is Italy’s leading manufacturer of fine china tableware and artistic porcelain, with a production line which dates back over 275 years to the first production of porcelain in Europe. The Richard-Ginori Group was created in 1896, from the merger of two well-established ceramics manufacturers- the Societa Ceramica Richard, based in Milan, and the Ginori Group, which originated in Doccia, near Sesto Fiorentino, skirts of Florence.

Milan is conquered by the legions of the Roman Army, but remains a quiet provincial town.

200BC

89BC

Julius Caesar grants the Milanese full Roman Citizenship 50BC

Julius Caesar grants full Roman citizenship to all the Milanese. From this time, Milan commences a period of development in crafts and trade, and the construction of its first circus and theatre, which are still remembered in place names, such as Via Circo, and Via San Vittore al Teatro.

The town commences a period of great development.

LA MANIFATTURA DEI MARCHESE GINORI

On the Production Floor

100BC

The Manifattura dei Marchese Ginori, the older of the two was founded by the Marquis Carlo Ginori in 1737, only decades after the first production of porcelain was first manufactured in Europe, following the discovery of china clay (Kaolin), near Meissen in present-day Germany. After being sent on a state errand to the new sovereign Franz Stefan of Lorraine, in Vienna, Ginori was able to study how porcelain was constructed at the newly-constructed manufacturing plant of Du Paquier, which had modelled itself on the original Meissen plant. This captured his imagination, and upon returning to Milan, Ginori set about performing a series of experiments and creating his first porcelain objects in 1735. Upon returning to Vienna, Ginori brought back a number of expert potters and in 1737 established his own manufacturing plant at Doccia, which remains today. Following Carlo’s death in 1757, the plant was continued under direction of four generations of direct heirs in the family, until in 1896, the family sold the plant to the Milan-based Societa Ceramica Richard.

circa. 1890

Christianity is Brought to Milan

50BC

90AD

Societa Ceramica Richard HQ

circa. 1880

Christianity is brought to Milan, by the first Roman, Greek and Syrian Missionaries

Milan is Attacked by the Barbarian Alemanni Milan becomes Capital of the West Roman Empire 286AD

Milan becomes capital of the West Roman Empire, Byzantium being the capital of the East. Milan remains capital until 402AD. Emperor Diocletian promotes massive restoration work in the city including the construction of the Imperial Palace, at the place which is now San Giorgio al Palazzo.

MEDIEVAL MILAN [450AD-1200AD] | THE BIRTH OF A NEW PEOPLE

RICHARD-GINORI 1735 SpA | MILAN-BASED CERAMICS MANUFACTURER

100AD

250AD

286AD

Milan is attacked twice by the Barbarian Alemanni, who sought the new-found riches of the city.

LA SOCIETA CERAMICA RICHARD 200AD

The Societa Ceramica Richard was already well established before the takeover of the famous Ginori group. Beginning in 1824 as the Gindrand Pottery Works, the company ceded its production plant to Luigi Tinelli in 1833, who in turn passed it onto his brother, Carlo, when he was imprisoned for activities to oppose the ruling Austrian government. Carlo Tinelli decided to construct a new manufacturing plant on the banks of the Naviglio Grande to take advantage of the availability of water for production.

‘The Edict of Milan’ Metropolitan Area Map

circa. 1550

Drawing of the Duomo circa. 1800

After the Romans had relinquished occupation of the city, Milan entered a period of instability, suffering numerous invasions at the hands of the Huns in the year 450AD, and the Ostrogoths in 539AD, led by the fierce general Uraia. Of the extensive damage sustained by the city, none was more severe than that suffered by the old cathedral, the Nova Intramurana, which was completely destroyed following the invasion of Attila the Hun. No sooner had the Milanese rebuilt their city that a vast Longobard army marched on the city. Unable to resist the attack, in 559AD the Milanese decide to flee, taking refuge instead in Genoa. For a century the intermarriage between Romans, Gauls and Longobards in the region gave birth to a new people; the Lombards. The Lombards concerned themselves with developing an expertise in commerce and finance, which established Milan as the commercial capital of the region. Almost a century past before Giovanni di Recco (San Giovanni “the Good”), a Genoese, is elected Archbishop of Milan in 645AD, and urges the Milanese to return to the city. For the next five years, many of the Milanese return to the city and reclaim their homes and lands once more.

From the year 650 until 1156, Milan enjoys almost 500 years of peace and prosperity, giving rise to an economic, cultural and artistic boom in the city. Archbishop Ariberto da Intimiano, ‘True Ruler of Milan’, initiates building of churches and commands the army to establish independence of the city. During this time, the Monk Bernard of Clarivaux is sent by the Pope to calm the internal religious unrest in the city. Having succeeded, in 1135 he set about building the Abbey at Chiaravalle for his Cistercian monks. In 1156, the Milanese receive word of the approaching army of Emperor Federico Barbarossa and evacuate the city the city once more, going into exile in the suburbs known as the Corpi Santi, or ‘Holy Bodies’. In 1162, Barbarossa attacked Milan, and razes it to the ground. In the following decade, the city once again sets about rebuilding and expanding, installing a new water network branching from the Ticino River north of Turbigo. After over 10 years in exile, the people of Milan, under the leadership of San Galdano, found the Lombard League, and prepare for battle against the Emperor. In 1176AD, the Lombard League marches against the Emperor’s imperial Army, and takes back the city.

313AD

The Christian population of Milan, under Bishop Auxentius, professed the Arian Heresy, following the Non-Trinitarian belief.

Throughout the occupation by Barbarossa, the Archbishops took responsibility for the governance of the city, which passed to the podesta, or mayor for the following century, until the powerful Visconti family seized power in 1277AD, signalling the end of the period of democratic government in Milan. From this point, Milan underwent a sustained period of economic, commercial and industrial expansion, greatly increasing wealth in the city. In 1386, with Milan’s newly-accumulated wealth, Duke Azzone Visconti decided to build a new cathedral, demolishing the old one. After 42 years, and vast amounts of resources, the main altar of the Cathedral is completed and consecrated by Pope Martin V in October, 1418. The construction of the cathedral continues for over another century until it is finally completed in 1577, and is consecrated by San Carlo, on the Third Sunday of October. From thence forward, the Duomo became a symbol of Milan. The Duchy of Milan was ceded in 1450, to the Sforza family, under Francesco Sforza, whose rule coincided with the Renaissance Period in Italy. Notable architectural works during this period include the grand Castello Sforzesco, which demonstrated the duchy’s dominance over the city. Under the rule of Ludovicoz Sforza, the son of Francesco, the city underwent similar transformations, typical of the times.

Summoning the likes of Leonardo da Vinci and Donato Bramante to his court, he set about expanding the Milan’s canal network to connect the Martesana on the east side of the city to the Grande on the west, whilst overcoming the change in elevation. Leonardo began his own hydraulic engineering studies of the landscape to create a new network of canals, and in 1482 construction commences on a new series of lock systems. Other notable works of the time include the Maggiore Hospital and Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in which Leonardo painted his famous Last Supper. The rule of the Sforza family ended with Ludovico and his son, Francesco II Sforza ‘The Weak’, who in 1519, ceded the Duchy to the Emperor of Spain, Carlo V. In 1560AD, Pope Pius IV (de Medici) appointed his nephew, Carlo Borromeo, as Archbishop of Milan, at just 22 years old. Borromeo was instrumental in large scale reforms of the Catholic Church, which are met with strong opposition within the church, and from Rome and Madrid. He is responsible for the establishment of seminaries, dedicated to the education of priests. This cemented Milan as an important centre of the Catholic Church. The first of two plagues hit the city in 1584, claiming the life of Borromeo, who died at the age of 46. Forty years later, in 1628, a second plague followed, which is famously depicted in Alessandro Manzoni’s novel, ‘The Betrothed’. Of the total population of 130,000 people, 60,000 lost their lives as a result of the plague, a percentage of just over 46%.

Upon the death of Charles II, in 1700, the era of Spanish dominance of the city ended, and Milan entered the period of the War of The Spanish Succession’, which from 1701, saw the seizure of all possessions of Madrid by the French Army, who backed the claim of French Philippe of Anjou to the Spanish throne. In 1706, the Austrian Habsburgs invaded Northern Italy. Unable to resist the attack, the French retreated, ceding the region to the Austrians. After passing to the Emperor of Austria, Milan prospered under the enlightened rule of Empress Maria Teresa and Joseph II. Ninety years later, in 1796, the French were back in force with an army led by Napoleon, and reclaimed the city. The French remained in Milan for only 20 years, but in which time Napoleon, with his finest minds, finally overcame the hydraulic engineering problems at the Conca Fallata (the ‘Failed Lock’), where the Naviglio Pavese met the Meridionale river. The construction finally completed the route of the Pavese between Milan and Pavia, which had remained unfinished for over 250 years. For a brief period, from 1815, Milan passed back under control of the Austrians, until in 1859, the combined Sardinian and French armies claimed Milan for the Kingdom of Sardinia, along with Piedmont to the West. Two years later, the Kingdom of Sardinia was renamed The Kingdom of Italy, and Italian unity was declared in 1861, under the House of Savoy.

Milan ceases to be Capital of the West Roman Empire.

402AD

After the Milanese rebuilding of the city, Bishop San Eusebius, consecrates the newly-rebuilt cathedral on the Third Sunday of October. This is the origin of the Feast of the Duomo, which is held on the same day.

453AD

Metropolitan Area Map

circa. 1941

Coloured B&W Photograph of Street Scene

circa. 1930

At the point of Italian Unification in 1861, Milan had already cemented itself as the dominant city in the North of Italy, with some opposing the decision to designate Rome as the nation’s capital. Despite a steady growth in industry, with textile and armour-manufacturing sector dating back centuries before, Milan, like many Italian cities, remained heavily dependent upon its primary industry of agriculture. The Twentieth century marked an important turning point in the life of the city, as Milan expanded from a regional capital, to one of international importance, with the large-scale development of secondary sector industries and manufacturing. The textile industry, which had grown from the expansion of the wool trade in the 18th Century, began to develop rapidly following the production and increased importation of silk from Asia. In addition, Milan’s heavy industries, which had dated from the manufacture of armour in the medieval age of the city, experienced a huge boost following the explosion of the First World War, which lent itself once again to the production of armaments. Following the end of the War, the city however entered a period of instability, with soaring food prices, high unemployment and hyperinflation, which all contributed to social unrest in the city. Taking advantage of this unrest, Benito Mussolini established the National Fascist Party, who, through extensive rallies

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

in the central piazzas, quickly gained support from the population and on the 22 October 1922, Mussolini led his march on Rome, starting from Milan. Before and during WW2, the city contributed through the manufacture and distribution of armaments once again, using Milan’s extensive railway connections for the transportation of supplies. As a result, Milan suffered extensive damage from British and American bombers, who concentrated a large amount of their focus upon the area surrounding the Stazione Centrale. Following the end of WW2, Milan led the way in the rebuilding of the country. With an increased demand for the motor car, Milan’s heavy industries adapted themselves to the mass production of motor vehicles, led by manufacturers such as Alfa Romeo and Pirelli, which have survived to this day. This was one of a number of changes during the 1950s and 1960s in the city which secured Milan’s place as a forerunner in the competition of modern global industrial cities. Development of the arts and crafts movement also established Milan as a leading centre of design in the world, and with the combined textile industry, the city led the way as a new European ‘fashion capital’, to rival Paris. During the 1980s, with the large scale exportation of textiles a number of clothing labels in the city, such as Dolce and Gabbana, Versace, and Armani found international recognition, which cemented Milan’s place as a leading city of fashion.

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND HISTORY

Richard-Ginori Advertisement

circa. 1950

In 1842, Guilio Richard, the son of Francesco Richard, the founder of the Manifattura di Strade in Torino, arrived in Milan. After witnessing the production at Luigi Tinelli in 1833, he proposes the expansion of the company from a small-scale luxury porcelain producer, to an everyday ceramics manufacturers. in 1873, Guilio established the Societa Ceramica Richard, with the headquarters based in Milan, and production plants at San Cristoforo, Palosco and Severe, with the latter two eventually being abandoned. As production capabilities increased, the Societa purchased the familt-run factory outfit of Palme in Pisa, and founded a goods storage depot in San Giovanni, Naples, from which to distribute its products to the southern provinces.

Aerial View of S.Cristoforo Plant

397AD

Bishop Aurelius Ambrosius dies at the age of 57.

450AD

Attila the Hun conquers the city, destroying the old cathedral, the Nova Major Intramurana.

539AD

Milan is conquered and heavily damaged by the Ostrogoth army, led by the fierce general Uraia.

645AD

Giovanni di Recco (San Giovanni “the Good”), a Genoese, is elected Archbishop of Milan, and urges the Milanese to return to the city.

650AD

During the five years that pass, many of the Milanese return to the city and reclaim their homes and lands once more.

circa. 1930

500AD

600AD

559AD

THE MERGER In October 1896, the Societa Ceramica Richard, now under the instruction of Augusto Richard, acquired the manufacturing plant of Carlo Ginori, giving birth to the new Societa Ceramica Richard-Ginori. The newly-expanded company, now one of the largest in Italy, and indeed Europe, was able to increase production across a number of cities, and exhibit in a number of high-profile expositions. In 1911, Richard Ginori, now the largest on the Italian scene, exhibited at the Exposizione Internazionale di Belle Arti in Rome. In the following year, the company exhibited at the 10th Biennale in Venice.

View of 1980s Redevelopment Today

650AD 1156AD

Milan enjoys almost 500 years of peace and prosperity, giving rise to an economic, cultural and artistic boom in the city. Archbishop Aribertoda Intimiano, true ruler of Milan initiates building of churches and commands the army to establish independence of the city.

Debilitated S. Cristoforo Plant

circa. 1995

With its newfound status, Richard Ginori was able to attract creative minds to provide artistic direction for the company, now at the leading edge of porcelain manufacture. The most notable of these was architect and industrial designer, Gio Ponti, who served as artistic director for the company between 1923 and 1938, refining production to produce pieces of great artistic quality. He led the company to widespread acclaim at the Biennale di Arti Decorative in Monza in 1925, 1927 and 1929, and famously in his penultimate year with the company, at the 1937 International Expo in Paris.

The Birth of Lombardia 559AD

1135AD

The Monk Bernard of Clarivaux is sent by the Pope to calm the internal religious unrest in the city. Having succeeded, he sets about building the Abbey at Chiaravalle for his Cistercian monks.

1162AD

The Milanese evacuate the city, going into exile in the suburbs known as the Corpi Santi, or ‘Holy Bodies’. Emperor Federico Barbarossa attacks Milan, and razes it to the ground.

1100AD

The city rebuilds and expands, installing a new water network branching from the Ticino River north of Turbigo. After over 10 years in exile, the people of Milan, under the leadership of San Galdano, found the Lombard League, and prepare for battle against the Emperor.

1175AD 1200AD

1176AD The powerful Visconti family become Lords of Milan.

The Lombard League marches against the Emperor’s imperial Army, and takes back the city.

1277AD

Giovanni Gariboldi succeeded Ponti as artistic director of Richard-Ginori in1946 after over a decade with the company, and put forward plans for the construction of a new production facility at Doccia, Sesto Fiorentino. In 1950, the new facility was completed.

PROPOSED REDEVELOPMENT SITE The proposed site identified for redevelopment in the San Cristoforo area houses a small complex formerly occupied by the Richard Ginori group as part of the San Cristoforo Manufacturing Plant. A number of buildings cluster the site, some of which date from the original construction of the centre in 1873.

1300AD Construction Begins on the Duomo 1386AD

The Visconti Family become Lords of Milan

1386AD

1277AD

After 42 years, and vast amounts of resources, the main altar of the Cathedral is completed and consecrated by Pope Martin V in October, 1418.

TWENTIETH CENTURY MILAN [1900-] | ESTABLISHING A GLOBAL CITY

Aurelius Ambrosius is born, who will make a significant impact on the future of the city.

400AD

Origin of the Feast of the Duomo

THE DUCHY OF MILAN [1200AD-1860AD] | MILAN THROUGH THE MIDDLE AGES

340AD

300AD

374AD

No sooner had the Milanese rebuilt their city that the city has approached by the advancing Longobard army. The Milanese decide to flee the city, taking refuge instead in Genoa. For a century the intermarriage between Romans, Gauls and Longobards gives birth to a new people; the Lombards. The Lombards concern themselves with developing an expertise in commerce and finance, establishing Milan as the commercial capital of the region.

Emperor Constantine grants freedom to all Christians, under the ‘Edict of Milan’

355AD

Bishop Auxentius dies. Aurelius Ambrosius following his efforts to bring peace between the Arian and Catholic religions, is consecrated as Bishop.

453AD

313AD

With Milan’s newfound wealth, Duke Azzone Visconti decides to build a new cathedral, demolishing the old one.

1418AD 1400AD

The weak Ludovico Il Moro cedes the Duchy to the Emperor of Spain, Carlo V.

1500AD 1519AD

The construction of the cathedral is finally completed and is consecrated by San Carlo, on the Third Sunday of October, 1577. The Duomo becomes a symbol of Milan.

1577AD 1600AD

1482AD

Leonardo begins new hydraulic engineering studies of the landscape to create a new network of canals. Construction commences.

1560AD

Pope Pius IV (de Medici) appoints his nephew, Carlo Borromeo, as Archbishop of Milan, at just 22 years old.

1584AD

A plague sweeps across the region. San Carlo Borromeo dies at the age of 46.

1628AD

A second plague sweeps across the city, as depicted in Manzoni’s “The Betrothed”.

The Austrians Habsburgs Invade Milan

In 1965, the Museo di Doccia, a museum dedicated to telling the story of Porcelain production in Italy, designed by the architect Pier Niccolo Berardi, is opened in the vicinity of the Sesto Fiorentino plant. In the very same year, Richard-Ginori merged with the ‘Societa Ceramica Italiana’ based in Laveno, on the shores of Lake Maggiore. Richard Ginori continues to attract creative minds to provide artistic direction to the company. Today, the artistic direction of Richard Ginori lies with Paola Navone, who continues to inject new creative life into the company whilst preserving the long-standing traditions, which have lasted since 1735.

Existing Site Layout

Detailed 3D Model

Area Transformation

Sequential Historic Map Analysis

1706AD

The Duchy of Milan passes from the Spaniards to the Emperor of Austria. Milan prospers under the enlightened rule of Empress Maria Teresa and Joseph II.

1700AD 1706AD

The French Invade Milan 1810AD

The Kingdom of Italy is Born

1800AD

1810AD

The French invade Milan, but retreat after a few skirmishes.

1859AD

Lombardia is united with Piedmont.

1870AD

Rome, under the occupation of Italian troops, becomes the undisputed capital of Italy.

1861AD

Italian unity is declared under the House of Savoy.

1861AD

1900AD

1910

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

1930

1937

REVISION: -

1950

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and History Il Palazzo della Ragione

MILAN AND HISTORY Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

MILAN AND TRANSPORT Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

MILAN AND TOURISM

06 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

PRECEDENT STUDY TO EXPLORE THE POTENTIAL OF ARCHIECTTURE TO ACCOMMODATE A VARIETY OF CONTRASTING, YET INTERCONNECTED URBAN FUNCTIONS

IL PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE “The Palazzo della Ragione […] represents the perfect reflection of urban hierarchy, where politics is supported by commerce, and there is a mutual dependence on one another.” Katherine Masciocchi, ‘Stimulating Our Food Environment’

IL PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE | INTRODUCTION

PADOVA

IL SALONE | THE GREAT HALL

The Palazzo della Ragione, or ‘Palace of Reason’, in Padua, demonstrates how architecture is able to accommodate a number of contrasting city functions harmoniously under one roof to allow each to benefit the other. The Palazzo, or ‘Il Salone’, as it is more commonly known, was constructed between 1218 and 1219, during an era of important political, economic and military expansion, and has remained one of the most influential structures throughout the life of the city.

The Great Hall of which the Palazzo della Ragione gets its common nickname of ‘Il Salone’, occupies the upper level of the building, beneath the upturnedkeel-shaped roof, as the centrepiece of the building. The hall space originally followed the structure of the original roof, itself being subdivided into 3 chambers to allow for court and governmental activities to resume simultaneously. Following the devastating fire in 1420, restoration work of the Palazzo was carried out by a number of Venetian architects, who opted to remove the damaged partition walls, instead opening the space up to create the one grand hall. The completed hall measured around 81 metres long, 27 metres wide, and 24m high, following the repair work on the damaged roof. The roof itself, which dated back to the restructuring work carried out by Fra Giovanni degli Eremitani between 1306 and 1309, had replaced the original three pitched roofs with one single span, reputedly the highest unsupported roof in Europe.

Originally constructed as a new seat of justice to serve the city of Padua, Il Salone gradually adapted to incorporate a variety of important commercial and political functions to become Padua’s most important and characteristic monument, at the heart of the medieval city. Today is widely considered as representing the ‘perfect reflection of urban hierarchy, where politics is supported by commerce, and there is a mutual dependence on one another’. IL PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE

The Palazzo della Ragione became important to the city not only as a centre of political and legal functions, but also as an important centre of the surrounding commercial district, where the majority of the city’s trade was completed. Its dominant position in close proximity to a network of interconnected marketplaces, served as a deterrent to thieves, who would commonly operate in similar environments at the time. Thus, moral order was upheld in the centre of the city. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH | ‘IL SALONE’ ACROSS PIAZZA DELLE FRUTTA

PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE LOCATION | METROPOLITAN AREA CONTEXT

THE ZODIAC Themed around the astrological work of the 13th-14th Century scientist, Pietro d’Abano, the interior of Il Salone is decorated with 333 frescoes in the cycle of the zodiac, covering a combined area of around 2,000sq.m.

After repair work had been completed following the fire, a number of highly-talented painters were commissioned to complete the redecoration of the interior of the hall. Working from 1425 until 1440, the artists Nicolò Miretto and Stefano da Ferrara, completed 333 frescoes covering a combined area of around 2,000 square metres to completely transform the interior of the hall. The frescoes are themed around the astrological cycle of the zodiac, based on the work of the 13th-14th century scientist, Pietro d’Abano.The building remained largely intact until 1756, when a tornado struck the city, completely destroying the roof, and damaging the surrounding loggias.

WEST ELEVATION | END FACADE DETAIL

EXTENSIONS TO THE PALAZZO | 14TH CENTURY REMODELLING ‘IL SALONE’ The Great Hall of which the Palazzo della Ragione gets its common nickname, occupies the uppermost level of the building beneath the upturned-keel-shaped roof, as the centrepiece of the building.

SOUTH ELEVATION | SHOWING TIERED FACADE OF LOGGIAS

PROGRAMMATIC LAYOUT | A HIERARCHY OF FUNCTIONS

Between 1306 and 1309, the Palazzo della Ragione underwent a series of radical restructuring works including the replacement of the original pitched roof, the installation of a mezzanine floor in the grand hall, and the construction of the outer loggias along the north and south elevations Under the direction of Giovanni degli Eremitani, the original pitched roof was replaced, and following the extension of a new second floor, the new upturned ship’s keel-shaped roof was completed in 1309.

The original layout of the Palazzo della Ragione saw a hierarchy of political and commercial functions, which operated across a number of levels in the building.

Also completed at the same time was a new mezzanine floor, installed in the main hall. However, following a devastating fire in 1420, the mezzanine was not replaced, and the surviving partition walls were torn down to create one larger hall, measuring approximately 1200sq.m, which remained largely unchanged to the present day.

The ground floor of the structure was given over to commerce through the provision of arcade of shops, which remains largely unchanged today. Adjacent to the arcades, the markets could operate in the neighbouring squares, giving names to Piazza delle Erbe and Piazza della Frutta. The upper floors of the complex were subdivided to house the various courts and council chambers of the Palace of Justice. The grand hall, of which ‘Il Salone’ takes its name, was original partitioned to provide a series of smaller courts with a second floor to house the council chambers and a reception room above.

Of the work completed on the external envelope of the building, none was more striking than the covered loggias, which featured the striking decoration of white Istrian stone and red ammonite in the columns and balustrades. The design saw a the horizontal and vertical extension of the entire building along its two longitudinal elevations. The first was the addition of a second tier of loggias, which echoed the rhythm and proportions of the original arcade beneath, whilst providing covered external access to the great hall. The second was the construction of another row of loggias to provide additional cover to the retail arcade across the ground floor.

The original roof echoed the programmatic layout of the council spaces, itself being constructed as three interconnected entities. During the remodelling of the Palazzo, the three roofs were removed to make way for one unifying, single-span roof, resembling the construction of an upturned keel of a ship. Following the fire of 1420, the damaged partition walls were removed between the three council spaces, to provide one grand hall, which now reflected the construction of the roof.

PIAZZA DELLE ERBE ON MARKET DAY | PHOTOGRAPH CIRCA 1980

8 7 LEGEND

FLANKING LOGGIAS| PROVIDE EXTERNAL CIRCULATION TO COURT SPACES

The shopping arcades, which have existed throughout the life of the Palazzo were originally reserved for the most prestigious of traders; the silver- and goldsmiths, fur traders, moneychangers, and fine clothes merchants, frequented by the more wealthy of citizens. This provided greater security to their wares, away from prospective thieves operating in the market.

OIL + CHEESE

BELTS, GLOVES, + SILK

SILK + SILK GARMENTS

PPER AND CO BRASS ON OLD IR

DELICATESSEN

SHOES + BOOTS

KNIVES

FRUIT MARKET

DUCKS CHICKENS CHICKS EGGS

POULTRY + GAME HERB MARKET

‘HERB STAIR’

HS/ SMIT GOLD SMITHS ER SILV

ON PRIS OLD

MELONS ORANGES

‘BIRD STAIR’

FORTUNE TELLER

‘WINE STAIR’

GOLDSMITH

TAX COLLECTOR SALT MERCHANT

PRISON

NT HME PARC AND FUR ER TRAD FUR ANTS SERV CIVIL

QUILTS + FABRICS

PAINTINGS SHOE REPAIRS WEAPONS

RS ANGE EYCH MON ES H T CLO FINE

HES CLOT FINE

‘BRIDGE STAIR’

COTTON / WOOL

RECLAIMED FABRIC

WROUGHT IRON TOWER PODESTA

FRUIT STANDS ‘MOBILE FARM’

RUGS + LACE ‘WINE MARKET’

CEREALS + PULSES VEGETABLE STANDS

FOOTWEAR

SOUTH ELEVATION | PRIOR TO 14TH CENTURY RESTRUCTING WORK

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

AXIAL CENTRAL ARCADE

SOUTH ENTRANCE

NORTH ENTRANCE

CENTRAL SPINE

SCALA DEL VINO (’WINE STAIRCASE‘)

SCALA DEGLI UCCELLI (’THE BIRD STAIRCASE‘)

SCALA DEL FERRO (’IRON STAIRCASE‘)

RETAIL UNITS

‘IL SALONE’ | THE GREAT HALL OF THE PALAZZO DELLA RAGIONE

GROUND FLOOR PLAN | SHOWING RETAIL ARCADES ARRANGED AROUND CENTRAL SPINE

THE RETAIL ARCADES

N LINE AS + CANV

During the restructuring work on the Palazzo (1306-9), the friar Giovanni degli Eremitani oversaw the extension of the north and south facades with the construction of loggias along the upper tiers to allow for external access to the various council chambers, without disrupting activities in session.

SCALA DELLE ERBE (’HERB STAIRCASE‘)

IL CENTRO DEI MERCATI | A COMMERCIAL CENTRE TO THE CITY

3D CUTAWAY RENDERING | ELEVATED HALL OVER ARCADE

THE LOGGIAS

SOUTH ELEVATION | FOLLOWING THE 14TH CENTURY REMODELLING

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

JACKETS COATS

The Palazzo della Ragione became a vital component of the city of Padua, not only because of the political and legal functions carried out in-house, but also because of the variety of commercial functions it was able to accommodate in and around the local district, as a new commercial centre to the city. The Palazzo and surrounding piazzas became the setting for the majority of trade in the city. The allocation of space for commercial activity in and around the Palazzo della Ragione evolved over time to allow the grouping of similar market traders in the local squares. Those who could afford to rent the retail spaces of the Palazzo’s commercial arcade, did so to attract interest from the more wealthy clientele. Such tradesmen would include the silver- and goldsmiths, fur traders and fine clothes merchants. The remaining traders would vie for the most prominent space among the network of market piazzas that surrounded Il Salone. The dominant position of the Palazzo in close proximity to a network of interconnected marketplaces, served as a deterrent to thieves, who would commonly operate in similar environments at the time. The Palazzo della Ragione served as a reminder of the powerful justice system that upheld peace in the city, with the city prison was housed directly nextdoor.

HOSPITAL

SITE PLAN SKETCH | SHOWING MARKET LAYOUT AND IMMEDIATE CONTEXT

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND HISTORY

3D COMPUTER VISUALISATION | SHOWING SOUTH FACADE IN DETAIL

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

3D COMPUTER VISUALISATION | SHOWING END FACADE IN DETAIL

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

MILAN AND TRANSPORT Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

MILAN AND TOURISM Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN

07 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

EXISTING TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE MILAN METROPOLITAN AREA

MILAN AND TRANSPORT

MILAN AND TRANSPORT | INTRODUCTION

RAIL TRANSPORT | EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

A vital aspect of any large-scale city revitalisation scheme will be the provision of publicly-accessible transport infrastructure, capable of providing efficient mobility to local citizens and visitors to all areas of the city. One of the key objectives in the development of a new transport-centred masterplan of the city will be to diversify Milan’s existing transport system, improving upon existing rail, light rail, and bus infrastructure, whilst implementing new networks to make available new pedestrian, cycle and water routes, with which visitors will be able to explore the city.

As mentioned in the Existing Station Analysis, Milan suffers from a broken ‘circular’ rail route, which would bring the all of the city districts within easy reach of one another. Throughout the past century, Milan has undergone expansions to its rail network to provide a connecting arc which stretches from the northeast of the city at the Stazione Centrale, around in two disconnected sections, one to the northwest at Rho Fiera, the other to the southwest at San Cristoforo.

BRUZZANO

RHO FIERA

AFFORI

QUARTO OGGIARO STEPHENSON

DERGANO

GRECO PIRELLI

CERTOSA BOVISA

VILLA PIZZONI

ISTRIA SONDRIO LANCETTI

As I have documented below, a common criticism of Milan’s existing transport networks, despite huge efforts in recent years, is a lack of connectivity between major areas of the city, and a lack of interconnectivity between modes necessary to allow efficient mobility. Milan’s heavily-monocentric urban model provides good accessibility to and from the city centre, but fails to provide linkages between neighbouring outer-city districts, making overall mobility difficult. The focus of Milan’s Azienda Transporti should therefore be to establish a number of new transport nodes in some of the city’s important outlying districts, to build a new polycentric urban model, capable of creating direct connections to all areas of the city.

CENTRALE

LAMBRATE

GARIBALDI DOMODOSSOLA

CADORNA FORLANINI

Only recently have meaningful moves been made, in a similar way to London’s Crossrail project to close the loop between the northwest and southwest branches of the network. The latest proposal explores the possibility of a link between the Certosa and San Cristoforo, which would bring a dramatic increase in commuter traffic, create two new urban centres, and establish Milan for the first time as a polycentric city.

TRAM TRANSPORT | EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE Milan’s tram network, which has existed since 1876, still remains an important part of the city’s public transport network, with dedicated connections to the wider metropolitan districts of Bovisa, Niguarda, and Cinisello, to which the metro network does not extend. Having undergone large-scale contractions to the network, the tram system still provides connectivity to most urban centres within a 6km radius of the city centre, across 17 lines, with a total track length of around 160km.

179 178

11 4 5

178

179

33 1

1 2 9 11

16 27 4-7 3 24 19 23

AIR TRANSPORT | EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE Milan is served by the 3 main airports of Malpensa, Linate and Orio al Serio, which constitute some of the busiest airports nationwide. Milano Malpensa airport, located 40km to the northwest of the city is the largest of the three, and serves as the city’s hub for long haul flights to the continent and abroad. The airport is connected to the city centre of Milan, via the Malpensa Express which terminates at Milan Cadorna railway station. Malpensa not only serves as the second busiest passenger airport in Italy, second only to Rome Da Vinci-Fiumicino, but is also the leading air freight gateway, due to Milan’s proximity to the rest of mainland Europe. Its dedicated cargo terminal, CargoCity, reportedly handles over 410,000 tons of freight annually.

MALPENSA

ORIO AL SERIO

The site identified for the Milan Hydrate Design Project is located in an area of the city which relies heavily on tram connections to the city centre. The two tram lines of no. 2 and no. 14 extend southwest from the centre, along the line of the Naviglio Grande, and provide key connectivity to the districts of San Cristoforo, Restocco Maroni, and Lorenteggio, with the no. 2 bisecting the identified site, along the south bank of the Naviglio Grande.

Milan’s Linate Airport is the city’s second most important airport in terms of business travel, serving as the gateway for short-haul and domestic flights to the rest of Italy and mainland Europe. Its proximity to the centre of Milan makes it popular for business flights to other European capital cities.

LINATE

ZAMA

SAN CRISTOFORO

TIBALDI ROMOLO

Milan’s fastest-growing air terminus in recent times is Orio al Serio airport largely thanks to a growing popularity with low-cost airlines. Although located around 45km from Milan’s city centre, and connected only by coach service, Orio al Serio is now the 4th busiest airport in Italy, carrying over 8.4 million passengers in 2011, the majority of which flying with low-cost airline Ryanair.

CANOTTIERI

PORTA ROMANA

ROGOREDO

BO 3

METRO TRANSPORT | EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

TARGET SITE AREA | LOCAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE

CYCLE TRANSPORT | EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

EXISTING M1

M1 M2

Milan benefits hugely from its metro system which carries close to 900,000 passengers, both commuters and visitors, on a daily basis. Although modest in proportions when compared with metro systems in other major European cities, the Metropolitana di Milano provides strategic connections between the city centre and some of Milan’s most important destinations, such as the Fiera at Rho, the City’s airports, and the proposed site of the 2015 Expo.

Milan suffers from a disjointed and still largely undeveloped cycle network, resulting from only piecemeal infrastructural developments made in recent times. The map opposite illustrates the key stretches of public highways which have seen the inmplementation of designated cycle routes. The availability of cycle paths begins to improve around the fringes of the city and around parkland or water, such as along the Naviglio Grande to the southwest of the city.

Since the first stretch was opened in 1964, the layout of Milan’s metro system has continued to determine the strategic location of key venues in and around city, such as the original Fiera Milano, with its capabilities to provide rapid connections to large numbers of visitors over short periods of time.

Recent proposals for infrastructural improvements to be made in the wake of the 2015 Expo, sees the implementation of a new Filo Rosso, or ‘Red Thread’, which will provide a complete circular cycle path through areas of agricultural parkland and greenspace, for the promotion of outdoor activity and exercise for the citizens.

PROPOSED

The site in the southwest of Milan, located at the outer extents of the public transport network, is accessible by the number 2 and 14 trams, the former passing directly along the northern boundary of the site.

2 Linea

The site’s proximity to the Naviglio Grande makes it ideal for the location of a water-transport hub in line with proposals to re-establish tourist canal cruises in the city.

TRAM LINK

WATER LINK

CYCLE LINK

NEW TRANSPORT INTERCHANGE

Linea

The site also lies within close proximity to the south-western section of Milan’s circular rail network. New proposals to connect the existing station at San Cristoforo with Certosa in the north-west region of the city will close the loop in the circular rail route, providing direct access for the first time to all metropolitan areas of the Milan.

BUS LINK

S9 Linea

SAN CRISTOFORO Station Relocation

The site lies along the no.325 bus route between the city centre, and Corsico to the south-west of the city, along the Naviglio Grande.

COMBINED

RAIL LINK

PEDESTRIAN LINK

COACH LINK

Develop Existing Infrastructure M2

Install New Infrastructure

Proposed Public Transport Hub

PUBLIC TRANSPORT HUB CONCEPT | COMBINATION OF NEW AND EXISTING SERVICES

no lli be m ia G

Overground Train Route Tram Route

i ol ap N

i to ls To

ni lli Be

i ol gn Vi

no lli be m ia G

to ta en D

o zi da O

iti nn Sa

na ra Ti

i in m so el G

rio Cu

no lli be m ia G

LEGEND

Bus Route Cycle Route

S9 SAN CRISTOFORO

pa Ri se ne ci Ti a dd ’A D

i nt Po

o in ill nt ui G

o or M Il

d ar ch Ri

co vi do Lo

o or M Il

Milan still boasts the presence of the Naviglio Grande and Pavese to the southwest of the city which still carries the waters of the Ticino to the Darsena Basin, located to the southwest of the city centre. As one moves further out along the Naviglio Grande, much of the vast irrigation network supplied by the Naviglio Grande still remains, providing essential hydration for the landscape, which has made ii suitable for large-scale rice farming since the 14th Century.

co vi do Lo

The combined Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM) bus and tram network provide almost complete coverage of the metropolitan area, providing stations within a 5-10 minute walk of anywhere in the inner city.

o in ill nt ui G

Although greatly diminished from its former status as an important means of transportation and shipping to and from the city, some of the historic artificial waterways remain a major feature of the city landscape. Unfortunately, pressures on inner city land, and a loss in function of the extensive canal network led to the systematic draining and covering of the inner city water routes, to provide a new inner-city ringroad for private commuter transport around the city centre.

o or M Il

Milan is served by an excellent bus network, which remains the favoured method of transport around the city by the Milanese people. The network, comprising a total of 80 city bus routes, 33 inter-urban routes, and 4 trolley-bus routes not only provides a dedicated and efficient service in and around the city, but also remains reasonably-priced in an attempt to incentivise the large-scale adoption of public transport in the across the city.

co vi do Lo

WATER TRANSPORT | EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

o nz re Pa lli re eg N lli re eg N

BUS TRANSPORT | EXISTING NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

Navigable Water Body

LOCAL SITE AREA TRANSPORT | EXISTING TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS

The proposal for a new combined hub in the district of San Cristoforo will not only provide a new covered Agricultural Park Museum, Visitor Centre and Centre for Urban Agriculture, but also a point of access to the South Agricultural Park, which as yet remains largely unexplored by the Tourism Board.

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND TRANSPORT

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

To faciitate the introduction of a new ‘cultural hub’ in the district, a new transport interchange will be constructed to connect the primary rail and water networks with the existing tram and bus routes into the city, providing full accessibility to the area. The local rail station at San Cristoforo, will be repositioned at this interchange to allow for connectivity for districts both the North and South of the Naviglio Grande, to provide greater accessibility to local residents.

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012

MILAN AND TRANSPORT Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

MILAN AND TOURISM Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN

07 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

LARGE-SCALE ANALYSIS OF THE IDENTIFIED CITYSCAPE IN RESPONSE TO KEY CHARACTERISTICS

EXISTING STATION ANALYSIS: SAN CRISTOFORO

EXISTING STATION PREMISES | SITE ANALYSIS

SAN CRISTOFORO F.S. | INTRODUCTION

SAN SIRO

FIERA MILANO

Via Angelo Inganni

Como Rexp

Garibaldi

Forlanini

Canottieri

Tortella

S. Cristoforo

Rexp

Alessandria

Stradella Rexp

IR Rexp

Centrale Rexp

Treviglio

- Freight Zone

SAN CRISTOFORO

Rexp

- Active Rail Area - Local Park

Cremona

Rogoredo

- Derelict Brownfield Land

Mantova

- Available River Frontage

MORTARA

Piacenza Rexp

Mortara Rexp

Brescia

Forlanini

Rexp

Genova

- Station Buildings

Verona

Cadorna

Pavia

Mortara Rexp

Via Gaggiano

Brescia

Rogoredo

P. Romana

Tibaldi

S. Cristoforo

Romolo

Canottieri

Duomo

Rh o

Cadorna

LEGEND

ABBIATEGRASSO

Verona

Treviglio

P. Romana

Rexp

Centrale

Sondrio

Duomo

Lambrate

Tibaldi

Novara

Fi er a

Rexp

Villapizz.

Novara

Istria

Greco

Fi er a

Sesto S.G.

D Rexp

Sesto S.G.

Lambrate Sondrio

Villapizz.

Torino

Bergamo

Monza

Greco

Torino

Monza

Garibaldi

Gallarate

D Rexp

Deregano

Bovisa Deregano

Bovisa

Via Darsena

Affori Lecco Rexp

Affori

Rexp

Via Porta Genova

CITY CENTRE

Gallarate

Arona

CITY CENTRE

Bergamo

Asso Rexp

GIAMBELLINO TIRANA

Lecco Rexp

Sondria/Tirano

Varese Rexp

Luino Rexp

MAIN STATION BUILDING | PHOTOGRAPH FROM PLATFORM

Bellinzona

Istria

Domodossola IR

Via Sant Ambrogio

Access to the station, both on foot and by car, is made via Piazza Tirana, directly to the northwest of the site, which provides a circular access route for buses to deliver passengers efficiently to the door of the station.

Asso Rexp

Romolo

Arona

The site of the station sits within a larger brownfield area stretching in either direction along the Naviglio Grande, which has resulted from the dismantlement of many of the former rail yards and routes into the city. The brownfield area has been identified as being heavily contaminated and as such the larger areas remain unattractive for development. Of the smaller railyards surrounding the station, many have been developed to accommodate housing and Sondria/Tirano leisure facilities, two of which lie directly northeast and southwest of the site.

Bellinzona

New proposals have been put forward to close the loop, creating an effective Domodossola Luino way to create new accessible urban centres towards the outskirts of the city, Varese drawing the focus away fromIR Milan’s typically mono-centric urban planning Rexp D model.

Como Rexp

CITY CENTRE

Via Paolo Segneri

Il stazione di San Cristoforo is located on the southern-most extent of the district by the same name, at the border between San Cristoforo and Lorenteggio.

The existing rail station at San Cristoforo, located along one of the main routes into the city, provides a reliable, local access to central, eastern and northern districts of the city, but is restricted by the limited existing rail network. The station provides good links for local residents to the city centre through Porta Genova, and also along the city’s circular rail route, and as such is a viable commuter route. However, the lack of interest in the area means that it receives virtually no tourism, and as such remains a social desert, broken by arterial highways around the western side of the city. To date, Milan’s circular ‘ring’ route, somewhat misleadingly named, suffers from a lack of connectivity in the West of the city, instead running in a wide arc from North, through East to the South-West districts, making direct access to the north extremely time consuming.

Rh o

Parma

Pavia

CityExpress RegioExpress Nuove fermate

IR RAIL NETWORK MAP | SHOWING SAN CRISTOFORO IN WIDER NETWORK

Tortella

Via Abbiategrasso CAR TRANSPORTATION | CAR LOADING TERMINAL

[Indicating Urban Termini and Bus Stops]

CORSICO

Stradella Rexp

Via Trezzano Sul Naviglio

Mantova

FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE | PASSENGER. FREIGHT TERMINAL IR Rexp

ABBIATEGRASSO

Via Robarello

Rexp

Alessandria

- Local Sports Facilities

STATION CONNECTIVITY | PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESS

Cremona

PROPOSED NETWORK EXPANSIONS | ‘CLOSING THE LOOP’

Rexp

Genova

Parma

The adjoining freight station fulfils an important role in providing access for IR

Ticket Office

Car-Train Access

loading cars onto carriages, by means of a ramp, which probably dates from the time of Alfa Romeo and Fiat production in the city centre. From point of production, new vehicles could be delivered to the station for shipping to cities in Southern Italy such as Lamezia Terme, Villa San Giovanni, Bari and Catania. In addition to this, the station serves as a terminus for express trains from Southern Italy, and as such provides facilities for the storage of carriages after termination of the service to Porta Genova.

CityExpress RegioExpress Nuove fermate

LOCAL SPORTS FIELD

[Indicating Urban Termini and Bus Stops] DERELICT BROWNFIELD LAND

PIAZZA TIRANA

EDUCATIONAL STATION PROGRAMS FACILITIES

AFFORI

QUARTO OGGIARO

RHO FIERA

STEPHENSON

GRECO PIRELLI DERGANO

CERTOSA BOVISA

ISTRIA

VILLA PIZZONI SONDRIO LANCETTI CENTRALE

The rail station can be reached via the number 14 Tram which stops along Via Giambellino, at Giambellino-Tirana.

DOMODOSSOLA

GARIBALDI REPUBBLICA

DATEDI PORTA VITTORIA

CANOTTIERI ROMOLO

CAR LOADING ZONE

WCs

PARCO TIRANA NAVIGLIO GRANDE

TRAM

The new scheme which has been put forward sees the introduction of an underground section of the ring route around the remaining western side of the city, closing the loop to provide effective rail access to all quarters of the city. Upon its completion, the station at San Cristoforo, currently only serving the local population will be transformed into a major transport interchange capable of attracting huge visitor numbers to the as yet undiscovered section of the city.

FORLANINI

ZAMA

TIBALDI PORTA ROMANA

SAN CRISTOFORO

Car Storage

LAMBRATE

PORTA VENEZIA CADORNA

Bus access is also provided through the 49 service from Fiera Milano via. Quarto Cagnino, which terminates at the Station, and the number 50 service, which runs along Via Giambellino between Cairoli and Lorenteggio

FREIGHT YARD

The existing rail network in Milan, through its piecemeal development over the last century, now provides connectivity to the major stations of Rho Fiera and Garibaldi to the North of the city centre, with the Stazione Centrale and Lambrate in the East, and the former industrial nexus at Porta Romana. As a result, the route taken travels from North, clockwise through East and South before departing the city at San Cristoforo, and onwards to Abbiategrasso. As such there is no connectivity along Milan’s western side, which leaves those districts northwest and southwest of the centre unable to reach such areas without considerable journey times travelling around the eastern periphery, or passing through the city centre.

BRUZZANO

The local S9 service operates approximately every hour on two platforms from the station, running from Mortara, 45 kilometres from Milan, to Porta Genova, at the heart of the former industrial centre of the city, adjacent to the Darsena dock basin.

VIA GIAMBELLINO

GIAMBELLINO-TIRANA TRAM

The station, although basic in layout and modest in proportions, provides important access for local residents and businesses through a combined passenger-freight interchange.

ROGOREDO

14 Como Sondria

Giambellino-Tirana Bovisa

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE EXISTING STATION ANALYSIS: SAN CRISTOFORO

Rh o

THE NEW “M8 CIRCLE LINE” | SCHEMATIC ROUTE MAP

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

Garibaldi

Centrale

Cadorna

Cr ist of or o

Ro go re do

Ro m Ti an ba a ld i Ro m o Ca lo no tt ie ri S

Po rt a

S. G io va nn i

Pi re lli

a m Za ni ni rla Fo e at br m La

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

S. CRISTOFORO STATION SURROUND| SCHEMATIC ISOMETRIC PLAN

Duomo

Lambrate

Verona Forlanini

Canottieri SAN CRISTOFORO

zz Pi

S. CRISTOFORO STATION | SKETCH LOOKING ALONG PLATFORM 1

lla Vi

Piazza Tirana

Se st o

49 50

i ia ld a tr Is ib ar ne G o

BUS

UNDERUTILISED CANAL FRONTAGE

G re co

PASSENGER PLATFORMS

D er ga no

Fi er

STATION FACILITIES | COMBINED PASSENGER. FREIGHT TERMINAL

Fi er a

San Cristoforo

Villa Pizzoni

Car Parking

Greco

Torino

a St ep he ns on Ce rt os a

Ticket Machines

Gallarate

Ro m ol o Sondrio Ti ba ld i

RAIL

CLOSING THE LOOP | MAP SHOWING PROPOSED CONNECTION

SA O RT CE

MAIN STATION BUILDING

Sesto S.G.

Istria

Rexp

P. Ro m an a

Piacenza

Deregano

The passenger station provides the basic facilities you would expect to find in a local passenger station, a small ticket office, on-street parking, ticket machines and a small kiosk.

Rh o



Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

Mortara

Pavia

PROPOSED CONNECTING SECTION | SCHEMATIC NETWORK MAP

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012

MILAN AND TOURISM Local Area Masterplan Evolution of a Masterplan

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

MILAN AND TOURISM | AN INTRODUCTION Milan is one of the EU’s most important destinations. As the financial capital of Italy, Milan relies upon its attractiveness to business, both national and international, to attract investment in the city and as a result, business tourism constitutes over three quarters of the annual tourism sector. Despite a common perception of being polluted and expensive, Milan sees in total around 3.5million visitors annually, maintaining good appeal from the international scene for its cosmopolitan population base. Large visitor numbers bring high tourist expenditure, although tourism itself remains highly seasonal, with many hotel rooms vacant through the winter months. Indeed, a recent poll shows that trips to the city tend to be brief, with the average hotel stay of just 2 nights. Despite an emphasis on high-end, luxury shopping, and high land prices in the centre of town, public transport remains efficient and inexpensive, making mobility for locals, and visitors widely accessible.

Congress

20%

Visitor numbers are set to skyrocket with the hosting of the World Expo in 2015, which is attracting public investment in new public infrastructure, to accommodate the surge in visitor numbers in and around the city.

2.18

The average stay of visitors to Milan [nights]

31.0

Percentage of Visitor Population that have not Visited Before [percent]

Milan’s Parco Agricolo Sud, or South Agricultural Park, at 47,000 hectares is Europe’s largest agricultural park. It stretches in a wide arc around the southern half of the city encompassing a substantial area of protected farmland dedicated to the present and future feeding of the city.

All in all, the South Agricultural Park holds great potential for tourism, which remains largely unexplored. The tourism potential for the Park is outlined below is four distinct categories, which individually attract its own category of visitors. These are Leisure, Food, Heritage, and Ecological Tourism.

NATURE RESERVES MARSHLAND BIODIVERSITY

PARCO AGRICOLO NATURE TRAILS

ECOLOGICAL TOURISM BIRD WATCHING

AGRICULTURE

Castello Sforzesco

76%

TOURIST IN MILAN | PROPORTIONAL SHARE OF MAIN SECTORS

The diverse ecological landscape of the Parco Agricolo Sud from woodlands to wetlands, lakes and nature reserves, boasts a huge amount of biodiversity attracting visitors with an interest in the environmental sciences, botany, agriculture and aquaculture from all parts of the world. The artificial irrigation ditches, once instrumental in transforming the landscape to a centre of agricultural production, now become oasi in a vast agricultural landscape, teeming with wildlife, from birds, to insects and fish. The park also provides a place of research for those studying related subjects in the city universities of Bicocca, Milan Polytechnic and Milan University.

Museo del Risorgimento

GAM Museo Civico di Storia Naturale

Secondly, the huge investment in tourist infrastructure, by local government, and the large amount of tourist expenditure is largely mopped up by the city centre attractions, bars and restaurants, with very little funding finding its way through to the wider population. It is clear to see, if one takes a wrong turn out of the city centre, which districts benefit from increased funding, and which do not.

LEGEND - Protected Farmland within Milan’s Municipal Area

Museo Archeologico

Palazo Morando

- Extent of Parco Agricolo Sud

Duomo and Museo del 900

Studio Museo Civico Francesco Messina

Thirdly, and finally, as has been outlined in the neighbouring sections of this page, Milan boasts a vast array of potential tourist attractions out of the city centre, especially that of the South Agricultural Park, which could help diversify tourism in the area, and persuade visitors to reside in the city for longer.

FOCUS

THE SOUTH AGRICULTURAL PARK| MUNICIPAL AREA MAP

SOUTH AGRICULTURAL PARK| TYPICAL MARCITE OR ‘WATER MEADOWS’

2015 WORLD EXPO | PROPOSED ROUTE OF ‘LA VIA D’ACQUA’

Milan’s heritage tourism appeal is well known for the city’s great architectural works, such as the Duomo, the Galleria San Vittorio Emmanuele, and the Chapel of Santa Maria delle Grazie. For the size of the city however, these works only occupy a relatively small geographical area, an area which defines the tourist realm of the city.

CASTLES

CHURCHES CITY CENTRE ATTRACTIONS

PARCO AGRICOLO MILL HOUSES

HERITAGE TOURISM HISTORIC HOUSES

THEATRE SCENE

SCIENTIFIC INTEREST

LEGEND - ‘La Via D’Acqua’ - Minor watercourses - Protected Agricultural area

Unknown to many visitors of the city is the vast collection of historical edifices which litter the landscape around the fringes of the city. Perhaps one of the lesser known gems of the South Agricultural Park is the abbey at Chiaravalle, of which most of the early construction of irrigation infrastructure is attributed. An architectural masterpiece to rival much of the city, the abbey receives only a tiny visitor population compared to its relatives in the city. For the historian, the Parco Agricolo contains a vast collection of monuments, castles, manors, cascine, and mill-houses, which are all located around the wider irrigation network. It is these rural attractions which are the custodians of the vernacular culture and which contain the memories of Milan’s agricultural past. These sites can be visited via a number of guided tours, or accessed along designated routes through the landscape.

- Areas for Public Use

PARCO D’ACQUA

- Bodies of Water

One of these infrastructural developments is the ambitious Via D’Acqua, which will provide a new water route around the western side of the city, that will connect the Expo Site in the North-West along the line of the existing Naviglio Grande to the City centre at the old city docks of the Darsena Basin. A series of boat taxis will run along this route to carry visitors between the main attractions.

- Proposed Site - Water Terminus - Access to Agricultural Park

The route runs directly past the identified project site in the historic district of San Cristoforo. Not only does the area house a number of historical edifices, such as the 14th Century Chiesa di San Cristoforo sul Naviglio, but also lies at an important point of access to the South Agricultural Park, with good rail connections to the rest of the city. For these reasons, it provides an ideal location for the location of a new Visitor Centre, allowing tourists to alight to explore the district of San Cristoforo, the Parco della Risaie, and the surrounding parkland.

VIA D’ACQUA

AREA HISTORY

S CU FO

20 15

PARCO AGRICOLO SUD

VIA D’ACQUA

DARSENA BASIN

The 2015 World Expo will be a huge event in the history of the city, attracting millions of visitors from all around the World. Under the primary theme of the Expo of ‘Feeding the Planet, Energy for Change’, one of the subthemes will be water, and a huge amount of work has been scheduled for the run up to the event to make the most of Milan’s historical connections with water. Referencing Milan’s famous water networks, which formerly provided transport around the city, the organisers have proposed to develop new water-based infrastructure in and around the city to enable visitors to explore all that Milan has to offer.

HISTORIC WATERWAYS AQUACULTURE

PARCO D’ACQUA

MILAN’S TOURIST REALM | HIGHLY CONCENTRATED IN CITY CENTRE

HERITAGE TOURISM | AGRICULTURAL HISTORY OF MILAN CASCINE

2015 EXPO SITE

However, there are huge disadvantages with this form of tourist management. Firstly, the visitor may feel confined in a relatively small area, especially at the height of summer, and may look to escape from the centre to explore more of the surrounding city. With the exception of the Fiera Milano, and a few other notable attractions, the options to do so are limited.

Casa Museo Boschi Di Stefano

Pinacoteca di Brera

Museo della Scienza Leonardo da Vinci

The general perception of Milan is that of a highly-polluted post-industrial landscape which has been stripped of its ‘natural capital’ by the damaging effects of its industry over the past century. As a result, many visitors with an interest in nature choose to travel North from the city, to the lakes of Lecco and Maggiore, without realising the vast protected region on the Milan’s southern doorstep.

PASTORAL FARMING

Acquario Civico

Business

ECOLOGICAL TOURISM | NATURAL POTENTIAL OF THE PARK ARABLE FARMING

As mentioned in the ‘Heritage Tourism’ section opposite, while Milan boasts an impressive array of historical edifices, and museums pertaining to all aspects of life, these attractions are confined to a relatively small area of the city, which largely dictates the extent of Milan tourist realm. In some ways, this concentration of visitors in a geographically small area benefits the overall functioning of the city, by allowing the rest of the city to assume its daily routine. This reduces potential conflict between local citizens and visitors, caused by the disruption of increased numbers in the city.

The Park, which makes up the majority of what is known as ‘La Bassa’ or ‘Low’ area on the Lombardia plain, is characterised by a complex network of waterways, canals and irrigation ditches which were instrumental in developing the area during Milan’s agricultural revolution, into one of the most productive in Northern Italy. In addition to this, various millhouses and cascine (‘historic farmsteads’) dot the landscape hearkening back to the same period of Milan’s agricultural past. The high aquifer level of the area also gives birth to wetlands oases and lakes, with woodlands occasionally breaking the vast expanse of the open plain.

Leisure

Leisure tourism, still low in comparison with other EU cities, is limited to the city centre, where the majority of Milan’s architectural masterpieces reside. A new emphasis on the tourism board should be in attracting visitors to the more outlying areas of the city, which all contribute their own chapter to the story of Milan’s past. By promoting a diverse range of activities in the city, Milan can hope to attract greater visitor numbers in the leisure sector, and encourage existing visitors to reside in the city for longer periods of time.

TOURISM PATTERNS IN MILAN | COMPACT CENTRAL TOURIST REALM

THE SOUTH AGRICULTURAL PARK | POTENTIAL VISITOR ATTRACTION

LEGEND - ‘La Via D’Acqua’ - Minor watercourses - Protected Agricultural area - Areas for Public Use

PROPOSED VISITOR CENTRE LOCATION

- Bodies of Water - Proposed Site - Water Terminus - Access to Agricultural Park - Municipal Boundary - Municipal Boundary

PARCO AGRICOLO SUD S CU FO

Ba sin

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Da rs en a

Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

CE NT RE

Milan and Transport

Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

MILAN AND TOURISM

VI SI TO R

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination

D’ Ac qu a

Milan and History

Introduction

Pa rc o

Introduction

Si te

EXISTING PATTERNS IN TOURISM AND PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

Ex po



Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

La Via D’Acqua Porta Vittoria

Santa Maria Delle Grazie

Il Duomo

LEISURE TOURISM | POTENTIAL FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION A recent drive to expand Milan’s visitor appeal out from the city centre is greatly helped by the presence of the South Agricultural Park, which offers a range of outdoor-based activities throughout the year, and especially ideal for an escape from the harsh temperatures experienced in summer in the city centre.

RIDING CYCLING

The Church of San Cristoforo

The Abbey at Chiaravalle

2015 WORLD EXPO

LOCAL FOOD PRODUCTION TRADITIONAL RESTAURANTS OSTERIE - TRATTORIAS

In terms of leisure potential, the Park encompasses a huge landscape, through which residents and visitors can explore via a series of designated cycle trails, footpaths, boat tours, and horse riding, promoting exercise and time outdoors in the picturesque scenery. At key points along these routes, visitors are able to take advantage of aquatic sports such as rowing, and sailing, and golf and tennis clubs provide a means to make the most of the outdoors.

LEISURE TOURISM CANAL CRUISES

WALKING SAILING

This will greatly diversify Milan’s existing sporting attractions of ths San Siro stadium, persuading visitors to undertake activities in the outdoors, and encouraging many to reside in the city for longer.

‘LA VIA D’ACQUA’| ROUTE SCHEMATIC

FOOD TOURISM

FARMERS MARKETS

FOOD RETAIL

TASTING SESSIONS

WATER-BASED LEISURE

SLOW FOOD MILANO ROWING

‘LA VIA D’ACQUA’ ROUTE AND SURROUNDING PARKS| FOCUS AREA

VISITOR CENTRE | PROVIDING ACCESSIBILITY TO THE PARK

FOOD TOURISM | EMERGENCE OF A NEW FOOD CULTURE

GOLF

ANGLING

‘LA VIA D’ACQUA’ ROUTE | MILAN MUNICIPAL AREA

The disconnection of city and countryside in present day metropolises such as Milan, has been identified as a contributing factor in the loss of local food cultures, as citizens become distanced from the source of their food. The result of this is a lack of understanding of the basic issues of food production and a decreasing interest in agriculture and the farming industry. As one of the largest protected peri-urban farming regions in Europe, and still highly productive, the Parco Agricolo Sud provides an environment in which to observe and experience the practices of local food production within easy reach of the city centre. Museums document the agricultural heritage of the region, traditional restaurants and trattorias scatter the landscape and allotment gardens grow in popularity on the fringes of the city, all of which help to maintain the connection between the city and countryside, and the local food culture.

The San Cristoforo area in the South-West of the city provides an ideal site for the location of a new Visitor Centre for the Agricultural Park, which at present remains largely ignored by the City’s tourism board for lack of infrastructure.

To 2015 Expo Site

Positioned centrally with new improved public transport access, and at a location from which the Parklands are easily accessible, the new Visitor Centre will provide means to ‘export tourism’ from the city centre, which is by far the most popular for tourism in the region. A tourist visiting the city will be able to access the Visitor Centre, via train, tram, bus or (new) boat taxi direct from the city centre.

The 2015 World Expo due to be hosted by the city is based around the theme of food, which has encouraged a new discussion of how a city such as Milan can look to sustainably feed its population in the future. The Slow Food movement, born in Italy, illustrates the importance of local food cultures and demonstrates how on a small-scale, they can be sustainable.

LEGEND - Protected Agricultural area - Parco Agricolo Sud - Bodies of Water

Once they have arrived at the centre, it will be possible to access the adjoining ‘Centre for Urban Agriculture’, which explores the relationship of the Agricultural Park to the city, and Milan’s traditional food culture. Alternatively, the centre provides a point of access for exploration of the city. It will be possible to book onto a guided tour, hire a bicycle, or take a boat taxi along the historic Naviglio Grande, towards the Expo site or City Centre.

- Proposed Site

TRADITIONAL CUISINE

- New Transport Interchange KAYAKING

CELEBRATIONS EVENTS

- Transport Access to Visitor Centre - Access to Agricultural Park - Municipal Boundary - Municipal Boundary

Proposed location of new Park Visitor Centre PARCO AGRICOLO SUD AC Milan

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

NEW VISITOR CENTRE PROPOSALS | LOCATION ALONG THE INNER CITY RINGROAD

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE MILAN AND TOURISM

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

INITIAL SKETCH IDEAS | NEW VISITOR CENTRE COURTYARD

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

MILAN AND TOURISM Local Area Masterplan Evolution of a Masterplan

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN

08 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Water

Milan and Transport Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

TOURISM POTENTIAL IN A KEY SECTION OF MILAN’S SOUTH AGRICULTURAL PARK

IL PARCO DELLE RISAIE

IL PARCO DELLE RISAIE | AN INTRODUCTION

THE ‘WIDESPREAD AGRITOURISM MUSEUM’ | AN OVERVIEW | AGRITOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE PARK A50

CITY CENTRE Porta Genova

NORTH MILAN Rho

The Parco della Risaie, or 'Park of Rice', part of the Southern Agricultural Park, is located to the southwest of the city of Milan, between the two major canals of the Naviglio Grande and Pavese. As insinuated by its title, the Park is characterised by the densest network of irrigation ditches which have allowed the lanscape to be repeatedly flooded and drained, making it the most suitable area for the city's rice cultivation since the 15th Century.

The A new mapmethod opposite of illustrates soil remediation, the wealth still very of heritage-, much inleisure-based its infancy is the anduse of ecologically-oriented fungi to breakdown attractions and absorbon harmful the southwest chemicalsfringe and heavy of the metals, the city.which The presence have accumulated of water, essential in the presence for rice production of pollutingin industries the area,inholds manygreat industripotential alised cities, for water-based Milan being a leisure primeactivities example. such Theas implementation sailing, anglingofand such rowing in‘mycofiltration’ easy reach of techniques the southwest have portion the ability of the tocity. restore The biodiversity establishment in our of anative new visitor soils, through centre for the the growth park will andprovide adaptation a base of fungus from which where to other explore biological the area, with species goodwould publicbe transport unable to access survive. from Inthe turncentre this technique of Milan. has the ability to improve the health of the soil to a point where other biological species may Throughout return and flourish, the middle thus ages acting of Milan, as a vanguard, the dense or concentration pioneer species. of waterways gave birth to a landscape of watermills scattered across the plain, some of which Beginning awaitwith restoration the work and of hold Paul potential Stamets,for notable conversion for histo publication facilities which ‘Mycelium could Running’, accommodate a team ofvisitors researchers in thehas area. begun to compile a complete database which identifies which species of mycelium are most effective in remediating The soilsarea for certain also houses levelsthe and remnants types of of contaminants, some historicinproperties, any given polluted constructed area. by the Therich results elite are in the as past follows: centuries as a place of escape from the city. Protecting the heritage of these buildings must be of paramount importance whilst conversion would provide a means for the venues to generate capital to cover upkeep.

The building of the Naviglio Grande in the 14th Century provided a reliable source of fresh water to the city along Milan's East-West axis, which could then be 'tapped' at intervals to provide a web of irrigation channels south of the Canal, flowing with the natural incline of the landscape, with which the area could be flooded at will. The succeeding Naviglio Pavese provided a means to effectively drain the area, and thus contain the flooding, enabling a certain amount of control over the lanscape essential for rice cultivation in temperate climates. Due to the presence of large areas of standing water for many months of the year, the presence of midges and mosquitos made the area largely undesirable for habitation by all but the farm workers, and still remains one of the most sparsely-populated areas of the municipality of Milan in the closest proximity to the city centre. Now enclosed by the expanding rural areas of Buccinasco and Assago, and the southern arc of Milans ring road, the Parco delle Risaie stands as an island amidst an otherwise continuous urban landscape.

A50

FAGNANO

Cascina Bazzana Sup. BONIZOLA GAGGIANO

nde Naviglio Gra

Cascina Marianna

Cascina Cantalupo

Madonna del Dosso

ABBIATEGRASSO Parco del Ticino

Cava Sannovo

Cascina Caponera

One of the projects primary objectives is to promote the growing food movement, through hosting various activities and events, such as green festivals, city meals, and county shows, providing for families, the elderly and the local consumers, who will be able to speak directly to local farmers to learn about food production.

AGRICULTURE

SPORT AND LEISURE

The project of the Parco delle Risaie aims to provide new rice processing facility to enable local processing and distribution of rice to the immediate surrounding area, following a shortchain philosophy.

The project encourages the recreational use of the park throughout the year through organisation of sporting events such as watersports festivals, sponsored cycle rides, long-distance running, all aimed at bringing local residents in contact with the countryside.

Gudo Gambaredo

SAN PIETRO CUSICO

Cascina Cassinazza

CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE

The project looks at creating a new program to ‘animate’ the Park with events, exhibitions, and concerts, all held locally to celebrate the cultural identity of the area.

Encourage the rehabilitation of degraded properties in the area for potential use as residential, or conversion for alternative uses, such as visitor centres, museums, restaurants, or venues for cultural events.

ACCESSIBILITY

MARKETING AND PROMOTION

The project aims to make the Park accessible to all, and capable of accommodating increased visitor numbers through the provision of basic infrastructure, such as adequate car parking, clearly-defined pathways, and bridges, as well as rental facilities for hire of bicycles, kayaks, etc.

An element that will be essential in ensuring the success of the Parco delle Risaie project will be the widespread marketing of the Park as a popular visitor attraction, through local, regional, national and international media, where upcoming events and seasonal attractions can be advertised to attract visitors throughout the year.

Cascina S. Marta

Cascina Cusico

Cascina Copiago SPORZANO

ZIBIDO SAN GIACOMO

NOVIGLIO

Molina della Segrona

ZIBIDO SAN GIACOMO

Cascina Tavernasco

GOLF COURSE

Cascina Viano

THE IRRIGATION NETWORKS .

Casiglio CAVA GUISEPPINA

A dense network of waterways to . be restored into visitor education centres, restaurants, or museums

MORIMONDO Parco del Ticino MAIRANO

Cascina Femegro

Cascina Mandrugno

Cascina Guastalla

Cascina Vigonzino

LEGEND

Cascina Conago

Cava di Basiglio

BADILE Cascina Pioltino

Cascina Conigo

BASIGLIO Cascina Mentirate

THE CHURCHES A vast array of historic churches and monasteries, dating back to the 14th Century.

BINASCO

Church Mill House

Cascina Concorezzo

Cascina S. Caterina

Cascina Coriasco

Cascina Valdemischia

Oasis area Wetland Pastures

COAZZANO

Castle, Fort, Tower

LACCHIARELLA RESERVE

Manor, Historic House Fishing

THE RICE .

Traditional Ice House

One of the highest concentrations of . rice farming to be found in Europe. This. staple has been the cornerstone of the Milanese diet, and remains the focus of local food production in the area.

Cascina Luisiola MERLATE

A7 Cascina Decima

Cascina Mogna

Cascina Chiusa

Wildlife Reserve Cafe, Restaurant

Cascina Resta VERNATE

Riding School

CASARILE

YEAR-ROUND ATTRACTION Hosting activiites and events to attract visitors even in the winter months, with festive fayres around the Christmas period

Rail Station

Cascina Centenara METTONE

MONCUCCO CERTOSA DI PAVIA

Cascina Doria

Parking A50

VILLAMAGGIORE

Cascina Piccola

LACCHIARELLA

Golf Course

EDUCATION

Cascina Vione

Cascina Gambaggio

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

TRANSPORTATION

In terms of education, the project envisages the transformation of the cascine, or ‘farmsteads’ in the area which are no longer in operation, into places of agriculture- and food-based education, with demonstration gardens, taste workshops, and exhibitions, to collectively form a widespread museum from which visitors can learn about all issues relating to agriculture and food culture.

Laghi Carcana

Cascina Castellazzo

In order to encourage visitors to spend time in and around the Park, the project looks at incentivising the opening of B&Bs and holiday cottages, for rent by visitors for extended periods of time, where they will be in easy reach of good restaurants, heritage attractions and nature reserves, without need of a car to get around.

EAST MILAN San Giuliano Milanese

A50

Cascina Parazzolo

Cascina Carcana

TAINATE

A50

Cascina Bazzanella

Casa Borgazzi

ACCOMMODATION

ART AND PERFORMANCE

The project seeks to promote the widespread uptake of allotment gardening, through encouraging local residents to take responsibility for a small parcel of peri-urban land for small-scale food production. Over time, this will benefit the community through greater self-sufficency and smaller food bills, improved health through exercise, and increased social ‘connectedness’ of the community.

Cascina Molinetto

SAN NOVO

Cascina Grande

THE CASCINE

The scheduled improvement works revolve around the objective of renaturalising the environment through the recovery of degraded areas by remediation, and the reconstruction of wetlands and reservoirs, which were previously drained as industrial increased over the past century.

SOCIAL

Cascina Mirabella Cascina Doresano

Cascina Torre

FOOD

The project envisages the creation of a new Strada del Riso, or ‘Street of Rice’, which will provide a cultural journey for visitors, through the Park, documenting the history of civilisation, and rice cultivation in the area, the ‘morphology of the rice fields’, and management of water, flora and fauna, food and cuisine.

Cascina Cavallazza

BARATE

LANDSCAPE

ASSAGO

Cascina S. Francesco

VIGANO

Dilapidated traditional farmsteads to be restored into visitor education centres, restaurants, or museums.

Lago S. Maria

Cascina Terradeo

Cascina Boscaccio

Cascina S. Francesco

CULTURE AND TRADITION

BUCCINASCO CASTELLO

Cava Boscaccio

Cascina Baitana

MILAN EXPO 2015 | AN AREA OF KEY INTEREST In the run up to the 2015 World Expo, the Parco delle Risaie has been identified as an area of significant natural and heritage interest, and has been slated for various infrastructural improvements to increase its attractiveness to visitors during the Expo, and afterwards. The improvements aim to provide for all visitors with an interest in heritage, agriculture, leisure, local food cultures, and ecology, whilst its location midway along the course of the newly-proposed Via D’Acqua, makes it a suitable stop off for tourists travelling between the city centre, and the 2015 Expo Site.

BUCCINASCO

SAN VITO

As a key centre of food production in the Greater Milan area, the Parco delle Risaie provides an excellent setting for visitors to explore the traditional food culture of the area through a large number of restaurants and converted cascine, capable of providing the rural experience of the area through the hosting of tasting evening, festivals and other cultural activities in the Park setting.

The protection order for the park brought into being in 1990, not only works to preserve the heritage of the area, but also serves to protect the areas vital environmental resources of soil and water in a vital area of food production for the city.

CITY CENTRE Porta Ticinese

Cascina Cortile

CASIRATE OLONA Cascina Birolo

Cascina Cadenazza

Arterial Road Cascina Morivione

PAVIA

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE IL PARCO DELLE RISAIE

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012



Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

MILAN AND TOURISM Local Area Masterplan Evolution of a Masterplan

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN

08 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Water

Milan and Transport Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

TRADITIONAL. SELF-SUFFICIENT FARMING COMMUNITIES ON THE FRINGE OF THE URBANISED MILAN AREA

LE CASCINE DI MILANO

LE CASCINE DI MILANO | INTRODUCTION The ‘cascine’ or farmhouse complexes, whose remnants can be seen across the peri-urban landscape of Milan today, were the first self-sufficient, rural settlements to have been built in the region, as a means to better govern and manage the territory. Believed to have originated from the monasterial complexes that began to appear across the landscape from around the 6th Century AD, the cascina provided a safe haven for peasants through the medieval ages, when the cities were frequently the focus of invasions coming from all over the continent. Usually owned by wealthy families from the city, or the church (also known as ‘grange’) the complexes that surrounded the large rural homesteads could accommodate anything up to 400 people, most of them workers and their families who were needed to cultivate the land and maintain the complex.

AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE | LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT Unable to rely upon imports from neighbouring provinces, especially in times of strife, the cascine were forced to grow their own food, through committing extensive areas to arable and pastoral farming which could extend their primary source of income, and shortly developed themselves into the first important economic centres in Lombardia. At times of conflict, these isolated communities were able to continue to trade unhindered.

CASCINE

At a time when agricultural food production in the Milan provincial area was in its heyday, the cascine held a huge dominion over the landscape, not only in terms of economic and social importance, but also in terms of management of the land, control over the water, and care of the earth.

eXPO 2015

Throughout the middle ages, Milan developed an extraordinarily complex system of waterways, networks of canals and irrigation ditches, some of the most advanced in Europe at that time, in order to maximise food production for the city.

In a time where hinterlands were controlled by a selective urban elite, the communes which surrounded Italian cities were managed by city councillors, whose mercantile instincts brought a new perspective to the production and distribution of food for the city.

In the present-day city of Milan, the detachment of the population from the land could not be more apparent. Consumer lifestyles, hectic work schedules, and availability of cheap food have distanced the population from its agricultural heritage. When considering how Milan might be able to intensify its current food production methods to meet the demands of the population, it may be more effective to return to a more decentralised form of food production, enabling the more responsible use of natural water sources to intensively cultivate a more diverse range of crop types.

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF CASCINA | ISOMETRIC OF CASCINA MOLINO SAN GREGORIO

WATER MANAGEMENT

ECONOMIC CENTRE

LAND MANAGEMENT

TRADITIONAL ROLE OF A CASCINA|DECENTRALISED MANAGEMENT

LE CASCINE DI MILANO | TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS It is understood that the cascine were developed from the example of the 12th Century monasteries that began to appear across the landscape, signalling the power of the church, and its dominion over the people. Christianity, although strongest at this time, still remains strong across the region today. For this reason, some of the cascine built as rural retreats for the urban elite began to display characteristics of these monasteries, both in function and aesthetic. It was also very common to find a church or chapel incorporated into the traditional cascine complex. Traditional architectural features which became widespread in the design of cascine in the region include enclosed courtyards, loggias and exceptional masonry, all of which boasted of wealth and prosperity.

CASE STUDY | CASCINA MOLINO SAN GREGORIO

STABLING AND BREEDING LIVESTOCK With a huge control over the economy and territory, the cascine could afford enormous areas for stabling horses, as well as breeding and rearing livestock for trade. This ensured one of the primary forms of income for the wealthy families that owned the farms.

PASTORAL LAND

ACCOMMODATION

Suggestive of the monopoly that the cascine had over the territory that they controlled, each family would own huge tracts of land upon which livestock could forage and rice could be grown.

Living quarters for anything from 10 to 400 people in times when the harvest was collected. The wealthy family who owned the estate would live upstairs, with servant and worker accommodation housed on the ground floor, and in ancillary buildings.

Vegetable Gardens

The Cascina Molino San Gregorio typifies the layout and character of a traditional cascina farmhouse of the Milan Province. The Mill house and ancillory buildings date from before the turn of the 17th Century with records dating from 1600 onwards. The farm was a key element in the extensive agricultural network that dominated the landscape at the time of its construction, until well into the 19th Century, and was remained inhabited until only recently.

Stabling Facilities

COMMUNITY From the 6th century AD, Christianity had made it’s mark upon the territory of Milan. It was therefore common for cascine complexes to house there own church or chapel, in which all members of the community would attend for service, generating greater bonds of community with the rural populations than in the city.

Its recent transformation in time for the 2015 Expo has seen the reinvention of the complex to provide facilities for ecologists at work in the Parco Lambro, as well as a small demonstartion farm with vegetable gardens, and animal enclosures for educational purposes.

CHARACTERISTIC CASCINE |ENCLOSED COURTYARD WITH LOGGIAS

Open Access Barn

THE CASCINE AND LANDSCAPE | TRANSFORMATION OF THE TERRITORY 3D VISUALISATION OF CASCINA | CASCINA MOLINO SAN GREGORIO

The cascine, which became familiar landmarks of ‘La Bassa’ region, or the lowlands which today covers the Parco Agricolo Sud and the Lodi area, became characteristic of the landscape, as a visual connection between the settlement and territory. The gradual decline in power held by the cascine, has slowly severed this connection, as the Milan conurbation becomes ever more dependent upon imports from abroad.

Farm Labourers Quarters External Deck Access Upstairs Terrace

The territory which was formerly controlled and characterised by these farms has undergone profound changes which has gradually decreased the need for this decentralised form of land management, and lessened their influence over the landscape. That said, the cascine remain some of the only custodians of the vernacular culture of the Milan, in a city which has largely lost its traditions. As the original ‘architects of the transformation of the territory’, the influence of these farms on the landscape still visible today. With a need to return to more localised forms of food production in Milan as a means for the city to become more self-sufficient, it may be useful to examine how a decentralised form of land governance and management became so successful in the past, and how such experiences could be carried forward to the present day.

Servants Quarters Kitchen Area Agricultural Store PROCESSING The way that the cascine could remain important centres of agriculture and economic affairs in the region was through managing the processing of food from cultivation, right the way through to selling. By housing facilities necessary for the processing of meat and vegetables within the community, the cascine could achieve the distribution of fresh produce, and retain a monopoly over the distribution of food to the city. Facilities necessary to milking and slaughtering enabled the cascine to process food rapidly, to ensure that it arrived fresh in the city.

VEGETABLE GARDENS

RICE PADDIES

Throughout the medieval period, the cascine of Milan could not rely upon the importation of food from the urban areas, especially Milan, which was frequently the focus of invasions at the time. The rural communities therefore had to adopt all practices of agriculture in order to maintain a constant workforce, and feed the resident families. The cultivation of vegetable gardens usually at the rear of the house yielding buckwheat, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, allowed the communities of the cascine to remain fully self-sufficient, providing an argument for the partial return to traditional practices of living and farming in the modernday Milan.

Milan’s location upon a plateau, amidst a dense river network, made it ideal for the growing of rice following the first import of the staple from the Far e East. The expansion of rice cultivation, made possible by a transformation of the waterways, and the introduction of advanced water engineering soon projected Lombardia into one of the most intensively-farmed regions in Europe, a title which it still retains today. The availability of rice to feed the population gave birth to the traditional Milanese dishes of risotto and semolina soups, which set it apart from all other regions in Italy.

Covered Carriage Store

Main Central Courtyard

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF CASCINA | EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC OF CASCINA MOLINO SAN GREGORIO

CASCINE AND THE LANDSCAPE |CASCINE LOCATIONS ACROSS THE MILAN PROVINCE

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

Family Quarters

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE LE CASCINE DI MILANO

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN

CONTAMINATION

09 Introduction

Milan and History

Introduction

Milan and History Precedent: Il Palazzo della Ragione, Padua

Milan and Contamination Milan and Contamination Local Contamination Land Reclamation Soil Remediation Strategies

Milan and Water

Milan and Transport Milan and Transport Existing Station Analysis

Milan and Tourism

Milan and Water City Water Consumption

Milan and Tourism Il Parco delle Risaie Le Cascine di Milano

Milan and Food

Local Area Masterplan

Milan and Food Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes Precedent: The Habana Food Movement Precedent: The Milwaukee Food Movement The Farmers’ Market Precedent: Wychwood Barns, Toronto

Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

Milan and Agriculture Milan and Agriculturet Proposed Urban Agricultural Sites

FOOD

LEISURE

TRANSPORT

ENERGY

AGRICULTURE

HEALTH

WATER

RESEARCH

COMMUNITY

EDUCATION

TOURISM

LARGE-SCALE ANALYSIS OF THE IDENTIFIED CITYSCAPE IN RESPONSE TO KEY CHARACTERISTICS

LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN: STARTING CONDITIONS

LOCAL AREA ANALYSIS | EXISTING AREA CONDITIONS As a starting point of a wider scale masterplan of the city of Milan, it is important to select a broad area of urban fabric most representative of Milan’s city landscape. Within this area, a number of key characteristics will be assessed, such as the provision of educational and leisure facilities, and the availability of public transport infrastructure to the local communities. In addition to this, a number of more project-specific values will be analysed, such as the extent of contamination caused by present and former land use, the proximity of existing food production and distribution centres, and the availability of existing visitor infrastructure. In doing this, I hope to provide the necessary justification for the provision of a new multi-purpose community/visitor centre at the heart of the regeneration scheme, and inform the nature and function of the proposed building.

MILANOSPORT PISCINA ARGELATI

IVAN LO CICERO PERSONAL TRAINER

CONTAMINATION

NATURASI SUPERMERCATI DELLA NATURA

FOOD

LEISURE

ENERGY

TRANSPORT

Ripa Ticinese D’Adda

THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS... ESSELUNGA SUPERMERCATO

GRANDI MAGAZZINI E SUPERMERCATI IL GIGANTI

CONTAMINATION

Napoli

VIA SANTANDER

Lodovico Il Moro Ponti

FOOD

Giambellino Tolstoi

PRIVATE TENNIS CLUB

CANOTTIERI MILANO

SI NEW CRESTAL CAFE

PASTICCERIA

INTL. SCHOOL OF EUROPE

Highlighted on the plan right are all of the food retail outlets in the area; supermarkets, vegan stores, markets; as well as the traditional ‘osterie’, which are more likely to serve local dishes, typical of traditional Milanese cuisine.

PRACCHI DISCOUNT

PARCO DI VIA TOBAGI

Giambellino Curio Dentato

RESIDENTS ASSOCATION TENNIS CLUB

Negrelli Parenzo Negrelli

Giambellino Gelsomini

VIA ERNESTO ROSSI

PRIVATE TENNIS COURTS

Giambellino Sanniti

TRANSPORT

At the heart of the redevelopment, the site of the former ceramics factory of Richard-Ginori currently houses a football field and four tennis courts. In a new proposal for the site, the design will seek to retain the existing facilities, whilst building a new community hub around commerce and education.

PANINOTECA MONA BRASIL

DEMOLITION PLANT

VIA GIAMBELLINO ATHLETIC

The site stands at the outer extent of the tram network, leaving many local residents on the outskirts of the city, especially those in the dist ricts of Corsico/Buccinasco, without an effective means of public transport into the city.

Ti ra na

NAVIGLIO GRANDE CAFE LANDFILL

ILLEGAL DUMPING

RONCHETTO SUL NAVIGLIO FOOTBALL OSTERIA DI MAMMA ANGELA

SAN CRISTOFORO

PANIFICIO

QUARRY

LEGEND

OTHER DEPOT

LEGEND

Depots/Distriibution

TOKON SCUOLA DI KARATE

SUPERMERCADO MEDIOLANUM

Railway

TOKON SCUOLA DI KARATE

Quarry

Extensive Agriculture

TOKON SCUOLA DI KARATE

ESSELUNGA SUPERMERCATO

Allotment Gardening

TOKON SCUOLA DI KARATE

Illegal Dumping

AGRICULTURE

Urban Greenspace

TOKON SCUOLA DI KARATE

Ceramic Industry

Galvanic Industry

ENERGY

S9 14

G ia m be lli no

The chosen site, at the heart of the proposal lies along the line of the rail service to Porta Genova, in the city centre. This provides excellent access to the city, but is limited to one terminus to cater for a vast area.

Giambellino Odazio

SIMPLY SUPERMERCATO

The map opposite outlines all facilities in the area that provide for the uptake of sport and leisure in the local community.

LEGEND TOKON SCUOLA DI KARATE

Landfill

The area highlighted in the plan lies at one of the two ‘gateways’ to the South Agricultural Park. At this point, the protected farmland of the park extends into the urban area. Here, t is not uncommon to find new high-rise apartments adjacent to extensive agriculture.

In addition, a new cogeneration plant has been installed in the south district of Famagusta, which has plans for a westward expansion to incorporate all districts south of the N. Grande.

In addition, the area is also characterised by the highest concentration of private allotment gardens in the city, standing at the forefront of Milan’s growing urban agriculture movement.

Water

Overground

Other Sources

Recent investments in cogeneration plants enables the provision of combined heat and power. One such plant is located along Via Bensi. New proposals aim to serve a much larger area in the west of the city, which extends inwards to Cavalcavia Don Lorenzo Milani.

Lodovico Il Moro Guintillino

TWENTY-FIVE BAR TABACCHI

LEISURE

Lodovico Il Moro Richard

IRIS 1914 SPORT SOCIETY

LA BONTA DI EDO

Giambellino Bellini

PASTICCERIA

SI TOKON SCUOLA DI KARATE

In addition, the activities of the nearby quarry, and landfill site on the border of the district of Ronchetto Sul Naviglio have both contributed to the degradation of the local environment.

As a leading district in the growing local agriculture movement in the city, the area is well positioned for the establishment of a new food movement in Milan, backed by the Slow Food movement and 2015 World Expo.

Lodovico Il Moro Guintillino

Giambellino Vignoli

PRIVATE TENNIS COURTS

As a former industrial heart of the city, cut by the main railway line towards Genoa, the area suffers from heavy contamination as a result of spillage, leakage and irresponsible waste disposal, which has only superficially been remedied.

AGRICULTURE

GRUPPO SPORTIVO CALCIO LA SPEZIA

Built Environment

Tram

LEGEND

NAVIGLI

Residential Residential/Commercial

WATER

EDUCATION

COMMUNITY

WATER

LAND USE

TOURISM

Commercial

BUILDING PROTECTION

Commercial/ Industrial

MONCUCCO

Industrial Leisure

The southwest of Milan is characterised by the presence of the two major canals of the city, giving birth to the district name of “Navigli”. These two canals provide a suitable medium for water transport, as outlined in the new plan for the Via D’Acqua, planned for Expo 2015. In addition, the lake on the edge of the district of Ronchetto Sul Naviglio, formerly a quarry, provides an ideal venue for a new watersports centre, as a new visitor attraction in the area.

The outlined area encompasses the major districts of San Cristoforo, Navigli, Lorenteggio, Corsico and Buccinasco each established around a central community hub, whether that is a central square, community centre, or local government building.

GRAMSCI MIDDLE SCHOOL

E NAL DIO ERI OM R B AM R. L

Also encompassed within the area are a number of smaller neighbourhoods, which contain no discernible community ‘centre’, or landmarks with which the visitor or local resident can identify with.

SAN CRISTOFORO

BARONA

Cooperativa Sociale Comunita' Del Giambellino

INSTITUTO PADRE MONTI

ASSOCIAZIONE ENTRETERRA

STRADEDARTS OSTERIE SARGEGNA IN BOCCA

R. OL ON A

NAVIGLIO GRANDE

OSTERIE DELL’ARTE

SANTUARIO SANTA RITA

PARCO AGRICOLO SUD

LAW SCHOOL AND JUDICIAL SCHOOL NURSERY SCHOOL

OSTERIE DI MAMMA ANGELA

Villa Durini

QUARRY LAKE

Under the Milan Protection Law 1497/39, all historical buildings were classified according to their age and cultural significance, as a means to protect them from destruction as the city undergoes rapid transformation.

NAME: JACK RICHARDSON STUDENT NO: 05217270

The former industrial edifices of the San Cristoforo have now been converted to, or demolished to make way for, commercial office space denoted in blue.

PRIMARY SCHOOL AND COOKING SCHOOL

Parrocchia Santo Curato D’Ars

A ON OL

MIRO ZAGNOLI

KINDERGARTEN & NURSERY SCHOOL

THEATRE SCHOOL

Such attractions may relate to ‘heritage tourism’, such as churches and cascine, ‘cultural tourism’, largely in the form of art galleries, or ‘food tourism’ in the provision of more traditional eating places, the trattorias, and ‘osterie’, likely to serve traditional dishes of the region.

The map to the bottom right highlights the historical character of the buildings located along the Naviglio Grande, according to the Comune di Milano.

OSTERIE DEL SOGNATORE

NURSERY SCHOOL

IRRIGATION NETWORK

The map right illustrates the distribution of land use in the allocated area. As a suburban district, the area is overwhelmingly dominated by medium- to low-density residential with some industry and commerce still found around the Navigli district in the upper quarter of the plan.

GALLERIA ETNICA

SCUOLA MEDIA

The plan right, indentifies the extent of visitor attractions in the allocated area.

BUILDING PROTECTION

INTL/. SCHOOL OF EUROPE

SANTA RITA

TOURISM

LAND USE

SAN CRISTOFORO SUL NAVIGLIO

SAE INSTITUTE

There is also a larger focus of higher education institutions and colleges, such as the International School of Europe, around the Navigli area, as the part of the plan in closer proximity to the city centre.

SAE INSTITUTE

ONLUS. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY

LORENTEGGIO

The high concentration of educational institutions in the area largely reflects the large residential population. A good distribution of nurseries, primary schools and secondary schools can be found throughout.

GALLERIA DELLE SOPRESE

CHARLES BO SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE

ACADEMIC FOUNDATION OF COMMUNICATION

Santuario S. Rita

EDUCATION

URBAN GALLERY

FREE UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

GINO CAPPONI PRIMARY SCHOOL FOREIGN LANGUAGE COLLEGE

NAVIGLIO GR ANDE



Local Area Masterplan: Starting Conditions Evolution of a Masterplan

BUCCINASCO

LEGEND

COPERNICO BIDELLERIA PRIMARY SCHOOL

PASSO-DOPO-PASSO NURSERY SCHOOL

CORSICO

VIA PETRARCA NURSERY SCHOOL

Centro Sociale Falcone

PROJECT 2.0: M20 HYDRATE LOCAL AREA MASTERPLAN: STARTING CONDITIONS

Period Building demands height restrictions on new construction.

OSTERIE DEL QUATTRO STAGIONE

Sensitive Environment Demands Careful Integration

NURSERY SCHOOL DANTE NURSERY SCHOOL

BArch STUDIO PORTFOLIO YEAR 6

Period Building with High Environmental Characterisation

Modern Edifice Creates New Disconnected Environm.

GALILEI PRIMARY SCHOOL

Aggregated Heterogeneous edifices creates local character

BArch STUDIO UNIT: BIOMIMETICS

STUDIO UNIT TUTOR: COLIN PUGH + SIOBHAN BARRY

REVISION: -

DATE: 10.08.2012