BIOCLIMATE
MASSING
JUNE 21
MARCH 21 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 100
PREDOMINANT NW WINTER WIND
80
December 21 60
40
10
PREDOMINANT SE SUMMER WIND
COURTYARD
0
AVERAGE HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE
December
March
Ambient North Light
Ambient North Light
Direct South Light
Ambient North Light
Direct South Light
Ambient North Light
June
PV Panels
Direct South Light
Direct South Light
September
ss Glator uc nd de Co tro r nt lec cto are ic E ndu de nsp om Co tro r Tra chr Ion r Elec ucto o c tr te nd un Co Ele Co rent a nsp Tra interior
exterior
Visible Light
VOIDS
SOLAR
SAWTOOTH
l ta to
ra
y
fa
8.0
PV
ar
ht lig
ay
684
D
684
ct or
2) (m
ea
PV
ar
G
la
zi n
g
ar
ea
(m
(M
2)
Solar Heat
W h/
y)
Clear
SHIELD
101.5
31
a. Uniform height, each south face 100 % PV Each north face is 100% glazing; PV tilt 31 degrees
Dark
684
684
8.0
94
JUNE 21
45
b. Uniform height, each south face 100 % PV Each north face is 100% glazing; PV tilt 45 degrees
Glass
Transparent Conductor
Electrochromic Electrode
Ion Conductor
Counter Electrode
Transparent Conductor
684
684
7.8
95.2
45
c. Increasing height, front (smallest) tooth identical to any tooth in b, subsequent teeth have equal areas of PV and glazing to front tooth, PV tilt 45 degrees
DECEMBER 21
ZEROENERGYDESIGN
Michael Sephens
Pablo Villamil Keith McDermid
Jon Jacobs
ARCH 5516 - 2011
BASE-1
PLANS SCALE: 1/16 INCH = 1 FOOT
“Topping off” Cafe Mechanical
4th FLOOR
5th FLOOR
N
3rd FLOOR
BASE-2.1
Conference
Director
Assistant Director
WC Research Offices
Demonstration Janitor Storage WC Mechanical
LAN
4th FLOOR
Classrooms
3rd FLOOR
4th FLOOR
N
Existing 3rd Floor
Daylighting Lab
Electrical
Site & Water, Materials
Energy Lab
Mech.
3rd FLOOR
ZEROENERGYDESIGN
N ARCH 5516 - 2011
SECTIONS This longitudinal section illustrates the significance of the vertical shafts and displacement ventilation, which maintain human comfort levels throughout the new CSBR addition. The stack effect exhausts excess summer heat through the shafts while drawing cooler air indoors from the operable windows. When the building needs to be cooled mechanically, a displacement ventilation system pushes cool air into spaces from floor vents and eventually rises toward the ceiling as a result of heating. Hot air that reaches the ceiling is collected and either expelled through roof vents or recovered, condensed, cooled and recycled.
SCALE: 1/16 INCH = 1 FOOT
LONGITUDINAL SECTION LOOKING NORTH
SUMMER COOLING & VENTILATION
The primary winter passive heating strategy is made possible by thermal mass on the floors and walls of the south-facing circulation zone. The electrochromic south glazing provides the opportunity to maximize solar heat gains in the winter while minimizing them in the summer. Fixed louvers and strategically placed panels on the south facade also provide solar control that minimizes unpleasant glare year round while creating a dynamic play of shadows and light. The glazing collects and the mass stores the heat for later release during cooler non-peak hours of the day. When conventional forced heating needs to supplement passive heating loads, the displacement ventilation system pushes warm air through vents in the floor, targeting the occupiable volume of air in the lower sections of the room for improved human comfort. As the air rises, it convectively rises into the plenum shaft until it cools and is collected through returns in the ceiling or wall to be recycled, reheated, and recirculated.
STUDY MODEL
SCALE: 1/8 INCH = 1 FOOT
HEATING STRATEGY
WINTER PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
The design intention of building up rather than to spread out perpetuated a thin profile, which consequently in our favor made daylighting less of an issue, but there were still challenges. By terracing the floors to increase south exposure and minimizing north glazing it was necessary to puncture the core of the floors in order to provide sufficient daylight to would-be dark spaces on the bottom level. The exploration of bouncing light through these shafts lead to an opportunity to improve the poor lighting condition of the existing west courtyard of the Holl addition with heliodon mirrors.
JUNE 21 DECEMBER 21
Reflected light into courtyard JUNE 21
DECEMBER 21
LATITUDINAL SECTION LOOKING EAST
SCALE: 1/16 INCH = 1 FOOT
RENEWABLE ENERGY FINAL DESIGN: 26 kBtu/SF FINAL DESIGN + SOLAR ELECTRIC AND GREEN ROOF: 14 kBtu/SF
A 5000 SF green roof on the CSBR addition saved about 40 million Btu’s in building cooling loads, but only lowered our EUI by 1 kBtu/SF.
Evergreen solar panels: 220W unit, 12.46W/SF Roof Mounted 40 degrees: 120% electricity use, 110 kW Space required: 8800 SF (majority of Holl addition rooftop) Wall Mounted 90 degrees: 16% electrical use, 20kW A 130kW PV system offset more than our total electrical use and lowered the EUI by 11 kBtu/SF.
WEST ELEVATION
ZEROENERGYDESIGN
20kW polycrystalline silicon wall mounted solar panel system 110kW polycrystalline silicon solar panel system
SCALE: 1/16 INCH = 1 FOOT
ARCH 5516 - 2011
GOALS
BASE-1 89 KBtu/sf
PROGRAM
SIZE
OCCUPANT
Lobby/reception
500 sf
All
HOURS
5PM
IESNA
DAYLIGHTING GOALS
THERMAL GOALS
D 20-50 fc
Dynamic
Flux zone
7AM
10HRS
Offices
2000 sf
Faculty
D 20-50 fc
Diffused
Controlled, cool
Labs
5000 sf
Faculty Students
E 50-100 fc
Direct Ambient
Well-ventilated Bright Dark
N/A
Dynamic Ambient
Sun and shade space
D 20-50 fc
Diffused
Radiant
C 10-20 fc
Dynamic
Radiant Cool
B 5-10 fc
Diffused Electric
Bright Well-ventilated
C 10-20 fc
Dynamic
Flux zone Hot and cool
Electric
Controlled
DISCOMFORT DEGREE HDegree OURS - All Visible Thours hermal Zones Discomfort
kDegHr 7.20 5.40 3.60 1.80 0.00 1.80 3.60 5.40 7.20 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Too Hot
Jun
Jul Too Cool
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
6PM
Outdoor Demonstration
6500 sf
Faculty Students
Classrooms
1500 sf
Faculty Students
10HRS
Dec
MONTHLY HEAHeating/Cooling TING/COOLING LOADS - All Visible ThermLoads al Zones Monthly
Btu/hr
8AM
9PM
200000.0 400000.0 600000.0
7AM
Coffee Shop
1000 sf
All
Restrooms
600 sf
All
Circulation
3700 sf
All
Services
540 sf
Maintenance
14HRS
800000.0 0.0 800000.0 600000.0 400000.0 200000.0 000000.0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Heating
Jun
Jul Cooling
Aug
Sep
Oct
solar gains breakdown
Nov
Dec
24 HRS
1st January - 31st December
GAINS BREAKDOWN - All Visible Thermal Zones
1040.0 780.0 520.0
Btu/ft2
260.0
A 2-5 fc
0.0
260.0 520.0 780.0 1040.0 1300.0
Jan Feb Overall Gains/Losses
Mar
Apr
44.8% Ventilation
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
54.7% Conduction
Sep
Oct
Nov
33.4% Direct Solar
47.8% Internal
MONTH HEATING (Btu)
COOLING (Btu) TOTAL
January 365267584 February 238339648 March 177699168 April 108651176 May 25290246 June 4692847 July 0 August 1775275 September 32345936 October 99528008 November 194794752 December 316263712
0 0 0 2947937 8230424 27437256 60028728 30077574 10878506 0 0 0
365267584 238339648 177699168 111599112 33520668 32130102 60028728 31852852 43224444 99528008 194794752 316263712
TOTAL 1564648320
139600432
1704248704
PER M² 877544
78296
955839
Floor Area: 19191.91 ft2
THERMAL
Dec
WHOLE BUILDING
Building Energy Use 2,500,000
Max Heating: 915734.6 Btu/hr at 4am on January 30th Max Cooling: 503925.8 Btu/hr at 2pm on july 19th
The annual loads for our the proposed addition reveal that cooling loads overall are significantly greater than heating loads. This is unusual considering the fact that this area is generally a cold climate. Some possible reasons for this outcome may include the building being too tightly insulated during the warmer months or a well-insulated building that does not lose its internal gains very easily.
HEATING & COOLING LOADS MONTHLY HEATING/COOLING LOADS - All Visible Thermal Zones
Btu/hr 200000.0 400000.0
89
600000.0
2,000,000
800000.0
EUI: 88.8 KBtu/sf
0.0
1,500,000
800000.0 600000.0
46
KBtu
1,000,000
14
200000.0 000000.0
500,000
BASE-2.1
400000.0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Heating
Jun
Jul Cooling
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
The discomfort degree hours chart verifies the fact that the building in fact does not lose heat easily. Because of this it can be noted that the building will always feel too hot for human comfort during the calendar year rather than too cold.
DISCOMFORT DEGREE HOURS
-
DISCOMFORT DEGREE HOURS - All Visible Thermal Zones
kDegHr 28.8
(500,000)
21.6 14.4
46 KBtu/sf
(1,000,000)
Code Base
Baseline
Optimized Design
Final Design
7.2
Total Solar Thermal Output (kBtu)
0
0
0
0
0.0
PV production (kWh)
0
0
0
-529,979
7.2
Total Ann. Equip. Load (kWh)
276,317
276,317
-
211,843
14.4
Total Ann. Lighting Load (kWh)
207,424
207,424
122,083
99,364
21.6
Total Ann. Cooling Load (kBtu)
262,864
139,600
119,212
394,389
Total Ann. Heating Load (kBtu)
1,101,406
1,564,648
652,608
129,159
28.8
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Too Hot
FINAL DESIGN PLUS RENEWABLE = 14 Kbtu/sf
Jun
Jul Too Cool
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
DISCOMFORT DEGREE HO URS - All Visible Thhours ermal Zones Discomfort Degree
kDegHr 7.20 5.40
DEMONSTRATION ROOM
3.60 1.80 0.00 1.80 3.60 5.40
DISCOMFORT PERIOD
7.20
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Too Hot
Jun
Jul Too Cool
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
DISCOMFORT PERIOD - 4th-DemonstrationLab
%%
F 202
HOURLY TEMP DECEMBER
HOURLY TEMPERATURES - 4th-DemonstrationLab NOTE: Values shown are environment temperatures, not air temperatures.
Btu/hr.ft 7.2k
80
182
6.4k
162
5.7k
142
4.9k
122
4.1k
102
3.4k
82
2.6k
62
1.8k
42
1.1k
60 MONTHLY HEAT ING/COOLING LOADS - All Visible Therma l Zones Monthly Heating/Cooling Loads
Btu/hr
40
200000.0
20
400000.0
0
600000.0 800000.0
20
0.0 800000.0
40
600000.0 400000.0
60
200000.0 000000.0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Heating
Jun
Jul Cooling
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
80
22 Jan
solar gains breakdown
GAINS BREAKDOWN - All Visible Thermal Zones
Feb
Apr
May
Jun Too Hot
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
DISCOMFORT DEGREES
1st January - 31st December
1040.0
Mar
DISCOMFORT DEGREE HOURS - 4th-DemonstrationLab
kDegHr
F
780.0
202
28.8
520.0
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Btu/ft2
92.4% Ventilation
7.6% Conduction
17.6% Direct Solar
76.3% Internal
MONTH HEATING (Btu)
COOLING (Btu) TOTAL
January 179111648 February 108252296 March 70469176 April 33727896 May 520391 June 3595810 July 0 August 1671070 September 4655837 October 19344846 November 77634704 December 153624320
0 216453 3003376 11553631 33145368 4153423 8615044 15534345 31448874 9873206 1667929 0
179111648 108468744 73472552 45281524 33665760 7749233 8615044 17205414 36104712 29218052 79302632 153624320
TOTAL 652608000
119211648
771819648
PER M²
77053
498870
421817
Floor Area: 16653.24 ft2
Max Heating: 481684.2 Btu/hr at 4am on january 30th Max Cooling: 269421.8 Btu/hr at 4pm on september 4th EUI: 46.3 KBtu/sf
14 Wind Speed
16 18 Zone Temp.
20 22 Selected Zone
HOURLY TEMP MARCH
HOURLY TEMPERATURES - 4th-DemonstrationLab NOTE: Values shown are environment temperatures, not air temperatures.
Btu/hr.ft 7.2k
122
4.1k
102
3.4k
14.4
82
2.6k
21.6
62
1.8k
28.8
42
1.1k
7.2
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun Too Hot
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
This particular study of human comfort in the isolated demonstration lab zone complements the discomfort of the whole building, that is being too hot during the whole year. Since this room is located adjacent to the south exposed corridor it is evident that even though the building’s use of thermal mass is successful in minimizing heating loads in the winter, the consequence is too much heat gain in the warmer months.
22
0.3k 0
F 202
2 4 Outside Temp.
6 Beam Solar
8
10 Diffuse Solar
12 14 Wind Speed
16 Zone Temp.
18
20 Selected Zone
22
HOURLY TEMP JUNE
HOURLY TEMPERATURES - 4th-DemonstrationLab NOTE: Values shown are environment temperatures, not air temperatures.
Btu/hr.ft 7.2k
182
6.4k
162
5.7k
142
4.9k
122
4.1k
102
3.4k
82
2.6k
62
1.8k
42
1.1k
22
0.3k 0
ZEROENERGYDESIGN
12
4.9k
Dec
Overall Gains/Losses
10 Diffuse Solar
142
0.0 Jan
8
5.7k
7.2
1040.0
6 Beam Solar
162
14.4
520.0 780.0
4 Outside Temp.
6.4k
21.6
260.0
2
182
260.0 0.0
0.3k 0
2
4 Outside Temp.
6 Beam Solar
8
10 Diffuse Solar
12
14 Wind Speed
16 18 Zone Temp.
20 22 Selected Zone
ARCH 5516 - 2011
DAYLIGHTING
BASE-1
DECEMBER 12 PM
MARCH 12 PM
DN
5th FLOOR
5th DN
4thFLOOR
JUNE 12 PM
4th
N
3rd
DN
The worst case scenario for daylighting in December revealed that our design successfully illuminates the majority of the building.
DEMONSTRATION LAB STUDY NORTH WALL
3rd FLOOR
DECEMBER
MARCH
JUNE
PHOTOGRAPH
PHOTOGRAPH
JUNE
RADIANCE
4thFLOOR
MARCH
RADIANCE
BASE-2.1
DECEMBER
SOUTH PARTITION
DEMONSTRATION LAB VARIABLES SKYLIGHT
BREISOLEI
MARCH
NORTH WALL
JUNE
MARCH
DECEMBER
SOUTH WALL
JUNE PHOTOGRAPH
PHOTOGRAPH
5th FLOOR
MARCH
FOOT CANDLES RADIANCE
PHOTOGRAPH RADIANCE
BASE-2.2
FOOT CANDLES
3rd FLOOR
DECEMBER
JUNE PHOTOGRAPH
DECEMBER
DECEMBER
MARCH
JUNE
ZEROENERGYDESIGN
RADIANCE Daylight Analysis
fc
Daylighting Levels
200+
Value Range: 0 - 200 fc
180
© ECOTECT v5
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
FOOT CANDLES
3rd FLOOR
FOOT CANDLES
RADIANCE
4thFLOOR
ARCH 5516 - 2011
STRUCTURE & ENVELOPE
ROOM STUDIES SKYLIGHT
PLANTS
ROOF
GYP BD
GROWING MED
CONC
CONC
STAB MAT
MEMBRANE
MEMBRANE
FABRIC
AIR GAP
AIR GAP
DRAINAGE
TIES
TIES
MEMBRANE
BRICK
BRICK
SUBSTRATE
DRIP EDGE
DRIP EDGE
WNDW
WNDW
FLASHING
FLASHING
INSULATION CONC GYP BD CONC GYP BD
STRUCTURE 2nd SKIN
PARTITION CONC
PARTITION
FLOOR
SOUTH WALL
NORTH WALL
NORTH WALL SECOND SKIN (VINES) INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
COVERED WINDOW EXPOSED WINDOW
VINES GROWING
SOUTH WALL
SECOND SKIN / REFLECTORS INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
TOP VIEW REFLECTOR
LIGHT PASSES THROUGH 2nd SKIN
ROOF
LIGHTS UP PARK BELOW 4th
SOUTH WALL SUN SPACE MARCH
JUNE
DECEMBER
MARCH
JUNE
LOOKING WEST
DECEMBER
BREISOLEI
ZEROENERGYDESIGN
ARCH 5516 - 2011