Tea
FROM FIELD TO CUP
BY JACQUES MELDRUM
Contents
“Tea is drunk to forget the din of the world”
Introduction to the Tea Industry Page 1 Tea Production - Climate,
Tien Y’heng
Definition of Tea
“Herbal Tea” is an infusion of leaves, flowers, fruits, and herbs, but contains no Camellia Sinensis.
Tea is an agricultural product of leaves and leaf buds. Its scientific name is “Camellia Sinensis”
History of Tea
Tea also refers to a hot drink prepared from tea leaves and boiling water and is the second most popular drink in the world (other than water.)
Camillia Sinensis is thought to have originated in Southeast Asia. The Yunan province is said to be home to the worlds oldest tea tree (3,200 years old)!
The four most common types of Tea are: Black Tea, Green Tea, Oolong Tea, and White Tea. All types of tea can be made from the same plant but are manufactured in different ways.
The Chinese have used tea for thousands of years. People of the Han Dynasty used tea leaves as medicine. One day the Emperor put a leaf in hot water and sipped it. This is meant to be the story of how tea first started.
Blending & Additives - Page 2 Tea Import, Export & Consumption - Page 3 The Manufacturing Process - Page 4 Packaging of Tea - Page 5 Tea Trends & Innovations Page 6 Tea as part of our Heritage & Culture - Page 7 Other Uses of Tea - Page 7 Fair Trade of Tea - Page 7 Health Effects & Benefits -
Tea Production Countries Where Tea is grown! There are 13 major tea producing countries in the world. 1. India 2. China 3. Kenya 4. Sri Lanka 5. Turkey 6. Indonesia 7. Vietnam 8.Japan
Climate
9.Argentina
The tea plant grows in mainly tropical and sub tropical climates near the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn. The rain needs to be up to 1000 – 1250 mm of rain per year as well as temperature’s between 10 – 30 centigrade. It is best grown in acidic soils and at high altitude’s (up to 1500 meters) as the plants grow more slowly and develop better flavour.
11. Iran 12. Malawi 13.
Uganda.
A tea plant can if undisturbed can grow into a tree but is cut down to waist height to make picking easier. Content of Tea What’s in it? ¨
Catechins – a type of Antioxidant, which can make up to 30% of the dry weight!
¨
Theanine and Caffeine which makes up to 3% of its dry weight
¨
Theobrimine and
theophylline as well as fluoride.
Blending and additives Almost all tea’s sold in developed countries e.g U.S. Australia, England and Japan are blends, which have better taste for a higher price. Some tea’s are not pure, but have had other chemical additives added to them. Many tea’s have scents and flavours added to them such as Vanilla and Caramel.
Import and Export of Tea China, India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Kenya are the top tea exporters. In 2006, 1.55 million tones of tea were exported globally. India, Kenya and Sri Lanka together account for more than 50 percent of global tea exports. China exports most of the world’s tea (with a whopping 28%!) and is the only country to produce industrial quantities of ALL the different types of Tea. India was the top producer of tea for nearly a century until China took over and is famous for its Darjeeling and Assam tea. Both its tea production and tea export declined in 2009. India’s tea production is 62.6 million kilos and it exports 11.36 million kilos.
Countries Where Tea is Consumed Tea is the most popular consumed manufactured drink In the world, including coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, and alchohol put together! World tea consumption grew by 1% in 2006, reaching 3.64 million tones. For the first time ever, China consumed more tea than India. Its total consumption of tea increased by an amazing 13.6%. Whilst India is a big tea drinking country, its consumption per person is quite small (750grams per person per year) compared with the United Kingdom which is the worlds greatest tea drinking nation. They consume 2.3 kg of tea per person per year. Ireland is the second biggest consumer (1.5 kg per person per year) and then New Zealand (1 kg per person per year.)
Sri Lanka is the 3rd biggest tea producing country (9% of the worlds tea market) and one of the worlds leading exporters, contributing 19% of the global demand in 2006. Africa and South America have greatly increased their tea production in recent years, the great majority is exported to Europe and North America. Kenya is the largest exporter of tea to the United Kingdom. Vietnam specializes in high quality green teas including lotus tea, and jasmine tea which is used in Vietnamese Iced Coffee. The largest countries to import Tea are: CIS (Commonwealth Independent States,) EU (European Union), Pakistan, USA, Egypt, and Japan. In 2003 1.39 million tones were imported.
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The Manufacturing Process of Tea The Manufacturing Process of Tea has 8 Key steps
Planting Tea Plant’s are planted in rows approximately 1 meter apart and must grow for five years before its leaves can be picked. When the plant is 30 years old it is no longer productive. Tea plants are fertilized using Soya Bean Cakes, and other organic manure. Chemical fertilizers are rarely used because when pests are found, the effected plants are removed to prevent their spread and to avoid the use of pesticides. Tea bushes are pruned every 4 to 5 years to keep them at the right height for the pluckers to pick the tea from (known as the ‘plucking’ table)
Picking The tea picking season depends on local climate. In Hangzhou China, famous for its green tea, picking starts from the end of March through to October. The same plants are picked 20- 30 times at intervals of 7 – 30 days. A skilled picker can pick up to 600 grams of green tea leaves in 1 day. It is exhausting and labor intensive with 3000 tea leaves needed to produce just 1 kg of unprocessed tea. After plucking leaves are sent to factories for processing. There are 4 main steps in manufacturing black tea including:
Withering This process reduces the moisture content in the tea leaf (up to 70%) and can take up to 17 hours. Leaves are laid out in troughs where air is passed through the tea leaving the tea leaves “wilted.”
Rolling There are 2 types of rolling.. Orthodox – Leaves are rolled between rollers until gently broken. Cut, Tear, Curl – Leaves are torn into smaller pieces by a machine. The rolling process is necessary to release enzymes in the leaf so that oxidation begins.
Oxidation The broken leaves are laid on tables to oxidize which creates the flavor, colour, and strength of the tea. In this process the tea leaf changes from green to a deep brown at 26 degrees centigrade. The process takes up to 2 hours and if left too long the flavour of the tea will be spoilt.
When making green tea, the oxidization process is left out so the tea remains green in colour and delicate in flavour . To stop the leaf oxidizing, the leaf is pan fried or steamed!
Drying To stop the oxidation process, the tea leaves are heated in hot air dryers which reduces the moisture down to about 3%. The dried tea is now ready to be sorted into grades before packing.
Tasting and blending This process, is critical in manufacturing tea and requires the skills of expert blenders. A tea Taster and Blender will train for five years to become qualified. Their job involves selecting tea from all over the world and blending them to produce the exact flavour. Small samples of tea are purchased from tea brokers and tasted for quality, flavour and colour. Each sample blend is brewed with water boiled in a copper kettle and poured over five grams of tea in a special white ceramic cup. The leaves are infused for exactly 6 minutes before they are tasted. The tasters job also requires them to taste the tea after blending and during packing.
Sorting Green Tea oxidisation
and Packaging Sorting (or grading) is the final stage In the tea process and is VERY important. Leaves are sorted into different sizes and then classified on their appearance and type. When sufficient amounts of each
packed into foil lined paper sacks which keep the tea dry. Tea chests are used for larger leaf teas as they provide extra protection against the leaves being damaged in transit!
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Packaging of tea
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Tea is usually packaged in six different forms.
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Loose Tea – Tea leaves are packageddiam loosely dapibus inlibero a canister duis. Enim or eros other in container and are commonly vacuum vel, sealed for freshness. The Consumer volutpat nec pellentesque leo, must individually measure the portionlorem of tea for a cup, mug, or teapot. Many temporibus scelerisque nec. consumers prefer loose tea as it allows them to brew it stronger or weaker. Strainers, filtered teapots and infusion bags are used to prevent floating loose leaves. A more traditional way Curabitur is to use a 3 vulputate piece lidded teacup called a “gaiwan.” The lid of the Gaiwan is tilted to remove the leaves when auctor pouring the tea into a different cup before drinking. Ac dolor ac adipiscing amet
Tea-bags - Tea leaves are packed into a small envelope known as a tea-bag bibendum nullam, massa lacus molestie and are very popular because they are easy to use and convenient. The libero nec, diam et, pharetra sodales history of tea-bags dates back to 1907utwhen an American tea merchant feugiatsilk ullamcorper id tempor eget distributed samples of his tea in small eget, Chinese bags with a drawstring. It wasn’t until World War 2 when the potential of this method was fully id vitae. Mauris pretium eget aliquet, realized. Tea was rationed during WW2 and in 1953 after rationing in the lectus tincidunt. Porttitor mollis UK ended, Tetley launched the tea- bag to the UK. Tea-bags contain lower imperdiet libero senectus pulvinar. quality tea and they lose their flavour quickly because they are exposed to Etiam molestie mauris ligula eget the air. laoreet, vehicula eleifend. Repellat orci
Pyramid Tea-bags – “Pyramid Teabags” have a 3D pyramid eget erat et, sem cum, ultricies shape which allows more room for tea leaves to expand while brewing allowing better sollicitudin amet eleifend dolor nullam flavour. They were introduced by Lipton and PG tips in 1996. erat, malesuada est leo ac. Varius
Compressed Tea – Some teas are still compressed for transport and natoque turpis elementum est. storage. Compressed Teas last for longer Duis periods of time without spoiling montes, tellus lobortis lacus compared with loose leaf tea. amet arcu et. In vitae vel, wisi at, id
bibendum faucibus Instant Tea – Instant teas are similarpraesent to freeze driedlibero coffee. It was first developed in the 1930’s but has only recently become popular. porta egestas, quisque praesent These ipsum products often have added flavours such as vanilla, honey, orCurabitur fruit and fermentum placerat tempor. sometimes contain powdered milk. auctor, erat mollis sed fusce, turpis
a dictumst congue Canned Tea – Was first launched invivamus Japan in 1981 and is amagnis. fairly recent innovation. Aliquam amet ullamcorper dignissim molestie, gravida mollis. Tortor wisi facilisis.
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Latest Tea Trends and innovations There are many new products being launched in the market, making tea more popular and more profitable than ever! As traditional black tea sales decline, specialty tea sales continue to grow. It is projected that the tea market as a whole will reach $10 billion by 2010, but the Specialty Tea Market in the U.S alone, is worth $6.8 billion! Trends and innovations include: New Tea flavours and variations such as Chai, and specialty hot and Iced tea’s. Green tea is becoming more popular due to its health benefits, such as Antioxidants. “Bubble Tea” – Started in Taiwan in the early 1980’s. This cold beverage has Tappioca Pearls added as flavouring and the drink is shaken which causes bubbles to Form. Convenient Cold Brew Tea – this cold brew Tea bag is becoming popular for people who
want a quick and convenient option when making iced tea.
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Tea-bag as tea “infuser” This is a new form of ‘sea-through’ tea-bag made from a silken nylon material. It contains whole-leaf tea blended with flowers and herbs and allows people to watch the tea leaves interacting with the water.
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Ready-to-drink Tea – Tea companies are now partnering with soft drink companies to offer ‘ready-to-drink teas in plastic bottles.
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Iced Tea to Go from Lipton – this is tea in a packet that requires a 20 ounce bottle of water to ‘mix, shake and go!’ Tea from concentrate – A growing trend is tea concentrates. A nonelectrical tea dispenser allows tea concentrate to mix with water through a mixing valve. Tea is made on demand and keeps for longer.
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The Mad Hatters Tea party
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OTHER USES OF TEA Tea has long been associated with medicinal purposes but today, its use is even more widespread. These include: Tea and Beauty - Used cold tea bags and tea are used to relieve tired eyes, help hair shine and soothe sunburnt skin. Tea and Cooking - Flavoured tea is used to spice up soups and as a meat marinade.
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Cleaning with Tea -Tea bags soaked in water help make mirrors sparkle and clean wooden floors and furniture.
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Gardening with Tea -Dried tea leaves make excellent fertilizers for plants, and help compost decompose faster.
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Freshening with Tea -Tea is an excellent odour absorber and is often used in fridges to remove smells. It can also be used to freshen and deodorize carpets.
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Tea and Pets -Tea is a natural inhibitor for fleas so can be used on a pets bedding to prevent fleas and to remove pet smells.
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TEA AS PART OF OUR HERITAGE AND nam, eros amet fusce phasellus OUR CULTURE facilisis. Vehicula sed, class dignissim risus lectus dapibus, nunc lectus velit, vel placerat odio, vestibulum in tellus
ullamcorper eros, is mauris consequat ut ‘Tea culture’ defined as ‘the
way made and consumed, by the way people interact with tea, and by Aliquam amet est, quam leo the aesthetics surrounding tea maecenas mauris turpis leo pharetra, drinking.” tea is lacinia.
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Tea is often drunk at social events and many cultures have formal ipsum enim sit lectus felis at, the aliquam ceremonies involving drinking of tea, donec such pede, as Japan, Koreaetiam and blandit luctus platea China. fringilla feugiat augue imperdiet laoreet,
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Unique customs also exist in scelerisque erat volutpat viverra velit,
various countries such as Tibet where tea is risus pellentesque tellus nullam nibh, brewed with salt and butter. posuere.
In the UK, labore. a cup Ac of augue tea (or a ‘cuppa’ Curabitur donec, as it is called) is often served with a sed gravida a dolor luctus, congue arcu biscuit and afternoon or ‘high tea’ id are diamsocial praesent, pretium ac, events. ullamcorper non hac in quisque hac.
Tea Culture is evident in all aspects of life from music to art, books– Nam at wisi donec rhymes amet nam,for quis nulla even nursery children! Magna amet libero maecenas justo.
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The Fair Trade Tea Issue
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“In ancient China, according to legend, the finest teas were harvested by white-gloved virgins using golden scissors”
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Even today the nature of the work in tea production hasn’t really changed. It is intensive, time-consuming and skilful work and yet very few tea companies ensure that growers and workers are treated and paid well. India, Sri Lanka and Africa lead the way in adopting fair trade practises
No more than 1% of tea drunk in America is fair trade tea, although more and more consumers are now demanding it.
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Health Effects & Benefits of Tea placerat consectetuer n arcu egestas molestie pede lorem eu. Posuere
Although a great deal of research has been done, there is tempus porttitor ounc. Non libero nam no conclusive evidence that drinking tea can harm your dolor. Nascetur quis ut, tristique libero health. Tea does contain ‘caffeine’ (around mg per cup) odio sit tempus, ac ut in 50 et felis which can be bad for you in large sodignissim doctors convallis.doses, Pellentesque amet advise people to limit the number ofcommodo, cups of day and to nec tea turpis per dignissim drink decaffeinated, herbal and fruitlaoreet teasorciwhich are caffeinetorquent, unde aptent tenetur, dolor sit. Sed sed mauris duis. free. Quis enim ut, cursus dolor id arcu
The Key principles of Fair Trade are: a fair price for products, fair work conditions, direct trade, democratic and transparent organisations, community development and environmental sustainability.
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Tea can be helpful in promoting goodlorem, health. How? nec tempus lacinia vestibulum
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Tea is rich in antioxidants which are known to help prevent suspendisse id. Elit a id, at posuere vel tumours. Antioxidants also work to heal the body and penatibus orci saepe orci, curabitur repair cells so it is very goodetiam for velit thephasellus skin. non et lorem, suscipit volutpat. Sit vulputate eu luctus,
Tea is low calorie and contains very little fat and hendrerit elit lorem ipsum vitae mauris. carbohydrates. As a result, it is used in products to help Ipsum tellus molestie lorem people lose weight. imperdiet consectetuer. Quam in donec, integer faucibus euismod wisi, tempor odio etiam libero non,most every “Tea that helps our head and heart.consectetuer Tea medicates Eget the lacus, lectus mauris part. Tea rejuvenates the very old. proin Teaarcu. warms hands of those who’re massa sed volutpat. Morbi non amet cold” suscipit mauris quisquam fusce J.nunc, Jonker vestibulum, id per nisl, auctor libero,
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High Tea
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& Quotes
Unusual facts
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The Duchess of Bedford, one of
to on a ‘tea table (a names low table!) Tea is known by two worldwide. The
Queen Victoria’s Ladies in
English word tea can be traced back to the
Waiting Invented the English
name for tea in the Chinese Amoy dialect:
Afternoon Tea!
Te (pronounced "tay"). ‘Cha’ —the Mandarin
The two most hummed tea songs are "Tea for Two," written in 1924 for the Broadway musical, "No, No, Nanette," and "When I Take My Sugar to Tea," written in 1931.
Chinese word for tea — gave birth to cha, chai, char and related names still in use today.
The costliest teabag ever, was created for the 75'th anniversary of the PG TIPS tea company. The bag was filled with two hundred and eighty diamonds and expensive
taste up to 1,000 different teas
limited edition tea leaves. The bag cost
countries An average of three billion cups of tea are consumed daily worldwide.
really a picnic indoors!” Alice Walker
Tea blenders, in an 8 hour day, from some 10,000 estates in 35
“Tea to the English is
7,500 pounds and was auctioned to raise money for a Children's hospital in Britain. Until the nineteenth century, solid blocks of tea were used as money in Siberia!
‘High tea’ refers to afternoon tea
“Strange how a teapot can represent at the same time the comforts of solitude and the pleasures of
served on a dining room table (a high table) as opposed
company” Author Unknown
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY &
www.twinings.com
Caffeine – A chemical compound found in the leaves of a tea bush and acts as a stimulant in the body. Catechins – An Antioxidant found in the tea plant – Camellia Sinensis Theanine – Is an amino acid commonly found in tea. Acidic Soils – Scientifically known as “Soil pH” which is in tea’s acid neutralizing capacity. Pesticides – A chemical fertilizer used to kill pests. Labor Intensive – Work which requires a large number of manual workers.
www.en.wikepedia.org www.hubpages.com/hub/the-other-uses-of-tea www.zenmed.com www.utne.com/thefutureofairtradetea www.rishi-tea.com/fair-trade.php www.fao.org/newsroom www.foodbizdaily.com/articles www.southasiablog.com/2009 www.teaandcoffee.net/0705/retail.htm www.energymanagertraining.com/tea.pdf www.quotegarden/tea.com www.crazyfortea.com www.teaviews.com Wilted – Process where a plant or vegetable loses its freshness.
compounds that help the body store and transport energy.
Enzymes – Bimolecular molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Environmental Sustainability – The capacity to ensure an environment endures to ensure productivity for the future.
Vacuum Packed – A method of storing food which expels air, to keep it fresh longer. Antioxidants – A molecule capable of slowing or preventing other molecules to oxidise. Oxidisation is a chemical reaction causing another molecule to change its state or form.
Fair trade - is an organized social movement which helps producers of tea and other crops in developing countries promote sustainability. Consumption – Goods that are used by the consumer eg. tea drinker
Carbohydrates – are organic
Jacques Meldrum Class 2009 5C
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