Issue 1
October 2013
CHA GES A black history month project magazine
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THE SLAVE TRADE
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C
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Jesse Owens hitler & olympics
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ON & SION I S S I aIM, m ONCLU
The famou
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“ I have a D speech ream”
Martin Luther king Jr
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3 INVENTORS & FORGOTTEN HEROES
8 PRESIDENT OBAMA american dream
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£1.99
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IMS OF THE BLACK HISTORY MONTH Black History Month is held every October in Britain and February in USA and Canada. The aims are to: Promote knowledge of black history, culture and heritage Spread information on positive black contributions to British society Increase the confidence and awareness of black people in relation to their cultural heritage
MY MISSION FOR THE MONTH
my
CONCLUSION
Slavery and discrimination still
My mission is to find out
By doing this project I have
happen in some parts of the
everything I can about Black
learnt a lot and enjoyed
world today and we need to
History and produce a
doing it with my dad, mum,
stop it. If Martin Luther King
magazine full of useful
Zaynah and Jazib.
was alive today, he would
information for my Black History Month Project.
Daddy took me to the library for the 'talk' by
have felt that his dream did not come true completely, because it did not get round
I have used many books,
Shereen, who was a
attended a Black history
picketer in London against
month talk in my local library,
South African apartheid.
I dream for everyone to live
asked my parents, used the
Zaynah went with me and
peacefully everywhere in all
internet and watched
helped taking notes.
countries and not be racist,
television programmes to collect information. There is so much information but I only selected a few for my
Mummy helped with the design and Jazib helped me by giving company and making jokes.
to everybody in the world.
because every one of us is a human being. Please do not hate anyone because of their skin colour.
project. Issue 1
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& The first records of transatlantic slavery go back to 1493 but it is thought that the slave trade has been going for much longer than that. Portuguese traders exploring West Africa found the people living there to be hard workers. They captured them and took them back to work for them in Portugal as slaves. As the New World of America was founded, Native Americans were captured and used as slaves by the owners of cotton fields and
It was not until the start of the American Civil War in 1861 that the trade of West African slaves to America stopped completely.
tobacco plantations. Many slaves escaped and fought the people who had captured
Slavery, or human trafficking as it is sometimes known, still continues in certain parts of the
them.
world today. In 1517 the Portuguese then started transporting West African slaves to America.
The United Nations International Day for the Abolition of Slavery is held on December 2nd
It is thought that over 10 million people were
every year.
captured as part of the slave trade. It was introduced as a way of recalling a law Many people, including a man called William Wilberforce, began to protest against the slave
made on December 2nd 1949 to stop the trafficking of human beings for slavery.
trade. As a result, it was abolished in Britain in It is one way of reminding everyone that the
1807.
slave trade still exists and needs to be stopped. Other countries made laws to abolish the trade but did not carry out the law. This meant the trade continued.
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Mary
FORGOTTEN HEROES
Mary Seacole was born in Jamaica in
applied for work as a nurse in Florence
a city called Kingston on 1805.
Nightingale's hospital. She was again
Mary's mum was a nurse and treated
refused.
the sick with local medicines and
Mary was determined to nurse the
herbs. When Mary was 12 she started
injured so she built a hotel which she
helping her mum.
opened up to patients. She also went
In 1850 an uncontrollable disease,
onto the battle to treat the injured.
called cholera, came around which
After Mary went back to Britain she
killed 32000 Jamaicans. Mary and her
had no money left and was officially
mum dedicated themselves to look
bankrupt. A charity was set up to help
after cholera victims.
her. Mary then decided to write her
When the Crimean war began in 1853,
autobiography. It was the first ever
Mary wanted to be a nurse. She went
autobiography to be written by a
to England and applied to the war
black woman in Britain and was
office but her application was not
published in 1857.
accepted.
Sadly, Mary died in 1881 at the age of
Mary decided to go to Crimea
76 and became a forgotten hero as
anyway. When she got there, she
Florence nightingale's reputation grew. There are many other heroes like Mary Seacole who have been forgotten.
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Black Inventors Edmond Albius Charles Drew Charles Drew was a pioneering African American medical researcher. He was interested in blood and found out that people all belonged to a certain blood group. He found a way of storing blood so that it would last for more than two days, as was the case at the time. This made it easier for people to have life-saving blood transfusions. Drew set up the first blood bank at Columbia University. He was then invited to England to set up its first ever blood bank. He went on to work for Red Cross but resigned because the U.S. military demanded that blood be separated by the race of the donor. This does not happen today.
Garrett Morgan Garrett Morgan invented the first ever automatic traffic light, which he patented in 1923. Morgan developed his own sewing machine while he was working in his own sewing machine shop. While at work one day he discovered a liquid that would temporarily straighten hair. In 1916 Morgan noticed that fire-fighters who had to go into tunnels to rescue people needed protection from gas and smoke. He invented a safety hood that allowed firefighters to breathe without inhaling gas and smoke. This safety hood was used as a gas mask in World War I.
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In 1841, Albius found a way to pollinate the vanilla by using a thin stick to press the male and female parts together. After this it was much easier to grow vanilla, but even though the crop owners became richer because of Albius' discovery, he was never paid. His method of fertilising vanilla is still used throughout the world today.
Lewis Latimer Although Alexander Graham Bell designed the first telephone, Latimer improved it. He went on to work for Thomas Edison and later on become one of the 'Edison Pioneers'. Edison invented the first electric lamp but Latimer designed a light bulb filament that was stronger and did not burn out as easily. His other inventions included a toilet for use in trains and an air conditioning system.
George Washington Carver Carver became the first African American to be employed at the agricultural college. He taught students about the importance of planting crops, such as the peanut plant, that put nutrients back in to the soil. Peanut plants grew well and fast and so everyone started growing them. This meant that Carver had to think of ways to use peanuts, for example in face cream, shampoo, soap and ink. In fact, without Carver we wouldn't have many other products such as mayonnaise, shaving cream, shoe polish and chilli sauce to name a few!
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Jesse Owens
OLYMPIC CHAMPION, BERLIN, GERMANY August 3, 1936
The Olympic Games was held in Berlin in 1936, when Adolf Hitler was carrying out racism and focusing on creating a Germany with only his kind of people, believing that they were the best kind of people. But African-American athlete Jesse Owens upset Adolf Hitler by winning four gold medals in the games proving anybody can be better no matter what their background. His achievement was ignored by the President Roosevelt. At that time the segregation was still happening in the USA. But Owens returned to the USA a hero. He died in 1980 aged 66, but his legacy lives on as the man who showed it is the individual, not nationality, creed or race, that defines a person.
Jesse Owens
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We all have dreams. but in order to make dreams come into reality, it takes an awful lot of determination, dedication, self-discipline, and effort.
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Martin
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Luther King JR
Martin Luther King was one of the most important figures in the civil rights movement in America in the 1950s and 1960s. He was stabbed and his house was bombed but he was against violence. Martin Luther King was born Michael King on January 15th 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His farther renamed him after the religious leader, Martin Luther, as a tribute.
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Even though he believed in non-violence, he and his family were in danger. Martin himself was stabbed and his house was bombed. In 1963 he marched to Washington where he made his famous 'I Have a Dream' speech, spelling out his dream of black
Martin married Coretta Scott and had 4
and white men and women living and
children. He became a Baptist minister
working side by side.
after his marriage.
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed,
A year after he joined the church, Rosa
banning discrimination in public places. To
Parks was arrested for sitting in the 'whites
recognise the part he played, Martin was
only' area of a bus and refusing to give her
award the Nobel Peace Prize.
seat up to a white man. Martin led the protests against her arrest and encouraged black people to stop travelling on buses. The boycott lasted over
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civil rights movement and led many protests against the way black people were treated. Influenced by Ghandi, he insisted that demonstrations were non-
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violent. He organised peaceful protests including
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WASHINGTON, DC, USA & the 'I HAVE A DREAM' SPEECH
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August 28, 1963
“ I have a D
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civil rights bill meant to bring the USA into the modern world by creating racial
equality in society, employment and education. But even though it was eight years after Rosa Parks had said No, entrenched prejudices still held sway in certain states, especially in the Deep South. A civil rights march on the nation's capital, Washington, DC, planned for August 28, 1963, was intended to show support for the proposed bill and raise awareness of the inequalities still suffered by millions of black people in the USA at the time. The figurehead was clergyman Dr Martin Luther King Jr, but in reality the march was a collective effort made by many different factions of the civil rights movement. Over 250,000 people converged on Washington, DC, in the largest public protest in the USA's history. The march ended at the Lincoln Memorial, where there were speeches from leaders and music from artists sympathetic to the cause, including folk singers Bob Dylan and Joan Baez. The highlight of the event was an emotive and inspiring sermon-style speech by Martin Luther King that was picked up by US television and the international media. “
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been eradicated, the bill paved the way for change, ultimately resulting in the election of America's first black president, Barack Obama, in 2009. The 1963 March on Washington was a pivotal moment in not just US but world
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NELSON MANDELA VS APARTHEID
South Africa
South Africa was a country that had been divided by racial issues for over 100 years, and the introduction of 'complete racial segregation', known as apartheid, in 1948 by the country's government made it worse for nearly 50 years. One victim was 46-year-old Nelson Mandela, who was jailed for life in 1964. Mandela's imprisonment meant he was seen as a figurehead in the struggle, and his reputation grew. His release 27 years later would signal the end of apartheid in that country. Mandela and de Klerk contested the country's first multiracial democratic election in 1994, with Mandela being elected the country's first black president. It was a turnaround that few had thought possible just a few years earlier, the result of half a decade of struggle.
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PRESIDENT
BARACK OBAMA
USA
american dream When the United States of America elected Barack Obama as their 44th president, it was a historic moment for a country whose history had been peppered with racial prejudice, violence and the long fight for civil rights. Barack Obama proved in the 2008 presidential election that the American dream was indeed open to anyone at last, no matter what their colour. As he addressed his home state after his historic victory,
Obama said,
Indeed it had – a new face and a new era for a country that was beginning to emerge from the shadow of its past.
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CHA GES A black history month project magazine
WAJID UDDIN, y5, mONKFRITH SCHOOL 2013