Relevance of a Space In The Era of Going Digital

Relevance of a Space In the Era of going Digital

Gargi Jain Fifth Year Semester IX (Part 1)

Guide: Ar. Krishnan V. L. S. Raheja School of Architecture Affiliated to Mumbai University 2019 - 2020

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

2

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that GARGI JAIN has successfully completed his/her design dissertation (part 1) on the topic ‘ Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital’ under the guidance of Ar. Krishnan V.

The dissertation is undertaken as a part of the academic study based on the curriculum for Bachelors of Architecture program conducted by the University of Mumbai, through L.S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai.

SEAT NUMBER: ______

Thesis Guide: Ar. Krishnan V. L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai Principal: Ar. Mandar Parab.

L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai

External Juror 1: External Juror 2:

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

3

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

4

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “The Relevance of a space in the Era of going Digital” represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: Gargi Jain Exam Roll No: Date:

Place:

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: •The verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; •The close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; •Unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; •The deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

•v“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

5

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

6

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The satisfaction and completion of my thesis would be incomplete without mentioning few people who made it possible.

Firstly, my grandmother Mrs. Kanchan Patni, my parents, Mr. Vinod Kumar Patni and Mrs. Abha Patni for supporting me, for being the most positive source of encouragement and entertainment throughout. My elder sister Dr. Coleen and younger brother Laksh for always cheering up my mood and being the annoying siblings that they are.

My guide and mentor Ar. Krishnan V. for his constant support throughout thesis.

Ar. Mridula Pillai Gudekar for her constant support throughout college. Ar.Anuj Gudekar for all the laughs and joke sessions through these last few years. All my faculty at L.S.Raheja School of Architecture, Ar.Mandar Parab, Ar. Meghana Patil, Ar.Arun Fizardo, Ar. Anmol Warang, Ar. Geevith Raghavan ,Ar. Sachin Prabhu, Ar. Prachitee Lad Shetty, Ar. Rohan Patil, Ar.Neeta Sarode, Ar.Shraddha Geevith for teaching me everything that I know today.

My colleagues Advaith Mani, Vaishali Panchal, Vaishanvi Lotlikar for being there when I needed them the most. My amigos Ateka Patel, Pyusha Dalmia, Saumya Sarda, Vatsal Jain for all the gossip, parties and fun, especially when I needed a break from my hectic schedules. My super talented international table tennis player Birdie Boro for all the singing sessions and late-night phone calls, no matter which part of the world he was in.

My doppleganger Ashish Bhagchandani, for being my lifeline during my internship and to some amazing memories of all the dance parties, car rides, food hogging sessions, and many more. Urjita Kokane for being a sister more than a senior, the most friendly and helpful since the first day at college and to all the time we spent at 1134 A. My NASA crew for the teamwork that made us won the trophies and to many sleepless nights with beautiful memories of my college life.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

7

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

8

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

9

| Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

10 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

11 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

12 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

PREFACE Summer breaks 2019, casually sitting at home with family. My grandmother, sister, and I were discussing life, when the topic about my little brother came up. We discussed with each other as to how hardly he spends time with us, and more on his phone and other gadgets. Recently, when Alexa (which is a virtual assistant device) came, I went to the nearby store to buy it, which left me fascinated, as to how it responded to all the commands, and slowly it almost became like a part of my lifestyle, my everyday habit.

Meanwhile, my grandmother went into flashback, as she always does and started with “humaare zamane me to hum saath me baithke baatein kiya karte the, din kaise guzarta tha pata nai chalta, aur yahan dekho pura din phone par baithe rehte hai. Hasi mazak ke liye dost hi hote the, aaj kal to unki bhi zarurat nahi” but at the same time, she also gets happy about the fact that she gets to connect to us, being so far away from home, talk to us on video chat which was hardly imaginable a few years ago.

And that moment, it actually struck me that how life of 3 different generations under one roof can be so drastically different, be it the ways of entertainment or communicating with a person. One major reason of this being possible is the advancement in technology, to which we as humans have continuously evolved with. Today, one cannot imagine life without a phone, it’s a basic necessity, we are using all different kind of gadgets as a part of our daily lifestyles, and they have changed how we live today. This triggered me to find out that, how has this changing lifestyle of people in the digital world, impacted architecture and its spaces?

Technological advancements have altered to an extent, the requirement of some spaces. For instance, what is the need for an office space, if work can be done from home itself? All one needs is laptop and an internet connection. The existence and success of ‘online companies’ like Myntra, Amazon, Swiggy or Grofers, has made shopping malls, shopping centers and grocery markets seem almost redundant. And as of today, the internet of things is changing our lifestyle. Our entertainment experience will change with virtual reality and artificial intelligence will help get things done automatically in the coming period of time.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

13 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

AIM OF THE PROJECT This thesis begins with intent, to understand and analyze how technology being a part of everyday lifestyle, impacted human beings, and as these patterns have changed over the years, how have the spaces around us changed, to meet the human wants and needs. It focuses on how the spaces have had an impact in this digital era, as technology has changed the way we live, work, and play.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ●To understand the role of technology in human lifestyle and how has it changed over the years as it advanced. ●To understand, how it has impacted architecture and changed the way humans live, work and play in today’s digital era. ●To study, how some spaces need to be rethought upon, to make them relevant and understand how technology can help enhance experiences of people in a place.

NEED FOR STUDY CHANGE It’s all around us but it’s how we react, that’s vital, the rapidly changing face of technology can create a challenge, which in turn can be used as an opportunity to ensure we as architects can react to the needs and wants of community.

As we have progressed our way through technology, and ‘modern metropolitan lifestyles’, we are getting used to these new gadgets that are coming up, making our lifestyles better and easier but also, the very requirement of spaces is changing, the way we use our house spaces or the working pattern in offices or be it the public spaces.

“Technology is developing faster than we can fathom.”

Technology is changing our way of life. Even through history, when computers came into use, it helped and improved the way people worked, changing the office spaces. It has always helped us progress. The speed of this change is transforming the way we access things, enjoy, and create culture, and it’s important to fully seize its potential, or else there is a real possibility that we become obsolete for those we seek to engage.

This calls upon a need, to research as to how spaces have been affected by it and what measures need to be taken?

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

14 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

METHODOLOGY ●The study of transition in human lifestyle because of advances in technology.

The study includes a basic understanding of how the industrial revolutions have changed human lifestyle and what is the current scenario. ●Understanding the transition in various aspects of lifestyle like: Mode of communication Mode of entertainment Change in education, business improvements etc. ●How technology has led to change in architectural spaces?

The study of transition in the way we live, Change in Workspace and, Change in public spaces. ●The study of the negative and positive impacts of technology. ●How some spaces need to be rethought upon to keep them relevant?

LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS ●Not every aspect of technological advancement is taken into consideration. ●Due to lack of such existing planned structures in India, the study will have to rely on secondary sources of data.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

15 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

........................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................ 5 ............................................................................ 7 .................................. 9 ............................................................................................. 13 .............................................................................. 14 ....................................................................... 14 ......................................................................... 14 .................................................................................... 15 ................................................................. 15 ......................................................................... 16-17

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

16 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

17 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

19 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

20 | Page

CHAPTER 1:

Technology as a part of lifestyle

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

22 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Introduction One cannot escape the absolute need of technology in our daily life. Each one of us is so dependent on technology that we cannot do without them. Starting from use of mobile phones to computers from the digital revolution to keeping fit, we require technology at every step. It helps us to communicate better by keeping in touch with people who are away from us, not only just talk but also face time and other applications to get to see them. Computers and telephones are being used on a daily basis, be it classroom or office work, everything is technology based.

Gone are the times when people used to use pen and paper to record any data or complete the work. It’s amazing how we get to keep all our information in a small device and access it whenever possible. Even our health gets maintained in gyms with the use of machines which helps us reduce weight and stay fit. It has without doubt made our lives faster and comfortable. Cars are also getting better with the use of technology and its advancements. It is undeniably an important part of our life. (Life., 2013)

Figure 1 : Illustration showing Digital lifestyle (Free Vectors)

Technology is an absolute need in today’s time, one that we cannot escape from, it has a big role in our lives and answers to most of the mankind problems. It has evolved across centuries and continues to do so. Because its presence was undeniable, scientists continue to invent new tools and make our lives better, easier, and faster. (Life., 2013) Technological advancements have played a very important role in shaping our lifestyle, it has changed the way we perceive things, and this isn’t a statement, and it’s a reality.

Here are few of the transition to understand how it has impacted life over the years.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

23 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Technology changed: Mode of Communication

It’s natural that communication has undergone changes throughout the history. The advances like Internet and mobile devices changed it completely to a brand new level.

Human relations and communications have evolved over the years, leading to new discoveries, pushing it one step further.(Rufferty, 2017)

Figure 2 : Change in the mode of communication over years (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

24 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

For many years, communication was done with means of handwritten notes to telegrams, postcards etc. it also had disadvantage of talking to one person at a time and there were no screen calls too. In fact, you might have observed telephone booths and pay phones but they are now a thing of the past. And then came internet, changing everything, from emails to instant messages, Skype etc. hence it has changed the mode of communication in a major way and continues to do so.

Figure 3 : Past and present of Technology (Wordalot)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

25 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 4 : Transition in the education system with time (Edited by Author)

Figure 5 : Ways of storing data over the years (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

26 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 6 : From1960’s to 2000 (Ponoka News, Neustockimages)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

27 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 7 : From malls as places for shopping to alternative mode of online shopping (Retail Networks, Tech Boomers)

Figure 8 : : From libraries being the places to read new books to e-books (Business line, Digit)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

28 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Today, everything can be enjoyed sitting at home and the technology just keeps getting better.

Figure 9 : From play station to VR headsets giving user oriented experiences, also acting as Virtual social spaces. (Shutterstock, Bago Games)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

29 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

11.

30 | Page

CHAPTER 2:

Industrial revolution changed lifestyles

First industrial revolution:

1700-to mid-1800s (the age of mechanical production) It was about coal, water, and steam, industrializing the manufacture of textiles, steam power, and cotton gin and began the move of production from homes to factories. The factory emerged as the new center of community life.

Second industrial revolution:

mid-1800s to early-1900s (the age of science and mass production) More technologies started to be used for mass production of goods. Important innovations were the use of electricity and production line. Along with these came telephones and radios which improved communication. With these, people moved out of from their farms and home to factories in the cities which led to some cultural changes.

(Nelson K. , 2019)

The 3rd industrial revolution:

10.

1950s onwards (the digital revolution) It was all about computers and other digital systems which brought new ways of sharing information and processing.

Starting from 1950s, it brought a digital revolution, fastening up our lives, making things easier and changing human lifestyle for the better.

Figure 10 : Industral towns and cities (Pinterest) Figure 11 : The advent of machine (Pinterest) Figure 12 : Making of factories & mass production (Pinterest) Figure 13 : Age of digital revolution (Pinterest)

12.

13.

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

32 | Page

Fourth Industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 We are living in a time where technology is overpowering everything that surrounds us and it’s changing the world, which calls for new architecture for the new industrial revolution. Each of these industrial revolutions has made a huge impact in our lifestyles.

Life changed from working in farm to moving to factories in the town side with mechanical production. And now this digital revolution, is again transforming how people live, work and communicate, it has altered nearly every industry. (Trailhead, 2010)

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 14 : Industrial Revolution Timeline (Pinterest)

Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, has been at the centre of global affairs for over four decades. He is convinced that we are at the beginning of a revolution that is fundamentally changing the way we live, work and relate to one another. (World Economic Forum, 2019) Changes are occurring at an exponential speed, from robots to self-driving cars.

It’s been termed as the 4th industrial revolution, which is a result and extension of the 3rd one i.e. digital revolution. These

technologies keep blurring the lines between our physical and digital worlds.

This one brings the advances in computing, engineering, robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), 3D printing and the Internet of Things (IoT) and other technologies. And now so many of these products have become an absolute necessary in our modern life. As a result Fourth Industrial Revolution is paving the way for transformative changes in the way we live, work and communicates with each other. (Mcginnis, 2018)

Figure 15 : Industry 4.0 Framework- (The digital technologies)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

34 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Impacts of technology on lifestyle Technology can cause positive and negative impacts on people’s lives and society.

While understanding the positive impacts you will find that, it has been a very important factor in the growth of humankind in every possible way.

Positive impacts •Technology Has Mechanized Agriculture: It has helped modify and mechanize the way agriculture used to be practiced, allowing a small number of people to grow food in quantities in a short period of time, with higher results and return on investment. (Tech News, 2012) •Improved Education: In old times, learning was restricted to book and paper. Libraries served the purpose as a source of information apart from newspapers and magazines. And the easiest source of information was television. Where books will always be an important part of education, now e-books are available, all kind of data can be found online.

•Changed mode of communication: Keeping in touch with friends and family keeps getting better from postcards, wire telephone to face time.

•Business improvements: Change in trade and industry: doing business has become so much faster and easier, when the seller and buyer are on the opposite ends of the worlds, and everything is finalized electronically within moments eliminating the need of being physically present at the workplace.

•Medical evolutions: Pairing the skills of medical professionals, with the latest technology can only mean best for treatment. (Technology, 2017) •Impact on society: It has definitely helped people connect and maintain relations irrespective of the distance and helped people stay in touch.

•Improved transportation factor: In all, it has helped us in various sectors and also helped save time.

Ex: if a worker is able to save 10 minutes with help of any kind of technology, those extra 10 minutes can be used to do something else.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

35 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

36 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Negative impacts of technology •Health Issues: Overusing technologies have caused health problems. The constant sitting on computers, mobiles, televisions or any other gadget could be dangerous, be it causing pain in any part of the body.

•Lead to social isolation: It has resulted in reduction of social interaction and communications. Yes, it has played a big role in connecting people but what is funny is that the number of people who spend time alone is also increasing. Instead of meeting, greeting, we have started to send sms.

You will find a person spends more time in the virtual world than the physical one.

•Resource Depletion: Using technology can cause air, water, noise or heat pollution.

•Energy use: An increase in the use of gadgets in our daily lives has reduced the energy consumption of body, leading to health problems.

•Too much dependency of humans on technology, for ex: If there is 100% reliance on a specific technology and it stops working, then nothing will get done.

The impacts show us that we can live lives in better ways, and be more productive. And hence, being aware of the negatives side is very crucial, so we can work to contain them. There will always be pros and cons, it’s up to us to find the good in it every day.

(Regoli, 2019)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

37 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

38 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

CHAPTER 3:

IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE TRANSITION IN (live, work, play)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

39 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Transition in Live: When cities developed in the mid-1800s, in the early industrial era, the mode of communication was dependent only on the physical movement of people, services, and goods. In pre-industrialized era movement was by feet, horse, or river and all activities required close physical proximity to reduce travel time. Hence, the spatial time limit of the walking city was 2 to 3 miles and doubles that where horses were used. This helped in generating ‘agglomeration economies’, in which close proximity allowed markets to develop and flourish workers to reach employment. The necessity of face to face communication meant that the walking city was densely settled with an array of business co-existing and intermingling.

As the telephone broke down the old business neighborhoods, it offered an option of moving out from the buildings.

Once it arrived, businessman could move out to cheaper quarters. Ones that were located in fish markets, egg markets, and wool neighborhood of a particular city could now move out of these trade centers and disperse away from it. (Stephen Graham, 1996) Once people started moving out to trade centers or other kind of offices for work, as transportation improved and people could reach places in lesser time, housing used to separate from workplace but as workload increased and people had to spend more hours a work, there was a need of workplace being closer to homes, reducing travelling time, resulting in the need of mix use buildings where various functions are in close vicinity of people.

When internet came, it changed the work style pattern, as now it meant that people could work from anywhere, as technology made it easier to exchange information and eventually people started moving to comfortable places like coffee shops and slowly into even more comfort zone which meant home and concept like work from home came into picture, which meant working spaces in the home of an individual.

Home centeredness has become an important trend of the new society. Yet it doesn’t mean that it is the end of the city.

Decentralization of workplaces allows employees to work from home. Offices have become an essential part of home planning. Telecommuting through video conference, online chat and other modes of communication has also led to the integration of technology with the interior elements of the room. The lower floors of bungalows have transformed into office spaces. The idea of spending 24 hrs a day in workplace has materialized in recent times through these re-imagined building plans.

In recent times, there are concepts like co-living accommodations which talks about having common workspaces, common kitchen, lounge areas, utility spaces. Digital nomads are growing and expected to continue which blur the lines between our live, work and other spaces of entertainment. (Design Build Network, 2018) In a report called “Innovation Spaces: The New Design of Work” by Julie Wagner and Dan Watch, for which 50 architects were interviewed, the architects observed that the integration of technology was one of the most powerful ways that innovation spaces have changed over the last decade. (Design Build Network, 2018) There has been a rise in the number of self employed workers which increases the demand of co-working and co-living spaces. Ex: Today 50% of millennial workers make up part of the 57 million freelancers in the US, with the majority of the country’s workforce forecast to be freelancers by 2027. In the UK 3.3 million people (12.0% of the labor force) in 2001 were self-employed compared to 4.8 million (15.1% of the labor force) in 2017. (Design Build Network, 2018) In 2013, the number of co-working spaces was 3400 worldwide, five years later and there are 16,600.Co-working has also greatly impacted Asia-Pacific.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

40 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 16 : : Forecast based on estimates from Emergent Research/GCUC for the data until 2017. Data projections until 2022 are from Co-working Resources’ data, and are based on the average growth in 2018 and 2019.

Today the idea of home has changed. The home that was once

thought of an adobe has turned inside out, it can be seen as an amalgam of all kind of spaces, from commercial to social recreational, and essential, all types of networks manifest themselves as spaces within the modern home in the modern society.

Technology as a part of our lifestyle has changed planning, connecting multi-use spaces that accommodate an ecosystem of lifestyle from working, relaxing to

socializing and is increasingly becoming a factor in the design process. Houses will get more modular, changing itself according to users’ needs and mood. Single spaces will be able to serve different functions from being a bedroom, workspace to your lounge. There will be screens around which will allow us join a work conference or change wall backgrounds with mood or watch a movie. It will be all possible. (By Peter Madden, n.d.)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

41 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Transition at workplace: Let us understand with an example, the transition in work spaces: If a 30-something working professional from today was dropped into an office in the 90s, it will be no less than a shock. Imagine a place for work environment with no computers, Wi-Fi, no internet, where everything is stored in the metal file cabinets. All spaces dedicated for different kind of jobs and private and secular areas for meetings and conference rooms. People had to be there in the work space, to exchange information or any kind of data. It will be no less than a shock.

Figure 17 : A typical workplace till 1980s (Getty Images)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

42 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Then computers came, everything started to get digital. All the information was safe and secured. The need of storage room with just piles of files containing all the data started to reduce. But still then, the presence of a human being was very crucial.

18.

There was a need for personalized workspace, cubicles with complete set of accessories required by a person from laptop, pc to any other gadgets.

19.

20.

It all changed when internet was invented, it meant that information could be got from anywhere and shared to anybody sitting anywhere around the world. It started to mean, even if one was on leave, he could just mail the info, and the work could still go on.

Figure 18 : A typical workplace from 1990s (Timetoast) Figure 19 : Cubicles at workplace (Pinterest) Figure 20 : Flexible workplaces (Pinterest) Figure 21 : Flexible workplaces (Pinterest)

21.

Slowly, as the human behavior and work pattern got flexible, concept like “Work at home” evolved. Many of today’s professionals work from home offices, coffee shops, airplanes, hotels and nearly anywhere with a chair and a Wi-Fi connection.

WAH concept is an option for individuals who are tied with family responsibilities and health issues. This mode of work enhances gender and social equity along the concept of a caring society.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

43 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

44 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

“The workplace is not about the one place you go to every day. It could be anywhere: a park bench, a restaurant table, a client office or the gym. It’s all workplace now” David Gooderham, WSP Times have changed, people don’t have to really go to offices, with smart phones, laptops, networks, and work is possible from anywhere in 21st century.

Technology is the driving factor, into how our work patterns have changed.

People went to the office because that’s where everyone used to be, but not anymore. Companies are more diversified than ever, with freelancers and contractors. Team members are all form different places and maybe different time zones, and free to choose their working hours differently. (Puckett, 2017) Conversation about the workplace almost always starts with technology and is the factor that is allowing people to work from anywhere, anytime. The more people get surrounded by technology, it will continue to help people work and think more effectively and efficiently.

(Demaria, 2018)

Figure 22 : People working from a coffee shop (Picfair)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

45 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

46 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

The Future is flexible and adaptable.

Figure 23 : Flexible workplace(Flat Web Design)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

47 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

In recent times, with the advances in technology, one can stay connected to their team members from anywhere.

This flexibility has become very common in recent times making it a lot easier to work. Various companies are adapting to these flexible approach to work, offering vacations, permitting work from home.

Workplace can be anywhere, be it your home or a coffee shop around the corner.

Rather than a single office or complex, the future of work is a series of single-person homes, home-based offices, and coworking spaces where teams are remote but connected. This workplace respects and values human relationships, is more user comfort, and always opens to new innovations and change.

This helps people make time for family and friends or doing things one loves, creating an appealing work, life balance. (Opong, 2018) This workspace is flexible, much more creative, and guided by human wishes, in a way like never realized before.

Companies and organizations will always be reliant on cost-effective productivity, effective communication, team collaboration and financial efficiency, these trends, changes, and workplace adjustments make the future of work creative, flexible, human, and possible.

(Opong, 2018)

How Industry 4.0 is going to impact the future of work?

Figure 24 : Robots replacing our jobs in the future (Toluna)

IOT has already changed the way people work and Artificial intelligence and Virtual Reality are also becoming a part of this developing world. Once upon a time computers had taken away all the human labor work and soon, in the coming years, advances in artificial intelligence will take over a lot more many activities done by humans.

According to a McKinsey Global Institute report, some 375 million jobs worldwide will vanish by 2030. An Oxford study in 2017 predicted job losses of up to 47% within 50 years. A report by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics says a startling 1.4 million jobs in the U.S. will be gone in just eight years.

(BERMAN, 2018)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

48 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 25 : Robots being used at Amazon warehouse (Amzpro)

Ex: Amazon already has more than 100,000 robots in its warehouses and in its going to increase in the coming times. Its warehouse is a place where humans and machines become one. At most of it centers robots and people work together to pick, sort and help transport the packages. Robots have been able to take over some of the duties, making life of its associates easier.

We are living in a world where we have various existing and upcoming technologies that will work as job stealing robots, causing the end of our days as the workforce. (Church, 2018)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

49 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Impact on public spaces and buildings Trends in public spaces have changed over the years, from roaming around in parks to new kind of public spaces such as malls to now everything done from home with the consumption of internet is a worry. People experience of being out, in these spaces where entertainment was topmost, has gradually changed to being in ‘guarded’ and ‘closed’ spaces. (Velibeyoglu, n.d.)

Figure 26 : Transition from gradens, to malls and now to everything on phone. (Vector art, Pinterest, Stockart)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

50 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Technology has impacted every public space, and as it advances it seems to get a little less relevant. For example, •Emails helped the post offices become obsolete.

•Online encyclopedia marked the beginning of decline in libraries.

•Online markets such as Amazon, Myntra undermined the shopping malls.

And Facebook and Twitter have taken care of everything else.

The shift in this paradigm can be seen through the lens of technology. It has in some places transformed the form helping it to function better but in other cases it has led to reincarnation of some built forms. Various mobile applications act as catalysts to various networks functioning within the city.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

51 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Malls: Digital technology has reconfigured the spaces within a conventional mall. Malls aren’t dying but their identity has changed. Far from being where customers would hail to buy various products, it has now transformed into a hub of alternative activities. It has a social aspect to it, which attracts a lot of footfall. The act of shopping has become more experience oriented (Debek, 2015) and malls have transformed into entertainment centers. People are resorting to applications such as Flipkart and Amazon for online shopping. This online method is faster, more convenient and can be accessed from anywhere.

Restaurants: At one side, they have helped improved business of restaurants, cafes but on the other hand eliminated the need of people to walk out of home, travel, grab some fresh air, call up friends to come out and eat together to sitting alone at home and ordering on Swiggy or Zomato.

Movie theaters: When was the last time, you saw a movie in theatre?

Or let me ask, When the last time you saw a movie on Netflix?

If you are like many of those customers, you are likely to do the second thing more.

Theatres continue to be a spot for people to hang out but as Netflix are growing its no. of subscribers by 10% every year, and estimated to reach 59 million subscribers in US alone.

(Forbes, 2019) Earlier, we had wait for weeks for the picture to show on TV, or could only access movies when released in theatre so had to take out time from the schedule and go but it’s no more a necessity, it’s alright even if you have missed any of the show or not been able to visit a theatre, everything is available online within no less time.

Bar/clubs: Initial concepts of bars and clubs used to be places where people meet, interact be it same sex or opposite and continue to do so but also had an impact with the rise in tinder and other online dating applications.

Libraries: Libraries undoubtedly had an impact, their traditional and soul purpose was questioned when everything started to be available online. Like other, they too are trying hard to keep themselves surviving.

Figure 27 : (Image on Right) Illustartion showing reconfiguration of spaces (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

52 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

53 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

54 | Page

Home has become the multifunctional space for any other activity to function and human is able to operate everything by sitting there.

But man being a social animal

needs places to go out, interact and that is when public buildings, public activities become very crucial for community interactions. And they will need better and improved ways to experience variety of functions, be it libraries, to museums, exhibition spaces etc.

It is these activities such as shopping, clubbing, and reading which keep city centers livable. And each one of them has experienced changes with technology and is competing in order to survive. With network, all kind of work can be performed from the same place, virtual spaces from our digital screens. But in spite of all these, the need of physical interaction is very crucial and hence, there is a need of more attractive and interesting gathering spaces, offering variety of experiences to people and not let them slip away.(Space, 2015) We as architects need to start reconsidering the design of public spaces for this digital age. As the communication spaces are growing for an individual, physical spaces are shrinking instead of giving people places where they can experience more than just one thing, in individuals or groups.

Also, we need to start using technology to enhance peoples experience in these spaces, which make them want to come out of home and explore. In these new modern urban spaces, designs are more flexible, blurring the lines between major urban activities. And there needs to be a modern take on many of these functions to satisfy the community needs.

Figure 28 : Illustration showing women doing online shopping from home (Pngtree)

CHAPTER 4:

man as a social animal, and the Importance of Third places

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

58 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Man as a social animal and The Importance of Third places Human always need company, be it of family or friends, but someone they can interact and share lives with. They have always evolved as social animals and with this evolution came the need to communicate. It is a necessity, the more number of users come together and link and interact, the more you are offering things to global market to talk about.(Dam, 2017)

“There is always going to be a need for somewhere that people can congregate and feel a sense of belonging to a unit �

Andrew Chadwick , (Puckett, 2017)

Things have changed with time, communication now a day is done via gadgets and people are losing out on physical meetings and communications. All these changes have been possible with technologies.

Figure 29 : Illustration showing poeple using the open spaces (Freevectors)

How we work nowadays has also changed, leading to fewer human interactions than ever before. There used to be a time when we worked five days a week in an office surrounded by colleagues, but now it’s more common to work from home, alone and isolated which is another way why human is losing out on interaction. There has been an increase in productivity, as time is saved but it has also lead to an increase in human isolation. (Diggory, 2017)

All our changing patterns, from living to working, creates a need of improvised public spaces and makes it a place of significance in this era, helping creating spaces for human interaction. Not the old traditional public spaces, but new, modernized multi-functional spaces to support interactions among people in the city. (Ujang, 2018)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

59 | Page

What are third places?

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

The places apart from a person’s home (first place) or work places (second place) are termed as third places.

These are places where relations get made. Spaces where social interactions happens,, people exchange ideas, share their thought and have a great time. It’s a place away from your daily routine, where you come out looking forward to explore new things. And as social isolation increases in this society, a third place becomes crucial to build relations, particularly in major cities.

Cities continue to evolve, but humans want from a place will never change and they require some places as outlets within the cities.

Figure 30 : Wordle representing list of third places (Made by Author at WordArt)

Figure 31 : (LB Strategy+)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

62 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

As discussed earlier, the new ways of living and working is blurring the lines between the two, which means combining of the first and second spaces into one, which triggers us even more than before, to think of our third places. We need better physical spaces to make connections. This magical third place is what is missing in cities worldwide.

Figure 32 : (LB Strategy+)

Figure 33 : Person wearing a VR headset (Emilija Manevska / Getty Images )

Virtual third places These have become a thing in this digital era, where the physical third space is turning to virtual places. As industrial revolutions and technology changed public space activities to inside ones home, in a more comfortable environment, there was a change in trend to how people enjoyed certain activities.

With the advent of online technologies, these virtual third places are more likely to be found in online communities. With the growing popularity of online video games, individuals from around the world are connecting with each other through these video games and as it evolves, it will continue to affect these third places.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

63 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

64 | Page

CHAPTER 5:

The Public Library as a Third Place

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 34 : Library as a meeting space (Flickr)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

66 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 35 : Library as a workspace(Pinterest)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

67 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

68 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 36 : Human Library

There are books, e-books and also we have started to use audio books.

But have you ever heard of a book that you can interact with?

Yes, a HUMAN LIBRARY! It replaces books with human beings, and it originated in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000. It is an organization that aims to challenge the discrimination against social contact among people, building a positive framework for conversations.

At present it’s active over 60 countries.

(Borah, 2017) These books are people, people with experience of life of any kind, be it a stigma or social exclusion, people you might not meet in your daily life, they can be anyone from a homeless person, a refugee to a transgender and the readers can borrow them and ask questions about what they want to learn and question their own prejudices.

Idea is simple- one to one conversationpersonal experience- shift perceptions about life People, who have been a part of these events, have reported that they can be profound experiences for all concerned.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

69 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

“Reading is the center of our lives, the library is our brain . Without the library, you have no civilization .�

-Ray Bradbury

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

70 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Introduction

According to Ray Oldenburg in “The great good place” (Oldenburg, 1989), a person needs three different and important places: home, work, and a third undefined place.

(Gonclaves, 2018) There needs to be a balance between all these three spaces, in order for a person to be mentally and physically healthy.

Home- relaxing, comfort, known environment Work- motivated, fulfilled and productive A Third place - an escape place, a let out from everyday routine, a space of relief and away from everyday chaos, where everyone feels equal (without any kind of hierarchy), a place to gather, interact and develop relationships, a positive environment and service that even on individual can go and be happy and comfortable, offer new experiences, a low stress environment.

All these qualities and characteristics go very well with that of a library.

Figure 37 : A library space(By- Janko Ferlic)

Why library?

Libraries are carriers of social value system of the society and a method of attaining knowledge. But knowledge is not imparted in the literary form of text. It’s verbal, visual, and textual. Knowledge gets passed on from one generation to other via different modes. And a library for today needs to start reconsidering this aspect of knowledge.

Not just that, Libraries have the ability to connect communities, being easily accessible to all kind of user groups, without any differentiation and putting them

all under same roof, apart from just the book-lovers. They can be used for multiple purposes by variety of users, from tourists, to localities, who want get away with city chaos and in need of silence. They are truly remarkable places and have existed since a long time in our history, from rural to urban neighborhoods and communities.

The reason being them such an important third place is because of the way they have taken on functions well beyond lending books and in today’s world we need them now more than ever.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

71 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Library communities are exploring more and more in making a pleasant and successful third places for people and have many roles and responsibilities regarding society. A physical library will remain strong and active but they need to improve and update their spaces and rules, to accomplish the changing social expectations of the community. The third

place concept fits perfectly for a library, as they provide interactive and

gathering spaces, also able to achieve silence amidst the city hustle, has a low stress status and an anti-hierarchical situation, and has a structure that makes everyone feel comfortable. (Cabello, 2017)

Libraries have always been at the heart of the communities they serve. They are accessible and safe spaces, providing access to huge resources of information and knowledge.

It’s not unusual for us to talk to someone for 20 or 30 minutes. It’s a person-toperson relation, not one of public body to consumer. Increasingly, libraries are taking on a role as social hubs, sharing costs and some of the traditional functions of other social services and agencies. (Designing Libraries C.I.C.)

Figure 38 : Michael Habib article on “Digital Library as Third Place”, (Background Image- Unsplash)`

But today, public libraries are at a turning point and their major challenge has been because of the impact they had after information being available online, anywhere across the world.

Digitalization might have changed some of our reading habits, but humans as social animals, our need for community spaces, shared public spaces will always be important and hence they need to be brave

and innovative, embracing both virtual and physical. They need to update their concept from being a traditional library.

In conclusion, there is an evolving process in constructing library as the third place, and spreading it is the most important step. But still, library remains the center of community.

(Gonclaves, 2018)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

72 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Brief history: Library, traditionally, collection of books used for reading or study, or the building or room in which such a collection is kept. (Library | Britannica.com)

Figure 39 : Merriam Webster dictionary def.

Traditionally, libraries mostly had printed materials and manuscripts which were being taken care of and preserved and accessible to users, who needed them on demand.

But later, some of these practices were not sufficient to manage the information provided in the libraries. Libraries had to adapt to new technologies, as their demand increased since industrialization to satisfy the users.

Figure 40 : Peterborough Town Library, England, 1823 (1st public library in world) (HuffPost)

Public Libraries are all about people, people with a passion for reading, people who are always eager to learn new things, have curiosity about life and those who want to explore knowledge or escape into literary fantasy. But in this digital era, as a result of internet, webbing, searching, and finding, there has been an impact on libraries and their role is changing.

There is an urgent need to re-imagine the role of libraries in our society.

Globally, libraries have started to get morphed into multi-experimental global public space. On the contrary, the libraries existing in our city still have the traditional concept to a library which of a storage place for knowledge through the medium of books and they are yet to change and adapt to contemporary times.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

73 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

74 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Weakness of Traditional Libraries:

Figure 41 : Illustration of a traditional Library (Macrovector)

•Used to serve only one purpose, or rather just provide areas for reading information in printed format.

•It doesnt have dedicated spaces for all kind of user groups.

•They did not have flexible planned space that could be used for a variety of purposes.

•Sharing of knowledge was only constrained to books.

•Traditional libraries were providing information only in the form of prints.

•Information is available to people only in that particular place, so if even needed to refer to any kind of data, one needed to physically go to the library.

•More staff required to conduct repetitive tasks.

•The services provided are the collection from a single library only.

•Very limited points of access to the information.

•Its maintenance is a challenging task and costly affair including manpower.

To remove these barriers applications of new technologies are very effective and found suitable.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

75 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

76 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

77 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

21st century idea of a library What happens to the spaces of books?

How should the traditional spaces change for the digital world?

In this digital world, how could library nurture an information society, when people have access to all of it, sitting at home?

This would help in exploring all possibilities of scenarios that would exist under the same roof, together forming the descendant of library typology.

What is the role of a library when it no longer needs to be a warehouse of books and when users can access information from any part of the world, it all just a click away and eliminates the need of physically going to a place. A well-equipped bookcase and a reading table no longer is enough to attract the public which have led to libraries becoming semi-public city squares, having the “fun factor’ to them to attract various users. The library of a 21st century needs to embody new pedagogies, including collaborative and interactive learning modes.

James daunt, chief executive of the Warner stones book retailer, spoke about the emotional connect of a user with a physical book, which cannot be replaced digitally.

A book may read the same in various mediums, but there is something about the smell of the print that e-books can never capture.

Earlier this summer, New York Times tech blogger Nick Bilton wrote about wandering into a West Village bookstore on a visit to New York: “I immediately felt a sense of nostalgia that I haven’t felt in a long time. The scent of physical books—the paper, the ink, the glue—can conjure up memories of a summer day spent reading on a beach, a fall afternoon in a coffee shop, or an overstuffed chair by a fireplace as rain patters on a windowsill.”

(Pew Research Center, 2012) Libraries need to modernize themselves, but there some aspects of it that can never be replaced. They have changed over the years from being a ‘place’ to now being an ‘activity’. The way information is handled, or services being provided to the users, are constantly changing due to new trends and technologies. And they continue to adapt themselves to these changes, providing better services. The idea of a 21st century library will require libraries to modernize them with the latest developments, electronic information tools, providing services in digital format.

Traditional libraries Automated libraries Electronic libraries Digital libraries Virtual libraries

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

78 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Modernization is a continuous process of change for the better through technological inputs, which is taking place in every field. What is the modern take on a public library mean?

Figure 42 : Wordle (Edited by Author)

LIBRARIES MUST OFFER MORE THAN JUST BOOKS Modernization doesn’t mean that they stop serving with spaces they traditionally used to provide for several years. And hence, spaces of books, journals, or reading spaces will never disappear.

Last year, the Arts Council England published a wide-ranging and detailed piece of research, ’Envisioning the library of the future’, aiming to answer these very questions. As well as emphasizing the need for the physical and the digital to sit side by side, it finds that the 21st century public library service will be one in which “local people are more active and involved in its design and delivery.” A sense of community, always a defining feature of libraries, has renewed importance. (British Council, 2014)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

79 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

LIBRARIES HAVE TO MODERNIZE WHILE STAYING TRUE TO THE HEART OF WHAT THEY OFFER All the libraries have to respond to lifestyle changes in the countries we work in and as observed, there was a decrease in the network of libraries, resulting in fewer visitors, as even the people more likely to read books and newspapers, turned to e-books and other information digitally available.

The traditional areas dedicated to reading and study , will always be present to the ones who need it, but will also start serving as social and cultural space for a city, where people come together to watch movies, or take part in workshops, meetings and seminars.

(British Council, 2014)

EXTENDING THE PHYSICAL WITH DIGITAL There is a debate regarding the future of libraries, around physical vs. digital or paper vs. eBooks. Instead of thinking of technology as a disadvantage to libraries, it’s better we use technology as additional feature to the traditional, and help enhance it all together.

Paul Hamilton from Sunshine Coast, Australia, uses a combination of paper, books, whiteboard paint, iPad, and augmented reality to create custom learning environments for his students. He wants them to interact with the content, the technology, the space, and each other in order to gain context and increase their knowledge. (Edutopia, 2018) When every person around has the library, at the reach of his hand, in a pocket, the role of physical library gets even more important, not just one with resources but one in which to create meaning from them.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

80 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

A 21st century library, is all about providing a common space, welcoming to all users, and one that encourages creation, exploration and collaboration between communities by bringing together the best of physical and digital (Edutopia, 2018) .

One where, study groups are allowed to discuss and talk their matters without disturbing the others. It will be a mixture of all these, attracting users like never before.

Recent trends that are seen in library spaces are VR rooms, maker spaces etc.

43.

44.

Figure 43 : VR Gaming in the Atlanta Campus Library (Ximin MI) Figure 44 : VR space in City University of Hong Kong on the right Figure 45 : Maker space in library (Pinterest)

45.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

46.

Figure 46 : Interactive virtual reality books (Alibaba)

81 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

82 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

83 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 47 : Images of few public libraries that exist in the city of Mumbai. (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

84 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 48 : A map showing the location of public libraries in the city of Mumbai. (Edited

by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

85 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

86 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 49 : Collage of spaces in the Asiatic Library (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

87 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

88 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 50 : Collage of different spaces in the David Sasoon Library (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

89 | Page

CHAPTER 6: Case Studies |

Seattle Central Library Project year: 2004 Area: 38300.0 m2 Location: Seattle, Washington, U.S. Architect: Rem Koolhaas, Joshua Prince-Ramus Introduction: In an era, where libraries have had a great impact and are on a verge of shrinking public realm, with digitization on the other side, The Seattle Central Library creates a community space for exchange of knowledge in all media, planned in an innovative organizing system. The architects wanted to redefine the library, as a place not just for books, but an institution where, information can be presented in different kind of media, all old and new, in a legible manner.

(OMA OFFICE WORK SEARCH ) The project has been of a huge success, and has helped attract various activities and received 2.3million visitors in the first year itself.

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

About the Central Library The library opened on May 23, 2004. The 11-floor building contains an innovative “Books Spiral”, a 275-seat auditorium, and open spaces where visitors can meet, study, search the web or read. The Library has spaces for children, teens, and adult readers, along with vast collections and a large computer lab.

Figure 51 : Map demarcating the location of Seattle Public Library (Google Maps)

Concept: The library’s various programs are arranged across five platforms and four flowing “in between” planes.

They identified five “stable” programmatic clusters (parking, staff, meeting, Book Spiral, HQ) Arranged them on overlapping platforms, and four “unstable” clusters (kids, living room, Mixing Chamber, reading room) to occupy interstitial zones.

Each area is architecturally defined and equipped for dedicated performance, with varying size, flexibility, circulation, palette, and structure. (Architizer) Figure 52 : (Towards left) Conceptual section of the Seattle public library (ArchDaily) Figure 53 : (At the bottom) View from the Main lobby (Architizer)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

92 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Planning: Level 1- kids area, public computers, and auditorium Level 2- staff (not open to public) Level 3It is known as the ‘Living room’, includes areas for reading, interactions, meditation.

With a height of 15m, it is very spacious with maximum air and light ventilation.

Also features a teen center, family fiction

collection, auditorium, coffee bar, study areas, and shops.

Level 4Comprises of spaces for large meeting rooms, laboratories, training centers which are used for public and personal computer interaction, with vibrant colors.

54.

56.

55.

Figure 54 : Patrons in the children area (The Seattle Public Library) Figure 55 : Patrons in the children area Figure 56 : Conceptual section of the structure (OMA Office Work Search) Figure 57 : Patrons in the living room at the library (The Seattle Public Library)

57.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

93 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 58 : Conceptual representation of the levels at the Seattle Library (ArchDaily)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

94 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Level 5This floor is known, as the ‘Mixing Chamber’ of the building and comprises of a customer help center with public computers.

The Mixing Chamber consolidates the library’s cumulative human and technological intelligence: the visitor is surrounded by information sources.

Level 6-9 It includes such innovative features as a ‘book spiral’ that displays the entire nonfiction collection in a continuous run. Level 9 hosts a map room and writers’ room.

(Design Build Network ) Level 10A Seattle room that houses the collection of history books, with a reading room offering the panoramic views of the city to its users.

59.

61.

60.

Figure 59 : The Mixing Chamber (REX) Figure 60 : Book spiral ( Bluffton University) Figure 61 : Represenattion for book spiral (Arch20)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

95 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

AWARDS:

American Institute of Architects National Honor Award, 2005 American Library Association National Building Award, 2005 American Counsel of Engineering Companies National Gold Award, 2005; Time Magazine, Building of the Year, 2004; New York Times, Most Exciting New Building, 2004

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

96 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Inference:

The functions are not separated or enclosed from one room to another, but rather free flowing and also allow encroachment of people in the public spaces within the library.

The design completely breaks the barrier of the conventional outlook towards the library, and re-defines it in terms of typology as well as program layering.

Figure 62 : The 4th Floor of The Seattle Central Library (Pinterest)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

97 | Page

Case study |

Sendai Mediatheque

Project year: 2001 Location: Kasuga-cho, Aoba-ku, Sandai, Japan Architect: Toyo Ito Introduction: It was built with an intention of designing a transparent cultural media center, allowing complete visibility, and transparency. It is a modern and an innovative design idea for a library. It would be an institution devoted to the changing technologies. The design is meant to encourage a flexibility of use through the blurring of boundaries found in traditional library and museum typologies.

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

In Ito’s own words: “Sendai Mediatheque embodies our proposal for a completely new concept of architecture… The complex includes a Mediatheque, an art gallery, a library, an information service center for people with visual and hearing impairments and a visual image media center. During the designing phase, our primary effort was on demolishing the archetypal ideas o an art museum or library to reconstruct a new idea of architecture called “Mediatheque” utilizing the state-of-the-art media.”

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

100 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Concept: The main idea was to demolish the general ideas of a library or an art museum to reconstruct a new idea of new architecture called “Mediatheque� meaning utilizing the state-of-the-art media.

The intention was to build an open free flowing space accessible to everyone for free. It is a mixed use building for public facility and a completion winning design chosen from 235 proposals in 1995.

Figure 63 : Map demartcating the location of the library (Google maps)

Planning: The Mediatheque has seven levels of facilities offer a range of services including a: A conventional book-lending library An extensive collection of film Audio recordings with stations for both viewing and editing A theatre A cafe and bookstore, all housed in a nearly cubic glass enclosure Mediatheque An art gallery An information service center for people with visual and hearing impairments A visual image media center

Figure 64 : Conceptual section showing the program layers (WordPress) Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

101 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 65 : Screening at the entrance Lobby (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 66 : 2nd floor Multimedia library and study rooms (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 67 : Third floor library stacks (Kmckitrick’s Blog) Figure 68 : Fourh floor reading spaces (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 69 : 5th floor exhibhition space (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 70 : Cafe and other shops (Sendai Meditheque)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

102 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 71 : 2nd floor Plans (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

103 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 72 : 6th floor exhibhition spaces (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 73 : 7th floor studio space (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 74 : Study rooms and other group activities (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 75 : A small square for dialogues and discussions (Sendai Meditheque) Figure 76 : Basic section with floor levels (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

104 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 77 : 7th floor plans (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

105 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

106 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

‌this building has many free spaces, that is, spaces that are not intended, as rooms are, to serve specific functions. Such spaces exist between the tubes and building parameter.

Visitors will be able to use such spaces as they use the city streets for different activities‌ I am hoping that, as such spaces are used; the Mediatheque will become a place for thinking about the city.

-Toyo Ito (2001)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

107 | Page

"It is an honor to imagine and realize this community library, a free open public building where people can interact across generations. We hope it is a gift to this great city and its future children ," said Steven Holl .

Case study |

Hunters Point Community Library Project year: 2019 Area: 2045 m2 Location: Queens, New York Architect: Steven Holl Architects Introduction: The Queens public library, newly opened, standing at hunters point, is a public building and a public park, bringing community-devoted space to the city waterfront. Standing as an indecent building, and a much needed social space, away from the recent trends of public libraries which are mixed with residential towers, the Hunters point offers an ample amount of green space to community and is becoming an integrated part of the vibrant public park that lines the river’s edge.

(Pintos, 2019)

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 78 : Queens library sketch by Steven Holl Architects (ArchDaily)

With this project, Steven Holl ran with the idea that architecture

could sculpt the experience of bringing together a community in a free-of-charge, 22,000-square-foot “third place”,reflecting the belief popularized by urban

sociologist Ray Oldenburg that people need a place to socialize that is neither home nor the ubiquitous privatized realm.

In making explicit the library as "social condenser,” as Holl puts it, the architect was responding to a mandate from Queens Public Library to showcase the broadening of its programming and community services—a common goal in libraries today, but one that often is incidental architecturally. (Russell, 2019)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

110 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Location: It is located along the East River, against the backdrop of rapidly built skyscraper and stands as a public building and public park, bringing community-devoted space to the Long Island City waterfront.

Figure 79 : (To the left) Map showing the lhe location of Hunters point library (Google Maps) Figure 80 : (At the bottom) View walking towards the library (Archtizer)

Design: The idea of a traditional library model has been re-imagined, by providing a diversity of spaces from reading to active gathering spaces for community such asAdult reading collection area Teenager’s area with video games Children’s area and playground Conference room Cyber center Outdoor amphitheatre A “quiet room” Rooftop with tiered seating, An environmental education centre An event space that includes trivia night (quiz), book, and writing clubs A reading garden

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

111 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 81 : Collage showing various spaces in the library (ArchDaily) (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

112 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 82 : (To the left) Site Plan (ArchDaily) Figure 83 : (At the bottom) Section A (ArchDaily)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

113 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 84 : Collage showing various spaces in the library (ArchDaily) (Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

114 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

East Elevation

West Elevation

Figure 85 : Sketches by Steven Holl Architects (ArchDaily)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

115 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

AWARDS: -2011 Award for Excellence in Design -2017 Progressive Architecture Award Citation -2018 Metropolis Magazine, Most Anticipated Buildings -2019 Sara Award, Excellence in Civic Architecture

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

116 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

At night the glowing presence of the Hunters Point Library along the waterfront joins the Pepsi sign and the "Long Island" signs at the old Gantry to become a beacon for this new community place .

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

117 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

118 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA The following factors that have been considered in searching for a particular area to have the design structure are as follows – •A site that is centrally located, in a prominent visible location, one that is easily recognized by the public.

•A site that is easily accessible to people by foot or other modes of transport.

•A location that receives a huge footfall of all kinds of visitors, and the local public to spread awareness.

•A site that will help make a statement towards the people by making them realize the need of better third places and importance of such places for human interaction in this digital era.

•A site that has a progressive attitude of people and precinct to be able to accept such technologies and ways of living.

CHAPTER 7:

SITE OPTIONS

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

119 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

120 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 86 : Site location of Mumbai University campus (Google maps + Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

121 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 87 : Map demarcating site, schools and and some notable locations (Google maps + Edited by Author)

Figure 88 : Views of different spaces at the Mumbai University Kalina campus (Mumbai University)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

122 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 89 : Development Plan of site and context (UDRI)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

123 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

124 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 90 : Site location of G Block, BKC (Google maps + Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

125 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 91 : Map demarcating schools and notable locations in the site vicinity (Google maps + Edited by Author)

Figure 92 : Images showing different parts of the site context (TOI, The HIndu)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

126 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 93 : Development Plan of site and context (UDRI)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

127 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

128 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 94 : Site location of Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum precinct (Google maps + Edited by Author)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

129 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 95 : Map demarcating schools and notable locations in the site vicinity (Google maps + Edited by Author)

Figure 96 : Spaces in the vicinity of the site ( BDL + Author) Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

130 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 97 : Development Plan of the site and its vicinity (UDRI)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

131 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

132 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Comparative Analysis Comparing the sites in consideration, Mumbai University is an educational precinct with a large footfall of students and youth.

This provides an ideal opportunity to further enhance the learning environment, but however the user group becomes restricted as the campus is meant for educational purposes only.

Bnadra-Kurla Complex, over the last few years has become a bustling commercial precinct, yet lacking the essence of a public space. The area being strictly commercial in its identity reduces its relatibility to other user groups.

Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum precinct is a historic landmark in the city of Mumbai and stands as a zone of significance due to the Byculla Zoo and museum in its vicinity. Its proximity to public transport and varied user groups of tourists, locals, passer-by and youth etc. helps strengthen its relevance for the present and future. It is a site with potential for development of other activities nearby.

Hence, it serves as an ideal location for a public library (for the future). Visitors to the site are already with a notion to be in a space for learning and collecting information, or if not, then to experience, and hence such a design will add to the functions in the precinct, helping attract more kind of users. Since, it’s a library, not just as a place to keep books, but as a place to share and exchange knowledge and act as a community space for the people, this site works best for the design intervention.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

133 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

134 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

135 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

136 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 98 : Map demarcating site (Google Maps + Edited by Auhtor) Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

137 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

138 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 99 : Map of site generated by Author

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

139 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 100 : Development Plan of the site context (UDRI)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

140 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

141 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

142 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 101 : Site and surrounding Context

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

143 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

DESIGN INTENT The thesis attempts to question the power, the role, the impact, and the very essence of a library on an individual as well as the society as a whole. It questions the ever changing and expanding role of technology in all aspects of life and impact on traditional institutions such as library.

What would the world be without a library?

If its role is to change, then how can it break the barriers of past and at the same time comprehend the demand of the future, without losing its essence in the society?

The thought is to design an interactive multimedia center with variety of cultural activities, from performing arts to computers with free Internet access that soon will become a cool place to wander around. It needs a new direction connected with the ideals of the media age.

The Library of Our Future Is About Being a Wonderful Place!

Think of the places that you like to go and that make you feel good.

It might be the local bar because everyone knows you, or perhaps it’s the local coffee shop because you are greeted with a smile, a cup of coffee, and a song you like playing in the background. Or maybe you miss the local independent bookstore because they knew exactly what you wanted to read before you even walked in the door.

Think about the perfect “third place” and what you enjoy doing when you go there.

City dwellers like us may even have several of these places. You may have one coffee shop where you like to read the paper on Sunday morning and another coffee shop where you like to do work on the weekdays. I spend a lot of time at my neighborhood pub because I enjoy the company. (Sullivan)

Library as a community space is one of those increasingly rare and valuable spaces acting as a social hub or ‘third place’ that belongs to the community. They act as recreation zones with books as a bonus. These spaces should be equally flexible as the other third places in the neighborhood. They should create a variety of spaces that support our complex moods throughout the day, make us feel good about being there, and most importantly, bring the community together for shared experiences. The idea of a 21st-century library is a social condenser of the existing and new society and must be designed with an intent to foster community advancement.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

144 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

“The entire library should be a place where learning, creating and sharing — and celebrating the accomplishments of all in the community — happen in every nook and cranny.”— Margaret Sullivan

It is designed with an Intention of creating public spaces that promote healthy environment and happiness, and well-being. It is re-imagined as a place where people can be together, a natural point in the city to gather, and exchange information.

It will be a transformation of public libraries from a warehouse for books into a gathering space for people.

The design tries to merge various aspects of learning, knowledge, and human interaction within the society so as to drive unique yet seamless programmatic and design solutions for the future of public libraries in the ever developing urban context of Mumbai. It will be an open plan with good visibility across the floor plate - allowing staff and customers greater freedom to change the form and function of the public library over time.

In response to this contemporary condition, the thesis proposes a place dedicated to public library. This proposed center aims to create a place more for people to interact, share and exchange knowledge, like a community gathering space in this digital era keeping up with the technological advancement. This center is a getaway for all kind of age groups and can be used for various purposes. Being a library, it will also provide places for people to relax, get away with the noises of this overpopulated city providing a calm environment.

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

145 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

1. Welcoming Lobby An inviting place, to which all user groups can relate to, one that is easily approachable from all sides and full of information or people who know where to find it.

Figure 102 : Richland Library Lobby Space (Demco Int.)

2. Browsing Bookstore This is a dedicated area designed like a retail, where you can browse on popular materials and community based art and displays. It will be designed in a manner that customers can find “just what they are looking for” and faster browsing.

Figure 103 : Browsing space (Pinterest)

3. Intergenerational Living Room This is the liveliest and the most comfortable space, like a living room, a place for everyone to gather in a more casual environment, feel at home, and helps promote conversations, interactions and make connections.

Figure 104 : Living room space (Pinterest)

4. Quiet Room This room is primarily dedicated for adults, and for people who wish to indulge in deep reading and respite. The room can be used for garden clubs, book clubs, travel clubs, writer’s group and history clubs.

Figure 105 : Quiet Room at COBE (Architectism)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

146 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

5. Messy Space This space is meant to promote content creation and experiential learning for all in the community. It can be a tinker lab, media lab, art studio or any brand of makerspace equipped with the latest tools to turn ideas into reality.

A maker space for innovation Users want us to create more room for them and not just the books. People not only want to develop new skills and learn how to use the modern technology but also to share their experience with others.

And hence, today’s libraries are paying lot of attention to such spaces, and accommodate these needs. This way the library maker spaces have become a trend in the recent years.

6. Community Meeting Room

Figure 106 : A space for experiments (Pinterest)

Figure 107 : Maker-space (Demco Interiors)

A room for flexible programming that can host variety of activities from meetings, community events to performances and any number of large gatherings. It can also work as a multifunctional space, for public use, when not in use, extending the function of the intergenerational living room.

Figure 108 : Community space (Pinterest)

7. Vibrant Café It’s a social space, one that can help encourage conversations between people and solitary reading, as well as relaxation.

Figure 109 : Cafeteria at Richland Library (Demco Int.)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

147 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

8. Business Incubator This space is a dedicated area for “business incubation”, where start-ups can flourish and career changes are supported. The space features group study spaces, innovative technology, staff support so that customers can advance their career and business goals with the tools to succeed.

Figure 110 : Business Incubator (Demco Interiors)

9. Pop-ups This is a continuously transforming and flexible space, based on new and trending ideas that fill visitors with a sense of surprise and delight.

Pop-ups can be characterized as any space, dedicated to non-traditional equipments that present library materials and programs in an unexpected way or allow librarians to experiment with non-traditional services.

Figure 111 : Pop-up shop (Pinterest)

Look all around you — the more you observe the places you enjoy and the more you think about what feeds your learning, your relaxation and your socialization, the more you will be empowered to create the places that nourish the library experience for positive place-making!

10. Community Garden

Figure 112 : Pop-up shop (Pinterest)

These are outdoor spaces that invite relaxation, community activity and inspiration. They can represent any outdoor programming space that allows the library building to maximize its programming.

It can be a storytelling garden, a community garden to encourage healthy eating and community activism, or a garden for plant enthusiasts. It can also provide outdoor spaces for arts programming.

Figure 113 : Outdoor garden space (Demco Int.)

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

148 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

12. A social space for interaction and knowledge exchange The millennial, represented by the young generation today, are a social generation, they spread and consume knowledge while socializing. They indulge in variety or projects, and can therefore when in a library, mostly come in groups or sometimes even families to chat and play with.

This is why the modern library also needs a space where patrons can openly engage with information—process it, reflect on it, have conversations about it, and develop new ideas, conversations, and opportunities as a result of it.

For example, DOKK1 – the famous library in Aarhus (Denmark) is a vibrant space for all generations, offering spaces such as: learning spaces, media spaces, youth spaces, family spaces, community spaces and many more. This way, people have access to resources, classes, trainings, community events, company events, group meetings, book clubs, gaming facilities, programs for teens, kids and more.

Figure 114 : DOKK 1 common hall (Pinterest)

Figure 115 : DOKK 1 meeting space (Pinterest)

11. A place keeping up with the latest technology trends such as VR and AR rooms.

13. A neutral and trusted space for public use- As reported by the National Archives research, libraries are able to reach a much larger range of age groups and social backgrounds compared to other types of cultural activities.

Consequently, the library represents something different for each one of us.

Figure 116 : VR space (City University HK)

It can be a peaceful place for understanding work for professionals, a playground for families or even an information point for those with limited resources and much more. Still, there is one aspect everyone agrees on that the library is a neutral and secure public space.

Figure 117 : VR space (Edge VR stations) Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

149 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

150 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

151 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Illustration showing Digital lifestyle (Free Vectors) 23; Figure 2 : Change in the mode of communication over years (Edited by Author) 24; Figure 3 : Past and present of Technology (Wordalot) 25; Figure 4 : Transition in the education system with time (Edited by Author) 26; Figure 5 : Ways of storing data over the years (Edited by Author) 26; Figure 6 : From1960’s to 2000 (Ponoka News, Neustockimages) 27; Figure 7 : From malls as places for shopping to alternative mode of online shopping (Retail Networks, Tech Boomers) 28; Figure 8 : : From libraries being the places to read new books to e-books (Business line, Digit) 28; Figure 9 : From play station to VR headsets giving user oriented experiences, also acting as Virtual social spaces. (Shutterstock, Bago Games) 29; Figure 10 : Industral towns and cities (Pinterest) 31; Figure 11 : The advent of machine (Pinterest) 31; Figure 12 : Making of factories & mass production (Pinterest) 31; Figure 13 : Age of digital revolution (Pinterest) 31; Figure 14 : Industrial Revolution Timeline (Pinterest) 34; Figure 15 : Industry 4.0 Framework- (The digital technologies) 34; Figure 16 : : Forecast based on estimates from Emergent Research/GCUC for the data until 2017. Data projections until 2022 are from Co-working Resources’ data, and are based on the average growth in 2018 and 2019.

41; Figure 17 : A typical workplace till 1980s (Getty Images) 42; Figure 18 : A typical workplace from 1990s (Timetoast) 43; Figure 19 : Cubicles at workplace (Pinterest) 43; Figure 20 : Flexible workplaces (Pinterest) 43; Figure 21 : Flexible workplaces (Pinterest) 43; Figure 22 : People working from a coffee shop (Picfair) 45; Figure 23 : Flexible workplace(Flat Web Design) 47; Figure 24 : Robots replacing our jobs in the future (Toluna) 48; Figure 25 : Robots being used at Amazon warehouse (Amzpro) 49; Figure 26 : Transition from gradens, to malls and now to everything on phone. (Vector art, Pinterest, Stockart) 50; Figure 27 : (Image on Right) Illustartion showing reconfiguration of spaces (Edited by Author) 52; Figure 28 : Illustration showing women doing online shopping from home (Pngtree) 55; Figure 29 : Illustration showing poeple using the open spaces (Freevectors) 59; Figure 30 : Wordle representing list of third places (Made by Author at WordArt) 62; Figure 31 : (LB Strategy+) 62; Figure 32 : (LB Strategy+) 63; Figure 34 : Library as a meeting space (Flickr) 66; Figure 33 : Person wearing a VR headset (Emilija Manevska / Getty Images ) 63; Figure 35 : Library as a workspace(Pinterest) 67; Figure 36 : Human Library 69; Figure 37 : A library space(By- Janko Ferlic) 71; Figure 38 : Michael Habib article on “Digital Library as Third Place”, (Background ImageUnsplash)` 72; Figure 39 : Merriam Webster dictionary def.

73; Figure 40 : Peterborough Town Library, England, 123 (1st public library in world) (HuffPost) 73; Figure 41 : Illustration of a traditional Library (Macrovector) 75; Figure 42 : Wordle (Edited by Author) 79; Figure 43 : VR Gaming in the Atlanta Campus Library (Ximin MI) 81; Figure 44 : VR space in City University of Hong Kong on the right 81; Figure 45 : Maker space in library (Pinterest)

81; Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

152 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 46 : Interactive virtual reality books (Alibaba) 81; Figure 47 : Images of few public libraries that exist in the city of Mumbai. (Edited by Author) 84; Figure 48 : A map showing the location of public libraries in the city of Mumbai. (Edited by Author) 85; Figure 49 : Collage of spaces in the Asiatic Library (Edited by Author) 87; Figure 50 : Collage of different spaces in the David Sasoon Library (Edited by Author) 89; Figure 51 : Map demarcating the location of Seattle Public Library (Google Maps) 92; Figure 52 : (Towards left) Conceptual section of the Seattle public library (ArchDaily) 92; Figure 53 : (At the bottom) View from the Main lobby (Architizer) 92; Figure 54 : Patrons in the children area (The Seattle Public Library) 93; Figure 55 : Patrons in the children area 93; Figure 56 : Conceptual section of the structure (OMA Office Work Search) 93; Figure 57 : Patrons in the living room at the library (The Seattle Public Library) 93; Figure 58 : Conceptual representation of the levels at the Seattle Library (ArchDaily) 94; Figure 59 : The Mixing Chamber (REX) 95; Figure 60 : Book spiral ( Bluffton University) 95; Figure 61 : Represenattion for book spiral (Arch20) 95; Figure 62 : The 4th Floor of The Seattle Central Library (Pinterest) 97; Figure 63 : Map demartcating the location of the library (Google maps) 101; Figure 64 : Conceptual section showing the program layers (WordPress) 101; Figure 65 : Screening at the entrance Lobby (Sendai Meditheque) 102; Figure 66 : 2nd floor Multimedia library and study rooms (Sendai Meditheque) 102; Figure 67 : Third floor library stacks (Kmckitrick’s Blog) 102; Figure 68 : Fourh floor reading spaces (Sendai Meditheque) 102; Figure 69 : 5th floor exhibhition space (Sendai Meditheque) 102; Figure 70 : Cafe and other shops (Sendai Meditheque) 102; Figure 71 : 2nd floor Plans (Edited by Author) 103; Figure 72 : 6th floor exhibhition spaces (Sendai Meditheque) 104; Figure 73 : 7th floor studio space (Sendai Meditheque) 104; Figure 74 : Study rooms and other group activities (Sendai Meditheque) 104; Figure 75 : A small square for dialogues and discussions (Sendai Meditheque) 104; Figure 76 : Basic section with floor levels (Edited by Author) 104; Figure 77 : 7th floor plans (Edited by Author) 105; Figure 78 : Queens library sketch by Steven Holl Architects (ArchDaily) 110; Figure 79 : (To the left) Map showing the lhe location of Hunters point library (Google Maps) 111; Figure 80 : (At the bottom) View walking towards the library (Archtizer) 111; Figure 81 : Collage showing various spaces in the library (ArchDaily) (Edited by Author) 112; Figure 82 : (To the left) Site Plan (ArchDaily) 113; Figure 83 : (At the bottom) Section A (ArchDaily) 113; Figure 84 : Collage showing various spaces in the library (ArchDaily) (Edited by Author) 114; Figure 85 : Sketches by Steven Holl Architects (ArchDaily) 115; Figure 86 : Site location of Mumbai University campus (Google maps + Edited by Author) 121; Figure 87 : Map demarcating site, schools and and some notable locations (Google maps + Edited by Author) 122; Figure 88 : Views of different spaces at the Mumbai University Kalina campus (Mumbai University) 122; Figure 89 : Development Plan of site and context (UDRI) 123; Figure 90 : Site location of G Block, BKC (Google maps + Edited by Author) Figure 91 : Map demarcating schools and notable locations in the site vicinity (Google maps + Edited by Author) 126; Figure 92 : Images showing different parts of the site context (TOI, The HIndu) 126; Figure 93 : Development Plan of site and context (UDRI) 127; 125; Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

153 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

154 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Figure 94 : Site location of Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum precinct (Google maps + Edited

by Author) 129; Figure 95 : Map demarcating schools and notable locations in the site vicinity (Google maps + Edited by Author) 130; Figure 96 : Spaces in the vicinity of the site ( BDL + Author) 130; Figure 97 : Development Plan of the site and its vicinity (UDRI) 131; Figure 98 : Map demarcating site (Google Maps + Edited by Auhtor) 137; Figure 99 : Map of site generated by Author 139; Figure 100 : Development Plan of the site context (UDRI) 140; Figure 101 : Site and surrounding Context 143; Figure 102 : Richland Library Lobby Space (Demco Int.) 146; Figure 105 : Quiet Room at COBE (Architectism) 146; Figure 103 : Browsing space (Pinterest) 146; Figure 104 : Living room space (Pinterest) 146; Figure 109 : Cafeteria at Richland Library (Demco Int.) 147; Figure 106 : A space for experiments (Pinterest) 147; Figure 107 : Maker-space (Demco Interiors) 147; Figure 108 : Community space (Pinterest) 147; Figure 110 : Business Incubator (Demco Interiors) 148; Figure 113 : Outdoor garden space (Demco Int.) 148; Figure 111 : Pop-up shop (Pinterest) 148; Figure 112 : Pop-up shop (Pinterest) 148; Figure 114 : DOKK 1 common hall (Pinterest) 149; Figure 115 : DOKK 1 meeting space (Pinterest) 149; Figure 116 : VR space (City University HK) 149; Figure 117 : VR space (Edge VR stations) 149

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

155 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

BIBLIOGRAPHY (n.d.). Retrieved September 2019, from OMA OFFICE WORK SEARCH : https://oma.eu/projects/seattlecentral-library (n.d.). Retrieved September 2019, from Design Build Network : https://www.designbuild-network.com/ projects/seattle-library/ (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2019, from Architectuul: http://architectuul.com/architecture/sendaimediatheque (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mumbai.org.uk/tourist-attractions/town-hall.html (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from The Asiatic Society of Mumbai : http://asiaticsociety.org.in/index.php/aboutus/history-asiatic (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from Wordpress: https://steelandglass2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/ mediatheque.pdf (2014, September 19). Retrieved from British Council: https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/whystill-need-public-libraries-digital-age (2016). Retrieved from http://lumosbusiness.com/coliving-and-the-third-place/ (2018). Retrieved from Edutopia: https://www.edutopia.org/blog/21st-century-libraries-learning-commonsbeth-holland (2019, February). Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakemorgan/2019/02/19/what-isthe-netflix-effect/#1f960dff5640 (2019, September 27). Retrieved from Dezeen : https://www.dezeen.com/2019/09/27/hunters-point-librarysteven-holl-architects-new-york/ Architizer. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2019, from https://architizer.com/projects/seattle-central-library/ BERMAN, R. (2018, APRIL 6). Retrieved from https://bigthink.com/robby-berman/infographics-show-jobsmost-likely-to-be-lost-to-robots Borah, P. M. (2017). Retrieved from The Hindu: https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/read-thehumans-human-library/article18303622.ece Business Week, New York . (n.d.).

By Peter Madden, C. E. (n.d.). Smart cities dive. Retrieved from https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/ sustainablecitiescollective/what-will-typical-2050s-home-be/22109/ Cabello, M. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/03/30/how-publiclibraries-help-build-healthy-communities/ Church, G. (2018, September 6). The future of work. Retrieved from https://allwork.space/2018/09/thegreat-tech-paradox-for-flexible-workspaces/ Dam, R. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/social-evolution-andwhy-we-need-to-communicate David Sasoon library and Reading room. (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from http://www.davidsassoonlibrary.com/ index.php?action=history Demaria, K. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.seattlemag.com/news-and-features/innovating-officetechnology-trends-changing-workplace Design Build Network. (2018, August 6). Retrieved from https://www.designbuild-network.com/features/ smart-home-technology-designs/ Designing Libraries C.I.C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://designinglibraries.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=584 Diggory, K. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.explore-life.com/en/articles/the-importance-of-humaninteraction-and-relationships Fisher, T. (2014, January 24). Architecture and the Third Industrial Revolution. Retrieved from https://www. architectmagazine.com/practice/architecture-and-the-third-industrial-revolution_o Gonclaves, R. (2018, January 6). Retrieved from https://medium.com/@raquelgocastro/library-as-a-thirdplace-e891dac6519f Habib, M. C. (2006, October 5). Retrieved from http://www.mchabib.com/2006/10/05/digital-library-asthird-place/

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

156 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital Huxtable, A. L. (2011). The wall street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527 48703859304576305243667119026 Ismail, N. (2017, December 20). Retrieved from https://www.information-age.com/technology-changedworld-home-entertainment-123470132/ Jadav, D. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.mumbai77.com/city/1831/libraries/asiatic-society-librarytown-hall/ John, G. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/documents/designing_libraries.pdf Klient Solutech. (2017, February 20). Retrieved from http://www.klientsolutech.com/examples-of-howtechnology-has-changed-our-lives/ Life., T. I. (2013, November). Essays, UK. Retrieved from https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/ information-technology/the-importance-of-technology-in-our-daily-life-information-technology-essay. php?vref=1 Mcginnis, D. (2018, December 20). Retrieved from salesforce: https://www.salesforce.com/blog/2018/12/ what-is-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-4IR.html Nelson, K. (2019). ducksters. Retrieved from https://www.ducksters.com/history/us_1800s/industrial_ revolution.php Nquiocso. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.powerpoetry.org/poems/life-without-technology Opong, T. (2018, October 14). Retrieved from https://entrepreneurshandbook.co/the-future-of-work-iscreative-flexible-and-human-749b3c14648d Pew Research Center. (2012, September 28). Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2012/09/28/thesmell-of-books/ Pintos, P. (2019, September 25). Retrieved from Arch Daily: https://www.archdaily.com/925389/hunterspoint-library-steven-holl-architects Puckett, K. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.the-possible.com/future-workplace-wellbeing-flexible-smartsustainable-office-space/ Purohit, A. (n.d.). Urban spaces. Retrieved from https://urbanvaastu.com/david-sassoon-library/ Regoli, N. (2019). Vittana. Retrieved from https://vittana.org/12-pros-and-cons-of-technology Rufferty, I. (2017, May 24). Retrieved from https://medium.com/bsg-sms/how-communication-has-evolvedwith-the-new-technologies-52ee1ca114f Russell, J. (2019, September 24). Retrieved from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14285hunters-point-library-by-steven-holl-architects-opens-in-new-york (n.d.). Retrieved September 2019, from OMA OFFICE WORK SEARCH : https://oma.eu/projects/seattlecentral-library (n.d.). Retrieved September 2019, from Design Build Network : https://www.designbuild-network.com/ projects/seattle-library/ (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2019, from Architectuul: http://architectuul.com/architecture/sendaimediatheque (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mumbai.org.uk/tourist-attractions/town-hall.html (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from The Asiatic Society of Mumbai : http://asiaticsociety.org.in/index.php/aboutus/history-asiatic (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from Wordpress: https://steelandglass2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/ mediatheque.pdf (2014, September 19). Retrieved from British Council: https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/whystill-need-public-libraries-digital-age (2016). Retrieved from http://lumosbusiness.com/coliving-and-the-third-place/ (2018). Retrieved from Edutopia: https://www.edutopia.org/blog/21st-century-libraries-learning-commonsbeth-holland (2019, February). Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakemorgan/2019/02/19/what-isthe-netflix-effect/#1f960dff5640 (2019, September 27). Retrieved from Dezeen : https://www.dezeen.com/2019/09/27/hunters-point-librarysteven-holl-architects-new-york/

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

157 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital Architizer. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2019, from https://architizer.com/projects/seattle-central-library/ BERMAN, R. (2018, APRIL 6). Retrieved from https://bigthink.com/robby-berman/infographics-show-jobsmost-likely-to-be-lost-to-robots Borah, P. M. (2017). Retrieved from The Hindu: https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/read-thehumans-human-library/article18303622.ece Business Week, New York . (n.d.).

By Peter Madden, C. E. (n.d.). Smart cities dive. Retrieved from https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/ sustainablecitiescollective/what-will-typical-2050s-home-be/22109/ Cabello, M. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2017/03/30/how-publiclibraries-help-build-healthy-communities/ Church, G. (2018, September 6). The future of work. Retrieved from https://allwork.space/2018/09/the-greattech-paradox-for-flexible-workspaces/ Dam, R. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/social-evolution-andwhy-we-need-to-communicate David Sasoon library and Reading room. (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from http://www.davidsassoonlibrary.com/ index.php?action=history Demaria, K. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.seattlemag.com/news-and-features/innovating-officetechnology-trends-changing-workplace Design Build Network. (2018, August 6). Retrieved from https://www.designbuild-network.com/features/ smart-home-technology-designs/ Designing Libraries C.I.C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://designinglibraries.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=584 Diggory, K. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.explore-life.com/en/articles/the-importance-of-humaninteraction-and-relationships Fisher, T. (2014, January 24). Architecture and the Third Industrial Revolution. Retrieved from https://www. architectmagazine.com/practice/architecture-and-the-third-industrial-revolution_o Gonclaves, R. (2018, January 6). Retrieved from https://medium.com/@raquelgocastro/library-as-a-thirdplace-e891dac6519f Habib, M. C. (2006, October 5). Retrieved from http://www.mchabib.com/2006/10/05/digital-library-asthird-place/ Huxtable, A. L. (2011). The wall street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527 48703859304576305243667119026 Ismail, N. (2017, December 20). Retrieved from https://www.information-age.com/technology-changedworld-home-entertainment-123470132/ Jadav, D. (2011). Retrieved from https://www.mumbai77.com/city/1831/libraries/asiatic-society-librarytown-hall/ John, G. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/documents/designing_libraries.pdf Klient Solutech. (2017, February 20). Retrieved from http://www.klientsolutech.com/examples-of-howtechnology-has-changed-our-lives/ Life., T. I. (2013, November). Essays, UK. Retrieved from https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/ information-technology/the-importance-of-technology-in-our-daily-life-information-technology-essay. php?vref=1 Mcginnis, D. (2018, December 20). Retrieved from salesforce: https://www.salesforce.com/blog/2018/12/ what-is-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-4IR.html Nelson, K. (2019). ducksters. Retrieved from https://www.ducksters.com/history/us_1800s/industrial_revolution. php Nquiocso. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.powerpoetry.org/poems/life-without-technology Opong, T. (2018, October 14). Retrieved from https://entrepreneurshandbook.co/the-future-of-work-iscreative-flexible-and-human-749b3c14648d Pew Research Center. (2012, September 28). Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2012/09/28/thesmell-of-books/ Pintos, P. (2019, September 25). Retrieved from Arch Daily: https://www.archdaily.com/925389/hunterspoint-library-steven-holl-architects Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

158 | Page

Relevance of a Space in the era of going Digital

Puckett, K. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.the-possible.com/future-workplace-wellbeing-flexible-smartsustainable-office-space/ Purohit, A. (n.d.). Urban spaces. Retrieved from https://urbanvaastu.com/david-sassoon-library/ Regoli, N. (2019). Vittana. Retrieved from https://vittana.org/12-pros-and-cons-of-technology Rufferty, I. (2017, May 24). Retrieved from https://medium.com/bsg-sms/how-communication-has-evolvedwith-the-new-technologies-52ee1ca114f Russell, J. (2019, September 24). Retrieved from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14285-hunterspoint-library-by-steven-holl-architects-opens-in-new-york Saurabh. (2014). Plea Ahmedabad. Retrieved from http://www.plea2014.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ Paper_4A_2780_PR.pdf Space, T. I. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-theenvironment/193/33846 Stephen Graham, S. M. (1996). Retrieved from https://networks.h-net.org/node/22277/reviews/22452/dikecgraham-and-marvin-telecommunications-and-city-electronic-spaces Strategy for digital economy. (2016). Retrieved from http://lumosbusiness.com/coliving-and-the-third-place/ Sullivan, M. (n.d.). demco interiors. Retrieved from https://www.demcointeriors.com/blog/designingcommunity-10-essential-library-spaces/ Tech News. (2012, November 12). Retrieved from https://www.useoftechnology.com/technology-societyimpact-technology-society/ Technology, T. M. (2017, November 14). BoneCode. Retrieved from http://www.bonecode.com/the-manypositive-effects-that-technology-left-on-our-lives-in-2017/ The J. Paul Getty Museum. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.getty.edu/museum/programs/lectures/digital_ age_panel.html (2019, January 18). The World Economic Forum Founder Shares The Biggest Threat To The Economy. (E. K. Schwab, Interviewer) Tourist attractions. (n.d.). Retrieved 2019, from https://www.mumbai.org.uk/tourist-attractions/town-hall.html Trailhead. (2010). Retrieved September 16, 2019, from https://trailhead.salesforce.com/en/content/learn/ modules/learn-about-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/meet-the-three-industrial-revolutions Trivedi, V. (2016). Retrieved from culture trip: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-history-of-theasiatic-society-of-mumbai-in-1-minute/ Ujang, N. (2018, March 5). emrald insight. Retrieved from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/ doi/10.1108/JPMD-01-2017-0012/full/html?fullSc=1&mbSc=1 Velibeyoglu, G. &. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/772.pdf World Economic Forum. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/about/the-fourth-industrialrevolution-by-klaus-schwab

Gargi Jain / Fifth Year B.Arch /L.S.Raheja School of Architecture

159 | Page