Revitalizing the Built Heritage for Urban Development A Case of Jabalpur City, MP Jaishree Mishra Assistant professor, Hitkarini College Of Architecture And,Town Planning, Dumna Hills, Priyadarshni colony, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Jaishree.mishra00@yahoo.com Vineet Shrivastava Assosiate professor, Hitkarini College Of Architecture And,Town Planning, Dumna Hills, Priyadarshni colony, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. vviinneeeett@gmail.com Abstract The tangible and intangible heritage of a country in an assortment of paragon created during various phases of the history. Many countries losing its original identity because of market driven urban planning and development practices in the urban areas [23]. It is the necessity of time to preserve original identity of our cities while seeking the balance between the past and future development. So conservation and preservation policies need an attention towards its holistic integration with urban development practices [20]. Any heritage has historical, religious social, cultural, spiritual, and scientific or aesthetic significance. There is multiple layer of identification of heritage building, is based on the type of building, history, material used, plan, age etc[15]. The government of India has taken determined interest to retain the historical identities of cities and built environment through amalgamation with urban development program and policies for the cities, such as HRIDAY which focuses on holistic development of built heritage in cities, aiming at to preserve and revitalize the soul of the heritage city to reflect the cities unique character by encouraging aesthetically appealing, accessible, informative and secured environment. In this paper author has tried to discuss the way in which conservation and preservation is integrated with the urban development and in turn its possible contribution to the urban development of Jabalpur city. Further in this paper authors have identified various existing built heritage, precincts, built environment, art, culture and places of historical and religious importance and their possible contribution in city’s holistic development and at the same time and various attempts made by Municipal Corporation of Jabalpur city, INTACH, ASI. Keywords: Built Heritage, Conservation, Tangible heritage, Precincts, Urban development 1.0 Introduction The identity and image of cities is generally built upon with the identity of their past[7]. The history of cities is embedded with its built heritage which consists of an array of religion ,
spirituality, culture,structures and artifacts including buildings, bridges, statutes, monuments, landmarks and many other places with religious, cultural values [5].In some cases, the existence of large collection of historical heritage can be able to define the identity of a city as a whole – or at least large parts of it. The built heritage belongs to the past civilization,the natural environment and contemporary development in which people live, requires a special attention due to several reasons[9][11]. Although they belong to different cultural areas and different historical periods they represent a valuable asset for modern society[1]. They are the physical embodiments of the past history. For example, the remains of ancient cities provide valuable testimony about architecture and concepts of town and urban planning. ancient concepts have greatly helped in nurturing the theories of modern town planning and design principles of architecture. On the other hand it is evident that a large number of properties are religious or cultural monuments. . The value attached to such properties is of spiritual, aesthetic and cultural and these values are important to that particular society which it belongs to [14]. The aesthetic value represents the artistic heritage of mankind. The cultural imprints associated with those properties display the salient features exist in that society and their cultural identity. It is also well known that those were the things that were appreciated at that time. The built heritage not only provides the cultural, religious, and spiritual aspects belong to that particular country or nations. It also provides a substantial testimony to the literature for history of that country[8]. They are remains of the major events and or phases of the history. 2.0
Objectives
The objective of this paper is to discuss and contribute the theoretical and practical aspects of heritage conservation and the potential role of the heritage conservation to promote urban development to maintain the image of the city Jabalpur. The paper therefore is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted for theoretical explanations on some aspects like special characteristics of built heritage and its conservation,
threats in conservation of built heritage in urban areas, urban re-development and conservation of built heritage and anticipated benefits of conservation. The second part is about the practical aspect of heritage conservation and urban redevelopment. This part explains how heritage conservation is carried out through re-development to promote urban development. Over the period Jabalpur one of major cities in Madhya Pradesh flourished along the bank of river Narmada having social, cultural mythological and religious importance. City of Jabalpur which is the Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh has been selected as the case study as there are several built heritage that have to be implemented which are planned and initiated by the government to promote the urban development in Jabalpur 3.0
Methodology
Methodology adopted in collecting data for writing this paper consists of several methods. The theoretical explanations on the subject’s concepts, definitions etc. where collected by reviewing the existing literature which consists of text books, reports and research articles. The aspects like threats in conservation of built environment, issues and challenges pertaining to conservation of built heritage where discuss based on the buildings of the existing body of knowledge. The government agencies belonging to urban development and discussions with the professionals where the main source of data for writing this paper. Author’s also contributed through his personal experience and observation.
1.
Filden [1994] describe the value of historic building and historic building is one that gives us unseen sense of wonder and generates curiosity to know more about the traditional wisdom, art and culture, people that produced it. It has architectural aesthetics, historic , archaeological, economic, social and even spiritual or symbolic values.[9]
2.
Heritage buildings are tangible manifestation of town’s identity and image and a physical expression of the cultural heritage of the people of the town. The building act as a bridge between the history and culture of nation and particular town or city.
3.
The built heritage is important as it helps to maintain community identity, enhance the image of the area and local neighborhood, contribute to the quality of life for residents of communities assist with economic development and tourism initiatives, and initiates conservation led regeneration.
4.
The building heritage is important as it helps to maintain community identity enhance the image of the area and local Neighborhood’s, contribute to the quality of life for resident’s communities, assist with economic development and tourism initiatives, and initiate conservation led regeneration.
5.1 Special Characteristics of Built Heritage 4.0
About Jabalpur
Historically three phases of urbanization may be treated Jabalpur city is part of the Jabalpur congregation comprising of Jabalpur city, Jabalpur Cantonment and Khamaria Township. This ancient city (traditionally also known as "Mahakoshal") is located in central India, in the state of Madhya Pradesh. Jabalpur city owes its cultural heritage to the Kalchuri Dynasty. It is said that Jabalpur assumed its name from “Jaballi Patnam” dedicated to sage Jaballi, who had made Jabalpur his base and had his ashram here. However, the derivation of Jabalpur from the Arabic word “Jabal” meaning hill or mountain appears more convincing, as the city is dotted and surrounded with hillocks and rock formations. Early history reveals that “Tripuri” village located about 6 miles from Jabalpur city enjoyed the status of capital during the Kalchuri Dynasty, which was at its zenith in 300 BC. Subsequently, during the Gond Dynasty, “Garha”, which now forms part of the city, attained the status of capital. Later, the city of Jabalpur became capital. During the early British rule, the city assumed the status of Divisional Headquarter of the central Province. Jabalpur cantonment was established in the latter part of the 19thcentury. This was followed by the establishment of Jabalpur Municipal Corporation in1951. Gradually, with the establishment of the post & telegraph workshop, the Provincial High Court, defence establishments and several educational institutions, the city attained the status of regional centre of the Mahakoshal region. 5.0
Theoretical and Conceptual Background
The buildings provide a link to the history and culture of a nation and particular town. Heritage buildings very often provide a suitable background, or home, for the cultural life of a town. The built heritage is important as it helps to maintain community identity, enhance the image of the area and local neighbourhoods, contribute to the quality of life for residents and communities. Jabalpur has number of natural and manmade structures symbolic of the rich cultural heritage of the region. In the urban development process archaeological and historical importance of the remains of building and structure if they are in use even today multiplies their importance. Such structure deserves conservation and protection [3]. Jabalpur development plan 2005 has identified 15 such locations for preservation. Following 15 locations has identified in JDP 2005. • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Madan Mahal Killa High Court Seth Govinddas Dharmshala Shaheed Smark Kamaniya Gate Town Hall Gupteshwar Mandir Pisanhari ki Madhiya Bhawartal park and Rani Durgawati Museum Tilwara ghat, Gwarighat, Lamheta ghat Area of balancing rock Other histrorical bulidings, Ghantaghar etc. Hanuman Tal
• •
Bargi Hills Balsagar, Gangasagar, Devtal, Shelparntal, and Sangram Sagar Ghat Table 1: Historical Buildings, Temples, Precincts, Ghats and other Heritage Resources of Jabalpur Heritage Resource
Bhedaghat
Gwarighat
Jeleharighat
Glimpses
Brief About Also known as Bheraghat, Marble rocks is a gorge of the Narmada River located 22 km west of Jabalpur. This gorge has white rocks and dark green volcanic seams till 30 m on its both sides. It is also the most popular picnic spot of Jabalpur and its main activity is boating.
Devtal Tank
Heritage Resource
Supatal Tank
Hindu religious rituals are performed here at crowded Ghat of Narmada, people enjoy boating from this Ghat. Hindu use this Ghat for last rituals
64- Yogini Temple
It is one of the less crowded and peacefull ghats of narmada river, I can find narmada in one of its purest form boating facilities prominent tourist attraction.
Hanuman Jain Temple
Lametaghat
One of the prominent ghats of narmada river geographically located about 3km from Bhedaghat.
Pisanhari ki Madhiya
Tilwaraghat
Located into close vicinity of Jabalpur –Nagpur highway, one of the major Ghats of Narmada rivers.
Marhia Math Gopalpur
Saraswatighat
Dhuandhar
Hanumantal Tank
One of the prominent Ghat of Narmada river, having serene and tranquil environment. Picturesque surroundings make it more beautiful.
This is a popular destination among tourists as well as locals.Edged by green trees and shrubs, the ruffled and bustling Narmada River falling down from a height is like a beautiful painting come alive. One of the historical tanks, having mythological importance related to god Hanuman adjacent to this Tal having other religious temples.
Tal was built during the Gond dynasty and group of temples surrounding the pond which shows the religious importance of the Tal.
Divisional Commissioner Bunglow
Glimpses
Brief About One of the prominent lake within the city. It’s a charismatic lake where one can visit to be free from the hustle bustle of city and get indulge into its beauty. The temple is the abode of Goddess Durga along with 64 yoginis or shaktis considered to be the different forms of the Goddess. The whole complex in circular form, the temple was constructed during kalchuri dynasty. Called bara Mandir is a historic Jain temple of kalchuri period, built in 1686 having 22 shrines. (Vedis) making it largest independent temple.
Is a popular Digambar Jain pilgrimage center.The temple has been renovated with marble,Being on top of a hill, the views from the temple are spectacular. The peaceful surroundings are regarded as an ideal place for meditation. This temple was constructed in between 14th and 15th century.this temple situated near the towards east of Bheraghat.
Built during medieval period, in british stlyle. Residential building for rulers of that era.
Pachmatha, Gopalpur
This temple was constructed in between 15th and 16th century.This complex comprises of the goddess family like god Ganesh, Parvati, seated statues of Umaheshwar etc.
Gupteshwar Mandir
Mahadev temple situated at the bank of river Narmada surrounded by vindyachal mountain ranges and dense subtropical forests, has immense religious metaphor.
Madan Mahal Killa
Fort is constructed in 11th century under the rule of Gond ruler Madan Singh. named as Fort but basically it was a military post which was used as watch tower and military barrack.
The building was designed by Herring an offer of P.W.D. The building was completed in the year 1890. The architecture of the building is mixed baroque and oriental. The arches as well as the bastions at the corner are ornamental.
High Court
Heritage Resource Victoria Hospital
Town Hall
Seth Govinddas Dharamshala
Rani Durgawati Museum
Balancing Rock
Christ Church
Glimpses
Ghantaghar
Brief About Known as Seth Govinddas Hospital, was built in 1876 in memory of Raja Sahib’s grandson. The Victoria hospital served as the Jabalpur Medical College for several year. Town hall premises Built in 1892 as a town hall the building now serves as apublic library with rare books which students refer to specially with regard to the history of Jabalpur. The dharmshala was constructed in the year 1905 and was inaugurated in the year 1911 the place serves as a dharmshala night shelter. It was built in 1976. It is having best collection of prehistoric relics, inscriptions, and sculptures. Situated in front of the Rani Durgawati fort. Balance rock is a large piece of natural rock positioned over another rock occupying very less area
(Source: Compiled through various sources)
5.2
Built Heritage at Risk
Market driven economic forces have bought the new dimension to the growth of urban areas and cities. It is observed that in many countries built heritage has survived as it is through many years and some of them lost their original roots, identity and got destroyed due to various man-made and natural forces [2]. Historic structures and built environment where constructed at a time when current urban issues, needs and the future form and growth where not clearly in vision [15]. The buildings with historic values have been categorized as obsolete comparing to the new urban development based on intensive use of land and buildings [27]. Many of the finest buildings in the urban area and cities have been changed into other functions on the basis of monitory benefits Ir-respective of their historic value. These transformations generally distorted the original use and character of such buildings. Threats The interaction of many urban development attributes in many circumstances threatens the existence of historical buildings and following are the repercussions of the above situation
Many structures and historic buildings are at risk due to neglecting decay. The tendency of converting the original uses for more profitable uses. Also equally responsible for changing original shape and size. Ambiguous and lack of clarity in legal and institutional mechanism to safeguard the interest of owners, properties motivate to alter demolish or make adhoc extension[ 21]
Heritage management policies and guidelines generally which are not the part of new urban development projects leads to encourages the demolition of heritage properties under the name such as …. Urban regeneration or urban renewable.
Unplanned construction activity of new building in the vicinity of historical properties could distort or bring down the native character and value of them.
Informal sector activities in the cities often obstruct or even damage the elements of cultural or historical properties[25]. Many sprawling developing countries are mostly dotted with vehicle dominant urban form. Most commonly congested with automobiles badly effects the historical built environment.
Excessive tourism activities also leave negative impact and threaten the existence of fragile monuments and sites.[21][18]
The cathedral was originally church of St. Frideswide’s in priory / It was built in 18 th century. Foundation was laid by king henry.
Old Royal hotel
Built by Raja Gokul Das in 19th Century. Grand Building built in british architectural style. Famous for its luxurious spaces, mostly housed by noble persons.
Shaheed Smark
Is a monument situated in the heart of the city of Jabalpur in memory of the freedom movement of India and as tribute to the freedom fighters and martyrs who participated in this movement.
Kamaniya Gate
One of ceremonial gate of Gole Gunj Market, built in 18th century. It was built by Captain Montgomary. Present time it is known as Kamania Gate.
The clock tower of Jabalpur is situated approximately centre of city. Built in 18th century, which is one of main landmark in city.
Political and social unrest, violence, ethnic, conflux and war affect the security of historical properties.
5.3 Benefits of Heritage Conservation Built Heritage and Urban conservation is about improving and upgrading life of people in historic areas and not just a matter of restoring bricks and mortar. Its central aim is to enhance the city’s cultural identity and sense of place while not undermining its inhabitants’ daily needs. It establishes the character and identity of a country. Various threats have triggered the need of conservation of built heritage. Many governments have formulated needed institution and legal framework for the conservation of historical properties, some of these special programme are funded by state and international agencies[20] There are many social, environmental and economic benefits of heritage conservation subject to condition that it is integrated with heritage management plan prepared in coordination with the urban development plan. 5.3.1
Economic Benefits
Many researches across the globe suggests that there is and increase of property values in the neighbouring areas due to the historic preservation. The enhancement of economic value by contributing heritage character to the value of the property. Conservation creates positive impact on property value by providing a form of insurance of future neighbourhood quality. Besides the direct effects on property values in an area, there are positive spillovers for neighbouring areas where by designation of areas as conservation areas leads to ripple effect of rehabilitation and upgrading of properties in the surrounding area. It also enhances the best and highest use of land which is compatible with the urban development process. 5.3.2
Social Benefits
Conserved buildings and area create a focal point that people can relate to and are familiar with giving a sense of place. By maintaining the existing historic heritage places, conservation activities enhance a community’s cultural capital. The fabric and design can add a distinctive identity to the new build part of a regeneration scheme- enhancing townscape and lifting the overall quality of the built environment 5.3.3
Environment Benefits
Ensures the sustainable development through conservation and management of built heritage, which is a non renewable resource.
6.0 Revitalizing the Built Heritage in Jabalpur for Urban Development The Municipal Corporation of Jabalpur (MCJ) covers an area of 263.49 sq. km. Physical development is governed by the Jabalpur Development Plan, 2005 (JDP) prepared by the Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD). It covers 245.17 sq.km[3]. The responsibility of implementation and development of plan proposals lies with the MCJ and the Jabalpur Development Authority (JDA). Jabalpur is a major trading and industrial centre. Primary drivers of its economy are the service sector (mainly public sector establishments) and trade and commerce. Manufacturing and processing industries especially household and small-scale engineering industries also contribute to the city’s economy, though marginally. Chief industries are textile, telephone parts, furniture, building materials, ammunition and military hardware. The current land use pattern of Jabalpur is an outcome of several interrelated factors like its history, location, accessibility; natural factors as well as planning and political decisions take from time to time. Major growth of city is towards north west side and growth is restricted on southern side by Nrmada river and on eastern side due to cantonment . The Urban Development Authority (UDA) which is the key institution for planning and management of urban areas in the Jabalpur is vested with some powers related to the conservation of historic buildings as stipulated in the respective legal enactment. As stipulated in law that the “UDA has powers to carry out integrated planning and physical development within and among the respective areas”. Also the UDA has powers to develop environmental standards and prepare schemes for environmental improvements in such areas. The term integrated planning and the powers given to prepare environmental improvement schemes imply the wide range of powers and functions covering the conservation and management of historical buildings in urban areas. Apart from planning and development powers following two provisions may be made in the development plan for taking care of conservation process are. I.
The control of architectural features, elevations and frontage of buildings and regulations for attaining urban design objectives. II. The provision for preserving and promoting landscaping including preservation and planning of woodlands, trees and preservation of views and prospects, places of historical architectural interest and scenic beauty. The conservation and management of historic buildings in Jabalpur similarly considered as an important aspect in the Development Plan prepared for the City of Jabalpur in the
year 2005, and its subsequent plan of 2021 which are still the base documents use to regulate and guide the development of the city. Under Recent Smart mission Jabalpur is also included in first phase of targeted cities. Smart city plan of Jabalpur also looking aggressively conserve and preserve all exiting built heritage and natural resource though various schemes and project. The objective of this Development Plan is to conserve, revitalize, repair and cautious replacement of the architectural and historical masterpieces, urban scale of the national patrimony of individual buildings and the urban space in between which will lead to continuation of the urban fabric in harmony with the existing urban tissue [2]. Among the proposed projects and action programs included in this plan, the following have been identified as key projects to be implemented. i.
Revitalization of historic areas such as Madan Mahal Precinct, High Court Building, Ghantaghar area etc. Identification of architectural, archaeological and environmentally valuable buildings and areas. Area development as per Smart City Development Plan
ii. iii.
7.0
Proposed Measures 1.
There are many heritage resources which are not identified and it requires identification in each of the heritage areas for protection from getting demolished.[27]
2.
Proper listing and inventory of the heritage resources are required to be done on war footings.
3.
The heritage areas need to be classified into different categories of conservation as per their historical development and uniqueness in characteristics. [16]
4. 5.
6.
Diverse development control in each of the heritage areas is to be implemented for regulating these areas. An incentive programme for protection and maintenance of the old heritage buildings/ houses should be carried out so that the burden of maintenance shouldn’t be on the owner’s shoulders. An heritage zones to be identified and a city specific heritage regulations are to be framed within the ambit of Town and Country Act of Madhya Pradesh
7.
An awareness programme and importance of heritage structures and areas to be brought among the public at large.
8.
Insertion of transfer of development rights (TDR) in the development control for the heritage areas for those owners who lose their floor area (FAR) in conserving their properties in conservation zones.[6]
9.
Effective and strong guidelines are required for regulating these areas from disorganised development.
8.0
Integrating Urban Conservation and Urban Development
Given the pressures of rapid urbanization in the country heritage, which constitutes an important economic, social and cultural resource of the place where it is located, is under continuous threat [19]. This threat is further aggravated by the current approach which perceives heritage and its conservation in isolation from the larger development process. The inadequate definition of heritage and its current disconnection from the planning approach compromises both the spheres; the planning for development which results in creating enclaves and the protection and conservation of heritage that leaves gaps in the development fabric[3]. Even though planning processes base development on long-term vision, the recognition of heritage is largely from the perspective of a legal framework which views it as an object rather than a spatial concept. A three-tier framework is proposed for integrating urban conservation and urban development in the study area (Table 1). The three levels include: i) local spatial planning policies such as the Spatial Development Framework (SDF) and Land Use Management Scheme (LUMS); ii) procedural integration of various municipal departments as well as the proactive inclusion of the public by means of a heritage board and iii) physical/spatial integration through an urban design framework. Within these levels various instruments proposed to implement the framework [17]. Table 2: Three-tier framework for integration Level of integration Policy/ legislation
Procedural
Physical /spatial
Instrument
Proposal for implementation
Local development policies (i) Spatial Development Framework (SDF)
Earmark of the following: Heritage Management Zones; Heritage Sensitivity Zones; Special redevelopment sites
(ii) Land Use Management System (LUMS) (i) Municipal departments (internal)
Inclusion of the following as annexure: Heritage inventory list Alignment between the Following sections: Town Planning, Building Control, The Museum Community services, Local Economic Development Establishment of a committee Of citizen representatives Visual links; Functional and visual upgrade of surrounding public spaces
(ii) Heritage board (external) (i) Urban design framework
(ii) Branding
Exposure of heritage zones, Sites and/or structures on main corridors e.g. advertising
Identity, Kuala Lumpur: The Aga Khan Award for Architecture. (pp. 10-13). [8]
Cristinelli, G (2002), Ed., The Krakow Charter 2000. Principles for the conservation and restoration of built heritage, Marsilio, Venice,182.
[9]
Feilden, B. M. (1985) Architectural and Urban Conservation, A Review of the State of the Art. TPR, 56, 197-221.
(Source: Adopted from K. Puren & T. Jordaan, et al. 2009)
9.0
Conclusion
The urban landscape is amalgamation of city dwellers, buildings, art and crafts, social, cultural and religious beliefs [25]. This landscape is characterized by intense duality where modernity verses tradition; prosperity verses poverty competes each other intensively posing threat for holistic development. Often cities are seen as dynamic and complex entity where, cultural significance, built heritage, and tangible and intangible resources loses its substance in shadow of ever developing city [24]. Conservation of historic buildings sites & remains, precincts etc. should be justified on the basis of the possibility of their integration in to the planning and developments process where it can earn its keep[22]. If not done so it may become burden to owner and conservation process may result in waste of resources. Buildings with historic or architectural value must be so maintained as to keep it fit for living its potentiality[28]. In urban India there is a need to situate the debate about conservation within the broader processes of urban planning and development. 10.0 [1]
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