LITERARY TERMS AND FUNCTIONS “A
downloadable copy of http://literarydevices.net/”
by JAMES DEL MCJONES Book 1; Terms stating with letter A to letter C A Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
1. Definition of Accumulation Accumulation is derived from a Latin word which means “pile up”. It is a stylistic device that is defined as a list of words which embody similar abstract or physical qualities or meanings with the intention to emphasize the common qualities that words hold. It is also an act of accumulating the scattered points. Accumulation examples are found in literary pieces and in daily conversations.
Function of Accumulation Accumulation is used in literature, poetry and all types of rhetorical writing. The basic function is to make language livelier and contribute to the meanings of the words. Also, it describes the qualities of an object through different explanations, if otherwise it would be left vague or ambiguous.
2. Ad Hominem Definition Ad hominem (Latin) means “against the man”. As the name suggests, it is a literary term that involves commenting on or against an opponent to undermine him instead of his arguments. There are cases where consciously or unconsciously people start to question the opponent or his personal association rather than evaluating the soundness and validity of the argument that he presents. These types of arguments are usually mistaken for personal insults but they are somehow different in nature and the distinction is very subtle. Arguers who are not familiar with the principles of making logical arguments commonly end up saying something that would draw the audience’s attention to the distasteful characteristics of the individual. Such people use this fallacy as a tool to deceive their audience. Making such a blatant personal comment against somebody makes it hard for people to believe it isn’t true. Typically, even the arguer himself believes that such personal traits or circumstances are not enough to dispose of an individual’s opinion or argument. However, if looked at rationally, such arguments even if true never provide a valid reason to disregard someone’s criticism.
Functions of Ad Hominem A writer’s background is considered to be a very important factor when it comes to judging his work. A book written on a particular subject in history will be perceived differently keeping in view the background of the author. Therefore, it is important to understand that a writer’s traits and circumstances have a pivotal role to play in his feelings, thinking and the construction of his arguments. To put it simply, the considerations regarding the use of ad hominem can explain certain arguments and the motives behind them better. Nevertheless, such considerations are not enough Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
on their own to evaluate an individual’s opinion and are certainly not sufficient to disregard them as false or invalid. The fact is that ad hominem is a kind of fallacy that leaves a great impression on the audience’s mind. It is an argumentative flaw that is hard to spot in our daily life. Although, the personal attack that has been made on the opponent might not even have a speck of truth in it, it somehow makes the audience biased. Ironically, despite being flawed, ad hominem has an amazing power of persuasion. The worst thing about using ad hominem purposely is that an opponent insults you publicly. Whenever this happens to you, you must recover from the humiliation and then point out the false connection in the argument, which was used a trap for the audience. Moreover, the dilemma with ad hominem is that once it has been used against you it smears your reputation. Once somebody makes such a judgmental argument about you, the audience instead of evaluating it on logical grounds take it to be true.
3. Adage Definition An adage is a short, pointed and memorable saying based on facts, and is considered a veritable truth by the majority of people. Famous adages become popular due to their usage over a long period of time. In fact, an adage expresses a general fact or truth about life. As it becomes popular, it is then accepted as a universal truth. For instance, “God helps those who help themselves” is now considered a universal truth because of its usage throughout the human history. Often repeated sayings and quotes become adages that pass on to many generations. However, some adages are metaphoric, having hidden meanings, and embody common observations. Sometimes, proverbs are also referred as adages, but there is a slight difference.
Adage vs. Proverb Both these terms are sayings, and convey a deeper meaning. However, there are some differences between them. A proverb has a practical aspect, but it is a common belief that an adage is true to have been tested in various ages. The adage is more general term than a proverb; therefore, proverbs could be adages as Merriam Webster also defines proverbs as adages. Adages are general truths with universal applications, reflecting wisdom, whereas proverbs are more traditional and are often used in everyday speeches.
Function of Adage Adages are not only found in literature, but also in advertising and scripts of films. The first major function of adage is to give awareness to the readers about some facts of life. Secondly, adages are applicable in any circumstance or situation, as they convey deeper meanings of wisdom. Most of these sayings are witty and suggest a moral lesson, having long lasting impacts of universal application of truths contained in them. They become imprinted on the minds of the users. Moreover, they sum up the moral lesson of a story such as in Aesop’s Fables. The authors use this device to make their works effective, compact and rich.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
4. Definition of Adynaton Adynaton is from a Greek word adunaton, which means impractical or impossible. It is a rhetorical device that is a form of hyperbole in which exaggeration is taken to a great extreme where it seems impossible. In other words, when hyperbole is magnified to such extent that it is completely impossible to occur, it is called adynaton. Ideas are exaggerated in order to emphasize.
Adynaton and Hyperbole Adynaton is a kind of hyperbole. However, it is an extreme form of hyperbole. When hyperbole goes to an extreme level, which is completely impossible to happen in reality, it is called adynaton. It is presented as an exaggerated comparison or contrast.
Function of Adynaton Adynaton is used to create exaggeration in order to emphasize some point. The basic purpose of using adynaton is to draw the attention of the audience by overstating some thing or idea. Adynaton examples were found in literary pieces written as early as the Classical and Medieval periods. However, examples of adynaton were seen in folklore, drama and fiction of the modern age. In everyday conversations, the function of adynaton is to create amusing effects by highlighting an idea.It is employed both for comic as well as serious purposes. By using extravagant statements, the poets and writers make the ordinary human feelings extraordinary. In addition, adynaton develops comparisons and contrasts in literature. It happens when one point is overstated over the other.
5. Allegory Definition Allegory is a figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principles are described in terms of characters, figures and events. It can be employed in prose and poetry to tell a story with a purpose of teaching an idea and a principle or explaining an idea or a principle. The objective of its use is to preach some kind of a moral lesson.
Difference between Allegory and Symbolism Although an allegory uses symbols, it is different from symbolism. An allegory is a complete narrative which involves characters, and events that stand for an abstract idea or an event. A symbol, on the other hand, is an object that stands for another object giving it a particular meaning. Unlike allegory, symbolism does not tell a story. For example, Plato in his “Allegory of Cave” tells a story of how some people are ignorant and at the same time, some people “see the light” – stands for an idea and does not tell a story.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Examples of Allegory in Everyday Life Allegory is an archaic term and used specifically in literary works. It is difficult to spot its occurrence in everyday life, although recently, we do find example of allegory in political debates. The declaration of an ex-US president G.W Bush was allegorical when he used the term “Axis of Evil” for three countries and later the term “allies” for those countries that would wage war against the “Axis”.
Function of Allegory Writers use allegory to add different layers of meanings to their works. Allegory makes their stories and characters multidimensional, so that they stand for something larger in meaning than what they literally stand for. Allegory allows writers to put forward their moral and political point of views. A careful study of an allegorical piece of writing can give us an insight into its writer’s mind as how he views the world and how he wishes the world to be.
6. Alliteration Definition Alliteration is derived from Latin’s “Latira”. It means “letters of alphabet”. It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series. Consider the following examples:
But a better butter makes a batter better. A big bully beats a baby boy.
Both sentences are alliterative because the same first letter of words (B) occurs close together and produces alliteration in the sentence. An important point to remember here is that alliteration does not depend on letters but on sounds. So the phrase not knotty is alliterative, but cigarette chase is not.
Function of Alliteration Alliteration has a very vital role in poetry and prose. It creates a musical effect in the text that enhances the pleasure of reading a literary piece. It makes reading and recitation of the poems attractive and appealing; thus, making them easier to learn by heart. Furthermore, it renders flow and beauty to a piece of writing. In the marketing industry, as what we have already discussed, alliteration makes the brand names interesting and easier to remember. This literary device is helpful in attracting customers and enhancing sales.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
7. Allusion Definition Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. It is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text. For instance, you make a literary allusion the moment you say, “I do not approve of this quixotic idea,” Quixotic means stupid and impractical derived from Cervantes’s “Don Quixote”, a story of a foolish knight and his misadventures.
Allusion Examples in Everyday Speech The use allusions are not confined to literature alone. Their occurrence is fairly common in our daily speech. Look at some common allusion examples in everyday life:
“Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.” – “Romeo” is a reference to Shakespeare’s Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in “Romeo and Juliet”. The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes. – This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s origin myth, “Pandora’s box”. “This place is like a Garden of Eden.” – This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis. “Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?” – “Newton”, means a genius student, alludes to a famous scientist Isaac Newton. “Stop acting like my ex-husband please.” – Apart from scholarly allusions we refer to common people and places in our speech.
Function of Allusion By and large, the use of allusions enables writers or poets to simplify complex ideas and emotions. The readers comprehend the complex ideas by comparing the emotions of the writer or poet to the references given by them. Furthermore, the references to Greek Mythology give a dreamlike and magical touch to the works of art. Similarly, biblical allusions appeal to the readers with religious backgrounds.
8. Ambiguity Definition Ambiguity or fallacy of ambiguity is a word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning. Ambiguous words or statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the basis for instances of unintentional humor. For instance, it is ambiguous to say “I rode a black horse in red pajamas,” because it may lead us to think the horse was wearing red pajamas. The sentence becomes clear when it is restructured “Wearing red pajamas, I rode a black horse.”
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Similarly, same words with different meanings can cause ambiguity e.g. “John took off his trousers by the bank.” It is funny if we confuse one meaning of “bank” which is a building, to another meaning, being “an edge of a river”. Context usually resolves any ambiguity in such cases.
Function of Ambiguity Ambiguity in literature serves the purpose of lending a deeper meaning to a literary work. By introducing ambiguity in their works, writers give liberty to the readers to use their imagination to explore meanings. This active participation of the readers involves them in the prose or poetry they read.
9. Anachronism Definition Anachronism is derived from a Greek word anachronous which means “against time”. Therefore, an anachronism is an error of chronology or timeline in a literary piece. In other words, anything that is out of time and out of place is an anachronism. Anachronisms appear in literature, paintings etc. and it is fascinating to explore them. Generally, they are considered errors that occur due to lack of research. For example, if a painter paints a portrait of Aristotle and shows him wearing a wrist watch, it would be an example of anachronism, as we all are aware that wristwatches did not exist during Aristotle’s time. Similarly, the presence of a wall clock in a stage setting that depicts the interior of a Roman fort is an anachronism.
Function of Anachronism Generally, an anachronism is considered an unintentional error that is a result of a writer’s carelessness and his lack of research. At times, however, it is employed in order to produce a special artistic effect in order to attract the attention of the readers by an appropriate use of anachronism.
10.
Definition of Anacoluthon
Anacoluthon is derived from a Greek word anakolouthos which means “lacking sequence”. It is a stylistic device and is defined as a syntactic deviation and interruption within a sentence from one structure to another. In this interruption, the expected sequence of grammar is absent. The grammatical flow of sentences is interrupted in order to begin more sentences.
Characteristics of Anacoluthon It is employed intentionally, unintentionally or as a rhetorical device. In rhetoric, anacoluthon is also known as a figure of disorder in which syntax of a sentence does not correlate with whatever is expected. However, it should not to be mixed-up with hyperbaton (also involves the change in Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
normal position of words, phrases and sentences. Anacoluthon is the interruption within a sentence from one construction to another against the expected logical order of the sentence. This change can occur within a sentence or in the form of tense.
Function of Anacoluthon The common use of anacoluthon is to imitate a thought or speech and then shift the necessary information towards the start of the sentence. It is frequently used in literary writings and in casual speeches. In casual conversation, it is used in such a way that the sentence would not be considered correct grammatically. In written works, however, it is employed to imitate ungrammatical, confused and informal speech and draw the attention of readers. Anacoluthon is used extensively in poetry, plays and dramatic monologues. In addition, this technique is well-suited to the stream of consciousness writing style that is planned to signify thoughts in proximity to one another, because the thoughts are not always consistent and hardly grammatically correct.
11.
Anadiplosis Definition
The term anadiplosis is a Greek word which means “to reduplicate”. It refers to the repetition of a word or words in successive clauses in such a way that the second clause starts with the same word which marks the end of the previous clause. Anadiplosis exhibits a typical pattern of repeating a word. For example, the repetition of the word “give” in the sentence “When I give, I give myself.” is termed anadiplosis as it occurs at the end of the first clause and marks the beginning of the following clause. Similarly, notice how the use of anadiplosis repeats in its typical fashion the word “reliability” to highlight the main point of the sentence “This public school has a record of extraordinary reliability, a reliability that every other school is jealous of in the city.”
Anadiplosis and Chiasmus It is important to note that anadiplosis is part of another figure of speech chiasmus. However, every anadiplosis does not necessarily reverse its structure like it is done in chiasmus. For instance, “Forget what you want to remember, and remember what you want to forget,” is an example of chiasmus (as it involves a reversal of structure in the second clause) and anadiplosis as word “remember” marks the end of one clause and the start of the subsequent clause. Anadiplosis does not always employ a reversal of structure as in the sentence “The land of my fathers and my fathers can have it.” It is an example of anadiplosis involving a typical repetition of the word “my father” but, unlike chiasmus, the structure of the final clause is not reversed.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Anadiplosis It repeats a word in quick succession in successive clauses in order to add emphasis to the main idea, as readers tend to focus more on the repetition of words and thereby on the idea emphasized upon. Anadiplosis also serves to decorate a piece of writing or a speech. Often, CEOs and modern executives are fond of using it to make their suggestions and commands effective.
12.
Anagram Definition
Anagram is a form of word play in which letters of a word or phrase are rearranged in such a way that a new word or phrase is formed. Anagram is formed by using exactly the same letters of the original word but with a different arrangement. For example, the letters in the word “Shakespeare” can be rearranged to form an anagram “Keshareapes”. However, an anagram in literature is not a nonsensical arrangement of words as in the previous example. Rather, it aims at parodying, criticizing or praising its subject i.e. the original word. For instance, a most famous anagram for “William Shakespeare” is “I am a weakish speller”.
Function of Anagram The above discussion reveals that anagrams are commonly used in both everyday life and literature. They, if relevant, provide instances of wit and humor. Additionally, this word play presents itself as a recreational activity in the form of word puzzles (cross words, upwords, scrabble, etc.) to sharpen the deciphering skills of kids as well as adults. In literature, authors may use anagrams to hide their identity by coining a pseudonym for themselves but still giving interesting clues to keen observers. Similarly, the anagrammatic names of characters and places in a literary piece add layers of meanings to the otherwise nonsense names and therefore further motivate and develop interest in the readers. In mystery or detective novels and short stories, anagrams play a vital role in proving clues to unfold a mystery.
Analogy Definition An analogy is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it. It aims at explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something that is familiar. Metaphors and similes are tools used to draw an analogy. Therefore, analogy is more extensive and elaborate than either a simile or a metaphor. Consider the following example: “Structure of an atom is like a solar system. Nucleus is the sun and electrons are the planets revolving around their sun.”
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Here an atomic structure is compared to a solar system by using “like”. Therefore, it is a simile. Metaphor is used to relate the nucleus to the sun and the electrons to the planets without using words “like” or “as’. Hence, similes and metaphors are employed to develop an analogy.
Function of Analogy in Literature Writers use analogies to link an unfamiliar or a new idea with common and familiar objects. It is easier for readers to comprehend a new idea, which may have been difficult for them to understand otherwise. Their comprehension of a new idea picks up the pace when they observe its similarity to something that is familiar to them. In addition, by employing this literary tool, writers catch the attention of their readers. Analogies help increase readers’ interest as analogies help them relate what they read to their life.
13.
Definition of Anapest
Anapest is a poetic device defined as a metrical foot in a line of a poem that contains three syllables wherein the first two syllables are short and unstressed followed by a third syllable that is long and stressed as given in this line “I must finish my journey alone.” Here the anapestic foot is marked in bold.
Difference between Anapest and Dactyl Anapest is known as antidactylus, since it is a reverse pattern of dactyl meter. The difference is that anapest consists of three syllables with the first two are unstressed and the last one is stressed such as unstressed/unstressed/stressed pattern. However, dactyl is the opposite of this pattern. It is a metrical foot that consists of three syllables wherein the first two syllables are stressed and the last one is unstressed such as stressed/stressed/unstressed pattern.
Function of Anapest It helps create artistic lines with a regular meter in a poem. Since anapest ends in a stressed syllable, it makes strong rhyming lines that create music in a poem. It plays a very important role in poetry and the most common role in verses is that of a comic meter, which is, the foot used in the limerick for comical effects.
14.
Anaphora Definition
In writing or speech, the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect is known as Anaphora. Anaphora, possibly the oldest literary device, has its roots in Biblical Psalms used to emphasize certain words or phrases. Gradually, Elizabethan and Romantic writers brought this device into practice. Examine the following psalm:
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
“O LORD, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. Have mercy upon me, O LORD; for I am weak: O LORD, heal me; for my bones are vexed. My soul is also sore vexed: but thou, O LORD, how long?” The repetition of the phrase “O Lord,” attempts to create a spiritual sentiment. This is anaphora.
Functions of Anaphora Apart from the function of giving prominence to ideas, the use of anaphora in literature adds rhythm to it and thus, making it more pleasurable to read and easier to remember. As a literary device, anaphora serves the purpose of furnishing artistic effect to the passages of prose and poetry. As a rhetorical device, it is used to appeal to the emotions of the audience in order to persuade, inspire, motivate and encourage them.
15.
Anecdote Definition
Anecdote is defined as a short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh. Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories. In fact, it is a short description or an account of any event that makes the readers laugh or brood over the topic presented for the purpose.
Function of Anecdote Anecdotes and humorous pieces are not only jokes, but exquisite literary devices as well. Their major purposes are to stir up laughter, to disclose a truth in a general way, or to describe a feature of a character in such a way that it becomes humorous and at the same time gives us a better understanding of the character. Anecdotes may also serve as cautions. Writers tell their readers about the possibilities of future happenings in case they do not follow particular processes and techniques.
16.
Antagonist Definition
In literature, an antagonist is a character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist or the main character. The term antagonist comes from Greek word “antagonistēs” that means opponent, competitor or rival. It is common to refer to an antagonist as a villain (the bad guy) against whom a hero (the good guy) fights in order to relieve himself or others. In some cases, an antagonist may exist within the protagonist that causes an inner conflict or a moral conflict inside his mind. This inner Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
conflict is a major theme of many literary works e.g. Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce etc. Generally, an antagonist appears as a foil to the main character embodying qualities that are in contrast with the qualities of the main character. Example
In his novel “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”, Robert Louis Stevenson explores the theme of doppelganger in which “Hyde” is not only an evil double of the honorable Dr. Jekyll but his antagonist. “Jekyll” creates “Hyde” by a series of scientific experiments in order to prove his statement: “Man is not truly one, but truly two.” He means that a human soul is a mixture of evil and good. In other words, every man’s antagonist exists within himself. Hyde is the manifestation of the evil that existed in the honorable Dr. Jekyll. Well-known as a respectable Victorian gentleman, Jekyll could never have fulfilled his evil desires. He separates his “evil-self” and gave him a separate identity and thus inventing his own antagonist who, as a result, brings his downfall.
Function of Antagonist Conflict is a basic element of any plot. The presence of an antagonist alongside a protagonist is vital for the typical formula of a plot. The antagonist opposes the protagonist in his endeavors and thus the conflict ensues. The protagonist struggles against the antagonist who takes the plot to a climax and later the conflict is resolved with the defeat of the antagonist or, as in tragedies, with the downfall of the protagonist.
17.
Definition of Antanaclasis
Antanaclasis is a rhetorical device in which a phrase or word is repeatedly used. However, the meaning of a word changes in each case. It is the repetition of a similar word in a sentence with different meanings, or a word is repeated in two or more than two different senses. May of Shakespeare’s literary pieces contain examples of antanaclasis. Like in these lines, “put out the light, then put out the light…” (Othello). The first meaning is that Othello would extinguish the candle and in the second reference its meaning is that he would end Desdemona’s life.
Difference between Epizeuxis and Antanaclasis There is a slight difference between epizeuxis and antanaclasis, though both means the repetition of words, in epizeuxis the words or phrases are repeated in a succession in the same sentence or line. Like, “Alone, alone, all all alone, /Alone on a wide, wide sea….”(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Coleridge). The words or phrases are repeated in a sentence or passage with different meanings. Such as, “I will dissemble myself in’t; and I would I were the first that ever
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
dissembled in such a gown.” (Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare). In this case, the first meaning of dissemble is disguised and the second meaning is to act hypocritically.
Function Antanaclasis Antanaclasis helps in giving an exciting contrast of different meanings to the same word. It enhances the dramatic and persuasive impact of a piece of writing or speech by employing words with contrasting meanings and therefore increases the vocabulary as well. Antanaclasis creates comic effect when used in the form of irony and pun. Apart from that, it makes the literary text memorable due to repetition. It is used as a rhetorical device in poetry, prose and political speeches. Political leaders make use of this technique in order to persuade and draw the attention of audience.
18.
Antecedent Definition
Antecedent is an earlier clause, phrase or word to which a pronoun, another word or a noun refers back to. Broadly speaking, antecedent is a literary device in which a word or pronoun in a line or sentence refers to an earlier word, for instance, “while giving treats to children or friends offer them whatever they like.” In these lines, children and friends are antecedents, while they is a pronoun, referring to friends and children. It is a typical linguistic term and originates from grammar. Often antecedents and their respective pronouns agree in numbers, which means if antecedents are singular, the pronouns that replace them will also be singular. However, sometimes writers might not follow this rule, and we see singular antecedents are replaced with plural pronouns. Likewise, antecedents and their following pronouns have the same gender.
Difference between Antecedent and Postcedent Both of these terms are opposite to each other, as antecedent refers to in front of or before. It is an expression that gives meaning to a proform (a noun, pronoun, pro-adverb or pro-verb). Hence, proforms follow their respective antecedents such as “Elizabeth says, she likes coffee.” Sometimes these proforms or pronouns precede them that are called postcedents, meaning behind or after such as, “when it gets ready, I shall definitely get my cup of tea.”
Common Examples of Antecedent
David plays football in the courtyard. All the children have gathered there. My uncle likes candies. He requests everyone to give him candies as gift. When children are happy, they clap to express their pleasure. The leaves have turned yellow; even then they are on the tree. The bird ate the fish quickly and immediately it died. A good story must a quality about it; it must have characters, setting, narration and dialogues.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Antecedent Antecedent is a very important and useful literary device, as it makes the sense of a sentence clear to the readers. By using references such as they, their, them, it, he and she without any subject would become confusing to understand. Hence, antecedent makes the composition words, grammar and the expression of the writers clear and precise, as without it, a sentence remains vague and cannot convey exact meanings. Besides, it is a tricky concept, however, a worthwhile rule to grasp, because it helps the writers improve their writing style too.
19.
Definition of Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism is a literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions or entire behavior to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena or objects.
Difference between Anthropomorphism and Personification Anthropomorphism is also a type of personification that gives human characteristics to nonhumans or objects especially animals. However, there is a slight difference between these two. Personification is an act of giving human characteristics to animals or objects to create imagery, while anthropomorphism aims to make an animal or object behave and appear like they are human beings. Pinocchio, the famous wooden doll was anthropomorphized when he was given the ability to talk, walk, think, and feel like real boy. Fables and fairy tales usually have characters that can serve as anthropomorphism examples. Example 2
“Comrades, you have heard already about the strange dream that I had last night. But I will come to the dream later. I have something else to say first. I do not think, comrades, that I shall be with you for many months longer, and before I die, I feel it my duty to pass on to you such wisdom as I have acquired. I have had a long life, I have had much time for thought as I lay alone in my stall, and I think I may say that I understand the nature of life on this earth as well as any animal now living. It is about this that I wish to speak to you‌. Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough.â€? (Animal Farm by George Orwell) Animal Farm is one of the perfect examples of anthropomorphism. In this extract, one of the pigs named old Major is delivering a political speech to his fellows against the evils imposed by the human rulers. Here old Major is instigating them to rise to rebellion against a tyrant human. This entire use is a good example of anthropomorphism.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Anthropomorphism There are various reasons for using anthropomorphism. Among which, the major one is to make a wider appeal to the readers. With the use of objects or animals, the story could become visually appealing and non-threatening to the readers. Hence, it could attract the attention of a wide audience (including children) by presenting animated characters in tales and animated movies. In literature, it serves as an effective tool for creating political and social satires. Hence, it has a wider scope than merely to entertain children.
20.
Definition of Anti-Climax
Anti-climax is a rhetorical device which can be defined as a disappointing situation or a sudden transition in discourse from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one. It is when at a specific point, expectations are raised, everything is built-up and then suddenly something boring or disappointing happens; this is an anti-climax. Besides that, the order of statements gradually descends in anti-climax.
Types of Anti-Climax There are two types of anti-climax. The first is used in narrations such as the anti-climax about the overall plot of the story. However, the second one is a figure of speech which could occur anywhere in the story.
Function of Anti-Climax Generally ludicrous or comic effect is produced by anti-climax. When employed intentionally, it devalues the subject. Therefore, it is frequently used for satirical and humorous composition in literature and movies. However, sometimes it is used unintentionally – then it is known as bathos.
21.
Anti-Hero Definition
Anti-hero is a literary device used by writers for a prominent character in a play or book that has characteristics opposite to that of a conventional hero. The protagonist is generally admired for his bravery, strength, charm, ingenuity etc. while an anti-hero is typically clumsy, unsolicited, and unskilled and has both good and bad qualities. The origin of this literary device is marked in 1714 but there have been literary figures who believe that the concept of an anti-hero existed well before that. Recently the usage of anti-hero in television and books has increased and became bolder than ever. Nowadays, there are thousands of shows, books and movies that portray such characters, who are widely admired by audiences.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Anti-Hero Anti-hero can serve a great purpose if used skillfully. An anti-hero brings the spice and flavor to a script that an ordinary hero-villain format cannot. The more secular approach to the idea of using anti-hero shows that it has much more potential as compared to the conventional style. It can be used to represent many things at the same time such as, social flaws, human frailties and political culture. An anti-hero is usually given the most prominent role after the protagonist and is represented as an amalgamation of both good and evil. Instead of having two different people to represent two extremes, an anti-hero combines both into one person and thus shows the real human nature. This is why people associate themselves with some stories better than others. Gulliver of Jonathan Swift and Jean Valjean of Victor Huge are two such characters. They have been portrayed to have flaws but still they held fast to their nature. These two characters can exemplify anyone who has suffered all through their lives but they are not the kind of characters one can look up to. Moreover, in modern society when we are presented with a character that is overly righteous and upright, we find it too good to be true. The social turmoil that the entire world as a community has been facing recently has disposed us to be skeptical of almost everything. The greatness that a conventional antagonist shows is something we do not witness in society, which is why we find it far from reality. Suffering and sorrow are a part of human life. So, we relate better to a character that has suffered through life and has both good and bad sides than a character that is only seen doing good.
22.
Antimetabole Definition
Antimetabole is derived from a Greek word which means “turning about”. It is a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order. “You like it; it likes you” and “Fair is foul and foul is fair” etc. Chiasmus and antimetabole are usually expected to be overlapped in usage and it is also often used as a synonym for Epanados in modern day books. However, the writer would make them distinct through his use.
Famous Antimetabole Examples Just see these examples of how it has been used since the time of Socrates to the present modern age.
“Eat to live, not live to eat.”- Socrates “I go where I please, and I please where I go.” – Attributed to Duke Nukem “In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, Party always finds you!” – Yakov Smirnoff “If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.”
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
What Is the Difference Between Chiasmus and Antimetabole? Antimetabole and chiasmus are very closely related and some experts even use them interchangeably but both the terms still exist to refer to two distinct literary devices. According to scholars, when a sentence is repeated after reversing it so as to convey an idea or stress on a point, it is called chiasmus. Antimetabole is not very much different from chiasmus, only that in an antimetabole the words and grammatical structure is also reversed because just reversing the meaning is not enough. So in the light of the above mentioned facts, it can be deduced that all the antimetaboles are chiasmus, but not all instances of chiasmus are antimetaboles. A chiasmus is a sentence repeated inversely and the only condition of a chiasmic sentence is that the two clauses in the phrase are opposite in meanings. For example, the popular saying by Havelock Ellis’s, “Charm is a woman’s strength, strength is a man’s charm,” The aforementioned sentence, although, is an example of chiasmus but is not an antimetabole because the two clauses have opposite meanings but the words and the grammatical makeup are dissimilar. In an antimetabole the word order in a sentence is reversed to contrast the meanings. One very good example is Mae West’s catchphrase, “It’s not the men in my life; it’s the life in my men.” As you can see, in this sentence the words, rhythm and grammatical structure used in the second sentence are exactly similar to the first one but only the meaning is opposite. Many experts refer to antimetabole as a subtype of chiasmus.
Functions and Effectiveness of Antimetaboles For antimetaboles to be effective, they do not only have to be grammatically correct but should also be logical. People after studying literature for a while start thinking that they can churn out antimetaboles with a snap of a finger. They fail to understand the fact that a sentence cannot be called an antimetaboles if it is not based on a logical theme. For instance, you may witness a ‘smart Alec’ come up with a sentence like this and expect it to qualify for an antimetabole, which clearly is not the case. Antimetaboles are popular and effective solely because they appeal to reason and are easy to remember. If the first half is relatable, then the reader or listener automatically will make sense out of the second half. For example: “It is not about the years in your life, but about the life in your years.” A sentence like this can be called an antimetabole because it is appealing, correct (logic and grammar) and has a message to convey to the readers.
23.
Definition of Antiphrasis
Antiphrasis originated from a Greek word antiphrasis, which means opposite word. Antiphrasis is a figurative speech in which a phrase or word is employed in a way that is opposite to its literal
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
meaning in order to create an ironic or comic effect. In simple words, it is the use of phrases or words in their opposite sense than the real meaning. Examples of antiphrasis include this: “Yes, I killed him. I killed him for money–and a woman– and I didn’t get the money and I didn’t get the woman. Pretty, isn’t it…..” (Double Indemnity by Billy Wilder and Raymond). Here, the speaker is making ironic statement by using opposite sense of the word pretty. He has committed murder, yet he describes his act “pretty”.
Function of Antiphrasis Like other rhetorical devices, antiphrasis also brings about additional meanings to a text and situation. The use of opposite meanings of situations and statements in literature draws readers’ interest. Besides, it makes the literary piece of writing more captivating and helps the readers make use of their own thoughts, and understand the underlying meaning of the words and phrases. It is also frequently employed in everyday situations and expressions. Furthermore, it brings the literary piece of writing closer to real life.
24.
Definition of Antistrophe
Antistrophe is a derivative of a Greek word that means “turning back”. It is defined as a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of the same words at the end of consecutive phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs. Like in the following excerpt, the phrase “but it is not this day” comes repeatedly at the end, “A day may come when the courage of men fails, when we forsake our friends and break the bonds of fellowship, but it is not this day. An hour of wolves and shattered shields, when the age of men comes crashing down, but it is not this day. This day we fight…” (The Return of the King by J. R. R. Tolkien)
Similarity with Epistrophe Antistrophe is similar to epistrophe, which also involves the repetition of words at the end of successive clauses or sentences. However, it is opposite to anaphora, which is repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or clauses.
Function of Antistrophe The main function of this rhetorical device is to give emphasizes on a particular thought or idea. The repetitions of words help in making the text pleasurable to read. Besides poetry, this is a rhetorical device found in a range of works such as music, literature, political speeches and sacred texts like the Bible to highlight a point or idea. The pattern and rhythm created with the
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
use of Antistrophe enables the writers to appeal to the readers’ emotions and helps them appreciate a text better.
25.
Antithesis Definition
Antithesis, literal meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. Antithesis emphasizes the idea of contrast by parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers. For example: “Setting foot on the moon may be a small step for a man but a giant step for mankind.” The use of contrasting ideas, “a small step” and “a giant step”, in the sentence above emphasizes the significance of one of the biggest landmarks of human history.
Common Antithesis Examples Some famous antithetical statements have become part of our everyday speech and are frequently used in arguments and discussions. Below is the list of some antithetical statements:
Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. Man proposes, God disposes. Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing. Speech is silver, but silence is gold. Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit. Money is the root of all evils: poverty is the fruit of all goodness. You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart.
Function of Antithesis A literary device like antithesis uses words to convey ideas in different ways from the common words and expressions of daily life. Thus, it conveys meaning more vividly than ordinary speech. When contrasting ideas are brought together, the idea is expressed more emphatically. As a literary device, antithesis makes contrasts in order to examine pros and cons of a subject under discussion and helps to bring forth judgment on that particular subject.
26.
Aphorism Definition
Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral and literary principles.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
To qualify as an aphorism, it is necessary for a statement to contain a truth revealed in a terse manner. Aphoristic statements are quoted in writings as well as in our daily speech. The fact that they contain a truth gives them a universal acceptance. Scores of philosophers, politicians, writers, artists and sportsman and other individuals are remembered for their famous aphoristic statements. Aphorisms often come with a pinch of humor, which makes them more appealing to the masses. Proverbs, maxims, adages and clichés are different forms of aphoristic statements that gain prevalence from generation to generation and frequently appear in our day-to-day speech.
Common Aphorism Examples Let us look at some aphorism examples:
Youth is a blunder; Manhood a struggle; Old age regret. [Benjamin Disraeli] Pride hath fall. [Proverb] The man who removes a mountain begins by carrying away small stones. [William Faulkner] Life’s Tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too late. [Benjamin Franklin] Yesterday is but today’s memory, and tomorrow is today’s dream. [Khalil Gibran] The simplest questions are the hardest to answer. [Northrop Frye] A proverb is no proverb to you till life has illustrated it. [John Keats] Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind. [Rudyard Kipling]
Function of Aphorism As already mentioned in the above discussion, making use of aphorisms allows a writer to teach a philosophical or moral truth. The revealed truths prove relevant to human experiences of real life. Therefore, the readers relate the piece of literature to real life and become more fascinated and vigilant in their reading. Moreover, as truths are universal, revealing general truths in literature, adds to their universal commendation. Motivational speeches quote aphorisms from such sources to inspire motivation among individuals.
27.
Definition of Aphorismus
Aphorismus is borrowed from a Greek word that means marking off, banishment or rejection. It is a figure of speech that brings into question the meaning of words in case the words are used inappropriately. Aphorismus often appears as a rhetorical question used to create a difference between the current situation being discussed and the general idea of the subject. Aphorismus examples are found both in casual conversations and in literary pieces.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Difference between Aphorismus and Aphorism Aphorismus should not be confused with aphorism, because aphorismus is challenging the meaning of words by pointing out a question such as, “I am Pozzo! (Silence.) Pozzo! (Silence.) Does that name mean nothing to you? (Silence.) I say does that name mean nothing to you?” (Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett). However, aphorism is totally a different figure of speech that is a brief statement containing personal truth or a phrase that conveys a principle of thought. In these lines, Bacon has said, “Praise is the reflection of the virtue. But it is the reflection glass or body which giveth the reflection.”( Of Praise by Francis Bacon).
Function of Aphorismus The role of aphorismus is to emphasize the meanings of a sentence or phrase by challenging or raising questions about it. It brings into question the underlying meanings of words and phrases, since the meaning of words can have a variety of connotations which help extend and enrich the language. Therefore, the role of aphorismus is important in literary texts to challenge the meanings by questioning about one of its forms. Also, it makes a phrase memorable and arouses emotions by raising questions.
28.
Definition of Aporia
Aporia is a figure of speech wherein a speaker purports or expresses to be in doubt or in perplexity regarding a question (often feigned) and asks the audience how he/she ought to proceed. The doubts may appear as rhetorical questions often in the beginning of the text. Aporia is a logical paradox in which the speaker sows seeds of doubts in a subject. This rhetorical strategy can make the audience feel sympathetic about the speaker regarding the dilemma he is in.
Features of Aporia
Aporia is used as a rhetorical device in literature. It is also called as dubitation, which means that the uncertainty is always untruthful. It could be a question as well as a statement. It is often used in philosophy. It relates to philosophical questions and subjects which have no obvious answers. Plato and Socrates were well-known for using aporia.
Example #1
“To be, or not to be: that is the question. Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep; Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all.….” (Hamlet by William Shakespeare) This is a prominent example of aporia available in English literature. This is an opening soliloquy of Hamlet in the play. Here, the statement “to be or not to be” is such a question that introduces the uncertainty that characterizes the paragraph.
Function of Aporia Aporia is an expression of doubt or uncertainty. When uncertainty and doubt is genuine, it can indicate a real impasse and stimulate the audience to consider different options for resolution. It could show the humbleness of a speaker if the doubt he expresses is genuine. However, it functions to provide guidance to the audience as to what the speaker wants to say if the doubt is insincere. Aporia causes uncertainty and makes the audience to discover the certainty through subsequent statements of the speaker. The main objective is to provide the audience a chance to analyze and judge the situation.
29.
Definition of Aposiopesis
Aposiopesis is derived from a Greek word that means “becoming silent”. It is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a figure of speech in which the speaker or writer breaks off abruptly and leaves the statement incomplete, as if the speaker is not willing to state what is present in his mind due to being overcome by passion, excitement or fear. In a piece of literature, it means to leave a sentence unfinished so that the reader could determine his own meanings.
Types of Aposiopesis Aposiopesis examples may be classified according to the following types:
Emotive aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is used in conditions of conflicts between emotional outbursts of a speaker and environment that does not react. Usually, the writer or speaker pauses in the middle of a sentence. Calculated aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is based on the conflict of missing thought and its opposing force that rejects the substance of that thought. Hence, the idea is removed that is explicitly expressed afterwards. Audience-respecting aposiopesis – It is based on the removal of thoughts which are unpleasant to the readers or offensive to the audience. Transitio-aposiopesis – It removes the ideas from the end part of a speech in order to immediately get the audience interested in the subsequent section.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Emphatic aposiopesis – It avoids the use of full utterance to present the idea as greater and really inexpressible.
Example #1
King Lear: I will have revenges on you both That all the world shall–I will do such things– What they are yet, I know not; but they shall be The terrors of the earth! (King Lear by William Shakespeare) Shakespeare has used this technique wonderfully to show moods of his characters. Here, it is employed when King Lear gets furious against his wicked daughters. He cannot declare punishment but he breaks down and burst into tears.
Function of Aposiopesis The purpose of using aposiopesis is to create dramatic or comic effects. The writers or speakers use it whenever they want to express ideas which are too overwhelming to finish. Several playwrights use this technique to make the dialogues seem sincere and realistic. But the most effective use of aposiopesis is seen when the readers successfully figure out the missing thoughts that the writer has left unfinished.
30.
Apostrophe Definition
In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation “O”. A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech. It is important not to confuse the apostrophe which is a figure of speech and the apostrophe which is a punctuation mark (‘). It shows possession or a mark to indicate omission of one or more letters (contractions) while apostrophe used in literature is an arrangement of words addressing a non-existent person or an abstract idea in such a way as if it were present and capable of understanding feelings.
Apostrophe Examples from Literature English literature is replete with instances of apostrophe. Let us have a look at a few examples. Example #1
William Shakespeare makes use of an apostrophe in his play “Macbeth”:
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
“Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee! I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.” In his mental conflict before murdering King Duncan, Macbeth has a strange vision of a dagger and talks to it as if it were another person.
Function of Apostrophe By employing apostrophe in their literary works, writers try to bring abstract ideas or nonexistent persons to life so that the nature of emotions they want to communicate gets across in a better way – because it is more convenient for the readers to relate themselves to the abstract emotions when they observe them in their natural surroundings. In addition, the use of apostrophe motivates the readers to develop a perspective that is fresh as well as creative.
31.
Definition of Appositive
When a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renames or identifies it, this is called appositive. This is a literary device that appears before or after a noun or noun phrase. It is always used with commas. Simply, we can define it as a noun phrase or a noun that defines or explains another noun, which it follows. In this grammatical structure, writers place elements like noun phrases side by side where one element serves to define the other, and one is in apposition to the other. For instance, “We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages.” (A Hanging by George Orwell) In this line, “the condemned cells” is a noun phrase, while “a row of sheds” is an appositive that explains this noun phrase.
Types of Appositive Restrictive Appositive
It gives essential information to identify the phrase or noun in apposition. It clarifies the meaning of a phrase but if the appositive is removed, the meaning of entire sentence changes. Commas are not necessarily used in this type of appositive such as “John’s friend, Michael, likes chocolates.” Here John has others friends, but the statement is restricted to only Michael. Non-Restrictive Appositive
It gives non-essential or extra information, which is not important to identify the phrase or noun in apposition. This type of appositive is often used with commas, for example, “John, my friend, likes to eat chocolates.” Here, my friend is non-restrictive appositive, which is not necessary to be used for identifying John.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Appositive The function of appositive in literary works is to provide information, which is either essential or additional. It also gives meanings to different sentences in literary texts, and helps in identifying other nouns. Besides, an appositive noun also defines, explains and clarify the meanings of a sentence. It is helpful to combine sentences to avoid e faulty, too many choppy and short sentences. In addition, an appositive phrases give variety to a literary work by using sentences of varied lengths, allowing the writers to use interesting details with smooth flow of reading experience.
32.
Definition of Archaism
Archaism is the derivative of a Greek word, archaïkós, which means beginning or ancient. It is a figure of speech in which a used phrase or word is considered very old fashioned and outdated. It can be a word, a phrase, a group of letters, spellings and syntax.. Archaism is the use of writing or speech which is now rarely used. It is the use of older versions of language and art. Such as in these lines, “To thine own self be true” (Hamlet by William Shakespeare). Sentences that may be considered as examples of archaism will most probably contain the words “thine” and “thou”.
Evolution of Archaism Archaism is also known as the archaic diction. Languages evolve over the years. The English language which Shakespeare has written and spoken is very different from the English which is used today. The use of archaic language were found in the literary works of ancient medieval ages, as well as in the Victorian, Edwardian, 19th and 20th centuries. Example #4
Perhaps he loves you now, And now no soil nor cautel doth besmirch The virtue of his will There- my blessing with thee! And these few precepts in thy memory Look thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue, 545…. I find thee apt; And duller shouldst thou be than the fat weed That rots itself in ease on Lethe wharf, 770 Wouldst thou not stir in this… (Hamlet by William Shakespeare)
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Shakespeare is famous for using archaic words to make his work more rhythmic, realistic and to draw the attention of readers. Here, “doth, thou, shouldst, thee and thy” are considered as archaic.
Function of Archaism Archaism is frequently used in poetry, prose, science, law, geography, ritual and technology speech and writing. It may have been used accidentally or purposefully. The role of archaism in history is to suggest a superior, but maybe mythical, ancient golden age. Also, it can be used for creating humor and irony. However, the most effective use of archaism are in poetry. The sound patterns of the archaic words are helpful when it comes to assonance, alliteration and rhyme scheme.
33.
Archetype Definition
In literature, an archetype is a typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature. An archetype, also known as universal symbol, may be a character, a theme, a symbol or even a setting. Many literary critics are of the opinion that archetypes, which have a common and recurring representation in a particular human culture or entire human race, shape the structure and function of a literary work. Carl Jung, Swiss psychologist, argued that the root of an archetype is in the “collective unconscious” of mankind. The phrase “collective unconscious” refers to experiences shared by a race or culture. This includes love, religion, death, birth, life, struggle, survival etc. These experiences exist in the subconscious of every individual and are recreated in literary works or in other forms of art. Example #6
The Scapegoat: A character that takes the blame of everything bad that happens e.g. Snowball in Orwell’s “Animal Farm” etc.
Function of Archetype The use of archetypical characters and situations gives a literary work a universal acceptance, as readers identify the characters and situations in their social and cultural context. By using common archetype, the writers attempt to impart realism to their works, as the situations and characters are drawn from the experiences of the world.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
34.
Argument Definition
An argument is the main statement of a poem, an essay, a short story, or a novel that usually appears as an introduction or a point on which the writer will develop his work in order to convince his readers. Literature does not merely entertain. It also intends to shape the outlook of the readers. Therefore, an argument does not intend to serve only as an introduction but it attracts the reader’s focus to an issue that will be made clear gradually.
Common Argument Examples In our everyday life, we use different arguments in our discussions to convince others to accept our viewpoint. We do it in the same way in literature i.e. we believe and state what is true and then we gradually build an argument around it to make others believe that what we think is relevant and true. For example, we take a subject as an argument like “Internet is a good invention”. Then, we support it with logical reasons such as “It is a source of information,” and “It is a hub of entertainment,” and so on. In the end, we conclude the argument by giving our verdict. Example #1
Charles Dickens starts his novel with a literary argument: “Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show.” The above opening line is considered one of the best opening lines of a novel. It becomes the main statement or argument of the novel as the whole novel depicts the adventures of the narrator “David”. Many people let him down and many others support him in hard times. In the end, he alone was not the hero of his life but there were others who deserve the same status.
Function of an Argument Literature, on face value, may be looked as a tool to entertain us with attractive verse with sweet melody or with a story with instances of humor or emotion displayed by interesting characters. However, this is not its ultimate aim. Writers consider literature as a powerful tool in their hands to shape or reform our thinking. Arguments come into play at this time. Writers carefully play with words, as well as give reasons and examples, to persuade us to their point of view. Our outlook is molded by words that also entertain us.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
35.
Aside Definition
Normally playwrights use dialogues to express their characters, but often it becomes difficult for them to express the thinking of their characters. Hence, they use a typical dramatic device, aside, that solves this problem. It is a short comment or speech that a character delivers directly to the audience or to himself, while other actors on the stage cannot listen. Only the audience can realize that an actor has expressed speech for them. In essence, through aside, a character comments on what happens in the play. Simply, we can define aside as a short commentary that reveals private opinions and reactions of the character. However, it refers to the major conflict in a play though it may not involve his personal conflict.
Difference between Aside and Soliloquy Both these terms are dramatic devices that have some similarities and differences. The similarity between them is that a single character speaks directly to himself/herself, or the audience and no other character can hear character’s speech. The difference between them is that an aside is a shorter comment, while a soliloquy is a longer speech and another difference is that aside reveals hidden secrets or judgments, whereas the soliloquy reveals motives, inner thoughts or internal struggles going in the mind of the character.
Function Aside gives special information to the audience about the plot and other actors onstage. It is like a window into the thoughts of characters. Since aside is a comment about the characters without bringing into their knowledge, it gives better understanding to the audience about the essence of the matter. Asides also give enjoyable experience to the audience as an actor talks to them directly, drawing them closer to his/her actions and thoughts. They can enter into true thoughts and feelings of actors. However, in comedies, asides are delightful and as a result, playwrights could imagine how the audience enjoys their work.
36.
Assonance Definition
Assonance takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds. For instance, “Men sell the wedding bells.” The same vowel sound of the short vowel “-e-” repeats itself in almost all the words excluding the definite article. The words do share the same vowel sounds but start with different consonant sounds unlike alliteration that involves repetition of the same consonant sounds. Below are a few assonance examples that are more common:
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Common Assonance Examples
We light fire on the mountain. I feel depressed and restless. Go and mow the lawn. Johnny went here and there and everywhere. The engineer held the steering to steer the vehicle.
Function of Assonance Similar to any other literary device, assonance also has a very important role to play in both poetry and prose. Writers use it as a tool to enhance a musical effect in the text by using it for creating internal rhyme, which consequently enhances the pleasure of reading a literary piece. In addition, it helps writers to develop a particular mood in the text that corresponds with its subject matter.
37.
Definition of Asyndeton
Asyndeton is derived from a Greek word asyndeton which means unconnected. It is a stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy. This literary tool helps in reducing the indirect meaning of the phrase and presents it in a concise form. It started to be seen in Greek and Latin literature.
Types of Asyndeton Asyndeton examples may be classified into two types
A. One type of asyndeton is used between words, phrases and a sentence. For example: “Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?” (Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1 by William Shakespeare) B. Second type is used between sentences or clauses. For example: Without looking, without making a sound, without talking (Oedipus at Colonus by Sophecles)
Difference between Syndeton and Asyndeton Syndeton and asyndeton are opposite to each other. Syndeton includes addition of multiple conjunctions such as in “He eats and sleeps and drinks.” On the other hand, asyndeton is the elimination or leaving out of conjunctions such as in “He eats, sleeps, drinks.” Both create a completely different effect. Syndeton slows down the rhythm of speech and makes it moderate whereas asyndeton speeds up the rhythm of the speech. Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Asyndeton Asyndeton helps in speeding up the rhythm of words. Mostly this technique is employed in speech but can be used in written works too. It helps in attracting the readers to collaborate with the writers, since it suggests that words, phrases and sentences are incomplete and the readers would have to do some work to deduce meanings. This version creates immediate impact and the readers are attuned to what the author is trying to convey. Asyndeton are applied often intentionally in order to give a unique emphasis to the text, thereby drawing the attention of readers towards a particular idea the author wants to convey.
38.
Definition of Atmosphere
A literary technique, atmosphere is a type of feelings that readers get from a narrative based on details such as settings, background, objects and foreshadowing, etc. A mood can serve as a vehicle for establishing atmosphere. In literary works, atmosphere refers to emotions or feelings an author conveys to his readers through description of objects and settings, such as J. K. Rowling in Harry Potter tales, spins a whimsical and enthralling atmosphere. Bear in mind that atmosphere may vary throughout a literary piece.
Difference between Atmosphere and Mood Many people use both terms interchangeably, as there is no concrete difference between them. However, in literature we find a mild difference, because atmosphere is a broader term that may prevail in an entire venue such as we can refer emotions filled in a particular vicinity such as in theater. However, mood is more specific and narrow term, concerning emotions of a certain individual or group of individuals, and it does not incorporate the emotions or feelings radiating throughout a venue. Simply, mood is about internal feelings, while atmosphere exists at a particular spot. Besides, a mood contributes for building up the entire atmosphere of a narrative.
Function of Atmosphere The purpose of establishing atmosphere is to create emotional effects. It makes a literary work lively, fascinating and interesting by keeping them more engaged to the story. It appeals to the readers’ senses by making the description more real to make them to comprehend the idea easily. Since atmosphere makes the audience feel in an indirect way, writers can convey harsh feelings with less severity. Writers control the impact of prevailing atmosphere by changing the description of settings and objects.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
B 39.
Ballad Examples
The word Ballad is of French provenance. It is a type of poetry or verse which was basically used in dance songs in the ancient France. Later on, during the late 16th and 17th century, it spread over the majority of European nations. Owing to its popularity and emotional appeal, it remained a powerful tool for poets and lyricists to prepare music in the form of lyrical ballads and earn a handsome income from it. The art of Lyrical ballad as well as Ballad poetry lost popularity during the latter half of the 19th century. However, it is still read and listened to with interest in most of European countries including the British Isles.
Evolution of Ballad Two schools of thoughts, namely Communal school of thought and Individualists school of thought, have dominated the world of ballad through its development. Communalists believe that the evolution of the ballad was a result of the joined and shared literary endeavors of many people. Individualists negate this approach to the extent that they consider the later development as a modification of the archetype. Most of the ballad examples in ancient times used to be passed to the next generation through oral traditions. This is because there was no language in which to write them down. However, in the modern world, the preservation and transmission of such literary treasures has become easier. The availability of advanced technology and common languages has not only improved the documentation but the accessibility of these resources for people in every part of the world, as well.
Distinguishing Features of Ballads Ballads, no matter which category they fall in, mostly rely on simple and easy-to-understand language or dialect from its origin. Stories about hardships, tragedies, love and romance are standard ingredients of ballads. This is irrespective of geographical origins. Another conspicuous element of any ballad is the recurrence of certain lines at regular intervals. Ballads can also be in interrogative form with appropriate answers to every question they ask. Ballads seldom offer a direct message about a certain event, character or situation. It is left to the audience to deduce the moral of the story from the whole narration. Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Divisions of Ballad Following is the list of broad categories of ballad;
Stall ballads Lyrical ballads Popular ballads Blue ballads Bush Ballads Fusion ballads (pop and rock)/Modern ballads
All these categories are primarily meant to convey popular messages, stories or historical events to audiences in the form of songs and poetry.
Ballad Examples The world of literature and music is replete with examples of ballad. The following paragraphs offer extracts of some of the popular ballads. Example #1
“Tam Lin” is an example of a popular (traditional) ballad. ‘O I forbid you, maiden all, That wears gold in your hair, To come or go by Carterhaugh For young Tam Lin is there.
Functions of Ballad Ballads, as stage performance, enjoyed the status of being one of the main sources of entertainment in ancient times. Legends and historical events were narrated in the form of a ballad which would comprise song and dance. Ballad was a perfect substitute for our current day technology-based entertainment, albeit with more emotional appeal. In the 18th century, the ballad based stage entertainment came to be known as Ballad Opera. According to ballad aficionados, the first formal Ballad opera was staged in the first half of 18th century with the theme of “the Beggars Opera”.
40.
Bathos Definition
Bathos is a literary term derived from a Greek word meaning “depth”. Bathos is when a writer or a poet falls into inconsequential and absurd metaphors, descriptions or ideas in an effort to be increasingly emotional or passionate. Some confuse with pathos. The term was used by
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Alexander Pope to explain the blunders committed inadvertently by unskilled writers or poets. However, later on, the comic writers used it intentionally to create humorous effects. The most commonly used Bathos involves a sequence of items that descend from worthiness to silliness.
Functions of Bathos Bathos is a device, which if used skillfully, can really build up a nice comic scene. Bathos brings a certain degree of wit to a scene by highlighting the contrast in tone. Initially, it is used to create a serious and powerful dramatic situation. This might be slightly hard to create for comedy writers. Thus, comedy writers must be very careful when they insert jokes here and there in the middle of a serious scene. There is a great danger that their jokes will break the tempo of a serious scene in a prose.
41.
Bildungsroman Definition
Bildungsroman is a special kind of novel that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of its main character from his or her youth to adulthood. A Bildungsroman is a story of the growing up of a sensitive person who looks for answers to his questions through different experiences. Generally, such a novel starts with a loss or a tragedy that disturbs the main character emotionally. He or she leaves on a journey to fill that vacuum. During the journey, the protagonist gains maturity gradually and with difficulty. Usually, the plot depicts a conflict between the protagonist and the values of society. Finally, he or she accepts those values and they are accepted by the society, ending the dissatisfaction. Such a type of novel is also known as a coming-of-age novel.
Function of Bildungsroman The Bildungsroman novel depicts and criticizes those vices of the society which cause the protagonist to suffer. The novel conveys a sense of realism because the protagonist is a common sensitive person who is affected by the loss that they suffer and this loss, ultimately, changes the course of their life. In addition, the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist gives us a deep insight into their characters and also helps to understand the conflict in their lives. As a result, we can identify ourselves with the coming-of-age characters and feel emotionally attached and interested as we see them pass different stages of their lives until they finally change for the good.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
42.
Biography Definition
A biography is simply a bio that gives an account or detailed description about the life of a person. It entails basic facts such as childhood, education, career, relationships, family and death. Biography is a literary genre that portrays the experiences of all these events occurred in the life of a person mostly in a chronological order. Unlike a resume or profile, biography provides life story of a subject, highlighting different aspects of his/her life. The person or the writer, who writes biographies, is called as a biographer.
Types of Biography There are three types of biography: Autobiography
It tells the story of a person’s life, who writes it himself or herself. However, sometimes he/she may take guidance from a ghostwriter or collaborator. Biography
It narrates the life story of a person written by another person or writer. It is further divided into five categories:
Popular biography Historical biography Literary biography Reference biography Fictional biography
Memoir
This is a more focused term than an autobiography or a biography. In a memoir, a writer himself/herself narrates the details of a particular event or situation occurred in his/her lifetime.
Function of Biography The function of writing biographies is to provide details regarding the life of a person or a thing in an entertaining but informative manner. By the end of a biography, the readers feel like they are well acquainted with the subject. Biographies are often non-fictional, but many biographers also use novel-like format, because a story line would be become more entertaining with the inclusion of strong exposition, rising conflict and then climax. Besides, the most inspirational life stories could motivate and put confidence into the readers.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
43.
Definition of Blank Verse
Blank verse is a literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. In poetry and prose, it has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter); where, unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones and five of which are stressed but do not rhyme. It is also known as un-rhymed iambic pentameter.
Features of Blank Verse
Blank verse poetry has no fixed number of lines. It has a conventional meter that is used for verse drama and long narrative poems. It is often used in descriptive and reflective poems and dramatic monologues — the poems in which a single character delivers his thoughts in the form of a speech. Blank verse can be composed in any kind of meter, such as iamb, trochee, spondee and dactyl.
Types of Blank Verse Poetry
Iamb pentameter blank verse (unstressed/stressed syllables) Trochee blank verse (stressed/unstressed syllables) Anapest blank verse (unstressed/unstressed/stressed syllables) Dactyl blank verse (stressed/unstressed/unstressed syllables)
Function of Blank Verse Originated from Latin and Greek sources, blank verse is widely employed as a vehicle in English dramatic poetry and prose to create specific grandeur. Blank verse has similarity to normal speech but it is written in a variety of patterns, which bring interruptions such as pauses. Therefore, the intention is to produce a formal rhythmical pattern that creates musical effects. Hence, it tends to capture the attention of the readers and the listeners, which is its primary objective.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
C 44.
Cacophony Definition
If we speak literally, cacophony points to a situation where there is a mixture of harsh and inharmonious sounds. In literature, however, the term refers to the use of words with sharp, harsh, hissing and unmelodious sounds primarily those of consonants to achieve desired results.
Common Cacophony Examples In everyday life, one of the examples of cacophony would be the amalgamation of different sounds you hear in a busy city street or market. You hear sounds of vehicles, announcements on loudspeakers, music, and chatter of people or even a dog barking at the same time and without any harmony. You can rightly point to the situation as being the cacophony of a busy street or market. We can notice the manifestation of cacophony in language as well; for instance in the sentence: “I detest war because cause of war is always trivial.” The part “because cause” is cacophony as because is followed by a word cause that has a similar sound but different meaning. Generally, it sounds unpleasant as the same sound is repeated in two different words. Similarly, a discordant sound of a musical band, tuning up their musical instruments, is also an example of cacophony.
Cacophony and Euphony Cacophony is opposite to euphony which is the use of words having pleasant and harmonious effects. Generally, the vowels, semi-vowels and the nasal consonants e.g. l, m, n, r, y are considered to be euphonious. Cacophony, on the other hand, uses consonants in combinations which requires explosive delivery e.g., p, b, d, g, k, ch-, sh- etc.
Function of Cacophony Writers use cacophony as a tool to describe a discordant situation using discordant words. The use of such words allows readers to picture and feel the unpleasantness of the situation the writer has described through words.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
45.
Definition of Cadence
Cadence is derived from a Latin word “cadentia” that means “a falling”. It is the term used to signal the rising and falling of the voice when reading a literary piece. In poetry, it is the momentary changes in rhythm and pitch. Cadences help set the rhythmic paces of a literary piece.
Types of Cadences Most of the cadence examples in literature fall under either one of these:
Imperfect or half cadence – In poetry, a half cadence is a pause. Half cadence is represented with a comma and semi-colon in poetry and prose. This rhythm does not sound final and often the lines end with indecisive tension. 2. Perfect or authentic cadence – It comes at the end of the phrase in a poem.
Function of Cadence Cadence is a musical movement. It can be described by melodic, rhythmic or harmonic characteristics. It is used to establish sectional articulation and closure. However, the basic purpose of cadence is a communicative function that indicates to the listeners when a part ends and therefore helps them elucidate the formal composition of the piece. Cadences are used in poetry and in music where they sync with a variety of musical idioms. Poets use cadence to put rhythm in their poems. Cadence plays a significant role in making the sounds and the senses in a poem connect to each other.
46.
Caricature Definition
Caricature is a device used in descriptive writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect. In other words, it can be defined as a plastic illustration, derisive drawing or a portrayal based on exaggeration of the natural features, which gives a humorous touch to the subject. During the 16th century, numerous painters (Holbein, Bruegel, and Bosch for example) used particular aspects of caricature in their work. However, it did not involve anything comic until the 17th century. . Later, in the 18th century, Carracci introduced caricature in a witty way in his work. Caricatures started gaining popularity in England when artists like Hogarth, Rowlandson, and Gillray followed Carracci’s footsteps. The genre slowly developed to accommodate social and political satire as well.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Caricature The caricature examples above have underlined the functions and role of caricature and how it has evolved in modern day literature. Coming up with novel ideas to explain oneself and the nature of the human race in general is not something new to the world. This sort of representation has been witnessed since the time when men lived in caves. Caricature was introduced to the masses during the age of enlightenment and it bestowed the age it belongs to, with its subtlety and critical attitude. As a branch of modernism, it played a great role in expressing facts that were suppressed because of the conformists in the society at that point in time. It was a reminder for those who believed that the sword was mightier than the pen and it started being used as a visual expression of conventional society. Nowadays, caricature is a highly dignified form of art that is approved of and used worldwide. Newspaper editors show great respect for the artists who create the caricatures for their papers and therefore, are allowed to publish caricatures that might even represent a conflicting ideology. Where this distinctive form of art can be used to portray important and transforming social and political ideas, can also end up being provocative to certain groups. Underdeveloped countries have had a hard time warming up to this form of expression because they believe it is a creation of evil by governments.
47.
Definition of Catachresis
Catachresis is a figure of speech in which writers use mixed metaphors in an inappropriate way to create rhetorical effect. Often, it is used intentionally to create a unique expression. Catachresis is also known as an exaggerated comparison between two ideas or objects.
Features of Catachresis Mixed metaphors are good examples of catachresis and writers often use them to create rhetorical effects. They are used to express extreme alienation or heightened emotions. Catachresis is considered as a mistake in language as it may change the meanings of words. It is a combination of different types of figures of speech. It is prominently used in post-structuralist literary works, since those writers were expert in using wordplay and creating confusion in literary texts, which is an important part of catachresis.
Some Forms of Catachresis
Sometimes a word is used to indicate something completely different from the literal meaning of that word. Such as in this example, “Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon’s purse; that is, one may reach deep enough, and find little” (Timon of Athens by William Shakespeare). Sometimes a word is used to indicate something whose actual name is not used like, “A chair’s arm.” Sometimes a paradoxical statement is used to create illogical strained metaphors. Such as, “Take arms against a sea of troubles…”
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Abusio is a subtype of catachresis, which results from the combination of two metaphors.
Function of Catachresis Catachresis can be used both in poetry as well as prose. In poetry it is used by misusing a phrase or word to deliberately create a mixed metaphor. Poets use catachresis to achieve a stylistic effect or exert great compression in both comic as well as serious writing. Also, sometimes it is used to create a reference that did not exist but the major reason of using this technique is to express the ideas in a unique and creative way.
48.
Catharsis Definition
A Catharsis is an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress. Catharsis is a Greek word and it means cleansing. In literature it is used for the cleansing of emotions of the characters. It can also be any other radical change that leads to emotional rejuvenation of a person. Originally, the term was used as a metaphor in Poetics by Aristotle to explain the impact of tragedy on the audiences. He believed that catharsis was the ultimate end of a tragic artistic work and it marked its quality. He further said in Poetics: “Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . . through pity [eleos] and fear [phobos] effecting the proper purgation [catharsis] of these emotions” (c. 350 BCE, Book 6.2).
Function of Catharsis: Dramatic uses In dramatic art the term catharsis explains the impact of tragedy, comedy or any other form of art on the audience and in some cases even on the performers themselves. Aristotle did not elaborate on the meaning of “catharsis” and the way he used it in defining tragedy in the Poetics (1449b2128). According to G.F. Else, the conventional and the most prevalent explanation of catharsis as “purgation” or “cleansing” does not have a basis in the Poetics. It has rather stemmed from other non-Aristotelian and Aristotelian contexts. Such confusion regarding the origin of the term has led to assorted interpretations of its meaning. An authoritative version of the Poetics by D.W. Lucas thoroughly covered, in an Appendix dedicated to “Pity, Fear, and Katharsis”, the different shades of meaning and aspects inherent in the interpretation of the word (Aristotle: Poetics, Oxford, 1968, pp. 276–79). Lucas identifies that there is a chance that catharsis may have some aspect of meanings like “purgation”, “intellectual clarification” and “purification”.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
However, the kind of discussion he conducts on these terms is not as precise as other leading scholars would want it to be. He does not consider any interpretations other than his own and rather takes a different approach. His approach is centered on “the Greek doctrine of Humours”, which was not received too well. The most common interpretations of the term are purgation and purification, and are still widely used. The most recent interpretation of the term catharsis is “intellectual clarification”..
49.
Characterization Definition
Characterization is a literary device that is used step by step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a story. It is in the initial stage where the writer introduces the character with noticeable emergence and then following the introduction of the character, the writer often talks about his behavior; then as the story progresses, the thought-process of the character. The next stage involves the character expressing his opinions and ideas and getting into conversations with the rest of the characters. The final part shows how others in the story respond to the character’s personality. Characterization as a literary tool was coined in the mid 15th century. Aristotle in his Poetics argued that “tragedy is a representation, not of men, but of action and life”. Thus the assertion of the dominance of plot over characters, termed as plot-driven narrative, is unmistakable. This point of view was later on abandoned by many because, in the 19th century, the dominance of character over plot became clear through petty bourgeois novels.
Types of Characterization An author can use two approaches to deliver information about a character and build an image of it: 1. Direct or explicit characterization This kind of characterization takes a direct approach towards building the character. It uses another character, narrator or the protagonist himself to tell the readers or audience about the subject. 2. Indirect or implicit characterization This is a more subtle way of introducing the character to the audience. The audience has to deduce for themselves the characteristics of the character by observing his/her thought process, behavior, speech, way of talking, appearance, and way of communication with other characters and also by discerning the response of other characters.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Characterization in Drama On stage or in front of the camera, the actors usually do not have much time to characterize. This is why the character faces the risk of coming across as underdeveloped. In dramaturgy, the realists take a different approach by relying on implied characterization. This is pivotal to the theme of their character-driven narrative. Examples of these playwrights are Anton Chekhov, Henrik Ibsen, and August Strindberg. Classic psychological characterization examples such as “The Seagull” usually build the main character in a more indirect manner. This approach is considered more effective because it slowly discloses the inner turmoil of the character during the three hours of the show and lets the audience connect better. The actors who act in such roles usually work on them profoundly to get an in-depth idea of the personality of their respective character. Often, during such shows, plays or dramas, no direct statements about the character’s nature are found. This kind of realism needs the actors to build the character from their own perspective initially. This is why realistic characterization is more of a subtle nature, which cannot directly be recognized.
Function Characterization is an essential component in writing good literature. Modern fiction, in particular, has taken great advantage of this literary device. Understanding the role of characterization in storytelling is very important for any writer. To put it briefly, it helps us make sense of the behavior of any character in a story by helping us understand their thought processes. A good use of characterization always leads the readers or audience to relate better to the events taking place in the story. Dialogues play a very important role in developing a character because they give us an opportunity to examine the motivations and actions of the characters more deeply.
50.
Chiasmus Definition
Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect. Let us try to understand chiasmus with the help of an example: “Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.” Notice that the second half of the above mentioned sentence is an inverted form of the first half both grammatically and logically. In the simplest sense, the term chiasmus applies to almost all “criss-cross” structures and this is the concept that is common these days. In its strict classical sense, however, the function of chiasmus is to reverse grammatical structure or ideas of sentences given that the same words and phrases are not repeated.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
The Difference between Chiasmus and Antimetabole Chiasmus is different from antimetabole. An antimetabole is repetition of words in the consecutive clauses but in an inverted or transposed order. For example, “You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.” Antimetabole examples resemble chiasmus examples as they are marked by the inversion of structure. In chiasmus, however, the words and phrases are not repeated. Generally, chiasmus and antimetabole are regarded by many critics as similar tools of rhetoric.
Function of Chiasmus As the above discussion reveals, chiasmus is a unique rhetorical device which is employed by writers to create a special artistic effect in order to lay emphasis on what they want to communicate. Richard A. Lanham in his treatise, Analyzing Prose, puts forward his interesting point of view about chiasmus in the following words: “By keeping the phrase but inverting its meaning we use our opponent’s own power to overcome him, just as a judo expert does. So a scholar remarked of another’s theory, ‘Cannon entertains that theory because that theory entertains Cannon.’ The pun on ‘entertain’ complicates the chiasmus here, but the judo still prevails–Cannon is playing with the power of his own mind rather than figuring out the secrets of the universe.”
51.
Definition of Circumlocution
Circumlocution is a rhetorical device that can be defined as an ambiguous or paradoxical way of expressing things, ideas or views. In fact, when somebody wants to stay ambiguous about anything and he does not want to say something directly, it means he is using circumlocution.
Common Features Examining all the examples of circumlocution, one would find that they share the following features:
It is used when the speaker is unable to choose the right words to express or say something. It is used for social purposes in order to avoid using offensive words. It is used in politics and law and sometimes it becomes difficult to judge which perspective of a politician or a lawyer should be supported. In poetry and verses, it is used to create a regular meter.
Function of Circumlocution
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Circumlocution is extensively used in poetry, music and rhetoric speech. It is, in fact, the embellishment of putting different words together so as not to say what a person wants not to say. Circumlocution makes the verses soft and beautiful, since it is a way to set aside harsh speech and make words sound sweeter. However, the major use of circumlocution is to express something ambiguously, and often in poetry to create regular rhyme in a poem. Also, it is employed to give different ideas to readers.
52.
Claim Definition
A statement essentially arguable but used as a primary point to support or prove an argument is called a claim. If somebody gives an argument to support his position, it is called making a claim. Different reasons are usually presented to prove why a certain point should be accepted as logical. A general model is given below to explain the steps following in making a claim: Premise 1 Premise 2 Premise 3 . . . Premise N Therefore, Conclusion In this model, the symbol and the dots before it signify that the number of premises used for proving an argument may vary. The word “therefore� shows that the conclusion will be restating the main argument, which was being supported all the way through. With the help of a claim, one can express a particular stance on an issue that is controversial, so as to verify it as a logically sound idea. In case of a complex idea, it is always wise to start by classifying the statements you are about to put forward. Many times, the claims you make stay unnoticed because of the complex sentence structure; specifically where the claims and their grounds are intertwined. However, a rhetorical performance (e.g., a speech, an essay) is typically made up of a single central claim and most of the content contains several supporting arguments for that central claim.
Types of Claim There are many types of claims used in literature and all of them have their own significance. The type that we will be discussing here has great importance in writing and reading about literature because it is used frequently to build arguments. It is called evaluative claim. Evaluative claims involve the assessment or judgment of the ideas in the original piece. They have been divided further into two types; ethical judgment and aesthetic judgment. As the name implies, aesthetic judgment, revolves around deciding whether or not a piece of writing fulfills the artistic standards. You can easily find evaluative claim examples in book reviews.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
The second type is about assessing an argument or the entire essay on ethical, social, political and philosophical grounds and determining whether an idea is wise, good, commendable and valid. The evaluative and interpretive claims typically consist of well-versed viewpoints. Where the interpretive claims strive to explain or clarify the views communicated in and by the text, the evaluative claims study the validity of those views by drawing comparison between them and the writer’s own opinions.
Claim Examples Example #1: Interpretive Claims
The great thing about “Animal Farm” by George Orwell is that it has presented all animals equal in the eyes of the laws framed by them. They framed Ten Commandments when they expelled Mr. Jones from Manor Farm and this rule “All animals are equal” became a shibboleth for them. This interpretive claim presents an argument about the exploration of the meanings, and the evidence that is given within quotation marks has been interpreted as well. Similarly, “To be or not to be…” is an evidence of the excessive thinking of Prince Hamlet in the play “Hamlet” written by William Shakespeare. If a person interprets the play, he has evidence to support his claim. Papers on literary analysis are treasure troves of examples of claim.
Function of Claims The role of claims in writing any narrative or script is essential. If used correctly, they can strengthen the argument of your standpoint. The distinction between different kinds of claims can be highly confusing and sometimes complicated. For instance, a composition, which claims that Vogel’s play gives out a socially and ethically impolite message about abuse, can also assert that the play is aesthetically flawed. A composition that goes on developing and advocating an interpretive claim about another script shows that it at least deserves philosophical or aesthetical interpretation. On the other hand, developing an evaluative claim about a composition always remains in need of a certain level of interpretation. Hence, the dissimilarities are subtle and can only be identified after close and profound observation but all things considered, they are important. Thus, lest you are suggested to do otherwise, you must always leave the evaluative claims for conclusions and make your essay an interpretive claim.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
53.
Cliché Definition
Cliché refers to an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. A cliché may also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events. All examples of Cliché are expressions that were once new and fresh. They won popularity in public and hence have been used so extensively that such expressions now sound boring and at times irritable due to the fact that they have lost their original color. For instance, the phrase “as red as a rose” must have been a fresh and innovative expression at some point in time but today it is considered universally as a cliché and does not sound good to be used in everyday formal writing.
Expressions that are not Clichés It is important to keep in mind that constant reuse of expressions does not necessarily create a cliché. Typical expressions that are used almost at all times in formal ceremonies, festivals, courts etc. are not considered cliché examples; rather they befit such occasions and are regarded as more appropriate:
“I second the motion” (Courts) “I now pronounce you man and wife” (Wedding Ceremony) “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” (Oath taking ceremony) “Happy Birthday!”
Similarly, certain epithets like “reverend” and “father” are attached to the names of church officials. Besides, people of the royal family are addressed with epithets “Your Grace”, “Your Highness” or “Your Royal Highness”. Such expressions are part of etiquette and do not fall under the category of clichés.
Common Cliché Examples Example #1
In describing time, the following expressions have turned into cliché
in the nick of time – to happen just in time only time will tell – to become clear over time a matter of time – to happen sooner or later at the speed of light – to do something very quickly lasted an eternity – to last for a very long time lost track of time – to stop paying attention to time
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Example #2
In describing people, these expressions have turned into cliché
as brave as a lion – a cliché to describe a very brave person as clever as a fox – a cliché to describe a very clever person as old as the hills – a cliché to describe an old person a diamond in the rough – a cliché to describe someone with a brilliant future fit as a fiddle – a cliché to describe a person in a good shape as meek as a lamb – a cliché to describe a person who is too weak and humble
Example #3
In describing various sentiments, a number of expressions have turned into cliché e.g.
frightened to death – to be too frightened scared out of one’s wits – to be too frightened all is fair in love and war – to go to any extent to claim somebody’s love all is well that ends well – a happy ending reduces the severity of problems that come in the way every cloud has a silver lining – problems also have something good in them the writing on the wall – something clear and already understood time heals all wounds – pain and miseries get will with the passage of time haste makes waste – people make mistakes in a rush
Example #4
Below is a list of some more common clichés:
They all lived happily ever after. Read between the lines Fall head over heals Waking up on the wrong side of the bed The quiet before the storm Between the devil and the deep blue sea
Function of Cliché Anton C. Zijderveld, a Dutch sociologist, throws light on the function of a cliché in the following extract taken from his treatise “On Clichés”: A cliché is a traditional form of human expression (in words, thoughts, emotions, gestures, acts) which–due to repetitive use in social life–has lost its original, often ingenious heuristic power. Although it thus fails positively to contribute meaning to social interactions and communication, it does function socially, since it manages to stimulate behavior (cognition, emotion, volition, action), while it avoids reflection on meanings.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
54.
Cliffhanger Definition
A cliffhanger is a type of narrative or a plot device in which the end is curiously abrupt so that the main characters are left in a difficult situation without offering any resolution of conflicts. As a result of a sudden end, suspense is created at the very end of the novel, leaving the readers in such a state that they could not help but to ask, “What will happen next?” This type of end is common to the serially published novels which end at a dramatic or suspenseful moment. Cliffhanger plot device ensures readers will buy the next installment in order to read and find out what happens.
Cliffhanger Examples in Everyday Life Cliffhanger examples in television series are abundant. Episodes of TV series end during moments of high drama in order to ensure the following of viewers in the next episode. One famous example is the TV series “Lost” with cliffhangers in almost every episode. Commercial breaks compel writers to include a cliffhanger in the plot before each break to maintain suspense. Example #4
J.K Rowling in “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone” employs many Cliffhangers. To cite an example from Chapter 3, “The Letters from No One”: “One minute to go and he’d be eleven. Thirty seconds…twenty…ten…nine – may be he’d wake Dudley up, just to annoy him – three…two…one… BOOM. The whole shack shivered and Harry sat bolt upright, staring at the door. Someone was outside, knocking to come in.” Obviously, you will turn the page and start reading the next chapter to know who was outside knocking at the door. The obvious reason for such endings is to create interest in the readers so they will move onto the next chapter without the slightest hesitation.
Function of Cliffhanger By nature, man is a curious creature. Cliffhangers in any form of literature appeal to our curiosity. The main purpose of employing this device is to maintain suspense in the plot in order to ensure the interest and focus of the readers. It acts as a bait to lead the readers from one part of the text to another with more interest than before. In TV series, where the cliffhanger tool is perhaps most popular, they make use of this device to great effect. The favorite characters of the viewers are left in a lurch and the viewers yearn to know more about their fate. As a result, viewers will for sure want to catch up with the latest in the next episode.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Cliffhangers, undoubtedly, are enjoyable to read at the end of the chapters of novels. However, it can be very frustrating at the very end of a novel as it leaves the readers discontented after all the effort they put in to read the novel.
55.
Climax Definition
Climax, a Greek term meaning “ladder”, is that particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point. Climax is a structural part of a plot and is at times referred to as a crisis. It is a decisive moment or a turning point in a storyline at which the rising action turns around into a falling action. Thus, a climax is the point at which a conflict or crisis reaches its peak that calls for a resolution or denouement (conclusion). In a five-act play, the climax is close to the conclusion of act 3. Later in the 19th century, the five-act plays were replaced by three-act plays and the climax was placed close to the conclusion or at the end of the play.
Climax as a Stylistic Device As a stylistic device, the term climax refers to a literary device in which words, phrases and clauses are arranged in an order to increase their importance within the sentence. The following are examples of climax as a stylistic device. Example #1
See how William Shakespeare achieves climax in the passage below, taken from his Sonnet “The Passionate Pilgrim”: “Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good; A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly; A flower that dies when first it gins to bud; A brittle glass that’s broken presently: A doubtful good, a gloss, a glass, a flower, Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour.” The phrase “dead within an hour” is placed at the very end as it marks the climax of the fate of beauty which he introduces as “a vain and doubtful good”.
Function of Climax A climax, when used as a plot device, helps readers understand the significance of the rising action earlier to the point in the plot where the conflict reaches its peak. The Climax of the story makes readers mentally prepared for the resolution of the conflict. Hence, climax is important to the plot structure of a story. Moreover, climax is used as a stylistic device or a figure of speech to render balance and brevity to speech or writing. Being properly employed, it qualifies itself as a
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
powerful tool that can instantly capture the undivided attention of listeners and readers alike. Hence, its importance cannot be underestimated.
56.
Colloquialism Definition
In literature, colloquialism is the use of informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing. Colloquial expressions tend to sneak in as writers, being part of a society, are influenced by the way people speak in that society. Naturally, they are bound to add colloquial expressions in their vocabulary. However, writers use such expressions intentionally too as it gives their works a sense of realism. For instance, in a fiction story depicting American society, a greeting “what’s up?” between friends will seem more real and appropriate than the formal “How are you?” and “How do you do?”
Colloquialism Examples in Everyday Life Colloquial expressions vary from region to region. Below is a list of some colloquialism examples of American origin:
a bunch of numpties – a group of idiots to bamboozle – to deceive go bananas – go insane or be very angry wanna – want to gonna – going to y’all – you all go nuts – go insane or be very angry look blue -look sad buzz off – go away
Function of Colloquialism Colloquial expressions, in a piece of literature, may give us deep insights into the writer’s society. They tell us about how people really talk in their real life. Therefore, they help a writer to form strong connections with readers. Colloquial expressions impart a sense of realism to a piece of literature which again attracts readers as they identify it with their real life. Moreover, they add variety to the characters which makes them more interesting and memorable.
57.
Definition of Comedy
Comedy is a literary genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly having cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant circumstance by which to create comic effects, resulting in happy or successful conclusion. Thus, the purpose of comedy is to amuse the audience. Comedy has multiple sub-genres depending Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
upon source of humor, context in which an author delivers dialogues, and delivery method, which include farce, satire and burlesque. Tragedy, in contrast, is opposite to comedy, as tragedy deals with sorrowful and tragic events in a story.
Types of Comedy There are five types of comedy in literature: Romantic Comedy
This type of drama involves the theme of love leading to happy conclusion. We find romantic comedy in Shakespearean plays and some Elizabethan contemporaries. These plays are concerned with idealized love affairs. It is a fact that the true love never runs smooth; however, love overcomes the difficulties and ends in a happy union. Comedy of Humors
Ben Johnson is the first dramatist, who conceived and popularized this dramatic genre during late sixteenth century. The term humor derives from Latin word ‘humor’ that means liquid. It comes from a theory that human body has four liquids or humors, which include phelgm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. It explains that when human beings have balance of these humors in their bodies, they remain healthy. Comedy of Manners
This form of dramatic genre deals with intrigues and relations of ladies and gentlemen, living in a sophisticated society. This form relies upon high comedy, derived from sparkle and wit of dialogues, violations of social traditions, and good manners by nonsense characters like jealous husbands, wives and foppish dandies. We find its use in Restoration dramatists, particularly in the works of Wycherley and Congreve. Sentimental Comedy
Sentimental drama contains both comedy and sentimental tragedy. It appears in literary circle due to reaction of middle class against obscenity and indecency of Restoration Comedy of Manners. This form gained popularity among the middle class audiences in eighteenth century. This drama incorporates scenes with extreme emotions evoking excessive pity. Tragicomedy
This dramatic genre contains both tragic and comedic elements. It blends both elements to lighten an overall mood of the play. Often, tragicomedy is a serious play ends happily.
Comedy Examples from Literature Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Example 1
William Shakespeare’s play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is a good example of a romantic comedy, presenting young lovers falling comically in and out of love for a brief period. Their real world problems get resolved magically, enemies reconcile and true lovers unite in the end. Example 2
In his play, Every Man in His Humor, Ben Johnson brings comedy of humors. An overpowering suspicion and obsessed with his wife that she might be unfaithful to him, controls Kitely. Then, a country gull determines every decision of George Downright in order to understand the manners of gallant city. Kno’well worried for moral development of his son, tries to spy on him. Example 3
Sir Richard Steele’s play, The Conscious Lovers, is a best-known and popular sentimental comedy, which is like a melodrama. It characterizes extreme exaggeration, dealing with trials of its penniless leading role Indiana. The play ends happily with the discovery of Indiana as heiress. Example 4
Shakespeare’s play, All’s Well that Ends Well, perfectly sums up tragic and comic elements. This tragicomedy play shows antics of low born but devoted Helena, who attempts to win the love of her lover, Bertram. She finally succeeds into marrying him though she decides not to accept him until wears family ring of her husband and bears him a child. She employs a great deal of trickery by disguising herself as Bertram’s another he is after and fakes her death. Bertram discovers her treachery at the end but realizes Helena did all that for him and expresses his love for her.
Function of Comedy Comedy tends to bring humor and induce laughter in plays, films and theaters. The primary function of comedy is to amuse and entertain the audience, while it also portrays social institutions and persons as corrupt and ridicules them through satirizing, parodying and poking fun at their vices. By doing this, the authors expose foibles and follies of individuals and society by using comic elements.
58.
Comparison Definition
Comparison is a rhetorical or literary device in which a writer compares or contrasts two people, places, things, or ideas. In our everyday life, we compare people and things to express ourselves vividly. So when we say, “as lazy as a snail,” you compare two different entities to show similarity i.e. someone’s laziness to the slow pace of a snail.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Comparisons occur in literary works frequently. Writers and poets use comparison in order to link their feelings about a thing to something they compare it with. There are numerous devices in literature that compare two different things to show the similarity between them e.g. simile, metaphor, analogy etc.
Comparison Examples in Literature In the following comparison examples, we will try to analyze literary devices used to show comparisons: Metaphor
A metaphor makes a hidden comparison between two things or objects that are dissimilar to each other but have some characteristics common between them. Unlike simile, we do not use “like” or “as” to develop a comparison in a metaphor. Consider the following examples: Example #1
These lines are from “When I Have Fears” by John Keats. “Before high-pil’d books, in charact’ry Hold like rich garners the full-ripened grain,” John Keats compares writing poetry with reaping and sowing, and both these acts stand for the insignificance of a life and dissatisfied creativity. Example #2
This line is from “As You Like It” by Shakespeare. “All the world’s a stage and men and women merely players,” Shakespeare uses a metaphor of a stage to describe the world and compares men and women living in the world with players. Simile
A simile is an open comparison between two things or objects to show similarities between them. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of words “like” or “as”. Read the following example: Example #3
This line is from short story Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
“Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.” In this line, Vladimir Nabokov compares old women leaning on their sticks to the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Here the comparison made between two contrasting things creates a hilarious effect. Analogy
An analogy aims at explaining an unfamiliar idea or a thing by comparing it to something that is familiar. Analyze the following examples: Example #4
These lines are from Walt Whitman’s poem, “The Noiseless Patient Spider”. “And you O my soul where you stand, Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space, Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them, Till the bridge you will need be form’d, till the ductile anchor hold, Till the gossamer thread you fling catch somewhere, O my soul” Walt Whitman uses an analogy to show similarity between a spider spinning a web and his soul. Example #5
These lines are from “Night Clouds” written by Amy Lowell. “The white mares of the moon rush along the sky Beating their golden hoofs upon the glass Heavens.” Amy constructs an analogy between clouds and mares. She compares the movement of the white clouds in the sky at night with the movement of white mares on the ground. Allegory
An allegory uses symbols to compare persons or things to represent abstract ideas or events. The comparison in allegory is implicit. Examples are: Example #6
“Animal Farm”, written by George Orwell, is an allegory that compares animals on a farm to the Communist Revolution in Russia before WW II. The actions of the animals on the farm can be compared with the greed and corruption after the revolution. The animals on the farm represent different sections of Russian society after the revolution. For instance, “Pigs” can be compared to those who became the authority after the revolution, “Mr. Jones” the owner of the farm is likened to the overthrown Tsar Nicholas II, while “Boxer” the horse, stands for the laborer class. Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Example #7
“Faerie Queen”, is an allegory by Edmund Spenser in which the good characters of book can be compared to the various virtues, while the bad characters can be compared to vices. For example, “The Red-Cross Knight” represents Holiness and “Lady Una” Truth, Wisdom and Goodness. Her parents symbolize the Human Race, and the “Dragon”, which has imprisoned them, stands for Evil.
Function of Comparison The above examples of comparison help us realize that in general, writers utilize different kinds of comparisons to link an unfamiliar or a new idea to common and familiar objects. It facilitates readers to comprehend a new idea, which may have been difficult for them to understand otherwise. The understanding of a new idea turns out to be simpler when viewed with a comparison to something that is familiar to them. In addition, by making use of various literary tools for comparison, writers increase their chance of catching the attention and interest of their readers, as comparisons help them identify what they are reading to their lives.
59.
Conceit Definition
Conceit is a figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors. Conceit develops a comparison which is exceedingly unlikely but is, nonetheless, intellectually imaginative. A comparison turns into a conceit when the writer tries to make us admit a similarity between two things of whose unlikeness we are strongly conscious and for this reason, conceits are often surprising. For example, it will not surprise us to hear someone saying, “You are a snail” or “You are slow as a snail,” as we understand that the similarity is drawn on a common quality “slowness”. We, however, will definitely be surprised to hear someone comparing “two lovers with the two legs of a draftsman’s compass.” Thus, conceit examples have a surprising or shocking effect on the readers because they are novel comparisons unlike the conventional comparisons made in similes and metaphors.
Conceits in Everyday Life In everyday life, we can surprise and amuse others by using conceits like “Love is like an oil change,” or “The broken heart is a damaged china pot.” In these examples, the attempt to compare two noticeably unrelated objects makes the comparisons conceits. The conceits in real life may give complex ideas and emotions an air of simplicity by comparing them to simple dayto-day objects as in “My life is like a free online game, people seem to be playing with it.”
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Conceit Because conceits make unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things, it allows readers to look at things in a new way. Similes and metaphor may explain things vibrantly but they tend to become boring at times because of their predictable nature. Conceits, on the other hand, surprise and shock the readers by making farfetched comparisons. Hence, conceit is used as a tool in literature to develop interest in readers.
60.
Concession Definition
Concession is a literary device used in argumentative writing where one acknowledges a point made by one’s opponent. It allows for different opinions and approaches toward an issue, indicating an understanding of what causes the actual debate or controversy. It demonstrates that the writer is a mature thinker and has considered the issue from all angles. Concession writing style also show that the writer is a logical and fair-minded person, able to realize that every argument has several sides to consider before it is presented. This type of writing can be considered strong as it finds common ground between you and your opponent.
Functions of Concession Concession writing acknowledges that there are many different views to a story. This type of writing allows for different opinions that can or could be made toward an issue. It also shows that all points, positive as well as negative, have been considered before an argument is put forward. Presenting the other side and then arguing against it with valid points can make it a very strong piece of writing. Acknowledging the other side demonstrates respect for the other opinion. The concession writing technique is also known used as a method of persuasion and reasoning.
61.
Conflict Definition
In literature, a conflict is a literary element that involves a struggle between two opposing forces usually a protagonist and an antagonist.
Internal and External Conflicts Careful examination of the succeeding conflict examples will help us realize that conflicts may be internal or external. An internal or psychological conflict arises as soon as a character experiences two opposite emotions or desires; usually virtue or vice, or good and evil inside him. This disagreement causes a character to suffer mental agony. Internal conflict develops a unique tension in a storyline marked by a lack of action. External conflict, on the other hand, is marked by a characteristic involvement of an action wherein a character finds himself in struggle with those outside forces that hamper his progress. The most common type of an external conflict is where a protagonist fights back against the antagonist’s tactics that impede his or her advancement. Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Function of Conflict Both internal and external conflicts are essential elements of a storyline. It is essential for a writer to introduce and develop conflict, internal or external or both, in his storyline in order to achieve a story goal i.e. the resolution of a conflict in order to entertain his readers.
Connotation Definition Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations. For instance, “Wall Street” literally means a street situated in Lower Manhattan but connotatively it refers to “wealth” and “power”.
Positive and Negative Connotations Words may have positive or negative connotations that depend upon the social, cultural and personal experiences of individuals. For example, the words childish, childlike and youthful have the same denotative but different connotative meanings. Childish and childlike have a negative connotation as they refer to immature behavior of a person. Whereas, youthful implies that a person is lively and energetic.
Common Connotation Examples Below are a few connotation examples. Their suggested meanings are shaped by cultural and emotional associations:
A dog connotes shamelessness or an ugly face. A dove implies peace or gentility. Home suggests family, comfort and security. Politician has a negative connotation of wickedness and insincerity while statesperson connotes sincerity. Pushy refers to someone loud-mouthed and irritating. Mom and Dad when used in place of mother and father connote loving parents.
Function of Connotation In literature, connotation paves way for creativity by using figures of speech like metaphor, simile, symbolism, personification etc. Had writers contented themselves with only the literal meanings, there would have been no way to compare abstract ideas to concrete concepts in order to give readers a better understanding .Therefore, connotative meanings of words allow writers to add to their works, dimensions which are broader, more vivid and fresher.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
62.
Consonance Definition
Consonance refers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase. This repetition often takes place in quick succession such as in pitter, patter. It is classified as a literary term used in both poetry as well as prose. For instance, the words chuckle, fickle, and kick are consonant with one and other due to the existence of common interior consonant sounds (/ck/). The literary device of consonance is inherently different from assonance which involves the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a word, sentence, or phrase. Another distinction to be appreciated is that of between consonance and rhyme. In the case of rhyme, consonant sounds can be present at the beginning, middle, or end of several successive words, rather than merely at the ends of words. Further, the device of consonance needs to be distinguished from alliteration. In contrast to alliteration, consonance involves repetition of consonant sounds only. William Harmon his book A Handbook on Literature notes that “most so-called eye rhymes (such as ‘word’ and ‘lord,’ or ‘blood,’ ‘food,’ and ‘good’) are the most common examples.
Common Consonance Examples
The ship has sailed to the far off shores. She ate seven sandwiches on a sunny Sunday last year. Shelley sells shells by the seashore.
Functions of Consonance Consonance is commonly employed in a range of situations ranging from poetry to prose writing. However, as the above narrated examples highlight, the use of consonance is significantly greater in poetry writing than its use in the prose form. The use of consonance provides the structure of poetry with a rhyming effect. The writer normally employs the tool of consonance for the purpose of reiterating the significance of an idea or theme. Further, the use of the device makes the structure of poetry or prose appealing for the reader. The poet generally makes use of consonance in an attempt to underscore the emotions behind their words that simple words cannot convey. Furthermore, the use of consonance adds a lyrical feeling to the poetry that otherwise cannot be added. The significance of the use of consonance in poetry is enhanced by the fact that it is often used to make the imagery employed clearer. It acts as a tool that enables the poet to formulate a fine and powerful structure for his poetry and create a background for the themes underlying the poetry.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
63.
Definition of Contrast
Contrast is a rhetorical device through which writers identify differences between two subjects, places, persons, things or ideas. Simply, it is a type of opposition between two objects highlighted to emphasize their differences. It comes from a Latin word, contra stare, meaning to stand against. Usually though not always, writers use phrases and words to indicate a contrast such as but, yet, however, instead, in contrast, nevertheless, on the contrary and unlike, etc. for instance, E. B White in his novel, Stuart Little, brings a contrast between Stuart and other babies as using unlike as it goes here; “Unlike most babies, Stuart could walk as soon as he was born.”
Types of Contrast
Point-by-point Contrast – In this type of contrast, writers deal with a series of features of two subjects, and then present their contrast, discussing all points successively. Subject-by-subject Contrast – In this type of contrast, a writer first discusses one subject thoroughly and then move on to another.
Function of Contrast Writers address a number of features and characteristics of two subjects, persons, places and events by contrasting them from one point to another. While the major purpose of contrast is to elucidate ideas and clear their meanings, the readers can easily understand through this device what is going to happen next. Through opposite and contrasting ideas, writers make their arguments stronger which become memorable for readers due to emphasis placed on them. In addition, contrasting ideas shock the audience, heighten drama and produce balanced structures in literary works.
64.
Definition of Couplet
A couplet is a literary device which can be defined as having two successive rhyming lines in a verse and has the same meter to form a complete thought. It is marked by a usual rhythm, rhyme scheme and incorporation of specific utterances. It could an independent poem, and could be a part of other poems such as sonnets in Shakespearean poetry. If a couplet has the ability to stand apart from the rest of the poem, it is independent and hence it is called a closed couplet. A couplet which cannot render a proper meaning alone is called an open couplet. One of the commonly used couplet examples are these two lines from William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. “The time is out of joint, O cursed spite That ever I was born to set it right!”
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue
Types of Couplets Here are a few types of couplets:
Short Couplet Split Couplet Heroic Couplet (Closed and Open Couplets) Shakespearean Couplet Alexandrine Couplet Qasida Chinese Couplet
Examples of Couplets in Literature There are many writers who are famous for writing couplets. Just look at the examples of couplets given below. Example #1
“Look in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewest Now is the time that face should form another; Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest, Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother, For where is she so fair whose unear’d womb ……. But if thou live, remember’d not to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee.” (Sonnet III by William Shakespeare) This is one of the Shakespearean sonnets that contain 14 lines and there is the couplet at the end of the poem which usually rhymes and concludes the poem. These lines generally give commentary on the theme.
Function of Couplet The rhyming couplets are usually used in poetry in order to make a poem interesting and rhythmic. They help create a rhyming effect in a poem. In literature, Chaucer, Dryden, Pope and Shakespeare have been famous for using rhyming heroic couplets. In Arabic and Chinese literature, rhyming couplets have also been used extensively.
Note that some literature devices in definitions are in blue