SILO CITY: ADAPTIVE REUSE BUFFALO GRAIN ELEVATORS JAMES JACOBIK
THESIS DEFINITION BOOK SPRING 2017
CONTENTS • • • •
Buffalo Elevator Locations...............................................Page 05 History of Issue to be addressed.....................................Page 09 Grain Trade Locations.....................................................Page 11
•
Thesis definition
• • •
Issue to be addressed....................................................Page 13 Significance of Issue......................................................Page 15 Expected Outcome........................................................Page 17
History • Significance of Issue (Continued)...................................Page 19 • Rise of Buffalo...............................................................Page 31 • Decline of Buffalo..........................................................Page 43 •
•
Historical Analysis
•
Incentives for Growth
•
Silo City: Adaptive Re-use
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Economic Timeline........................................................Page 47 Grain Silo Information....................................................Page 49
Federal and State Grants.............................................Page 51
Potential Users............................................................Page 59 Users Activities............................................................Page 61 City of Buffalo Main Attractions....................................Page 63 Site Analysis................................................................Page 65 Required Spaces.........................................................Page 83 Program......................................................................Page 85 Precendence...............................................................Page 95 Concept......................................................................Page 103 Design Diagrams.........................................................Page 105 Building Elevations......................................................Page 117 Floor Plans..................................................................Page 129 Renderings..................................................................Page 141
BUFFALO ELEVATOR LOCATIONS
5
7
HISTORY OF ISSUE TO BE ADDRESSED By 1825 The Erie Canal was constructed and saved 2,600 miles of travel recreating the waterway system in the United States connecting the great lakes to The Atlantic. To account for the demand of ~seven million bushels of wheat and flour annually, private grain companies built “colossal” grain elevators and mills supporting a population of 18,213 people in 1842. By the late nineteenth century hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara river marked Buffalo, New York as “The City of Light”. Local mills connected to grain elevators would benefit from this newly found energy source. Buffalo’s population scaled to 352,387 people and was ranked the eighth largest city in the United States. Due to the Buffalo waterway transportation system The Lackawanna Steel and Iron Company relocated its operations from Scranton, Pennsylvania to Buffalo. Iron from the Lake Michigan area could be delivered to Buffalo and forged into Steel. 1920 The grain trade in buffalo was at it’s peak with Buffalo’s population at 506, 775 people. 1935 the grain trade was on the decline due to the Welland Canal which allowed great lake ships to bypass buffalo and eliminating the needs for Canadian grain shipments. 1950 Buffalo had a population of 580,132 people, unfortunately new construction of rail lines, the highway system, and the St. Lawrence seaway caused Buffalo’s economy to declined. 1980 Buffalo had a decrease in population to 357,870 people, a vast majority of grain elevators were deteriorating and unused. Along with a decline in a middle class population.
9
GRAIN TRADE LOCATIONS
11
ISSUE TO BE ADDRESSED The Unused tombs of Buffalo’s golden age still lay vacant, anticipating another breath of life. Silo City is in need of an awakening to form the city’s esoteric reality of culture. This thesis will be focused on the renewal of Buffalo’s cultural community. By capitalizing on the availability of federal grants from the buffalo economic development plan an adaptive reuse of Silo City will connect artists and entrepreneurs with a formerly urban rust belt community.
13
SIGNIFICANCE OF ISSUE Vacant grain elevators in Silo City, some nearly a century old overlook the Buffalo River forging an “Isolated Architectural Dreamland” (Brown, 2009).
In each instance, whether Utopian or critical, the main proponents for the essential architectural merit of these structures were all European, while the American interest in its own architectural heritage has largely been either preservationist or historian, in both cases entirely based on the importance of these structures for European theorists, and the European theorization/validation of their worth as architectural monuments in their own right. -Reyner Banham
Despite the significance to Buffalo’s “Golden Age“ and the early modern architectural influence from these early industrial structures. If these abandoned silos go untouched artists will not have the ability to share their craft, network, or have a community to call their own in a historically significant space.
15
EXPECTED OUTCOME By providing a cultural campus to house artists and entrepreneurs of many genres. Artists in Buffalo will network and provide the city with a cultural hub. Economic development will increase as artists and entrepreneurs promote and explore their design, ideas, and products. Buffalo’s community will connect with artists by daily tours through artists studios. The Grain Silos will be adaptively reused into a cultural campus instead of laying vacant and unused to introduce a Multicultural campus for the city of Buffalo. The grain silos are a man-made wonder slowly transforming into ruins. These structures once a symbol, promoting the grain trade and the achievment of Buffalo’s Industrial success. The this thesis is dedicated to phasing each building of the historic penisula locaed in the old first ward district. Silo City’s first phase will include an adaptive re-use of the American Warehouse. Silo City’s second phase will include an adaptive re-use of the American Mill. Silo City’s third phase will include an adaptive re-use of the Perot Malthouse. Silo City’s fourth phase will be an adaptive re-use to the Perot Elevator. Silo City’s fifth phase will include an adaptive reuse of American Elevator and Marine “A”.
17
SIGNIFICANCE OF ISSUE
“In each instance, whether utopian or critical, the main proponents for the essential architectural merit of these structures were all European, while the American interest in its own architectural heritage has largely been either preservationist or historian, in both cases entirely based on the importance of these structures for European theorists, and the European the orization/validation of their worth as architectural monuments in their own right.� -Reyner Banham
ARCHITECTURAL IMPORTANCE
19
SIGNIFICANCE OF ISSUE
Walter Gropius published images of American Grain Elevators in Jahrbuch des Deutschen Werkbundes 1913. Although Gropious would not make it to America until after the Bauhaus, his illustrations would be passed along to many European architects.
ARCHITECTURAL IMPORTANCE
“Work of the Egyptions in their overwhelming monumentality� -Walter Gropious The Development of Modern Industrial Building
21
SIGNIFICANCE OF ISSUE Le Corbusier in a series of articles in the journal L’Esprit Nouveau in 1921, and by 1923 Le Corbusier released a series of essays named Toward a New Architecture. Le Corbusier described the elevators as “The first fruits of the new age!” He understood the American Industrial Age would produce a New Empire, resembling those of the lost classical ruins of Babylon, Thebes, Athens, Alexandria, Carthage, Constantinople, and Rome.
ARCHITECTURAL IMPORTANCE
“Two Geometries, dialectal confrontation between sculptural forms and gridded space.� -Le Corbusier Toward a New Architecture
23
SIGNIFICANCE OF ISSUE German architect Erich Mendelsohn visited America by the early 1920’s publishing a collection of phtograms capturing the American Ubranism. These photographs display the great American Industrial infrastructure locaed on the harbors on New York City and Buffalo, New York.
THE MACHINE
“Mountainous silos, incredibly space-concious, but creating space. A random confusion admist the chaos of loading and unloading of ships, of railways, and bridges, crane monsters with live gestures, hordes of silo cells in concrete, stone, and glazed brick. Then suddendly with administration buildings, closed horizontal fronts against the stupendous verticals of fifty to a hundred cylinders.� -Erich Mendelsohn Amerika
25
SIGNIFICANCE OF ISSUE Among European theorists, artists, and movements designs were more than “influenced� by the Grain Silos. Their buildings were explicitly adapted from these sources, largely for their symbolic content because industrial structures represented, For European Architects, the brave new world of science and technology.
ARCHITECTURAL IMPORTANCE
“European derivative of the close forms of American industrial storage containers and of the openly gridded loft space of regular American Factories� -Reyner Banham
27
SIGNIFICANCE OF ISSUE Due to the demand for grain storage by the imports from the great lakes region Buffalo, New York became the largest grain port in the world. This would secure the local economy and would allow an era of prosperity. By 1900 Buffalo was ranked the 8th largest city in the United States due to the grain trade and the availability of electricity from nearby Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant.
LOCAL ECONOMY
29
RISE OF BUFFALO
31
RISE OF BUFFAL0 In 1830, workers handled 146,000 bushels of grain at Buffalo. Little more than a decade later, the total handled was ten times as great. The work was hard and dangerous. Before Dart’s invention at least 500 workers, most of them Irish immigrants, were required to unload or load the grain manually.
GRAIN INDUSTRY
Grain dust was explosive and was suffocating to those men who were surrounded and was too slow to keep up the demand of arriving shipments of grain.
33
ELEVATOR RISE OF BUFFALO CHARECTERISTICS Joesph Dart perfected the first steam driven grain elevator in Buffalo, NY. The grain elevators elevated the grain from a docked ship and stored it in bins until it was lowered for transshipment or for milling purposes. The grain elevator was allowing ships to be unloaded at the rate of over 1,000 bushels per hour. It allowed a ship to arrive at port, unload, then leave the very same day. Dart soon opened more elevators that had a storing capacity of more than one and a half million bushels of grain. Buffalo had become the world’s largest grain port by the mid 1800’s.
FIRST STEAM POWERED MARINE LEG
35
RISE OF BUFFALO The earliest grain elevators were made of lumber. Lumber was easily accessible in Buffalo. Due to a lack of structural integrity and the explosive nature of grain dust, designers looked for non combustible materials to build the next generation grain silo.
FIRST GENERATION ELEVATOR
37
RISE OF BUFFALO An alternative to wood, Steel grain silos were developed in the late 1880’s to early 1900’s. As the material changed so did the energy source. Steam powered marine legs were being replaced by electric energy from the Adams power Plant in Niagara falls. The first electric elevator was located on Silo City, this was the Electric Elevator. The Dakota Elevator also displays the steel construction method.
SECOND GENERATION ELEVATOR
The Dakota Elevator (Right) also displays a steel construction method. Ceramic tiles were used for a brief period of time, but were too labor intensive which would increase labor prices. Grain elevators were still looking to be cost effective leading to into a third generation of cast in place concrete silos.
39
RISE OF BUFFALO The first concrete grain elevator is American Elevator built in 1906. It is located on Silo City. The most popular construction in early twentieth century was to use reinforced concrete. These concrete grain elevators would act as early modern engineerings monuments on Buffalo’s waterfront. The innovative “slip form” method for pouring of concrete reduced construction time and reduced labor costs.
THIRD GENERATION: FIRST CONCRETE ELEVATOR
41
DECLINE OF BUFFALO The abandond tombs of the industrial age should be repurposed to accomidate the new connection of the millenial era. These vaccant machines should be repurposed to a habitable enviornment for humanity.
END OF “THE GREAT CANAL”
43
DECLINE OF BUFFALO Due to new canal systems in canada, the Interstate Highway system in 1956 and St. Larence Seaway in 1959 Buffalo’s grain receipts were declining rapidly. Along with a major steel plant closing, Buffalo’s economy was on declining rapidly.
END OF “THE GREAT CANAL”
45
YEAR 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
CITY RANK 27th 22nd 16th 10th 11th 13th 11th 08th 10th 11th 13th 14th 15th 20th 28th 39th 50th
POPULATION
ELEVATORS CONSTRUCTED
8,668 18,213 42,261 81,129 117,714 155,134 255,664 352,387 423,715 506,775 573,076 575,901 580,132 532,759 462,768 357,870 328,123
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 8
9 6 2 1 0 0 0 0
1800
1850 Erie Canal Opens
First Grain Elevator (Wood)
Steel
Grain Receipts (Millions)
60
300
50
250
40
200
30
150
20
100
10
50
Storage Capacity (Millions)
1900
l Elevator
1950
2000
Concrete Elevator
Great Depression
St. Lawerence Seaway Opens
47
ELEVATOR
SECTION
BUILT
DESIGNER
BUILDER
Agway / G.L.F. A 1942 AEBECO JSCO Agway / G.L.F. / Wheeler B 1908 H.R. WAIT Monarch Agway / G.L.F. / Wheeler C 1936 AEBECO HYDRO American A 1906 JSCO JSCO American B 1931 H.R. WAIT Monarch (Cargill) Superior A 1915 H.R. WAIT/ AEBECO Monarch (Cargill) Superior B 1923 H.R. WAIT/ AEBECO Monarch (Cargill) Superior C 1925 JSCO/ AEBECO Monarch Cargil Pool A 1925 C.D. Howe Monarch Saskatchewan Pool B 1926 C.D. Howe Monarch Concrete Central B 1915 H.R. WAIT Monarch Concrete Central B 1916 H.R. WAIT Monarch Concrete Central C 1916 H.R. WAIT Monarch Concrete Central D 1917 H.R. WAIT Monarch Connecting Terminal A 1914 H.R. WAIT Monarch Connecting Terminal B 1954 T. Green Hydro Electric Electric Annex
A B
1897 1942
D. Robinson H.G. Onstad
D. Robinson H.G. Onstad
Great Northern A 1897 D. Robinson/ Max Toltz D. Robinson H.O. Oats A 1931 H.R. WAIT Monarch (Spencer) Kellogg A 1909 C.B. Foster SS&ECC (Spencer) Kellogg B 1912 Unknown Unknown (Spencer) Kellogg C 1936 Unknown Unknown Lake and Rail A 1927 J&H J&H Lake and Rail B 1928 J&H J&H Lake and Rail C 1929 J&H J&H Lake and Rail D 1930 J&H J&H
ELEVATOR
SECTION
BUILT
DESIGNER
BUILDER
Marine “A” A 1925 JSCO/ AEBECO JSCO Perot Malting A 1907 JSCO JSCO Perot Malting B 1933 H.R. Wait Monarch Standard A 1928 AEBECO JSCO Standard B 1942 M-Hague M-Hague Washburn-Crosby (General Mills) A 1903 Johnson-Record Barnet-Record Washburn-Crosby (General Mills) B 1909 JSCO JSCO Washburn-Crosby (General Mills) C 1909 JSCO JSCO Washburn-Crosby (General Mills) D 1925 JSCO JSCO Wollenberg A 1912 C.H.A Wannenwetsch Unknown
Abbreviations: AEBECO A.E. Baxter Engineering Co., Buffalo, NY H.R. Wait Harry R. Wait, P.E., Buffalo, NY Hydro Hydro Construction Co., Buffalo, NY, T. Green, President JSCO James Stewart Co., Chicago, IL J&H Jones-Hettelsatter Co., Kansas City, MO M-Hague Mckensie Hague Co., Chicago, IL Monarch Monarch Engineering Co., Buffalo, NY, H.R. Wait, Presiden SS&EC
Steel Storage and Elevator Construction Co.
*National Register of Historic Places 2003 Sources: HAER Study and Report, 1992; AEBECO Archives Reconsidering Concrete Atlantis: Buffalo Grain Elevators Lynda H. Schneekloth, Editor
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INCENTIVES FOR BUFFALO GROWTH
FEDERAL AND STATE GRANTS
51
INCENTIVES FOR BUFFALO GROWTH
FEDERAL AND STATE GRANTS
2016 Downtown Buffalo Development Guide $5.5 billion in new economic growth buffalo ny is investing in growth. COMPANY NAME EMPLOYEES M&T Bank 4427 Buffalo General Medical Center 4000 Roswell Park Cancer Institute 3025 Erie County 2590 BlueCross BlueShield of WNY 2000 HSBC Bank 2000 Buffalo City Hall 1500 Main Place Liberty Complex 1200 Buffalo News 727 Catholic Health 700 Office Space: Class A Office Space 5,007,745 sq. ft. Class A Occupancy Rate 80.8% Class A Lease Rate $20.00–$24.00 per sq. ft. Class B Office Space* 5,477,614 sq. ft. Class B Occupancy Rate 82.5% Class B Lease Rate $15.00–$19.00 per sq. ft. Major Employers (100+) 118 Total Employees (est.)** 87,000 Projected Employees by 2018 99,000 Solar City: Residential Power
Main Investments for Soft Infrastructure: Medical Campus: Healthcare Canalside: Outdoor Recreation/ Music Solar City: Residential Power Jobs: Generating 12,000 new jobs increasing workforce from 87,000 to 99,000 in three years. Housing Needs In the past 10 years: By 2018:
1,200 Downtown residential Units Total 3,200 Units
Property Tax: Reduced in 2006 by 32% (find number) Residential rates Reduced by 16% (find number) Building Reuse Project: $11 Million to Infrastructure improvements, development tools, and funding initiatives. Districts:
Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus Central Business Districts Canal Side Larkin District
Employees: Employees: Employees: Employees:
12,000 67,156 1,775 4,302
53
INCENTIVES FOR BUFFALO GROWTH
FEDERAL AND STATE GRANTS
2016 Downtown Buffalo Development Guide Seven Tools & Incentives Available for Adaptive Reuse Projects: BBRP Loan Program – provides low interest, gap financing up to $750,000 for downtown adaptive reuse projects in BBRP strategic areas. New York State 485-a & 485-b Programs – offers real property tax abatements to property owners that add NYSERDA Energy Efficiency Program – provides rebates for energy efficiency upgrades to buildings. Federal Historic Tax Credit Program – provides a tax credit up to 20% for the substantial rehabilitation of historic properties. New York State Historic Tax Credit Program – provides a tax credit up to 20%, capped at $5,000,000 for substantial restoration of historic properties. Brownfield Cleanup Program – provides up to a 24% tax credit for qualifying properties, capped at $45 million for manufacturing projects, $30 million for non-manufacturing projects. EB-5 program – provides a source of funds for projects that create jobs and provide a predictable return of capital for investors. In general terms, qualifying immigrants each invest $500,000 in a project that creates at least 10 jobs each can receive a green card for permanent residency in the United States. Erie County Industrial Development Agency (ECIDA) – provides assistance by offering mortgage and sales tax savings for adaptive reuse projects.
Harbor Center: 100 Washing Street $200M Investment Conventus: 1001 Main Street $150M Investment 250 Delaware: 250 Delaware Ave $110M investment The Larkin Center of Commerce: 701 Seneca Street $50M investment Planing Mill: 141 Elm Street $8M investment Downtown Housing: Estimated Median Incomes: $45,000 to $52,000 by 2018 Housing Type: Apartments, Lofts, and Condos, Single Family homes. 800-2,000 SqFt. Central Business Districts:
97% occupancy rate
Perks of CBD (Central Business District): Close to major employers, access to public transit, vibrant restaurants, entertainment. Population in Central Business District: 2,497 Population Growth since 2010: 6% Housing Units: 1,893 Residential Occupancy Rate: 97% Average Housing Income: $45,184 Businesses: 2,877 Restaurants: 97 Food Trucks: 28 Retail: 52 Hotels (Occupancy): 1,959 @ 85.8% Recreational Revenue: $15.6M
55
INCENTIVES FOR BUFFALO GROWTH
FEDERAL AND STATE GRANTS
BUFFALO BILLION: In an extraordinary recognition of Western New York’s potential, Governor Andrew M. Cuomo has committed an historic $1 billion investment in the Buffalo area economy to create thousands of jobs and spur billions in new investment and economic activity over the next several years. This $1 billion commitment to economic excellence has the potential to set a new growth trajectory for jobs and the regional economy. In November of 2013, Governor Cuomo announced the Buffalo High-Tech Manufacturing Innovation Hub at RiverBend. What was initially a $225 million Buffalo Billion investment, the largest single State investment in Western New York, creating an estimated 850 new jobs and leveraging $1.5 billion in private investment, was updated by the Governor on September 23, 2014 with the announcement that the state will invest $500 million ($350 million in capital and $150 million in tax credits) through the Buffalo Billion and $250 million in other state resources, helping to create more than 3,000 new jobs in Buffalo (and an additional 2,000 jobs in New York State) and leverage $5 billion in private investment for the future SolarCity GigaFactory. The facility will be the largest of its kind in the Western Hemisphere with more than 1 gigawatt of annual solar capacity when it reaches full production.
RISE OF BUFFALO BUFFALO BILLION PART II BUFFALO BILLION
BUFFALO • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• Help fund Metro Rail expansion to Amherst. • Convert Scajaquada Expressway into Scajaquada BILLION PART II: • Invest in East Side neighborhood improvement in • Create Buffalo Blueway, a network of public acce Help fund Metro Rail expansion to Amherst. • Develop a series of activity spots and amenities a Convert Scajaquada Expressway into Scajaquada Boulevard. • Realign Erie Street from Main Street to connect w Invest in East Side neighborhood improvement initiatives. • Extend Metro Rail to DL&W Terminal and redevel Create Buffalo Blueway, a network of public access points• along city waterways.Add $10 million to Better Buffalo Fund. Develop a series of activity spots and amenities along Outer • Harbor. Build new Buffalo train station. Realign Erie Street from Main Street to connect with the waterfront. • Acquire land at Bethlehem Steel site in Lackawan Extend Metro Rail to DL&W Terminal and redevelop the building and surroundings. • Create downtown revitalization contest among 18 Add $10 million to Better Buffalo Fund. • Continue funding for 43North business plan com Build new Buffalo train station. • Create an Innovation Hub on the Buffalo Niagara Acquire land at Bethlehem Steel site in Lackawanna to create industrial park. • Create a $10 million workforce development fund Create downtown revitalization contest among 18 municipalities. • Provide $10 million to Say Yes Buffalo as a way o Continue funding for 43North business plan competition.• Relocate Buffalo Manufacturing Works to Northla Create an Innovation Hub on the Buffalo Niagara Medical• Campus. Seeks $15 million for strategic advanced manufa Create a $10 million workforce development fund for successful training initiatives. • Acquire underused land close to Niagara Falls St Provide $10 million to Say Yes Buffalo as a way of strengthening the local work force. Niagara River Gorge to remove invasive s • Restore Relocate Buffalo Manufacturing Works to Northland Corridor. • Fund landscaping and restoration work at Darwin Seeks $15 million for strategic advanced manufacturing projects. • Provide $5 million in gap financing for National C Acquire underused land close to Niagara Falls State Park• for future development. Build Visitor Welcome Center on Grand Island to Restore Niagara River Gorge to remove invasive species and • restore native plantings. Create a $5 million tourism marketing campaign. Fund landscaping and restoration work at Darwin D. Martin House complex and Graycliff Estate. in new UB Medical School to e • Invest $20 million Provide $5 million in gap financing for National Comedy Center in Jamestown. Seeks $10 million for strategic health and life scie • Build Visitor Welcome Center on Grand Island to spur tourism. Create a $5 million tourism marketing campaign. Invest $20 million in new UB Medical School to expand its class size by 25 percent. Seeks $10 million for strategic health and life sciences projects.
57
POTENTIAL USERS ANNUAL
MONTHLY
ENTRPRENEURS RESIDENTS STUDENTS ARTISTS
RESIDENTS STUDENTS ARTISTS
365
31
WEEKLY
DAILY
RESIDENTS ARTISTS
RESIDENTS TOURISTS VISITORS
7
1
59
DESIGN OBJECTIVES RESEARCH
USER ACTIVITIES DESIGN
CREATE
FABRICATE
SHARE
NETWORK
61
CITY OF BUFFALO
Primary Vehicular Circulation Primary Night-life Circulation Central Business District Art Gallery Locations Site Location (Silo City)
MAIN ATTRACTIONS
BUFFALO RIVER
URBAN IMPACT
1 MILE
63
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, MapmyIndia, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP,contributors, swisstopo, and Esri, HERE, DeLorme, © OpenStreetMap andthe theGIS GISUser user Community community
0
750
1,500
3,000 Feet
CITY OF BUFFALO
MAIN ATTRACTIONS
BUFFALO ZONING CM II MI MII MIII RII RIV
GENERAL COMMERCIAL DISTRICT INSTITUTIONAL / LIGHT INDUSTRIAL LIGHT INDUSTRIAL GENERAL INDUSTRIAL HEAVY INDUSTRIAL DWELLING DISTRICT HIGHRISE DWELLING DISTRICT
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, MapmyIndia, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP,contributors, swisstopo, and Esri, HERE, DeLorme, © OpenStreetMap andthe theGIS GISUser user Community community
0
750
1,500
3,000 Feet
BUFFALO RIVER
MAIN ATTRACTIONS AND ZONING
BUFFALO RIVER ELEMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
PARK SPACE RESTAURANTS / BAR SPORTS / ENTERTAINMENT GRAIN ELEVATORS VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
65
SITE REQUIREMENTS
Brown-field Site Economic Development Plan Historic Value (1900 Buffalo Grain Industry) Waterfront Property / Open Land Space Popular/ well know site Existing Infrastructure Scalable occupancy phasing On-Site recyclable materials Accessible Site Access (Materials, Construction Equipment, Etc..)
67
NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT Positive Components: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
Inner Harbor- Canalside Outer Harbor - Marina Riverworks- Restaurant, bar, sportings events Key Bank Center- NHL Sporting Events, Concerts, Events Tift Farms- Natrue Preserve Heritage Trail New Housing Developments Accessible Access (Materials, Construcion Equipment, etc..)
Negative Components: 1) Vehicular Circulation (Single Road) 2) Surrounding area unemployemnt
69
SIGNIFICANT SITE FEATURES Man Made: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Existing Grain Silos Existing Utilities Existing Rail Tracks On-Site Installations Do-syo-wa Trail (Man Made Eco System) Pollination Garden Elevator B Nora’s Swing The Meadow
Natural: 1) Waterfront along the Buffalo River 2) Lake Erie
71
SIGNIFICANT SITE FEATURES
73
SITE ANALYSIS
GATHERING AREAS
SITE ANALYSIS
CIRCULATION
75
SITE ANALYSIS
MANMADE FEATURES
SITE ANALYSIS
NATURAL FEATURES
77
SITE ANALYSIS
DAYLIGHTING
Winter Wind Annual Wind Summer Wind
SITE ANALYSIS
ARTIFICIAL NIGHT LIGHTING
Marine Circulation / Parking Vehicular Circulation / Parking
79
EXISTING CONDITIONS
1 23
24 25
22
26
20 19
14
2
21 18
16
15
3
12
13
27 17 7 6
8
4
10 11
9
0’
500’
>
5
N
SILO CITY ROOF PLAN
SITE ELEMENTS 1. THE STANDARD ELEVATOR 2. OHIO STREET BRIDGE 3. ELECTRIC ELEVATOR 4. THE TUNNEL 5. RIGIDIZED METALS CORPORATION 6. DO-SYO-WA TRAIL 7. ELEVATOR B 8. POLLINATION GARDEN 9. WISHING WELL 10. NORA’S SWING 11. THE MEADOW 12. TESLA TOWER 13. THE CUBE 14. ELEVATOR ALLEY 15. THE CABOOSE 16. DUENDE 17. FORCED PERSPECTIVE 18. AMERICAN MILL 19. AMERICAN WAREHOUSE 20. AMERICAN ELEVATOR 21.AMERICAN ELEVATOR SOUTH ANNEX 22. THE STAGE 23. THE MEZZANINE 23. PEROT ELEVATOR 24. PEROT MALT HOUSE. 25. LAKE AND RAIL 26. MARINE A
81
SUMMARY OF REQUIRED SPACES Space
Area (net s.f.)
Quantity
PROGRAM Total
Comments
1) American A. American Elevator B. American Warehouse C. American Mill D. American Office E. American Annex F. Green Space F. Waterfront Space
31,600 SF 57,400 SF 15,200 SF 2,700 SF 20,400 SF 104,800 SF 550 LF
2 Levels 5 Levels 8 Levels 2 Levels 2 Levels Outdoor Outdoor Subtotal:
63,200 151,000 121,600 5,400 40,800 104,800 550 382,000 SF
Business Incubator, Art Studios Market Condos, Grocery Store Hotel Visitor Center Vertical Gardens Landscaping, Interactive Spaces Receptions, TBD (Bulkhead)
2) Perot A. Perot Malt House B. Perot Elevator Annex C. Perot Elevator D. American Office E. American Annex
28,000 SF 6,000 SF 3,400 SF 2,700 SF 300 LF
4 Levels 2 Levels 4 Levels Outdoor Outdoor Subtotal:
112,200 12,000 13,600 63,800 300 137,800 SF
Tech Center CNC Plant Performance Space, Stage, Backstage Landscaping, Interactive Spaces Restraunt, TBD (Bulkhead)
3) Marine “A” A. Grain Elevator B. Green Space C. Waterfront Space
20,250 SF 64,500 SF 15,200 SF
2 Levels Outdoor Outdoor Subtotal:
Total Net Square Feet: Total Gross S.F. @ 25%
40,500 64,500 650 LF 105,650 SF 625,450 SF 781,812.5 SF
Arts Center, Gallery, Housing “Package Ways”, Landscaping Kayaking, Dock space (Bulkhead)
Gross factor is an estimate
OHIO ST
THE STANDARD
PEROT MALTHOUSE PEROT ELEVATOR
LAKE AND RAIL
FALO BUF
R
RIVE
BU
FF AL O
RI
VE
R
TREET BRIDGE
AMERICAN WAREHOUSE ELECTRIC ELEVATOR AMERICAN ELEVATOR
RIGIDIZED METAL CORPORATION MARINE ‘A’
83
PROGRAM
AMERICAN ELEVATOR
AMERICAN ELEVATOR PROGRAM Studio Space Vertical Mist Farm / Grocery Store Virtual Reality Center Residential Loft Space
85
PROGRAM
PEROT ELEVATOR
PEROT ELEVATOR PROGRAM Studio Space Office Space Music Studio Space Performance Space
87
PROGRAM
PEROT MALTHOUSE
PEROT MALT HOUSE PROGRAM Incubator Space Learning Center Fabrication / Maker Space Circulation Space Cafe
89
PROGRAM
MARINE “A” ELEVATOR
MARINE “A” PROGRAM Studio Space Artist Gallery Performance Space Residential Space
91
PROGRAM
AMERICAN WAREHOUSE AND MILL
AMERICAN PROGRAM Studio Space Fabrication / Maker Space Circulation Space Auditorium Music Studios Residential - Hostel Residential - Loft
93
PRECEDENCE-MACRO-CAMPUS
BAUHAUS
PRECEDENCE-MICRO-DESIGN
JOHN HEJDUK SONSBEEK PAVILION
95
PRECEDENCE-MACRO-CAMPUS
Ricardo Bofill Cement Factory
PRECEDENCE-MICRO-DESIGN
JORN UTZON SILKEBORGARKIV
97
PRECEDENCE-MACRO-CAMPUS
MINNEAPOLIS MILL CITY MUSEUM
PRECEDENCE-MICRO-DESIGN
RICHARD SERRA
99
PRECEDENCE-MICRO-DESIGN
GORDON MATTA CLARK
PRECEDENCE-MICRO-DESIGN
GORDON MATTA CLARK
101
CONCEPT REPURPOSING “THE MACHINE” TO A HABITABLE ENVIORNMENT
+ GRID
-Brick and Steel -Human (Habitable Space) Influenced Design Options -Adaptive Reuse (Sculpture within a grid)
The machine has two forms:
THE GRID (rectilinear forms) that are dynamic and easily manipulated. THE SCULPTURE (cylindrical forms) that are static and non-transitional space.
By dissecting the gridded space, elements such as windows and existing walls can be sliced to allow natural light to pour into existing dark vacant spaces. Biotechnic cooridoors will shape artist spaces throught an existing 15’x 25’ grid. This will allow occupants to experience habitable space that was once an Industrial machine.
+ SCULPTURE
-Concrete -Machine (Factory Conditions) Influenced Design Options -Preservation (Intergrity of the historic Site)
103
DESIGN DIAGRAMS
AMERICAN WAREHOUSE
Existing Gridded Space
Three Existing rooms that travel to the second floor and extrude past the roof
To meet daylighting requirments place two interior atriums that act as lightwells and a courtyard for communal space
Volumes slicing through the floor plane
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105
DESIGN DIAGRAMS
AMERICAN WAREHOUSE
Existing Envelope
Existing window grid
Proposed size of openings for daylighting requirments
Openings interpreted as mass
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107
DESIGN DIAGRAMS
AMERICAN WAREHOUSE
Converting a rectalinear shape to a cylinder to apply fluidity to the grided space
Replaced cylinder with inverted funnel to resemble the grain elevators equipment to incorperate structure into the grid
Sculpture subtraction form gridded rectilinear mass for a fluent courtyard
Sculpture slicing the floor slab
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109
EXISTING GRID
PROGRAM AROUND CORRIDOR
111
PROGRAM WITHOUT CORRIDOR
CORRIDOR WITH ATRIUM
113
CIRCULATION
Means of Egress
CORRIDOR EGRESS
115
EXISTING EAST ELEVATION
117
EAST ELEVATION
119
EAST SECTION
121
EXISTING NORTH ELEVATION
123
NORTH ELEVATION
125
NORTH SECTION
127
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
129
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
131
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
133
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN
135
FIFTH FLOOR PLAN
137
ROOF PLAN
139
NW RENDER
141
SITE SECTION
143
SECTION PERSPECTIVE
145
CORRIDOR RENDER
147
COURTYARD RENDERING
149
COURTYARD RENDERING
151
CAFE RENDERING
153
APARTMENT RENDERING
155
ARCHITECTURE STUDIO RENDERING
157
AUDITORIUM RENDERING
159
NW SITE RENDERING
161
BIBLIOGRAPHY nham, R. (1989). A Concrete Atlantis. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Baxter, H. H. (1980). BUFFALO’S GRAIN ELEVATORS. Buffalo: Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society volume xxvi. Becher, B. &. (1990). Grain Elevators. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Bittner, T. (2013). Silo City. Buffalo: Thomas Bittner. Bittner, T. (2013). Silo City-changes. Buffalo: Thomas Bittner. Bittner, T. (2013). Winter in Silo City. Buffalo: Thomas Bittner. Brown, W. J. (2009). American Colossus. Brooklyn: Colossal Books. Brown, W. J. (2009, May 21). American Colossus: The Grain Elevator: Adaptive Reuse: A Practical Proposal. Retrieved from American Colossus: The Grain Elevator: http:// american-colossus.blogspot.com/2009/05/adaptive-reuse-proposal.html Buffalo, E. (2016, Septeber 01). Silo City Grounded. Retrieved from Explore Buffalo: http://explorebuffalo.org/waterfront/silo-city-grounded/ Coleman, K. B. (2015, January 7). Grain Elevators. Retrieved from IHS Built Environment Typology: http://www.horizonview.net/~ihs/GrainElevators/GrainElevator_Chronology1.html Corbusier, L. (1923). Towards a new architecture. Czeniak, J. (2012). Formerly Urban Projecting Rust Belt Futures. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Glaeser, E. L. (2016, 01 27). Can Buffalo Ever Come Back? Retrieved from City Journal: https://www.city-journal.org/html/can-buffalo-ever-come-back-13050.html Hugill, A. (2014, November 24). RUNNING ON RESERVE ARCHITECTURES OF THE RESERVOIR: INSIDE THE BAUHAUS LAB 2014. Retrieved from uncube: http://www. uncubemagazine.com/blog/14820951 Kelly, M. (2014, October 14). Following Function: Putting the Industrial Buildings that Inspired the Modernist Movement Back to Work. Retrieved from International committee for the documentation and conservation of buildings, sites, and neighborhoods of the modern movement: http://www.docomomo-us.org/news/following_function_putting_industrial_buildings_inspired_modernist_movement_back_work Levin, J. (2011, May 30). Buffalo Grain Elevators and Early American Modernism (a Photo Essay). Retrieved from mfareview: https://mfareview.wordpress.com/2011/05/20/ buffalo-grain-elevators-and-early-american-modernism-a-photo-essay/ Loos, A. (1908). Ornament and Crime. Austria. McMorrough, J. (2008). Ru(m)inations. Mendelsohn, E. (1926). Amerika. Berlin: Dover Publications, Inc. NPR. (2016, May 14). Historian Says Don’t ‘Sanitize’ How Our Government Created Ghettos. Retrieved from NPR. ORG: http://www.npr.org/2015/05/14/406699264/historian-says-dont-sanitize-how-our-government-created-the-ghettos Platner, S. (2012). With the Grain: Buffalo’s Silo City. Buffalo: Steve Platner. Redner, S. (2003). Population history of Buffalo from 1830 - 1990. Boston: Boston University. Schneekloth, L. H. (2006). Reconsidering Concrete Atlantis:. Buffalo: University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Sholes, T. E. (1997). Buffalo’s Waterfront. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. Sorkin, M. (2004). When Good Architects Design Bad Buildings. THE GRAIN MOVEMENT.; Statistics of the Year’s Imports and Exports from Buffalo The Largest Amount on Record. (1871). Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, 3. Trufte, E. R. (1994). Envisioning Information. Cheshire: Graphics Press. Werkbund, D. (1912). Jahrbücher. Toronto: Berlin [etc.] H. Reckendorf [etc.]. Vicovanu, I. R. (2009). L’Esprit nouveau (1920–1925) and the shaping of modernism in the France of the 1920s. Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University.
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JAMES JACOBIK
THESIS DEFINITION BOOK JAMESJACOBIK@GMAIL.COM