School of Architecture Building and Design Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Science 2 - Integration Project
Name ID Tutor
James Tay Jia Chuen 0322210 Ar. Edwin
Table of contents 1.0 Lighting Calculation (Space A)…………………………………………………….3 1.1 Daylight Analysis……………………………………………………………3 1.1.1 Daylight Factor Calculation……………………………………4-6 1.2 Artificial Lighting…………………………………………………………….7 1.2.1 Lumen Method Calculation……………………………………7-9 1.3 PSALI……………………………………………………………………….10 1.3.1 PSALI Analysis………………………………………………10-13 2.0 Lighting Calculation (Space B)…………………………………………………..14 2.1 Artificial Lighting……………………………………………………….14-15 2.1.1 Lumen Method Calculation………………………………...16-19
1.0 LIGHTING CALCULATION (SPACE A) 1.1 Daylight Analysis The study area located on the first floor facing eastwards of the site has been chosen as Space A. Space A is an area with floor height of 3.4m and is located closest to the front faรงade. The reason for this space being so close to the faรงade is to maximize the use of natural daylighting in spaces which require more illumination for purposes such as reading.
Figure 1.1.1 shows First Floor Plan indicating location of Study area (Space A)
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1.1.1 Daylight Factor Calculation:
Where, W is the area of the windows (m2) A is the total area of internal surfaces (m2) T is the glass transmittance corrected for dirt θ is the visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R is the average reflectance of area
Figure 1.1.1.1 shows zoomed in plan view of Study area (Space A)
Figure 1.1.1.2 shows section of the visible sky angle of space A
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Daylight Factor Calculation: Area of the window exposed (m2)
4.2 x 2.5= 10.5m2
(Note:- Assuming the window on the right side is excluded in this calculation)
Total area of internal surfaces (m2)
[(2.4 x 3.4) + (5.5 x 3.4) + (4.2 x 3.4) + (3 x 3.4) + (1.1 x 3.4) + (4.2 x 5.5) + (4.2 x 5.5)]m = 101.28m2
Double glazing glass transmittance corrected for dirt Visible sky angle (o)
0.6
Average reflectance of area
0.5 (Reason:- White painted walls with glass
66 surfaces)
Average DF
(10.5/101.28) x [(0.6 x 66)/(1-0.5)] = 8.21%
Based on MS 1525, the Daylighting factor distributions are stated as on the table below: ZONE
DAYLIGHT FACTOR (%)
DISTRIBUTION
VERY BRIGHT
>6
Too bright with thermal and glare problems
BRIGHT
3-6
Good
AVERAGE
1-3
Fair
DARK
0-1
Poor
Natural Illumination Calculation: Illuminance (Lux) 120000 110000 20000 1000-2000 400 <200 40 <1
Example Very Bright Sunlight Bright Sunlight Clear Sky Overcast Sky Sunrise/Sunset Midday Fully Overcast Sunset, Storm
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Figure 1.1.1.3 shows Daylight contour analysis diagram of Study area (Space A) using Ecotect
Where, Ei = illuminanace due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane Eo= The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average daylight level in Malaysia (EH) is assumed to be 20000 lux 8.21 = (Ei/20000) x 100% Ei= 1642 lux
Conclusion The study area has a daylight factor of 8.21% and natural illumination of 1642 lux. Based on MS 1525 requirements, both values are well above suggested ratings. Thus, high intensity of sun especially during the late mornings could be very uncomfortable for people seating around the area closest to the faรงade as it could be very glaring and hot. To combat this issue, operable horizontal sunbreakers are placed on the front faรงade to control the amount of sunlight entering the spaces hence able to provide thermal and illuminance comfort. 6
1.2 Artificial Lighting Due to space A being a space for reading, it is vital that this particular space is illuminated in the right amounts throughout the day even during the absence of daylight during the evening or night. Furthermore, as seen from the daylight contour diagram, not the entire space is well lit in the presence of daylighting, only areas close to the window could be illuminated whilst areas furthest from the window are seen to be very dim. Thus, artificial lighting is still needed. Based on MS 1525 requirements, it states that the suitable range of illumination level for a libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reading area is between 300 to 500 lux.
Figure 1.2.1 shows a table of standard illumination levels
1.2.1 Lumen Method Calculation: Type of luminaire proposed Type of Fixture
Recessed LED Luminaire
Type of Model
Company Geometry Lumen (lm) Watt Color Designation
Philips Radius 0.6m 1600 26 White 7
Dimension of Room (m) Floor area (m2) Height of ceiling (m) Lumen (lux) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of work level (m) Mounting height (m) Reflectance factors
Room Index/RI (K) Utilisation Factor (UF) Maintenance Factor Number of lamps required
Spacing to height ratio (SHR)
Fittings Layout
5.5 x 4.2 23.1 3.4 1500 3.4 0.8 2.6 White plaster ceiling = 0.7 Brick wall painted white with glass surfaces = 0.5 Laminated woodblock floor = 0.2 (5.5 x 4.2)m / (5.5 + 4.2)m X 2.6 = 0.915 0.46 0.8 N = 300 lux x 23.1m2/ 1600 lm x 0.46 x 0.8 =11.8 =12 lamps SHR = 1/Hm x â&#x2C6;&#x161;A/N = 1/ 2.6 x â&#x2C6;&#x161;23.1/12 = 0.53 SHR = S/2.6=0.53 Smax= 2.6 x 0.53 = 1.4m Fittings required along wall 5.5m = 5.5/1.4 = 3.92 = 4 ROWS Fittings required along wall 4.2m = 4.2/1.4 = 3 ROWS Spacing along wall 5.5m = 5.5/4 = 1.375m Spacing along wall 4.2m = 4.2/3 = 1.4m
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Fitting Layout: Smax = 1.4m
Figure 1.2.1.1 shows the fitting layout of study area (Space A)
Conclusion 12 light fittings are distributed accordingly in the study area and are arranged in such a way that it is within the maximum spacing calculated which was1.4m between fixtures. Also, the light fittings are placed such that it is located above tables in the study area to allow people studying in that area to receive the sufficient illuminance of 300 lux as per required by MS 1525 standards.
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1.3 PSALI Based on the lumen calculations and light contour analysis, the 12 luminaires in the study area can be controlled by three switches all together as shown in Figure 1.3.1. The Switch A controls the 3 luminaires closest to the window which receives the most sunlight exposure. Switch B controls 2 rows of luminaires as shown in Figure 1.3.1 whereas Switch C controls the row of luminaires between B.
Figure 1.3.1 shows the reflective ceiling plan of study area (Space A)
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1.3.1 PSALI Analysis Instance 1: In the morning when the intensity of daylight on the east side is at its peak, the 3 luminaires controlled by switch C will be the only switch turned on. With switch C turned on alone coupled with the high intensity daylighting, the room can be illuminated effectively and to the required amounts for reading.
Figure 1.3.1.1 shows the light contour using Ecotect when switch C is turned on
Figure 1.3.1.2 shows a section view of space A in instance 1 through the PSALI principle
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Instance 2: When the intensity of daylight reduces, Switch B will be the only switch turned on. This is needed as daylight intensity has decreased and is not able to illuminate areas deeper in space A.
Figure 1.3.1.3 shows the light contour using Ecotect when switch B is turned on
Figure 1.3.1.4 shows a section view of space A in instance 2 through the PSALI principle
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Instance 3: In the evening or night with the absence of daylighting, all switches will be turned on to illuminate space A to the required illumination levels.
Figure 1.3.1.5 shows the light contour using Ecotect all switches are turned on
Figure 1.3.1.6 shows a section view of space A in instance 3 through the PSALI principle
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2.0 LIGHTING CALCULATION (SPACE B) 2.1 Artificial Lighting The book shelves/collections area located on the first floor has been chosen as Space B. Space B is an area with floor height of 3.4m and is located in the middle of the building. The reason for this choice is because the second space to be investigated on should not be affected by daylighting but only artificial lighting. As this space is a book shelves area, it is necessary to be well lit at all times despite the aid of any daylighting.
Figure 2.1.1 shows First Floor Plan indicating location of Book shelves area (Space B) 14
Figure 2.1.2 shows a zoomed in plan of book shelves area (Space B)
Based on MS 1525 requirements, it states that the suitable range of illumination level for a libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s book shelves area is between 300 to 500 lux. Thus, suitable amount of lighting fixtures should be in place at the correct distances between one fixture to the other through the lumen method calculation.
Figure 2.1.3 shows a table of standard illumination levels
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2.1.1 Lumen Method Calculation: Type of luminaire proposed Type of Fixture
Linear ceiling mounted fluorescent
Type of Model
Company Geometry Lumen (lm) Watt Color Designation Dimension of Room (m) Floor area (m2) Height of ceiling (m) Lumen (lux) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of work level (m) Mounting height (m) Reflectance factors Room Index/RI (K) Utilisation Factor (UF) Maintenance Factor Number of lamps required
Spacing to height ratio (SHR)
Philips Length 1.2m 2600 36 White 9.36 x 4.6 43 3.4 2600 3.4 0.8 2.6 White plaster ceiling = 0.7 Brick wall painted white with openings= 0.5 Laminated woodblock floor = 0.2 (9.36 x 4.6)m / (9.36 + 4.6)m X 2.6 = 1.19 0.52 0.8 N = 300 lux x 43m2/ 2600 lm x 0.52 x 0.8 =11.9 =12 lamps SHR = 1/Hm x √A/N = 1/ 2.6 x √43/12 = 0.73 SHR = S/2.6=0.73 Smax= 2.6 x 0.73 = 1.9m
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Fittings Layout
Fittings required along wall 9.36m = 9.36/1.9 = 4.9 = 5 ROWS Fittings required along wall 4.6m = 4.6/1.9 = 2.4 = 3 ROWS Spacing along wall 9.36m = 9.36/5 = 1.9m
Fitting layout: Smax= 1.9m
Figure 2.1.1.1 shows the fitting layout of bookshelves area (Space B)
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Figure 2.1.1.2 shows the reflective ceiling plan of bookshelves area (Space B)
Figure 2.1.1.3 shows light contour of artificial lighting in bookshelves area (Space B)
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Conclusion Based on the lumen calculations, the 12 luminaires are spaced with maximum spacing of 1.9m and can be controlled by 2 switches as shown in Figure 3.1.1.2. Switch A controls all the linear fluorescent fittings between book shelves. As shown in Figure 3.1.1.2, it can be seen that the lanes between bookshelves require 2 linear fittings as these are the areas which need to be lit well. Furthermore, considerations are taken to make sure that these fittings are not placed directly above the shelves but rather in the middle of lanes to maximize the illumination of the luminaires in that area. Besides that, it can be seen that the bookshelf lane closest to the switches only has 1 linear fitting compared to the other lanes which has 2 linear fittings, this is so because the lane closest to the switches only has a short bookshelf and its lane is narrower. Finally, Switch B controls all linear fittings of the main corridor as shown in Figure 3.1.1.2. It can be seen that these linear fittings are orientated perpendicular to the fittings controlled by switch A, this is because the main corridor is long hence orientating the linear fitting would efficiently increase coverage of illumination on the main corridor.
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