AP EUROPEAN HISTORY – LOS ALTOS SCHOOL MCKAY – CHAPTER 25 STUDY GUIDE – 30 pts. “The Age of Nationalism” (ce 1850-1914)
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CHAPTER SUMMARY
What was the basic organizing principle in Western society in the age of industrialization and urbanization? The theme of this chapter is the triumph of nationalism as the way in which society was organized. Between 1850 and 1914, strong nation-states developed - which won the enthusiastic support of all the social classes, caused a shift in the balance of international political power, and pulled the masses away from the socialist doctrine of class war. Napoleon III of France played a pioneering role in this triumph of nationalism. His mild dictatorship, which came into being illegally and which lasted from 1852 to 1870, showed how the national state and its programs could appeal to rich and poor, conservative and radical. In this way, the national state became a way of coping with the challenge of rapid political and economic change. In Italy, Count Cavour, the moderate nationalist leader of the kingdom of Sardinia, managed to unify most of Italy in 1860 into a single political state that was far from radical in social and economic matters. Shortly thereafter, in 1862, Otto von Bismarck became chief minister of Prussia. A master of power politics, Bismarck skillfully fought three wars to unify the states of Germany into a single nation under Prussian leadership. In doing so, Bismarck strengthened German nationalism and gave it a conservative and anti-liberal thrust. In the United States competing national aspirations led to bitter civil war. In the South a slave-based cotton economy, rapidly expanding as new land was opened and industrialization generated new demands for cotton, came into conflict with the urban culture and family-farm agriculture of the North. A Northern victory meant the end of slavery, but it did not mean land reform of the end of discrimination against blacks. Nationalism was also important in Russia. There it led to major reforms after the Crimean War: In 1861 the serfs were freed, and the government encouraged the development of railroads and modern industry. Frustrated nationalism was an important factor in the Russian revolution of 1905, after defeat in a war with Japan. Nationalism continued to grow in strength in the emerging urban society of the late nineteenth century. This was because national governments and politicians responded effectively to many of the political demands and social needs of the people. Throughout most of Europe socialists and socialist political parties looked increasingly toward unions and parliaments for continued gradual improvement. They paid only lip service to the idea of radical, violent revolution and class war. The growing moderation of European socialists reflected the great appeal of nationalism for the masses. Only in multinational states, most notably the Austro-Hungarian Empire, did the growth of competing nationalism promote fragmentation as opposed to unity.
SECTION 1 – Napoleon III in France
1. Why did the voters of France elect Louis Napoleon president in 1848? What were some of the benefits Napoleon bestowed on his subjects? First, he had the name of his uncle that so e romantic writers had glorified. Second, middle class and proprety owners feared socialism that was getting dangerously popular. Thirdly Louis Napoleon had a positive program for France. 2. Why did nationalism become a universal faith in Europe between 1850 and 1914 and why did it gain the support of the broad masses of society? Nationalism became an universal faith because it could go with any political idea: socialism, fascism, communism,liberalism. It made the people proud of themselves and of their coiuntry.
Important terms
Authoritarian nationalism----> used by Louis Napoleon, it’s emulating nationalist ideas but having a very strong government Napoleon III’s coup d’etat -----> Napoleon threw a coup d’etat and afterwards made people vote to keep him or not SECTION 2 – Nation Building in Italy and Germany
1. How was Germany unified? Describe Bismarck’s methods. What were the long-term results? Germany was unified and became a federal state thanks to Bismarck very authoritative policies. He stated from the begininig of his career as prime minister that the parliament wouldn’t have its word to say it triumphed in germany and the system is nearly still same now (chancellor,federation) 2. Why was Italy before 1860 merely a “geographical expression”? Italy was separated into man tiny states such as the Papa states, the venice republic .... There was not the bigger country it is today 3. What were the three basic approaches to Italian unification? Which one prevailed? Mazzini wanted a republic with universal male suffrage, Gioberti wanted a republic ruled by a progressive pope, Vittorio Emanuele wanted a constitutional monarchy. Vittorio Emanuele’s aproach prevailed 4. What was the importance of Garibaldi’s liberation of Sicily and Naples in 1860? It’s important for two reasons first it permitted to Cavour to get rid of him for a bit, second it added Sicilly to the kingdom and sealed the union between north and south. 5. What were the causes and results of the Austro-Prussian War? Bismark made it possible to declare war to Austria and putting the country in a delicate situation so that it would be easy to declare and win the war. This war had several consequence It dissolved the german confederation and Austria withdrawed from Prussia’s political affairs 6. What was the significance of the Zollverein in German history? The Zolverein already unified all the German state apart from Austria , these states were enriching themselves and it became easier to challenge austrian authority. 7. Why did the Prussian middle class liberals make an about-face and support their old enemy Bismarck after 1866? They supported Bismarck because he had fully and undeniably succeeded in his attempt to unify Germany. Important terms
Red Shirts----> Garibaldi’s troops
Zionism
Zollverein----> economical union between german states
North German Confederation----> when the german confederation was disolved the northern states united
Pius IX---> Pope during italian unification
William I of Germany---> tried to unify germany “from above”
SECTION 3 – Nation Building and the United States
1. How were territorial expansion and the issue of slavery related in the United States?
Teritorial expansion made new teritories that the rich proprety owners could use but this meant they needed new slaves to farm them 2. What enabled the North to defeat the South in the Civil War?
In the north enthusiasm remained high and national culture took place thin enabled the North to win the civil war.
SECTION 4 – The Modernization of Russia
1. What was the status of the Russian serf in the early nineteenth century? How beneficial was the reform of 1861 to the serf? Explain. The serfs were bound to the place where they were born comdemned to cultivate it forever. It changed a lot the free serfs had now some land given by the reform and could start their own farm. 2. Why was the Crimean War a turning point in Russian history? The crimean war made the russina people more nationalist wich will have a certain role in the revolution. Important terms
Zemstvo----> local government
Russian revolution of 1905--->revolt against the tsar---> Communism
Russian Duma---> political term in Russian to say assembly
Sergei Witte----> minister of finance
Alexander II---> he was the Russian tsar----> murdered
SECTION 5 – The Responsive National State, 1871-1914
1. Was the new Germany a democracy? Where did power reside in the Germany of 1871? 2. The new German democracy with Bismarck was strong and stable it resided mostly in Bismarck's hands
3. What was Bismarck’s relationship (after 1871) with (a) the Catholic Church, (b) the liberals, and (c) the socialists? He hated ALL of them but he managed to get along with the Church because he needed support against the socialist that he feared, he thought the pope had a competing influence on the German catholics as they wouldn’t know who to obey during a conflict between Germany and the church 4. What were the causes and outcome of the Dreyfus affair in France? 5. The Dreyfus affair was caused by antisemitism and by a sordid story of war spies and lies the outcomes were Dreyfus being freed an the french gov. apologizing after a real intellectual; crusade 6. What were the major political developments and issues in Britain and Ireland in the late nineteenth century? Britain and Ireland had a conflictual relationship mostly because of the potato famine, the Irish wanted independence 7. When and in what ways did European Jews begin to experience civil equality-and why and in what forms did anti-Jewish prejudice (anti-Semitism) take place? They finally had some right but as shortly after that a huge crisis happened the shame was brought on them it took the place of ideas and prejudges Important terms
German Social Democratic party--> hated by Bismarck that tried to get rid of it British Third Reform Bill of 1884---> this reform gave the right to vote to more people Benjamin Disraeli--> British prime minister, he was conservative Jules Ferry--->french prime minister creates free public compulsory school William Gladstone--> liberal statesman became prime minister William II of Germany-->last German Kaiser threw Germany in many wars and cause Bismarck to resign John Stuart Mill---> argued for the right of women
SECTION 6 – Marxism and the Socialist Movement
1. How does one account for the rapid growth of socialist parties in Europe in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?
2. What was the purpose of the Socialist Internationals? What were the general arguments of the revisionist socialists?
Important terms
Socialist “revisionism” Edward Bernstein
Explain the outcome and significance of each of the following wars by completing the following table. War Years Outcome and Significance Danish War
1864
austria gets Holstein and Germany gets Schlewig and beat the danes
Austro-Prussian War
1866
germany gets holstein back, humiliation for austria and shows german power
Franco-Prussian War
18701871
germany beats france and gets alsace and loraine
Crimean War
185657
First war that involves that many countries -->forshadows WWI
19041905
First great war of the 20Th century Shows imperial ambitions in both countries
Russo-Japanese War
Multiple Choice
1.
The Russian zemstvo was a(n) a. industrial workers’ council. b. local government assembly. c. terrorist group.
d.
village priest.
2.
The a. b. c. d.
Kulturkampf in Germany was an attack on liberals. socialists. the Catholic church. Prussian culture.
3.
After 1850, the disciples of nationalism in Italy looked for leadership from a. Prussia. b. the papacy. c. Sardinia-Piedmont. d. the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
4.
Witte’s plans for the economic development of Russia included a. lowering protective tariffs. b. taking Russia off the gold standard. c. encouraging foreign investment. d. bringing Russian Marxists into the government.
5.
Bismarck’s fundamental goal for Prussia was a. democratic reform. b. preservation of Great Power status via expansion. c. the elimination of nationalism. d. the elimination of the monarchy.
6.
Among those opposing home rule in Ireland were a. Catholics. b. Ulsterites. c. Irish peasants. d. William Gladstone.
7.
Changes that enable a country to compete effectively with leading countries at a given time are called a. b. c. d.
nationalism. modernization. revisionism. Reconstruction.
8.
The German Zollverein was a. a trade union. b. a customs union. c. an “all-German” parliament. d. a political party.
9.
The new popularly elected parliament in Russia after 1905 was known as the a. House of Commons. b. National Assembly. c. Reichstag. d. Duma.
10.
After the adoption of the 1867 constitution, Hungary was dominated by a. the peasantry. b. the middle classes. c. the Croatians and Rumanians. d. the Magyar nobility.