Module 1, Lesson 2 Test: “The Renaissance and Northern Renaissance” Review Sheet The Renaissance (Overview) o What came before? The Middle Ages Dominance of the Church- Weakening of the Church The Crusades The Black Plague End of Feudalism in western Europe The 100 Years War/ War of the Roses Fall of Constantinople Scholasticism and St. Thomas Aquinas o CAUSES Florence- center of east-west/ north-south European trade Renewal of Classicism Rise of Secularism- was not religious or scientific Rise of education- Humanism and Humanities, celebrated the awakening of the human spirit Urbanism due to trade Focus on individual over the group The Italian City-States: o Treaty of Lodi o Florence- The Medici Family (1397- Medici bank, led to Papal banking) Patronizing the arts Social classes (popolo) Condottierri and Podesta Pazzi Conspiracy (1479) Savonarola o Venice o Milan Sforza Appealed to Charles VIII o Naples o Papal States Pope Sixtus IV Pope Alexander VI Cesare Borgia Pope Julius II 1516- Concordat of Bologna Pope Leo X
Humanism/ Secularism/ Individualism/ Classicism: o Petrarch o Studia Humanitatis o Humanism emphasized: Human beings Human achievements Human capabilities o Studied Classicism o Individualism stressed: Personality Uniqueness Fullest development of capabilities The quest for glory o Secularism concerned with material world not spiritual world. o Dante o Boccaccio o Castiglione o Valla o Machiavelli o Christine de Pisan Italian Renaissance Art: o Natural representation of beauty, used nudity (classicism) o Still maintained religious themes o Emphasis on classical symbolism o New perspective and use of symmetry and geometry o Saw the development of the portrait as a new means of self-promotion o Characteristics of Renaissance art o Giotto o Massaccio o Da Vinci o Raphael o Michelangelo o Ghiberti o Donatello o Botticelli o Brunellesch Charles VIII and the French Invasions: o Start of the Italian Wars- invaded in 1494
o Louis XVII succeeded and invaded Italy in 1499 o Holy League- Papal States, Venice, HRE, vs. France o HRE Charles V took Milan from Spain, involved in the sack of Rome Northern Renaissance o Flanders o Printing Press o Christian Humanism Erasmus Philosophia Christi More Shakespeare o Northern Renaissance art Jan Van Eyck Albert Duerer Hans Holbein the Younger Peter Brueghel the Elder Rise of Northern Monarchies o France o England o Spain o HRE