Principles of communism ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ဝါဒ၏မူမ်ား (ဖရက္ဒရစ္အိန္ဂယ္) by Tiger Humpi

PRINCIPLES OF FREDERICK

COMMUNISM ENGLES

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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM FREDERICK ENGLES

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z&uf'&pf tde*f ,f uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm; PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM Frederick Engels.

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uGefjrLepf0g'udkawmh rqef@usifyg[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf? odk@aomf vufawG@ vkyf&yfudk aoaocsmcsm avhvm=unfhv#ifrl ArmjynfwGif rmhufpfvDeif0g' pmayrsm;xkwaf 0 jzef@csd jcif;udv k nf;aumif;/ avhvmvdu k pf m;jcif;udv k nf;aumif;/ 'if;wd@k wav#mufv;kH qef@usi=f ua=umif; awG@&ayonf? e0w uqdv k #if rmhupf f 0g' pmayrajymESihf ypPn;f rJh acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ta=umif; "e&Sipf ma&;q&mrsm;. a&;om;csurf sm;/ Edik if w H umrS wd;k wufonf[k qdEk ikd af om pmayrsm; zuf±j_ cif;udyk if {&mr&mZ0wfr}_ u;D usL;vGeo f nfo h zG,f jypfwif±w _ cf s ta&;,laeayonf? awG@v#io f rd ;f / a&mif;v#izf rf; tajctaersK;d yif jzpfonf? TuJo h @kd aom tajctaeatmufwiG f Armjynftm; awmufyaom tem*wfqo D @kd wu,fwrf; vrf;!¸ejf yEdik o f nfh rmhupf 0f g' vDeif0g'tm; umuG,f &efEiS hf jzef@cs&d eftwGuf usm;ukwu f sm;cJv;kH yef;&ef txl;yifvt kd yfaeavonf? TtwGuf OD;pGmtm;jzifh rmhupf v f eD if0g' pmayrsm;tm; tajccHusus eufeuf ±_id ;f ±_id ;f avhvm&efrmS rjzpfraevky&f rnfh vkyif ef;wm0efw&yf jzpfonf? Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD A[d0k g' jzef@csad &;Xmemtaejzifh jynforl sm;ESihf &Jabmfrsm; avhvm Edik &f eftwGuf tcuftcJ trsK;d rsK;d t=um;rSyif rmhupf 0f g'pmayrsm;tm; rjywf xkwaf 0jzef@cs&d ef }udK;pm;oGm;rnf jzpfayonf? z&uf'&pf tde*f ,fvaf &;aom “uGejf rLepf0g'.rlrsm;” pmwrf;onf odyeH` nf;us qd&k , S v f pf0g' pmayrsm;teuf tapmqH;k xkwaf 0cJah om pmayrsm; pm&if;wGif yg0ifayonf? Tpmwrf;tm; avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh rmhupf 0f g'.rlrsm;udk od&EdS ikd o f vdk rmhupf 0f g'jzwfoef;cJah om ordik ;f a=umif;udv k nf; wpHw k &mjyefvnf oHk;oyfEdkifayonf? oabmw&m;tm; wdkif;wm&mY vufawG@onfom wck wnf;aom pHjzpfonfqo kd nft h av#muf rmhupf v f eD if0g'. tcsK@d aom t,ltq rsm;onfyifv#if vufawG@aygi;f rsm;pGmudk t}udr}f udrjf zwfoef;&if; rGr;f rHjyKjyif cJ&h a=umif; owdjyKrd=uayrnf? vGecf ahJ om 144 ESpu f a&;om;xkwaf 0cJah om T pmwrf;xJrS tcsK@d aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;onfvnf; obm0uspmG yif vufawG@. acszsujf cif;cHc&hJ onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ar;cGe;f 19 tm; ajz=um;&mY awmfveS af &;rSm Edik if w H Edik if w H nf;wGif rjzpfEikd [ f k qdx k m;aomfvnf; 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ±k&mS ;jynfY atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;}u;D ayguu f +JG y;D ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;u tm%m&cJo h nf? TonfrmS rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fvw f @kd vufxufwiG f }udKajymIr&aom e,fcs@J pepf. tm;tenf;qH;k uGi;f qufqo kd nfh tcsut f vuf ay:ayguv f mjcif;a=umifh 2

jzpfonf? od@k aomf owdjyKoifo h nft h csurf mS txufygtjzpftysuo f nf "e&Sif pepftm; qd&k , S v f pfpepfjzifh tpm;xd;k a&;/ ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; tm%m&&Sad &; qdk aom rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fvw f @kd !存ejf ycJo h nfh tajccHO;D wnfcsuf vrf;a=umif;rS aoGzD oGm;jcif; r[kw[ f al om tcsuyf ifjzpfonf? ,if;od@k aom trSew f &m;rsm;tm; qkyu f ikd jf cif;/ zG@H +zdK;xGe;f um;apjcif; yifv#if uGejf rLepf0g'. tajccH&yfwnfcsuyf if jzpfawmhonf? tajccH&yfwnfcsuf tm; jyKjyifjcif;/ ajymif;vJjcif;udrk u l m; rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf # cGirhf jyKEdik af y?

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tajz? ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf vGecf o hJ nfh (q,f&h pS )f &mpkEpS f 'kw, d &mpk0uftwGi;f t*FvefwiG f jzpfymG ;cJ+h yD;aemuf urBm, h Ofaus;r_ jrifrh m;onfh Edik if rH sm; tm;vH;k rSm qufvufjzpfay:cJo h nfh pufra_ wmfveS af &;twGi;f pwif ay:aygucf yhJ gonf? a&aEG;aiG@pufrsm;/ csnif ifpuftrsK;d rsK;d / puf&ufuef; rsm;ESihf tjcm;pufu&d , d m ypPn;f tpHt k vif xkwv f yk w f x D iG rf r_ sm;u pufrv _ ufr_ awmfveS af &;udk jzpfay:apcJyh gonf? Tpufrsm;onf tvGef aps;}u;D onfh twGuf t&if;&Si}f u;D rsm;uom 0,f,El ikd o f nf? ,if;wd@k u ,cif xkwv f yk rf e_ nf;em wpHv k ;kH udk ajymif;vJap+yD; tvGen f zhH si;f onfh csnif ifb;D rsm;/ vuf&ufuef;rsm;ESihf vkyu f ikd af om tvkyo f rm;rsm;xuf aps;E_e;f csKo d m+yD; ydrk akd umif;rGeo f nfh ukepf nfrsm;udk pufrsm;u xkwv f yk f vmEdik o f nft h wGuf ,cif tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk armif;xkwv f u kd yf gonf? Tpufrsm;u pufrv _ yk if ef; wckv;kH udk t&if;&Si}f uD;rsm;. vufwiG ;f od@k yd@k aqmifay;vdu k +f y;D tvkyo f rm;rsm;. ydik q f ikd rf _ tao;tzGrJ sm; (ud&, d m wefqmyvm/ vuf&ufuef; tp&S)d udk vH;k 0 wefz;kd rJo h mG ;apcJyh gonf? xd@k a=umifh wc%twGi;f t&if;&Sirf sm; vufwiG ;f t&m&ma&muf&dS oGm;+y;D tvkyo f rm;rsm;vufwiG ;f bmr# ruse&f adS wmhacs? Tt&monf txnftvdyf pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;twGi;f od@k puf±pkH epf y%mr0ifa&muf vmjcif;udk txdr;f trSwjf yK ayonf? puf,E &W m;ESihf puf±pHk epf tpysK;d 0ifa&mufvmjcif;tay: wGe;f tm;ay;vdu k o f nfEiS hf w+yKd ief uf Tpepfonf tjcm;aom pufr_ vkyif ef; cGrJ sm;tm;vH;k txl;ojzifh t0wftpm;/ yHEk ydS v f yk if ef;/ td;k cGuv f yk if ef;ESihf owWKypPnf;vkyfief;rsm;odk@ tvsiftjref ysH@ESH@a&muf&Sd oGm;ygonf? tvkyform;wOD;csif;t=um; vkyftm;cGJa0r_ ydkIydkI rsm;jym;vm+yD; ,cifu t vkyf wpHv k ;kH tjynfh vkyaf qmifco hJ nfh tvkyf orm;rsm;onf ,cktcgrmS xdt k pHrk S wpdww f ydik ;f udo k m vky&f yg awmhonf? Tvkyt f m; cGaJ 0r_onf txGuyf pPn;f rsm; ydrk v kd #ijf refpmG xGu&f adS p+yD; Tenf;jzifh aps;E_ef;ydkrdk oufomvmapygonf? wOD;csif; tvkyform;rsm;. vkyaf qmifcsuu f kd ‚wd@k vkyaf qmifcsuu f o hJ @kd aumif;rGe±f rHk #ru pufa=umifh ydrk o k d mvGeEf ik d +f y;D ±k;d pif;onfh tqufrjywf xyfumxyfum vnfywfaeaom puf,E &W m;v_y&f mS ;r_o@kd av#mch sypfvu kd yf gonf? TuJo h @kd aomenf;jzifh 5

Tpuf±kH trsm;tjym;onf &ufuef; pufrsm;/ csnif ifpufrsm; jzpfomG ; cJ=h uonft h wdik ;f w±k+H y;D w±kH a&aEG;aiG@ puf±EHk iS hf tvky±f pkH epf v$r;f rd;k r_ atmufo@kd usa&mufomG ;ygonf? od@k aomf wcsed w f nf;rSmyif ‚wd@k onf t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. vufwGif;odk@vnf; usqif;oGm;+yD; xdkae&mrsm; wGiv f nf; tvkyo f rm;rsm;onf vGwv f yfr. _ aemufq;kH tptersm; udyk if qH;k ±_;H cJ&h ygonf? wjznf;jznf;ESihf ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk rf _ (manufacture) omv#if puf±p kH epf. v$r;f rd;k r_atmufo@kd wd;k Iwd;k I usa&muf vmjcif; r[kwb f J t&if;&Si}f u;D rsm;onf tjrwftpGe;f trsm;tjym;&+y;D vkyftm;cGJa0r_udk tus,fcsJ@Edkif onfh {&mrtvkyf±Hk}uD;rsm; ydkIydkI wnfaxmifum vufry_ nmonf uav;rsm;udv k nf; wGe;f xd;k ab;z,f ypfvu kd yf gonf? Tod@k jzifh ,Ofaus;r_ wd;k wufz@HG òz;+y;D Edik if rH sm;Y vkyt f m; pdu k x f w k rf _ trsK;d rsK;d tpm;pm; tm;vH;k eD;yg;tm; puf±rHk sm;wGio f m jyKvkyf aqmif&GufvmcJh=u&+yD; vkyfief;cGJ tm;vHk;eD;yg;wGifvnf; vufr_ ynmonfESifh ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_rsm;onf t}uD;pm;pufr_vufr_ vkyif ef;rsm;. tpm;xd;k ausmv f m$ ;jcif;udk cHvu kd f &ayonf? TjzpfpOfonf tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;tv$ma[mif; txl;ojzifh vufry_ nmonf uav;rsm;udk ydkrdkqdk;0g;onfh twdkif;twmtxd zsufqD;ypfvdkuf+yD; tvkyo f rm; rsm;. tajctaeawGukd vH;k 0 ajymif;vJypfvu kd u f m wjcm; vlwef;pm;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;0g;+rKd jcif;jzifh jzpfwnfvmaom vlwef;pm; opfEpS &f yfukd jzpfay:vm apcJyh gonf? ‚wd@k rmS 1? ,Ofaus;+yD; Edik if rH sm;tm;vH;k rS t&if;&Si}f uD; vlwef;pm;rsm;onf b0wnf+rJa&;ypPn;f rsm; xkwv f yk af &;twGuf vdt k yfonfh b0wnf+rJ a&;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf uke=f urf;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf ud&, d mrsm; (pufrsm;/ tvkyf ±krH sm;) tm;vH;k udk tºuif;rheJ ;D yg; ydik q f ikd +f yD; jzpfygonf? Tonf "e&Sif vlwef;pm; od@k r[kwf "e&Sirf sm; jzpfygonf? 2? ydik q f ikd rf _ vH;k 0r&Sad om vlwef;pm;onf ‚wd@k wnfwahH &;twGuf vdt k yfaom b0wnf+raJ &; ypPn;f rsm;&&ef rdrw d @kd vyk t f m;udk "e&Sirf sm;xH ra&Smifrv$o J m a&mif;cs&ygonf? Tvlwef;pm;udk ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; od@k r[kwf ypPn;f rJ[ h ak c:ygonf? ar;cGef; 5? "e&Sifrsm;odk@ ypPnf;rJhrsm;. TuJhodk@ vkyftm;a&mif;csr_onf 6

‘rnf o nf h ’ ta=umif ; tcsuf a tmuf w G i f jzpf a y:ygoenf ; ´? tajz? vkyt f m;onf tjcm;t&mrsm;uJo h @kd ukepf nfw&yfomjzpf+yD; xd@k a=umifh vnf; ‚&J@wefz;kd tm; wjcm;ukepf nfrsm;wGif toH;k jyKonfh Oya'o rsm;uyif jyÏmef;ygonf? t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef; od@k r[kwf vGwv f yfpmG +ydKifqikd rf _ e,fy,fwiG f u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifEikd o f nft h wdik ;f TESpcf o k nf wrsK;d wnf; jzpfvmygonf? ukepf nf. wefz;kd onf ysr;f r#tm;jzifh xkwv f yk rf _ ukeu f sp&dwEf iS hf nDr#a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh vkyt f m;. wefz;kd onfvnf; vkyf tm; xkwv f yk rf _ ukeu f sp&dwrf sm;ESihf nDr#ayonf? od@k aomf xkwv f yk rf _ ukeu f sp&dwrf sm;onf vkyo f m;wa,muf tvkyv f yk &f ef use;f rmae+y;D tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; aoqH;k aysmufu, G f roGm;apa&;twGuf vdt k yfaom b0wnf+raJ &; ypPn;f ta&twGuf twdtusom yg0ifaeayonf? xd@k a=umifh tvkyform;wa,muftaejzifh ‚.vkyftm;twGuf T &nf&, G cf surf sm;twGuf vdt k yfonfxuf yd&k &Srd nfr[kwaf y? vkyt f m; .wefz;kd od@k r[kwf vconf xd@k a=umifh vl@touf xde;f odr;f &eftwGuf vdt k yfaom tedrq hf ;kH od@k r[kwf tenf;qH;k wefz;kd yif jzpfonf? od@k aomf vkyif ef;onf wcgw&Hq;kd 0g;+yD; wcgw&Haumif;rGeo f nft h wGuf puf±Hk ydik &f iS t f aejzifh ‚.ukepf nfrsm;twGuf wcgw&Hy&kd +y;D wcgw&Havsm&h onfh enf;wl tvkyo f rm;onf wcgw&Hy&kd +y;D wcgw&H avsm&h ygonf? od@k aomf puf±yHk ikd &f iS o f nf ta&mif;t0,faumif;csed Ef iS hf qd;k csed yf sr;f r#twdik ;f ‚. ukepf nfrsm;twGuf ‚.xkwv f yk rf _ ukeu f sp&dwrf sm;xuf ydI k aomf vnf; aumif;/ avsmI h aomfvnf;aumif; &&Sjd cif;r&So d uJo h @kd tvkyo f rm; onf vnf; ysr;f r#tm;jzifh Ttenf;qH;k wefz;k d xuf ydI k aomfvnf;aumif;/ avsmI h aomfvnf;aumif; r&&Sad cs? vpm. Tabm*aA' w&m;onf t}u;D pm; pufrv _ yk if ef;u xkwv f yk af &;vkyif ef;cGt J m;vH;k udk ydik q f ikd v f mr_ twdik ;f twm us,jf yef@rsm;jym;vmavav ydrk w kd if;usypf mG v_y&f mS ; csKyfuikd af v jzpfvmygonf? a r;cG e f ; 6? puf r _ a wmf v S e f a &; ray:ayguf r D u rnf o nf h t vk y f o rm; vl w ef ; pm;rsm; &S d y goenf ; ´? tajz? vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfay:wd;k wufr. _ rwlno D nfh tqifrh sm;ESit hf nD tvkyf orm;vlwef;pm;rsm;onf tpOft+rJ rwlno D nfh tajctae ta=umif; 7

tcsurf sm;atmufwiG f touf&iS af exdik cf =hJ u&+y;D ydik q f ikd o f El iS hf tkycf sKyo f l vlwef;pm;rsm;ESihf rwlno D nfh qufqaH &;rsm; &Scd yhJ gonf? a&S;oa&m tcgu tvkyform;rsm;onf acwfaemufusaom wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk awmifyikd ;f t&yfa'orsm;rSmyif jzpf+rjJ zpfaeao; onft h wdik ;f ydik q f ikd o f rl sm;. “aus;u|erf sm;” jzpfc=hJ uygonf? tv,f acwfwiG f olw@kd onf [efa*&D/ ydv k efEiS hf ±k&mS ;wd@k wiG f jzpf+rJjzpfaeao; onft h wdik ;f ajrydik &f iS f rSL;rwfrsm;. “v,fu|erf sm;” jzpfc=hJ uygonf? tv,facwfEiS hf pufra_ wmfveS af &; a&mufvmonft h xd +rKd @rsm;wGif "e&Sif aygupf tvky&f iS rf sm;twGuf vkyu f ikd af eonfh e,fvn S hf tvkyo f rm;rsm; vnf; &Scd yhJ gonf? wjznf;jznf;ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk rf _ jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vm onfEiS hf twl xdt k csed u f yifpwif+y;D ydrk }kd u;D rm;onfh t&if;&Si}f u;D rsm;. tcpm; ukex f w k f tvkyo f rm;rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJyh gonf? ar;cG e f ; 7? ypP n f ; rJ h r sm;onf aus;u|ef r sm;ES i f h rnf o d k @ uG J j ym;jcm;em; ygoenf ; ´? tajz? aus;u|eo f nf w}urd w f nf;ESihf woufv;kH a&mif;pm;cHvu kd &f +y;D ypPn;f rJrh sm; uawmh rdru d , kd rf rd d ae@pOfEiS t hf r# em&Dwikd ;f a&mif;csae&ygonf? u|eyf ikd f &Sif wOD;. udk,fydkifypPnf;jzpfonfh aus;u|efwOD;onf aexdkifr_b0 tb,fr#yif edru hf sapumrl u|eyf ikd &f iS . f tusK;d pD;yGm;a=umifrh @kd ‚. touf&iS &f yfwnfciG o hf nf tmrcHcsu&f +dS y;D jzpfygonf? ypPn;f rJw h OD;tzd@k awG@ae&onfh twdik ;f "e&Sivl fvw pm;wckv;kH . ydik q f ikd rf j_ zpf+y;D olw@kd u l ef;pm; ‚. vkyt f m;udk vkt d yfaomtcsed rf o S m 0,f,+l yD; touf&iS &f yfwnf cGirhf mS tmrcHcsurf &Syd g? Ttouf&iS f &yfwnfciG rhf mS ypPn;f rJvl hvw l ef;pm; w&yfv;kH twGuo f mv#if tmrcHcsu&f ydS gonf? aus;u|erf mS +ydKifqikd rf . _ tjyifybufwiG &f +dS yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;uawmh TtwGi;f rSmyif&u dS m ‚. tusK;d tjypftm;vH;k udk cHpm;&ygonf? aus;u|eu f kd ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzG@J tpnf;0iftjzpf todtrSwrf jyKbJ t&m0wˆKwcktjzpf owfrw S u f m ypPn;f rJu h akd wmh vly*k Kd~ vfwa,muftjzpf ,Ofaus;aom vl@tzG@J tpnf; 0iftjzpf todtrSwðf yonf? TuJo h @kd jzifh aus;u|eo f nf ypPn;f rJh xuf omvGeaf om touf&iS cf iG /hf &yfwnfciG hf &Sad omfvnf; ypPn;f rJo h nf vlrj_ zpfay:wd;k wufr. _ ydI k jrifah omtqifrh mS yg0if+yD; rdru d , kd w f ikd v f nf; 8

aus;u|ex f ufjrifw h hJ tqifrh &S yfwnfaeygonf? aus;u|eo f nf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf _ qufqaH &;tm;vH;k xJrS aus;u|epf epfqufqaH &;udo k m zsuf odr;f vdu k yf gu rdru d , kd rf rd d vGwaf jrmufap+yD; xdrk w S qifh ypPn;f rJt h jzpf a&muf&dS vmEdik o f nf? ypPn;f rJu h awmh a,bk,sy*k v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd zsuo f rd ;f jcif; jzifo h mv#if rdru d , kd rf rd d vGwaf jrmufaponf? ar;cGef;8?ypPnf;rJhrsm;onfv,fu|efrsm;ESifhrnfodk@uGJjym;jcm;em;ygoenf;´? tajz? v,fu|eo f nf ‚.txGuyf pPn;f wpdww f ydik ;f od@k r[kwf vkyt f m; vkyfaqmifr_twGuf — tvJtvS,ftjzpf xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,m wckjzpfonfh ajrwuGuu f kd ydik q f ikd cf iG hf od@k r[kwf toH;k jyKcGihf &Syd gonf? ypPn;f rJo h nf txGuyf pPn;f wpdww f ydik ;f &&eftwGuf tvJtvS,t f jzpf wyg;ol twGuf wyg;ol. xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d mrsm;ESihf tvkyv f yk &f onf? v,fu|efu ay;qyf&+yD; ypPnf;rJhu vufcH&,lonf? v,fu|efu touf&iS f &yfwnfciG hf tmrcHcsu&f +dS yD; ypPn;f rJu h r&Sad cs? v,fu|eu f +yKd iq f ikd rf . _ tjyifyrSjzpf+y;D ypPn;f rJu h awmh twGi;f rS jzpfygonf? v,fu|ef onf +rKd @rsm;od@k xu G af jy;+y;D vufry_ nmonf jzpfvmjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif; od@k r[kwf rdr. d ajr&Siu f kd vkyt f m;ESihf txGuyf pPn;f tpm; aiGay;jcif;jzifh vGwv f yfaom v,fimS ;pm;ol jzpfvmjcif;jzifv h nf;aumif; od@k r[kwf ya'o &mZfajr&Siu f kd armif;xkw+f y;D ‚ud, k w f ikd f ajrykid &f iS jf zpfvmjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif; twdck sKyfajym&v#if ydik q f ikd rf v _ w l ef;pm;twGi;f ok@d EiS hf +ydKif qdik rf t _ wGi;f wenf;r[kwf wenf;0if a&mufvmjcif;jzifh rdru d , kd u f kd rdrd vGwaf jrmufaponf? ypPn;f rJu h awmh +ydKifqikd rf /_ yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf E_ iS hf vl wef;pm;jcm;em;r_ tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f jcif;jzifh rdru d , kd u f rkd rd d vGwf ajrmuf aponf? ar;cG e f ; 9? ypP n f ; rJ h o nf vuf r _ y nmonf u av;ES i f h rnf u J h o d k @ uG J j ym;jcm; em;ygoenf ; 3· ´? (tde*f ,fu Tae&mwGif pmrsuEf mS 0ufcef@ uGuv f yfxm;cJo h nf? tajz twGuf rSwpf rk sm; trSw(f 3) rSm =unfyh g? aemufcH ta=umif;t&m t wGuf rSwpf rk sm; trSw(f 1) wGif =unfyh g? ) ar;cGef; 10? ypPnf;rJhonf ukefypPnf;xkwfvkyfolESifh rnfuJhodk@ uGJjym; jcm;em;ygoenf;´? 9

tajz?

q,fhajcmuf&mpkrS q,fh&Spf&mpkxd ae&mwumvdkvdkrSm&Sdaom ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if; vkyo f m;onf ‚xkwv f yk af &;ud&, d m/ ‚. &ufuef;pif/ rdom;pkcsnif ifb;D ESihf rdr. d tm;vyfonft h csed rf sm;wGif xGef,uf pdkufysKd;aom ajruGufi,fav;wckudk ydkifqdkifcJh=uygonf? ypPn;f rJw h iG f Tvdk ypPn;f rsK;d bmwckrrS &Sad y? ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if; vkyo f m;onf t+rrJ jywfe;D yg; aus;vufa'owGif aexdik +f y;D ‚ESihf ajr&Sif od@k r[kwf tvky&f iS w f @kd t=um;wGif tenf;ESit hf rsm; taz}uD;pd;k onfh qufqHa&;rsKd;&Sdonf? ypPnf;rJhonf trsm;tm;jzifh òr@}uD;rsm;wGif aexdik u f m ‚ESihf tvky&f iS . f qufqaH &;onf aiGa=u;qufqaH &; oufoufom jzpfygonf? t}u;D pm; pufrv _ yk if ef;u ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk o f l vkyo f m;. tz}uD;pd;k aom ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk qkw+f zJypfvu kd +f yD; ‚ydik q f ikd v f suf &Sad o;onfh ydik q f ikd rf r_ sm;udv k nf; qH;k ±_;H apum Tenf;jzifh ‚ud, k w f ikd f ypPn;f rJjh zpfvmonf? ar;cG e f ; 11? puf r _ a wmf v S e f a &;ES i f h vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; twG i f ; "e&S i f E S i f h ypP n f ; rJ h u G J j ym;oG m ;r_ w d k @ . vwf w avm tusKd ; quf r sm;um; tb,f e nf ; ´? tajz? yxr? puf,EW&m;vkyt f m;u o,faqmifvmonfh pufr_ txGuf ypPn;f rsm;.wefz;kd ydI k ydI k usqif;vmr_rsm;u urBmw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd wdik ;f jynf tm;vH;k rS ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if;rsm;ESihf vl.vkyt f m;tay: tajccHaom pufrv _ yk if ef; pepfa[mif;udk vH;k 0zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd o f nf? Tenf;jzifh ,ck tcsed t f xd ordik ;f jzpfay:wd;k wufrE_ iS hf tenf;ESit hf rsm; wpdr;f jyifjyif jzpfaeao;+y;D ‚wd@k . pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;uvnf; ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if; tay: tajccHxm;onfh t±dik ;f tpdik ;f wydik ;f Edik if rH sm;tm;vH;k onf ‚wd@k . txD;usew f aumifºuuf jzpfaer_rS twif;tusyq f x JG w k jf cif; cHvu kd f &onf? ‚wd@k onf t*Fvyd w f @kd . aps;ydak ygaom ukepf nfrsm;udk 0,f,l =u+yD; ‚wd@k . ud, k yf ikd yf pPn;f xkwv f yk o f v l yk o f m;rsm;udk b0ysuaf pcJh onf? ESpaf xmif ESichf s+D y;D bmr#rwd;k wufcahJ om Edik if rH sm; Oyrm tdE, Nd rSm tuket f pif awmfveS af jymif;vJypfvu kd +f yD; w±kwjf ynfonfyif ,cktcg awmfveS af &;vrf;udk av#mufvrS ;f vm=u+yD jzpfonf? ,ae@ t*FvefrmS puftopf wDxiG v f u kd rf u _ wESpt f wGi;f w±kwt f vkyo f rm; oef;ESichf s+D y;D 10

b0ysuaf pEdik o f nft h csed o f @kd u|Eyfk w f @kd a&muf&v dS mcJah y+yD? Tenf;jzifh t}u;D pm;pufrv _ ufrv _ yk if ef;u urBmajray:&Sd jynfot l m;vH;k udk wOD;ESihf wOD; xdawG@qufpyfay;+yD; a'oaps; uGuif ,f tm;vH;k udk urBmah ps;}uD; wcktjzpf aygi;f pyfpak y;um ae&mwumrSm zG@H òz;wd;k wufonfh ,Ofaus;r_ vrf;a=umif;udk cif;ay;vdu k o f nf? Tenf; jzifh ,Ofaus;aom Edik if rH sm;u rnfonft h jzpftysurf qdk tjcm;Edik if H tm;vH;k od@k *,uf±u kd cf wfr_ &Scd hJ onf? xd@k a=umifh t*Fvef od@k r[kwf jyifopf&dS tvkyo f rm;rsm;u ,ck tcg rdrdudk,frdrd vGwfajrmufapvdkufygu Tonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; tm;vH;k &Sd awmfveS af &;rsm;udk ayguu f aJG pvdrrhf nf? ,if;awmfveS af &;rsm; u xdak 'o&Sd tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk taES;ESit hf jrefqo kd vdk vGwf ajrmufap ayvdrrhf nf? 'kw, d ? ukeyf pPn;f xkwv f yk cf if;udk t}uD;pm; pufrv _ ufru _ tpm; xd;k cJo h nfh ae&mwdik ;f wGif pufra_ wmfveS af &;onf "e&Sirf sm; ‚. ºu,f0 csr;f omr_EiS hf tm%mwd@k ukd tjrifq h ;kH tqifo h @kd jzpfay:wd;k wuf ap+yD; ‚wd@k ukd wdik ;f jynfwiG f yxrwef;pm; vlwef;pm;tjzpfo@kd a&muf&dS oGm;apcJyh gonf? tusK;d &&Scd suu f awmh Tt&m jzpfysucf o hJ nfh ae&m wdik ;f wGif "e&Sio f nf Edik if aH &;tm%mudk vuf0,f&,l+yD; xdt k csed x f d tkypf ;kd onfh vlwef;pm;rsm;/ rif;pd;k &mZmrsm; *D;vfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;ESihf TESpf rsK;d udk ud, k pf m;jyKonfh oufO;D qHyikd t f yk cf sKyrf u _ dk z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd o f nf? "e &Sirf sm;onf ajr,mudk a&mif;csciG hf r&So d nfh Oya'ESihf rSL;}u;D rwf&mrsm;. tcGix hf ;l tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k jf cif; jzifh rif;pd;k &mZmrsm;ESihf rSL;}uD; rwf&mwd@k . tm%mrsm;udk acsre_ ;f ypfvu kd f ygonf? *D;vfvyk if ef;rsm;ESihf vufry_ nmqdik &f m tcGix hf ;l rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f vdu k jf cif;jzifh Tonfu *D;vf vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;. tm%mudk zsuq f ;D vdu k o f nf? ‚wd@k . ae&mwGif vGwf vyfw+hJ ydKifqikd rf _ od@k r[kwf rnfonfh pufrv _ ufr_ vkyif ef;cGrJ sm;wGirf qdk vlwikd ;f yg0ifEikd o f nfh tcGit hf a&;&S+d y;D wckwnf;aom twm;tqD;uawmh vdt k yfonfh t&if;tES;D csK@d wjhJ cif;qdak om vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajctaewck u tpm;xd;k vdu k o f nf? Tenf;jzifh vGwv f yfw@J +yKd ifqikd rf u _ kd azmfaqmif vdu k jf cif;u ,cktcsed rf pS I vl@tzG@J tpnf;0ifrsm;onf ‚wd@k . t&if; tES;D rwlnrD t _ wdik ;f twm t&omv#if rwlnrD &_ =dS u+yD; t&if;tES;D 11

omv#if tqH;k tjzwf tm%mjzpfa=umif;ESihf xd@k a=umifh t&if;&Sirf sm;ESiS hf "e&Sifrsm;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif yxrwef;pm;rsm; jzpfa=umif;udk vlo&d iS =f um; a=unmvdu k jf cif; jzpfayonf? t}u;D pm;puf r_vyk if ef;onf vGwv f yfpmG +ydKifqikd rf q _ akd om vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajc tae wckwiG o f m zG@H òz;wd;k wufEikd o f nft h wGuf Tvkyif ef; zG@J pnf;xajrmuf a&; twGuf vGwv f yfaom òyifqikd rf u _ kd vdt k yfonf? "e&Sio f nf rSL;}u;D rwf&mrsm;ESihf *D;vfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;. vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f m tm%mudk acsre_ ;f +y;D aemuf ‚wd@k . Edik if aH &;tm%mudv k nf; acsre_ ;f vdu k o f nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf; twGi;f yxrwef;pm;ae&mod@k jrifw h ufvm+y;D aemuf "e&Sio f nf Edik if aH &; wGiv f nf; yxrwef;pm;jzpfa=umif; rdru d , kd rf rd d a=unmvdu k yf gonf? Tonf "e&Sifwdk@. w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#jcif;ESifh vGwv f yfonfh +ydKifqikd rf t _ & w&m;0if todtrSwf jyKjcif; wd@k tay: rScD o kd nfh ud, k pf m;vS,pf epf azmfaqmifjcif;jzifh jyKvkycf o hJ nf? Oa&my EdkifiHrsm;wGif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya't& bk&ifpepfo¿mefudk cH,l vdu k jf cif;jzifh vkyaf qmifvu kd o f nf? TzG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH & bk&ifpepfrsm;wGif t&if;tES;D wpHk w&m &So d rl sm; wenf;tm;jzifh "e&Sio f mv#if rJay;Edik o f rl sm;jzpfum T "e&Sif rJqEN&Sifrsm;u udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a&G;cs,f+yD; T"e&Sif ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u tcGet f aumufrsm;udk rJay;&ef jiif;qdEk ikd af om ‚wd@k . tcGit hf a&;udk toH;k jyK+yD; "e&Sit f pd;k &udk a&G;cs,=f uonf? wwd,? pufrv _ ufra_ wmfveS af &;onf ae&mwdik ;f wGif ypPn;f rJh rsm;udk "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tm; wnfaqmufay;onfh twdik ;f twmtwdik ;f wnfaqmufay;onf? "e&Sifrsm; ydkIydkIcsrf;omvmonfESifhtr# wlnw D hJ tcsK;d tpm;twdik ;f ypPn;f rJrh sm;uvnf; ta&twGuf wd;k rsm; vmonf? ypPn;f rJrh sm;tm; t&if;tES;D uom tvkyaf y;Edik +f y;D t&if;tES;D onfvnf; vkyt f m;udk iSm;&rf;jcif;jzifo h mv#if wd;k yGm;Edik o f nft h wGuf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. }u;D xGm;r_onf t&if;tES;D }u;D xGm;r_EiS t hf nD wom;wnf; vSr;f wufaeayonf? wcsed w f nf;rSmyif TjzpfpOfu pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm; tvGef tusK;d tjrwf&adS tmif vkyaf qmifEikd o f nfh +rKd @}u;D rsm;wGif "e&SiEf iS hf ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk twlp±k ;Hk ay; vdu k o f nf? Tenf;jzifh wae&m wae&mwnf;rSm 12

tvGe}f uD;rm;onfh vlpv k al 0;}uD;rsm; jzpfay: jcif;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;tm; ‚wd@k . pGr;f &nf tiftm;udk od&edS m;vnfapvdu k yf gonf? 'gt h jyif T jzpfpOf ydrk jkd zpfay: wd;k wufvm+y;D vl@vyk t f m;udk z,f&mS ;onfh puf,E &W m; rsm;udk ydI k wDxiG v f mv#if u|eaf wmfw@kd axmufjycJo h nft h wdik ;f t}u;D pm; pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;u vkycf rsm;udk tedrq hf ;kH od@k ydrk Ekd rdS chf svu kd +f y;D Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tajctaeonf omIomI onf;rcHEikd zf , G &f m jzpfvm ayonf? Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf wzufwiG f rauseyfrr_ sm; }u;D xGm; vmum wzufwiG v f nf; tiftm;awmifw h if; }u;D rm;vm+y;D pufr_ awmf vSefa&;u ypPnf;rJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; awmfvSefa&;vrf;udk jyifqifay; vdu k o f nf? ar;cG e f ; 12? puf r _ a wmf v S e f a &;. a&S @ tusKd ; quf r sm;um; tb,f enf ; ´? tajz? a&aEG;aiG@tif*siEf iS hf tjcm;puf,E &W m;rsm;ESihf t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;u tawmrowf us,jf yef@aeaom xkwv f yk af &;enf;emrsm;udk tcsed w f kd twGi;f ESihf tuket f usenf;pGm zefw;D vdu k o f nf? Tenf;jzifh xkwv f yk af &; ajyjypfacsmarm jrefqefvmr_EiS t hf wl t}uD;pm; pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf rv$J raoG yl;wGaJ eonfh vGwv f yfonfh +yKd iq f ikd rf u _ vnf; r=umrDtwGi;f rSmyif tvGet f u|q H ;kH o¿mefo@kd a&muf&v dS monf? t&if;&Sit f ajrmuftjrm; pufrv _ yk if ef;avmuod@k usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvm+y;D tcsed w f t kd wGi;f rSmyif oH;k Edik o f nfxufy+kd y;D xkwv f yk v f mawmhonf? tusK;d uawmh xkwv f yk f vdu k af om ypPn;f rsm;rSm a&mif;rxGuaf wmhbJ ukeo f , G af &;uyfqw kd m ay:xGuv f mawmhonf? puf±rHk sm;ydwv f u kd &f +yD; ydik &f iS rf sm;a'0gvcD u H m tvkyo f rm;rsm; pm;p&mr&Sd jzpfomG ;&onf? ae&mwumrSm qif;&J'u k Q wGi;f teufq;kH usomG ;onf? c%=umawmh ydv k #aH eaom ypPn;f rsm; a&mif;xkwv f u kd &f +yD; puf±rHk sm;jyefvnf vnfywfum vkycf rsm;jrifw h uf vm+y;D wjznf;jznf;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;rSm ,cifuxuf ydI k aumif;vmygonf? od@k aomf odyrf =umvdu k b f J ukeyf pPn;f trsm;tjym; jyefvnfxw k v f yk v f m jyef+y;D uyfab;topf xyfjzpfvmum ,cifvrf;a=umif;twdik ;f om jyef ay:vmcJo h nf? T (q,fu h ;kd ) &mpk tpydik ;f rSp+yD; pufrv _ yk if ef; tajc taeonf }uD;yGm;aomumvESihf uyfqu kd af omumvtwGi;f t+rJ 13

twuftus jzpfae+yD; uyfqu kd jf cif;topfrmS ig;ESpo f @kd r[kwf ckEpS Ef pS f eD;yg;w}udrf rSerf eS ef ;D yg; usa&mufaeonf? Tod@k jzifh tvkyo f rm;rsm; twGuf t}uD;rm;qH;k aom tcuftcJtusyt f wnf;rsm; taxGaxG awmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf wnf&q dS t J ajctaersm;twGuf tvGef tu|t H EW&m,frsm; pwmawG woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:vmygonf? ar;cGef; 13? Tumvtvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfay:vmaom ukefoG,fa&; uyfab; rsm; aemufrmS bmawGvu kd v f mygoenf;´? tajz? yxr? t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;onf ‚.tapmqH;k tqifw h iG f vGwf vyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_udk zefwD;cJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGif ‚onf vGwfvyfonfh +ydKifqdkifr_udk ausmfvGefoGm;ay+yD? t}uD;pm;pufr_ vkyif ef;tzd@k +yKd iq f ikd rf E_ iS hf a,bk,stm;jzifh yk*v ~ u d ydik f pufrx _ w k v f yk af &; tpnf;t±k;H rsm;rSm twm; tqD;tcsKyftaESmifrsm; jzpfvm+y;D ‚wd@k ukd zsuq f ;D ypf&awmhrnf? zsuv f nf; zsuq f ;D ypfvrd rhf nf? t}uD;pm;pufr_ vkyif ef;onf ,ckvuf&dS ‚. tajccHay:rSm qufvufvnfywf vkyf aqmifaeor# umvywfv;kH ckEpS Ef pS f w}udrf taxGaxGtºkH ur_qakd om t&if;tESD;ay;rSomv#if xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifrSmjzpf+yD; xdktHkºur_rsm;u t}udrw f ikd ;f rSm vl@,Ofaus;r_ wck vH;k udk +cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk qif;&JwiG ;f usa&mufap±krH u "e&Sif tpdwt f ydik ;f trsm;tjym;udv k nf; zsuq f ;D ypfayonf? Tod@k qv kd #if t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;ud, k w f ikd u f t±_;H ay;vdu k rf nfvm;? 'guawmh vH;k 0rjzpfEikd af y? od@k r[kwf ‚taeESihf pufrx _ w k v f yk af &;udk tjyef tvSe+f yKd iq f ikd af ewJh yk*v ~ u d puf±yHk ikd &f iS rf sm;&J@ !¸e=f um;r_ qufrcHawmhbJ tm;vH;k &J@vt kd yfru _ kd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;onfh wdusonfh pDru H ed ;f ESit hf nD tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH u v_y&f mS ;vkyaf qmifaom vHk;0opfvGifaom tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfudk rv$Jra&Smif vdktyfvmap rnfvm;? 'kw, d ? t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf ‚ujzpfapcJo h nfh twm; tqD;r&Sd xkwv f yk af &;cs@J xiG jf cif;onf jzpfEikd o f nfh t0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f b0.vdt k yfcsurf sm;tm;vH;k udk xkwv f yk af y;+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;0ifwikd ;f jzpfay:wd;k wufEikd u f m jynf0h aom vGwv f yfjcif;ESihf ‚wd@k . tiftm;rsm;/ pGr;f &nfrsm;tm;vH;k udk toH;k jyKEikd o f nfh vl@tzG@J tpnf; taetxm; wck 14

udk o,faqmifvmonf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@ vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Y qif;&J 'kut Q m;vH;k ESihf ukeo f , G af &;uyfqu kd rf _ tm;vH;k wd@k ukd jzpfay:aponfh t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;. t&nftcsi;f rsm;uyifv#if rwlno D nfh vl@tzG@J tpnf; atmufrmS T'kurQ sm;ESihf qd;k 0g;vSaom uyfab;twuf tus rsm;udk acsre_ ;f Edik af om t&mrsm;jzpf[ef &Sad yonf? xd@k a=umifh 1? Traumif;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk ,cktcsdefrSp+yD; wnf&SdqJ ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf qufvufuu kd n f jD cif; r&Sad wmhonfh vl@tzG@J t pnf; pepfay:od@k om yHck s&efjzpfonf? aemuf+yD; 2? Traumif;r_rsm;tm;vHk;udk vHk;0z,f&Sm;+yD; vl@tzGJ@ tpnf ; pepf o pf w &yf azmf x k w f a &;enf ; emrsm;onf v nf ; tqifoif&h adS e+yD jzpf a=umif; t&Si;f vif;qH;k jyovdu k af y+yD? ar;cG e f ; 14? vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; taetxm;opf w &yf r S m b,f v d k t rsKd ; tpm; rsKd ; jzpf r nf e nf ; ´? tajz? t"durSm ‚onfa,bk,stm;jzifh tjyeftvSe+f ydKifqikd af eonfh yk*v ~ d ursm;vufxrJ S pufrv _ yk if ef;vnfywfa&;ESihf xkwv f yk af &; vkyif ef;cGJ tm; vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkuf+yD; ‚.ae&mwGif xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;cGJ tm;vH;k udk vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH u tkycf sKyf vkyaf qmifcef@co JG nfh pepfjzifh tpm;xd;k onf? 'guawmh wlnaD om ta=umif;tcsurf sm;twGuf bHpk rD u H ed ;f ESihf tnD vl@tzG@J tpnf;0if tm;vH;k u yg0ifaqmif&u G &f rnfh pepfyifjzpfonf? wenf;ajymv#if ‚onf +ydKifqikd rf u _ kd zsuo f rd ;f +yD; 'guakd ygi;f pyfwzJG ufjcif; jzifh tpm;xd;k onf? xd@k jyif pufrv _ yk if ef;tay: yk*v ~ u d pDrt H yk cf sKyfru _ ‚. rv$rJ a&Smifomaom tusK;d quftjzpf yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ u d k &&S d aponf ? aemuf + yD ; +yd K if q d k i f r _ o nf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;udk yk*~vduydkifqdkif olrsm; tkyfcsKyfvkyfaqmifonfh enf;pepfEiS hf o¿mefr#om jzpfonfh twGuaf =umifh yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf puf r _ v k y f i ef ; tay: yk * ~ v d u pD r H tk y f c sKyf r _ e J @ +yd K if q d k i f r _ w d k @ ES i f h uif;uGmIr&[k jzpfvmonf? xd@k a=umifh yk*v ~ d uydik q f ikd rf u _ v kd nf; zsuo f rd ;f &rSmjzpf+y;D ‚.ae&mwGif xkwv f yk af &; ud&d ,mtm;vH;k udk bHo k ;kH pGrJ E_ iS hf bHo k abmwlnrD t _ & txGuyf pPn;f tm;vH;k udk jzef@a0r_u tpm;xd;k vma&muf&rnf? pum;wcGe;f wnf;ESiq hf v kd #if ypPn;f rsm;udk 15

trsm;ydkifqdkifr_ qdkwmyJ jzpfonf? wu,fawmh yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsuo f rd ;f a&;onf pufr_ vkyif ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufru _ vdt k yfapaom xdt k a=umif;a=umifyh if uGejf rLepfrsm;u ‚wd@k t"du awmif;qdck suf tjyif rSeu f efpmG wifjyonfh vlrt _ zG@J tpnf; taetxm;wckv;kH ajymif; vJa&;udk yHak zmf&ef twdq k ;kH ESihf txif&mS ; qH;k aom vrf;jzpfonf? ar;cGe;f 15? xd@k a=umifh yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd tcsed af pmpGm zsuo f rd ;f &ef r jzpfEikd b f ;l r[kwfvm;´? tajz? rSeo f nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f m taetxm; tajymif;tvJwikd ;f ydik q f ikd rf _ qufqaH &;rsm;twGi;f u awmfveS af &;wdik ;f onf ydik q f ikd rf q _ ufqaH &;rsm; ESihf qufvuft0H ifciG u f sjcif; r&Sad wmhonfh xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkopf rsm; zefw;D wDxiG v f mjcif;. vdt k yfaom tusK;d qufjzpfonf? yk*v ~ u d ydik f qdik rf u _ , kd w f ikd f Tenf;jzifh pwifay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfygonf? tb,f a=umifq h akd omf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf tpOft+rJwnf&cdS o hJ nf r[kwf aoma=umifh jzpfonf? tv,facwf ukeq f ;kH cge;D tcsed u f xkwv f yk af &; enf;emopf wckonf xdt k csed u f wnf&adS eonfh ya'o&mZfEiS hf *D;vf ydik q f ikd rf . _ vufatmufct H jzpf rxm;&SEd ikd o f nfh pufrv _ ufrv _ yk cf if; o¿meftjzpf xGuv f m+yD; ydik q f ikd rf q _ ufqaH &;a[mif;xufausmv f eG f }u;D xGm; vmonfh Tukex f w k v f yk rf _ vkycf if;onf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ik d rf q _ ak d om ydik q f ikd rf o _ pfukd zefw;D vdu k o f nf? ukex f w k v f yk rf v _ yk cf if;ESihf t}uD;pm; pufrv _ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ yxrtqift h wGuf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf wckwnf;aom jzpfvmEdik o f nfh ydik q f ikd rf o _ ¿mef jzpfonf? ‚tay: tajccHonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;pepfonfvnf; wckwnf;aom jzpfvmEdik f onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf; pepfyif jzpfonf? tm;vH;k twGuf vdt k yfoavmuf rxkwv f yk Ef ikd b f J vl@tzG@J tpnf; t&if;tES;D wd;k jrifah &;ESihf xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pk qufvufw;kd wufa&;twGuf txGuyf pPn;f tydt k v#rH sm; usef & S d a eor# umvywf v H k ; vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; xk w f v k y f a&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk ydik q f ikd f jc,fv, S f csKyfuikd Ef ikd o f nfh v$r;f rd;k }u;D pd;k aom vlwef;pm;ESihf qif;&Jonfh tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;[lI t+rJ&adS eygvrd rhf nf? Tvlwef;pm;rsm; rnfo@kd zGw J nf yg0ifonfqjkd cif;rSm xkwv f yk af &; jzpfay: wd;k wufr_ tqift h ay: rSw D nfygvrd rhf nf? v,f,mpdu k yf sK;d a&;ay: rScD o kd nfh 16

tv,facwfwiG f bJa&mefrLS ;rwfrsm;ESihf ajru|erf sm;udk jzpfay:aponf? tv,facwf aemufyikd ;f +rKd @rsm;u *D;vfvyk if ef;ydik &f iS Ef iS hf e,fvn S t hf vkyf orm;ESihf ae@pm; tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk azmfjy+y;D ? 17 &mpkwiG f ukex f ek v f yk rf _ vkycf if;ydik &f iS f rsm;ESihf ,if;vkycf if;tvkyo f rm;rsm;&Su d m 19 &mpkrmS awmh tvky±f Hk ydik &f iS }f u;D rsm;ESihf ypPn;f rJrh sm; &Sv d mygonf? xkwv f yk af &;tiftm; pkrsm;onf ,cktcsed x f d tm;vH;k twGuf vHak vmufatmif xkwv f yk Ef ikd f onfhtqifhxd jzpfay: wdk;wufjcif;r&SdbJ xdkxkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk rsm;twGuf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf tcsKyftaESmiftwm;tqD; jzpfae a=umif; &Si;f vmonf? od@k aomf ,cktcgwiG f t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef; jzpf ay: wd;k wufro _ nf yxr - t&if;tES;D udk zefw;D +yD; xkwv f yk af &;tif tm;pkrsm;rSm ,cifu r&Sb d ;l onft h qifx h d us,jf yef@w;kd yGm;vmum enf;emrsm;uvnf; tcsed w f t kd wGi;f tuef@towfr&Sd trsm;tjym; wd;k rsm;vm&ef tvG,w f ulwnf&v dS monft h cg? 'kw, d - Txkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm; "e&Sit f enf;i,f. vufxw J iG o f m pk+yKHa&muf&adS e+yD; vltajrmuftjrm;uawmh ypPn;f rJt h qifo h @kd ydI k ydI k av#mu h svm+yD; ‚wd@k . tajctaersm;onf "e&Sirf sm;. ºu,f0csr;f omr_ wd;k rsm;vm onfh tcsK;d tpm;ESihf nDr#pmG ydI k qif;&J'u k aQ &mufvmum rcHr&yfEikd f jzpfvmonft h cg/ wwd,- Twefc;kd owW}d u;D rm;+y;D tvG,w f ul us,f jyef@w;kd yGm;Edik o f nfh xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;onf ,cktcsed x f d yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf E_ iS hf "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;xuf ausmv f eG }f uD;xGm;vmum ‚wd@k u tcsdefra&G; vl@tzG@J tpnf; taetxm;tm; t=urf;wrf; qHk;aom qlyal ESmif, h u S rf r_ sm; jzpfay:apvmaomtcg - ,cktcsed rf mS om T tcsuftvufrsm;atmufwGif yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;a&;onf jzpfvmEdik af cs &Sv d m±krH u vH;k 0vdt k yfrv _ nf; jzpfvmayonf? ar;cG e f ; 16? yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ zsuf o d r f ; a&;ud k +id r f ; csrf ; aomenf ; rsm; jzif h vk y f a qmif E d k i f o vm;´? tajz? TuJo h @kd jzpfvmEdik yf gu tvGev f v kd m;p&mjzpf+y;D Ttcsuu f kd qef@usio f l rsm;teuf uGejf rLepfrsm;onf rkcsyif aemufq;kH rSjzpfygvrd rhf nf? v#K@d 0u S }f uH pnfrr_ sm;rSeo f r#rmS toH;k rus±rHk u tE &W m,fyif&adS o;a=umif; uGejf rLepf rsm;uodonf? olw@kd u awmfveS af &;rsm;rSm qEN&w dS ikd ;f xvkyw f mrsK;d 17

t&rf;uma&mvkyw f mrsK;d r[kwb f J ygwt D oD;oD;ESihf vlwef;pm;rsm; tm;vH;k . pdwq f ENEiS hf !¸e=f um;csurf sm;ESihf vH;k 0rywfoufaom tajc tae. vdt k yfonfh tusK;d quftjzpfom ae&mwumESihf tcsed w f ikd ;f rSm jzpfay:vmEdik f a=umif;udk aumif;aumif;}u;D od=uygonf? od@k aomf olw@kd u ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+y;D Edik if t H m;vH;k eD;yg;&Sd ypPn;f rJrh sm;. jzpfay: wd;k wufr_ onf t=urf; zufzEd ydS jf cif;cH&+yD; Tenf;jzifh uGejf rLepfrsm;. twdu k t f cH rsm;onf ‚wd@k tpGr;f &So d r#jzifh awmfveS af &;qDo@kd yd@k aqmifaea=umif; udk vnf; awG@jrif=uygonf? od@k jzifh tzdEydS cf yH pPn;f rJrh sm;rSm tqH;k wae@wiG f awmf vSeaf &;qDo@kd wGe;f yd@k jcif;cH&onft h csed f u|eaf wmfw@kd uGejf rLepfrsm; onf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. ta&;awmfyu kH kd ,cktcgrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd pum;vH;k rsm; ESihf umuG,af eouJo h @kd xdt k csed w f iG f tvkyjf zifh umuG,o f mG ;=urnf? ar;cGef; 17? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zsufodrf;&mrSm wcsufwnf;ESifh jzpfEdkif ygovm;´? tajz? rjzpfEikd af y? wnf&q dS J xkwv f yk af &;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; trsm;ydik v f @l tzG@J tpnf; zefw;D wnfaxmif&eftwGuf vdt k yfaomtqifo h @kd wcsuw f nf; ESifh rwdk;csJ@EdkifouJhodk@yif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jzpfEdkifacsta=umif; tm;vH;k ESihf csO;f uyfe;D pyfvmonfh ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;onf vdt k yfonfh xkwv f yk af &;ypPn;f rsm;udk vHak vmufaom ta&twGux f d zefw;D +y;D rS om v#if wnf&q dS J vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk ajymif;vJapEdik +f y;D yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd tqif&h &dS dS zsuo f rd ;f Edik yf gvrd rhf nf? ar;cG e f ; 18? Tawmf v S e f a &;. a&S @ vrf ; a=umif ; rnf o d k @ &S d y goenf ; ´? k d a&pDz@JpG nf;yHw k &yffukd wnf axmif tajz? t"dutm;jzifh TawmfveS af &;u 'Dru rSm jzpf+yD; Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. Edik if aH &;tkycf sKyfru _ kd wdu k ±f u dk f aomf vnf;aumif;/ oG,0f u kd I f aomfvnf;aumif; xlaxmifygvrd rhf nf? wdu k f ±ku d t f aejzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;u vlxx k rJ mS trsm;pkjzpfaeonfh t*FvefwiG f jzpfonf? oG,0f u kd I f qd&k v#if trsm;pkvx l }k u;D xJrmS ypPn;f rJrh sm;omru ,cktcg ypPn;f rJrh sm;tjzpf usqif;vm+yD; ‚wd@k .Edik if aH &; tusK;d pD;yGm; tm; ypPn;f rJrh sm;tay: ydI k ydI k rScD v kd m&+y;D xd@k a=umifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. awmif; qdck surf sm;ESihf rdrw d @kd u, kd rf rd w d @kd qDav#mo f ifah wmf vmEdik o f nfh v,f orm; av;rsm;ESifh "e&Sifaygufprsm;yg yg0ifaom jyifopfESifh *smreDwdk@wGif 18

jzpfonf? TtwGuf 'kw, d wdu k yf JG vdt k yfaumif;vdt k yfEikd af omfvnf; tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f r_uawmh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. atmifyo JG mv#if jzpfayvdrrhf nf? ypPn;f rJrh sm;tzd@k 'Dru kd a&pDqo kd nftm; yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd wdu k zf suo f nfah e&mrSmESihf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. aexdik rf b _ 0udk tmrcHonfh ae&mrsm;rSm toH;k ðyaomenf;emrsm;tjzpf wdu k ±f u dk t f oH;k rðyEdik v f #if rnfonfw h efz;kd r# r&Sad cs? wnf&q dS q J ufqaH &;rsm;. vdt k yfaom tusK;d qufrsm;tjzpf ay:xGuv f maom t"duajcvSr;f rsm;rSm atmufyg twdik ;f jzpfonf? 1? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd taumuftcGerf sm; wd;k wufaumuf ,ljcif;/ tarGct H cGe}f uD;av;pGm aumufcjH cif;/ nDtudak rmifErS rsm;rS wqifq h if;oufaom (nD/ wl pojzif)h tarGcpH m;cGihf y,fzsujf cif;/ zdtm; ay;acs;,ljcif; pojzifw h @kd jzifh uef@owfjcif;? 2? ajrydik &f iS rf sm;/ puf±yHk ikd &f iS rf sm;/ oabmFEiS hf rD;&xm; vkyif ef; &Si}f uD;rsm;xHrS ‚wd@k yikd f ypPn;f rsm;udk Edik if aH wmfpufr_ vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf +ydKifqikd jf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm;o¿mefjzifh avsmaf =u; rsm; ay;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ wjznf;jznf; odr;f ,ljcif;? 3? jynfov l x l t k rsm;pk}uD;udk qef@usio f nfh jynfajy;rsm;ESihf olyek rf sm;. ypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f ,ljcif;? 4? trsm;ydik af jrrsm;/ tvky±f EHk iS hf puf±rHk sm;wGif ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk tvkyfcef@tyfjcif;ESifh tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;jzifh vkyo f m;rsm;t=um; +ydKifqikd rf u _ kd tqH;k owfapjcif;/ tvky±f yHk ikd &f iS rf sm; udk ‚tcsed t f xd qufvuf&adS eao;ygu Edik if aH wmfu axmufyx hH m; onfh vpmE_e;f jrift h wdik ;f ay;aqmifap&rnf? 5? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf _ vH;k 0zsuo f rd ;f +yD;onft h csed t f xd vl@tzG@J tpnf;0if tm;vH;k tm; tvkyv f yk &f ef wlnaD om wm0ef0wW&m;&Sjd cif;/ pufrw _ yfz@JG rsm; txl;ojzifh v,f,mtwGuf zG@J pnf;jcif;? 6? Edik if aH wmft&if;tES;D jzifh Edik if aH wmfb%frsm;rSwqifh twd;k E_e;f ESihf aiGa=u;xkwv f yk jf zef@jzL;r_pepfukd Edik if aH wmfvufxw J iG f pkpnf; jcif;ESihf yk*v ~ u d b%frsm;ESihf b%foal Ï;tm;vH;k udk zdEydS jf cif;? 7? Edik if aH wmfyikd f puf±rHk sm;/ tvky±f rHk sm;/ rD&xm;ESihf oabFm 19

ta&twGufudk wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ xGef,ufpdkufysKd;&ef v,fajropfrsm; azmfjcif;ESihf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sK;d +y;D v,fajrrsm;udk wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf pjcif;tm;vH;k onf Edik if aH wmf. pDrcH ef@crJG a_ tmufu vkyt f m;pGr;f tm;pkEiS hf t&if;tES;D }uD;xGm;r_EiS hf nDr#onfh tcsK;d tpm;twdik ;f jzpf&rnf? 8? Edik if aH wmf. ukeu f sp&dwjf zifh Edik if aH wmf. tzG@J tpnf;rsm; wGif uav;oli,ftm;vH;k rdcif&ifciG rf S xGucf mG Edik o f nfh tcsed rf pS +y;D ynm oif=um;cGifh/ ynmoif=um;jcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfa&; twlwuG vkyf aqmifjcif;? 9? Edik if aH wmfyikd af jrrsm;ESihf eef;awmf}uD;rsm;udk pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf v,f,mvkyif ef;wd@k rmS yg0ifvyk af qmifaeonfh Edik if aH wmfom; toif; tpk rsm;twGuf trsm;ydik af etdrrf sm;tjzpf wnfaqmufay;+y;D ‚wd@k . aexdik rf b _ 0twGi;f +rKd @EiS ahf us;vuftajctae ta=umif;tcsurf sm;udk aygi;f pyfay;jcif;/ wzufwiG v f nf; wOD;OD;. wzufowfusrE_ iS hf tm;enf; csurf sm;udk z,f&mS ;ay;&rnf? 10?+rKd @ae&yfuu G rf sm;&Sd use;f rma&;ESihf rudu k n f aD om jzpfuwwf qef; caemfceJ@wnfaqmufxm;onfh taqmuftODrsm;udk +zdKzsuyf pfjcif;? 11? tdraf xmifb0rsm;rS arG;zGm;vmonfh uav;rsm;tm; wlno D nfh tarGqufcEH ikd cf iG hf &Sad pjcif;? 12? o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;tm;vH;k udk Edik if aH wmf. vufxw J iG f pkpnf;xm;&Sjd cif;? trSeyf if TtpDtpOfrsm;tm;vH;k udk wcsw D nf; taumift xnf azmfvyk af qmif&ef rjzpfEikd af cs? od@k aomfvnf; wck.aemufwiG f aemufwck t+ryJ gvmayvdrrhf nf? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf t _ ay: yxrqH;k aom tjywftowf wdu k yf pJG wifqifEv J$ u kd o f nfEiS hf w+yKd ief uf ypPn;f rJrh sm;tzd@k a&S@o@kdw;kd &ef t&if;tES;D tm;vH;k / pdu k yf sK;d a&;tm;vH;k / pufrv _ yk if ef;tm;vH;k / o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;tm;vH;k / ukeo f , G af &;tm;wd@k ukd Edik if aH wmfvufxw J iG f yd+k yD;pkpnf;,l&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&a=umif; ud, k u hf , kd u f kd awG@vm& ay vdrrhf nf? txufrmS azmfjycJah om ajcvSr;f rsm; tm;vH;k onf T&nfreS ;f csuo f @kd !¸ejf y aeonf? aemuf+y;D ypPn;f rJrh sm;. vkyt f m;jzifh wdik ;f jynf. xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm; jzpfay: wd;k yGm;vmonfh tcsK;d tpm;ESihf tnD 20

tr# ‚wd@k onf taumiftxnfazmfvmum ‚wd@k . pkpnf;onfh tusK;d tmedoifrsm;vnf; wd;k wufjzpfay:vmygvrd rhf nf? tqH;k wae@ t&if;tES;D tm;vH;k / xkwv f yk af &; tm;vH;k / zvS,rf t _ m;vH;k Edik if aH wmf. vufwiG ;f pk+yHKa&muf&dS oGm;onft h cg yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf o _ nf tvdt k avsmuf aysmufu, G o f mG ;um tojymqdk onfrmS vnf; ydv k #aH e/ xkwf vkyf a&;rsm;vnf; tvGew f ;kd wufvm+yD; vlrsm;vnf; tvGeaf jymif;vJ ukerf nf? od@k jzifh qufqaH &;a[mif;. aemufq;kH o¿mefrsm;vnf; cGm ypfvu dk o f vkd uGmxGuo f mG ;ayvdrrhf nf? ar;cGe;f 19? TawmfveS af &;onf wdik ;f jynfwjynfxw J iG f jzpfEikd af cs&dS ygovm;´? tajz? rjzpfEikd af y? urBmah ps;uGuu f kd zefw;D jcif;jzifh t}u;D pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;u urBm ay:&Sd jynfov l x l rk sm; txl;ojzifh ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+y;D olrsm;udk tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufpyfay;cJhonf? eD;uyfvdkufor#rSm wOD;tjzpf tysufu aemufwOD;tay: *,ufr±kdufbJ raeavmufatmifyif jzpfonf? ‚tjyif/ ‚u ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+y;D Edik if t H m;vH;k wGif "e&SiEf iS hf ypPn;f rJw h @kd onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tqH;k tjzwf vlwef;pm;ESp&f yftjzpf a&muf&v dS m+y;D ‚wd@k t=um; wdu k yf o JG nf ,ae@t"duwdu k yf t JG qifo h @kd a&muf&adS p&ef vl@tzG@J tpnf;wd;k wuf jzpfay:r_ukd wGJzuf!‡dE_dif;ay; vdu k yf gonf? xd@k a=umifh uGejf rLepfawmfveS af &;onf Edik if H wckwnf;. jy\emr[kwaf wmhacs? ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+yD; wdik ;f jynfrsm; tm;vH;k wGif tenf;qH;k ajym&v#if t*Fvef/ tar&duef/ jyifopfEiS hf *smr%/Dw@kd wiG f w+yKd iw f nf; jzpfay:ayvdrrhf nf? wdik ;f jynfwjynf od@k r[kwf tjcm; wjynf wGi&f o dS nfh ydI k jzpf ay:wd;k wufaeonfh pufrv _ yk if ef; ydrk rkd sm;jym;onfh "eOpPmrsm; ydkrdkxl;jcm;onfh xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pk tpkta0; rsm;ESifhtnD Twdkif;jynf wjynfcsif;onf ydkrdkvsifjrefpGmaomf vnf;aumif;/ ydkIaES;pGmaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:wdk;wufvdrfhrnf? xd@k a=umifh *smr%DwiG f taES;qH;k jzpf+yD;/ tcuftcJ trsm;qH;k &ifqikd f &rnfjzpf+y;D t*FvefwiG f tjrefq;kH ESihf tvG,q f ;kH jzpfvrd rhf nf? ‚onf urBmt h jcm;Edik if rH sm;udk tiftm;}u;D rm;aom =oZm*,ufrsm;±du k af p+y;D ,ae@txd ‚wd@k .jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;r_ vrf;a=umif;tm; tajccHrpS I jyKjyif ajymif;vJ+yD; t&Sed w f ;kd jr‡iahf y;vdrrhf nf? ,if;onf wurBmvH;k qdik &f m 21

awmfveS af &;jzpf+y;D xd@k a=umifyh if urBmt h wdik ;f twm aqmifayvdrrhf nf? ar;cG e f ; 20? yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ aemuf q H k ; zsuf o d r f ; jcif ; . tusKd ; quf rsm;um; tb,f e nf ; ´? tajz? vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf yk*v ~ u d t&if;&Sirf sm;vufxrJ S xkwv f yk af &; tiftm; pk rsm;tm;vH;k ESihf ukeo f , G rf v _ yk if ef;tm;vH;k xd@k tjyif aiGa=u;vJv, S rf E_ iS hf ukeyf pPn;f jzef@a0r_rsm;udk odr;f ,lvu kd +f y;D vl@tzG@J tpnf; wckv;kH . vkt d yfcsuf rsm;ESihf &Edik o f nfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: tajccHaom pDru H ed ;f ESit hf nD pDrcH ef@cJG vdrrhf nf? Tenf;jzifh ta&;t}uD;qH;k uawmh t}uD;pm;pufr_ vkyif ef;. vky&f yfa=umifh ,cktcg yl;wGyJ gvmonfh raumif;aom tusK;d qufrsm; zsuo f rd ;f jcif;cH&ayvdrrhf nf? pD;yGm;a&;uyfrsm;vnf; &Sad wmhrnf r[kwaf cs? vuf&dS vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f xkwv f yk af &;ydv k #rH j_ zpfum xd@k a=umifh 'kurQ sm; . t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfaeaom us,jf yef@w;kd yGm; vmonfh xkwv f yk af &;rSm xdt k csed w f iG f rvHrk avmufjzpfum ydrk w kd ;kd cs@J &ef ydrk v kd t kd yfvmvdrrhf nf? xkwv f yk af &;ydv k #rH o _ nf 'kuq Q if;&Jrsm;udk jzpf ay:aprnft h pm; tm;vH;k . vdt k yfru _ kd auseyfEikd af p&eftwGuf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tjccHvt kd yfcsurf sm;xuf ausmv f eG o f mG ;ayrnf? vdt k yfcsuf topfrsm;ESihf wcsed w f nf; ,if;wd@k ukd jynf0h jznfq h nf;Edik rf nfh enf;em rsm;udk zefw;D vdrrhf nf? ‚onf wd;k wufr_ topf. ta=umif;tcsuEf iS hf v_@H aqmf csujf zpfvmrSmjzpf+yD; Twd;k wufru _ kd a&S;,cifuvdk vl@tzG@J tpnf; taetxm;tm; ±_yaf xG;r_jzpfapjcif;rsK;d r&Sb d EJ iS hf &&Sv d rd rhf nf? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf _ zdtm;atmufrS vGwaf jrmufvmonfh t}uD;pm;pufr_ vkyif ef;onf ukex f w k v f yk cf if;tqifEh iS hf vuf&t dS qifw h @kd . uGm;jcm;r_rsK;d uGm;jcm;aom vuf&t dS qifx h uf us,jf yef@onxuff us,jf yef@ wd;k yGm;r_ jzpfvmvdrrhf nf? Tpufrv _ yk if ef; jzpfay:wd;k wufru _ vl@tzG@J tpnf; twGuf tm;vH;k . vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk auseyfapEdik o f nfh txGuyf pPn;f tajrmuftjrm; tvHk tavmuf &&Sad pEdik yf gvrd rhf nf? yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf E_ iS hf ajr,mtm; tuGuv f u kd pf w d yf ikd ;f xm;r_. '%fuckd pH m;&onfh pdu k yf sK;d a&; wGifvnf; tvm;wljzpfvmygvrd rhf nf? Tae&mwGif wnf&adS eonfh wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ody`Henf;us tpDtpOfrsm;udk vufawG@taumif txnfazmf+y;D vH;k 0opfviG f onfh 'Da&jrifw h &yfjzpfay:apum vHak vmufaom 22

txGuf ypPn;f tajrmuf tjrm;udk vl@tzG@Jtpnf;u oH;k pG&J efay;tyfvrd rh f nf? Tenf;jzifh ukeyf pPn;f tajrmuftrsm; xkwv f yk u f m vl@tzG@J tpnf; taeESihf tzG@J tpnf;0if tm;vH;k . vdt k yfcsurf sm;tm;vH;k udk &&Sad useyf apEdik yf gvrd rhf nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f tjyeftvSe&f efapmifaeaom vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf uGJjym;aer_onfvnf; Tenf;jzifh rvdktyfbJ jzpfvmvdrrhf nf? trSeyf if Tonf rvdt k yf±rHk #ru vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;qdik &f m taetxm;topfEiS v hf nf; roifah v#mf rqDav#maf wmhacs? vkyt f m; cGaJ 0r_u vlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfwnf vmr_ukd ay:ayguaf pcJ+h yD; ,cktcsed x f d odem;vnfvmcJ=h uonfh vkyt f m;cGaJ 0r_rmS vH;k 0aysmufu, G f oGm;ay vdrrhf nf? pufrv _ yk if ef;ESihf v,f,mvkyif ef; xkwv f yk af &;wd@k ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd azmfjycJw h hJ tqifx h d a&muf&adS p&eftwGuf puf,E &W m;ESihf "mwkypPn;f ud&, d mrsm;ESio hf m vHk avmufEikd jf cif;r&Sb d J Tud&, d mrsm;udk v_y&f mS ;ae aponfh vlrsm;. pGrf;&nfonfvnf; tvm;wlpGm jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmayrnf? aemufq;kH &mpkEpS f (q,f&h pS &f mpk) . v,form;rsm;ESihf ukex f w k v f yk rf _ vkycf if;vkyo f m;rsm;rSm t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;twGi;f twif;wGe;f yd@k jcif; cH&onft h cg ‚wd@k . aexdik rf b _ 0wckv;kH ajymif;oGm; +yD; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;onfh vlrsm; jzpfomG ;ouJo h @kd xdek nf;vnf;aumif;yJ xkwv f yk af &;udk vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH u trsm;ydik cf sKyu f ikd af qmif&u G rf j_ zifh jzpfay:vmonfh xkwv f yk af &; jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ topfonf vH;k 0uGjJ ym; jcm;em;onfh vlom;trsK;d tpm;rsm;udk vdv k nf;vdt k yf jzpfvnf;jzpfxeG ;f vmapvdrrhf nf? ,cktcsed f umvrSmvdk vlwOD;wa,muf[m xkwv f yk af &; XmecGw J ck vufatmufcjH zpfae&jcif;/ ‚&J@tcsKyftaESmifc/H aoG;pkycf H ae&+yD;jcif;/ rdrpd rG ;f &nfrsm;xJrS tjcm;t&mrsm;pGe@f vw $ u f m wckuo kd m jzpfay: wd;k wuf apEdik jf cif;/ vkyif ef;cGwck Jwck od@k r[kwf xkwv f yk af &;wckv;kH . vkyif ef;cGw J ck. tcGw J ckuo kd m od&edS m;vnfjcif; jzpfaev#if xkwv f yk f a&;udk trsm;ydkifcsKyf udkifaqmif&GufEdkifr_ rjyKEdkifay? vuf&Sdpufr_ vkyif ef;rSmyifv#if TuJo h @kd aom vlrsK;d rsm;onf ydI k ydI k toH;k rwnfh jzpfvma=umif; awG@vmae&onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;taejzifh csKyfudkifaqmif&Gufaom pDrHudef;&Sdonfh trsm;ydkifpufr_vkyfief;onf vlom;rsm;udk bufrsm;pGmY t&nf tcsi;f &S+d y;D xkwv f yk af &;pepfwckv;kH udk 23

=unf=h uyfEikd o f nfh pGr;f &nf&o dS rl sm;tjzpf awmif;qdak yonf? v,form;u wa,muf/ zdeyfcsKyform;u aemufwa,muf/ puf±kHvkyfom;u wwd,wa,muf/ pawmhaps;upm;olu pwkwˆwa,muf pojzifh cGyJ pfvu kd o f nfh vkyt f m;cGaJ 0r_onf puf,E &W m;. +zdKzsujf cif;cHvu kd f &+yD;jzpfum vH;k 0aysmufu, G o f mG ;ygvrd rhf nf? vli,frsm;udk ynma&;u xkwf vkyaf &;pepfwckv;kH ESihf u|r;f usirf t _ vsit f jref &Sad pEdik rf nfjzpf+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;. vdt k yfru _ kd wk@H jyefaomtm;jzifv h nf; aumif;/ rdrq d EN t&vnf;aumif;/ xkwv f yk af &;XmecGw J ckrS wcko@kd qufwu kd f ul;ajymif; oGm;Edik v f rd rhf nf? xd@k a=umifh ‚onf ,ae@vyk t f m;cGaJ 0r_u vlwikd ;f tay: wHqyd ±f u dk Ef ydS f xm;onfh wzufoufvuQ%mrS olw@kdtm; vGwaf jrmufap ayvdrrhf nf? uGejf rLepftajccHay:Y zG@J pnf;xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf Tenf;jzifh ‚.tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk ‚wd@k . bufpakH wmfaom t&nftaoG; rsm;udk bufpt kH oH;k csEikd &f ef tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ay;tyfvrd rhf nf? od@k aomf Tod@k jzpfay:vmygu vlwef;pm;rsm; rv${J uef aysmufu, G o f mG ;vdrrhf nf? uGejf rLepftajccHay: zG@J pnf;xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;onf wzufwiG f vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&adS er_EiS hf o[Zmw rjzpfEikd b f /J wzufwiG v f nf; ‚vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk wnfaqmufjcif;uyifv#if vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;r_udk zsuo f rd ;f onfeh nf;emrsm; ay;tyfayvdrrhf nf? ‚rS&&So d nfh tcsuw f csuu f awmh +rKd @EiS ahf wmt=um; uGjJ ym; r_onfvnf; tvm;wl aysmufu, G o f mG ;vdrrhf nf qdjk cif;yif jzpfonf? pdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf pufrv _ yk if ef;vnfywfa&;udk rwlnw D hJ vlwef;pm;ESp&f yfu vkyo f nft h pm; vlwpkwnf;uom vkyaf qmifro _ nf ±ky0f wˆKta=umif; oufoufjzpfygu uGejf rLepftzG@J tpnf;twGuf vdt k yfaom ta=umif; tcsufw&yfjzpfonf? +rdK@}uD;rsm;u pufr_vlOD;a& jynfhusyfxlxyf vmjcif;ESit hf wl v,fajrrsm;rS pdu k yf sK;d onfv h Ol ;D a& jyef@usaJ er_onf v,f,m pdu k yf sK;d a&;ESihf pufrv _ yk if ef; ESpcf pk vH;k . rzG@H +zdK;aomtqifEh iS hf vdu k af vsmnDaxGaom ta=umif;tcsuw f &yfjzpf+y;D a&S@jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ tm;vH;k twGuf twm;tqD; w&yfjzpfa=umif; jrifomod&+dS yD;jzpfonf? xkwv f yk af &; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pDru H ed ;f uspak ygi;f tpGr;f ukef toH;k +yKa&; &nf&, G cf sujf zifh vl@tzG@J tpnf;0iftm;vH;k . taxGaxG 24

yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf /_ xkwv f yk af &;u tm;vH;k .vdt k yfru _ kd jynf0h auseyf apEdik o f nfh tqift h xd us,jf yef@w;kd yGm;vmr_/ vlwOD;wa,muf. vdk tyfru _ kd tepfemtqH;k ±_;H cHro S m tjcm;olwOD;. vdt k yfru _ kd jynfph akH p Edik o f nfh tajctaetqH;k owfomG ;r_/ vlwef;pm;rsm;ESihf ‚wd@k . yËdyuQ rsm; vHk;0ausjyKef;oGm;r_/ vuf&Sdvkyftm;cGJa0r_udk y,fzsufjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ pufrv _ yk if ef; ynma&;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk wvSnphf D ajymif;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ wurBmvH;k u xkwv f yk o f nfh aysmf &Girf _ tzHzk u kH kd wurBmvH;k cGaJ 0cHpm;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ +rdK@EiS ahf wmudk yl;aygi;f ay;vdu k jf cif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;0if tm;vH;k wd@k &@J pGr;f &nfowWrd sm;udk tjynft h 0jzpfay: wd;k wufr-_ Tt&mrsm;onf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf u _ kd zsuo f rd ;f jcif;jzifh &&Sv d monfh t"du tusK;d quf rsm; jzpfayonf? r;cGe;f 21? uGejf rLepfpepf vl@tzG@J tpnf;u tdraf xmifpt k ay: rnfuhJ od@k aom ar;cG =oZm*,uf ±du k cf wfEikd o f enf;´? tajz? ‚u a,musmf ;ESihf rde;f rqufqaH &;udpt P m; oufqikd o f El pS Of ;D ESio hf m oufqikd o f nfh ud, k af &;udw k m jy\emoufoufr#om jzpfap+yD; T txJwiG f vl@tzG@J tpnf;u =um;0ifjcif; rjzpfap&ay? ‚u yk*v ~ u d ydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;ypf+yD;/ uav;rsm;udk trsm;ydkiftajccHay:wGif ynmay;xm; onfh twGuf Tvkyif ef;udk vkyaf qmifEikd jf cif;jzpfum Tenf;jzifh ,ae@txd wnf&adS eonfh xdr;f jrm;jcif;. tajccHEpS cf -k yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf r_ S tusK;d tjzpf ay:vmonfh ZeD;u cifyeG ;f tay:rScD &kd r_EiS hf uav;rsm;u rdbtay: rScD &kd r_ukd z,f&mS ;ypfayvdrrhf nf? TonfrmS ud, k u f siw hf &m;pum; tifrwef ajymcsio f nfh evAde;f wH;k rsm; atmf[pf avh&Sdonfh uGefjrLepfrsm;. “trsKd;orD;rs;udk bHkydkifqdkifr_” qdkaom ±_wcf sou H kd ay;vdu k w f hJ tajzw&yf yifjzpfonf? trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; bHyk ikd q f ikd rf r_ mS "e&Sit f zG@J tpnf;ESio hf m vH;k 0oufqikd o f nfh tajctae w&yfjzpf+yD; Ttcsuu f kd ,ae@jynfw h efqm vkyif ef;wGif tjynft h 0 awG@&EdS ikd yf gonf? od@k aomf jynfw h efqm vkyif ef;onf yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf t _ ay: tajccH+yD; ‚ESifhtwl usqHk;&onf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfvl@tzGJ@ tpnf;onf trsK;d orD;bHyk ikd q f ikd rf u _ kd rðyvkyo f nft h jyif wu,frmS ‚udk 25

zsuo f rd ;f ypfygonf? ar;cG e f ; 22? uG e f j rLepf v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; u wnf & S d q J t rsKd ; om;rsm;ty: rnf u J h o d k @ oabmxm;ygoenf ; ´? tajz? rajymif;vJyg4? ar;cGe;f 23? wnf&q dS J bmoma&;rsm;tay: rnfuo hJ @kd oabmxm; oenf;´? tajz? rajymif;vJyg5? ar;cGe;f 24? uGejf rLepfrsm;onf qd&k , S v f pfrsm;ESihf rnfo@kd ujJG ym;oenf;?´ tajz? qd&k , S v f pfqo kd rl sm;wGif oH;k rsK;d oH;k pm;&So d nf? yxr trsK;d tpm;uawmh t}uD;pm;pufrv _ yk if ef;/ urBmu h ek f · oG,fr_ u zsufqD;jcif;cH&+yD;jzpfum ,cktxdvnf; ae@pOfESifhtr# zsuq f ;D jcif;cHae&onfh ya'o&mZfEiS hf tz}uD;pd;k wJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wd@k . aemufvu kd rf sm; yg0ifonf? TtrsK;d tpm;u wnf&q dS J vl@tzG@J tpnf;. raumif;r_rsm;ud=k unf+h yD; ya'o&mZfEiS hf tz}uD;pd;k onft h zG@J tpnf;rSm Tvdrk aumif;r_rsK;d r&So d nft h wGuf ‚wk@d ujdk yefvnfwnfaxmif&rnf[k ok;H oyfonf? w&m;aomenf;jzifh jzpfap/ rw&m;aomenf;jzifh jzpfap/ ‚wk@d . tqkjd yKcsut f m;vk;H onf Tae&mtqk;H ok@d n¸ejf yaeygonf? ‚wk@d . ygwt D usK;d twGuf tm;oGecf eG pf u kd f vky[ f ef&rdS E_ iS hf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. qif;&J'u k rQ sm;tay: rdausmif;rsu&f nfus&r_rsm; tm;vH;k twGuf T azmufjyefon nfh qd&k , S v f pftrsK;d tpm;udk b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf uGejf rLepf rsm;u atmufyg ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh wufºupGm qef@usiaf yvdrrhf nf? 1? ‚onf vH;k 0rjzpfEikd o f nfh udpw P cktwGuf óu;yrf;jcif;? 2? ‚onf rif;pd;k &mZmrsm;/ *D;vfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;/ ukex f w k f vkyrf _ vkycf if;&Sirf sm;ESihf ‚wd@k . ta¹ct&Htoif;tyif;rsm;jzpfonfh oufO;D qHyikd f od@k r[kwf ya'o&mZfb&k ifrsm;/ t&m&Srd if;rsm;/ ppfom; rsm;ESihf bke;f }u;D rsm;&J@ tkycf sKyrf u _ kd xlaxmif&ef&nfreS ;f onf? ,if;vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif ,ae@v@l tzG@J tpnf;. raumif;qd;k 0g;rsm; r&Sw d m aocsm aomfvnf; tzd ESyd cf H tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; uGejf rLepf tzG@J tpnf;rSwqifh vGwaf jrmufa&; tvm;tvmudyk if urf;vSr;f jcif;rjyKbJ raumif;r_ trsm;tjym;udo k m tenf;qH;k o,faqmifvmrnf jzpfonf? 26

3? ypPn;f rJrh sm;u awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;/ uGejf rLepfrsm; jzpfvm onftcgwiG f Tazmufjyefaom qd&k , S v f pfrsm;onf ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk qef@usio f nfh "e&Sirf sm;ESihf ±kww f &ufcsucf si;f yl;aygi;f vdu k =f u+y;D ‚wd@k . wu,ft h a&miftaoG;udk azmfjyvdu k =f uawmhonf? 'kw, d trsK;d tpm;uawmh ,ae@v@l tzG@J tpnf;. aemufvu kd f rsm;jzpf=u+y;D ? Tvl@tzG@J tpnf;u rv$rJ a&Smifom ay:xGe;f vmaponfh raumif;r_rsm;a=umifh ‚wd@k . tem*wfukd a=umuf&@HG =uolrsm; jzpf onf? xd@k a=umifh ‚wd@k jzpfapcsio f nfrmS wnf&q dS v J @l tzG@J tpnf;udk ‚wd@k . arG;&mygraumif;r_rsm; z,f&mS ;+yD; xde;f odr;f xm;a&;jzpfonf? T&nfreS ;f csut f wGuf wcsK@d u vlr0_ efxrf;enf;em oufoufrsm;ukd wifjy+y;D wcsK@d uawmh [dw}f u;D [ef}u;D ESihf jyefvnfðyjyifa&; pDru H ed ;f rsm; wifvmonf? ‚wd@k onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&efqakd om [efaqmifra_ tmufwiG f wu,fawmh wnf&q dS v J @l tzG@J tpnf; tae txm;. tajccHukd xde;f odr;f &ef xd@k a=umifh ‚.b0udk xde;f odr;f "e&Siq f &kd , S v f ppfrsm;onf uGejf rLepf xm;&ef &nf&, G &f if;jzpfonf? T"e&S rsm;. &eforl sm;twGuf tvkyv f yk af y;+yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;u wGe;f vSef +zdKcs&if &nfreS ;f xm;onfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk umuG,af eonft h wGuf ‚wd@k ukd uGejf rLepfw@kd u rav#mw h rf; rqkww f rf; wdu k cf u kd &f ygrnf? aemufq;kH ? wwd,trsK;d tpm;wGif 'Dru kd &ufwpf qd&k , S v f pf rsm; yg0if+yD; ‚wd@k onf ar;cGe;f rl&if;usr;f wGif (Tae&mY uGuv f yf useaf eygonf? txufuar;cGe;f 18 twGut f ajz ESm (16) =unfyh g? æ t,f'w D m) wGif azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f uGejf rLepfrsm; wifjyaom enf;em rsm;xJrt S csK@d ukd vdv k m;=uonf? od@k aomfvnf; uGejf rLepfpepfo@kd ul; ajymif;r_ tpdwt f ydik ;f tjzpf r[kwb f J ‚wd@k taeESihf ,ae@ vl@tzG@J t pnf;&J@ 'kuEQ iS hf raumif;r_rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f &ef vHak vmufonfh enf;emrsm; kd &u S f tjzpf ,Hk=unfaeaoma=umifh jzpfonf? T'D'Dru &uffwpf qd&k , vpfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ta=umif; tcsurf sm;udk aoaocsmcsm &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rod&adS o;onfh ypPn;f rJh rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ "e&Siaf ygupf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpf=uonf? 27

"e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDatmifyrJG wdik rf ED iS hf ‚ atmifyu JG jzpfay:vmaponfh qd&k , S v f pfvyk if ef; aqmif&u G cf surf sm; rwdik rf D ypPn;f rJrh sm;ESihf tusK;d pD;yGm;wlnrD _ trsm;tjym;&So d nf? v_y&f mS ;r_ umvrsm;twGi;f wGif uGejf rLepfrsm;onf T'Dru kd &ufwpf qd&k , S v f pf rsm;ESihf em;vnfr&_ atmif,u l m Tqd&k , S v f pfrsm;taejzifh tkypf ;kd ol "e&Sirf sm;tm; tvkyt f au|;jyK+y;D uGejf rLepfrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd jf cif;rðyv#if avmavmq,f tcsed w f iG f a,bk,stm;jzif‚ h wd@k EiS hf wlno D nfrh rl sm;udk wwfEikd o f r# vdu k ef mvkyaf qmif&rnf? TuJo h @kd v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf o _ nf ‚wd@k EiS hf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;csurf sm;tay: raqG;aEG;[k rqdv k akd =umif; xif&mS ;onf? ar;cGef; 25? uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh u|efawmwkdacwf wjcm;EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rnfuo hJ @kd aom qufqaH &;rsm; &Syd goenf;´? tajz? TqufqaH &;onf Edik if cH si;f rwlonft h avsmuf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygonf? "e&Sirf sm; tkycf sKyaf eonfh t*Fvef/ jyifopfEiS hf bJv*f s, D w H @kd wiG f ,ckavm avmq,ftcsed Yf uGejf rLepfrsm;tzd@k 'Dru kd a&pDygwD trsK;d rsK;d wd@k EiS hf wlnD onfh tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm; &Sq d jJ zpfonf? ,cktcg ‚wd@k cck u H muG,af eaom qdk&S,fvpfenf;emrsm;taejzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh ydrk ekd ;D uyf qufpyfvmavav qdv k o kd nfrmS ‚wd@k taejzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tusK;d pD;yGm;udk ydI k &Si;f vif;wduspmG ud, k pf m;ðy+y;D ypPn;f rJrh sm;tay: ydI k rScD v kd mavav TtusK;d pD;yGm;rSm ydI k }u;D rm;vmavav jzpfayvdrrhf nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh t*FvefrmS tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; tzG@J tpnf;0ifrsm; 6 yg0ifaom csm;wpf rsm;onf 'Dru kd &ufwpf "e&Siaf ygupf od@k r[kwf &uf'D u,fqo kd rl sm;xuf uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf tqH;k tpr&Sd ydrk dek ;D pyfonf? duef 'Dru kd a&pDz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH wnfaxmifxm;onfh tar& tar&due uef EdkifiHwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;taejzifh TzG@J pnf;yHk Oya'udk "e&Sirf sm;tm; wdu k cf u kd af &;twGuf vSnahf jymif;rnfyh gwED iS hf tusK;d wlaygi;f &rnfjzpfum ypPn;f rJrh sm;. tusK;d twGuf toH;k ðyayvdrrhf nf? TonfrmS trsK;d om; ajr,mjyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESihf jzpfonf? qGpZf mvefrS &uf'u D ,frsm;onf tvGe±f y_ af xG;onfh ygwD w&yf jzpfaomfvnf; ‚wd@k rmS ,cktcsed x f d uGejf rLepfrsm;u yl;aygi;f 28

Edkifonfh wOD;wnf;aomolrsm; jzpfae+yD; T&uf'Du,frsm;xJwGif Ak;d òr@om;rsm; (Vaudois) (1070 ckEpS rf sm;u jyifopfjynfawmifyikd ;f wGif wnfaxmif+y;D ? 1500 ckEpS rf sm;wGif jyefvnfðyjyifa&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;twGi;f yg0ifvmonfh c&pf,mef*dk%f;?)ESifh *sDeDAmòr@om;rsm; (Genivese) (qGpZf vefjynf *seD AD mòr@wiG f aexdik =f uolrsm;? bmomjyefo)l onf twd;k wufq;kH a&S@wef;ta&mufq;kH olrsm; jzpfonf? aemufq;kH taejzifh *smr%DwiG rf l "e&SiEf iS hf oufO;D qHyikd f bk&if pepfw@kd tqH;k tjzwfwu kd yf rJG mS t&Sed af umif;qJjzpfonf? uGejf rLepfrsm; tzdk@ ‚wdk@ESifh "e&Sifrsm;t=um; tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJudk "e&Sifrsm; tm%mr&rD rqifE$JEdkifonfhtwGuf "e&Sifrsm;udk jrefjrefòzcsEdkif&ef jrefEikd o f r#jrefpmG tm%m&atmif ulnjD cif;onf uGejf rLepfrsm;tzd@k tusK;d &So d nf? xd@k a=umifh uGejf rLepfrsm;onf tpd;k &rsm;udk qef@usi+f y;D "e&Siv f pfb&,fygwrD sm;udk axmufc&H rnfjzpfaomfvnf; "e&Sirf sm;. vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;r_rsm;udk owd&Sd&rnfjzpfum "e&SifatmifyGJu ypPn;f rJrh sm;twGuf o,f,v l mrnfqakd om qGaJ qmifjzm;a,mif;csuf uwdrsm;udk em;a,mifroGm;&efjzpfonf? "e&Siaf tmifyrJG S uGejf rLepfrsm; &&SEd ikd o f nfh wckwnf;aom tusK;d aus;Zl;rSm (1) uGejf rLepfrsm;. rlrsm;udu k muG,/f aqG;aEG;!‡Ed id_ ;f / 0g'jzef@ csEd ikd +f y;D Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;udk uspu f spv f pfvpf odyo f yd f onf; onf; wdu k yf 0JG ifEikd af om pnf;±k;H r_&o dS nfh vlwef;pm;w&yftjzpf pkpnf; ay; Edik af om tajctaersm;udk wGe;f aqmfay;rnfh tcGit hf a&;trsK;d rsK;d rsm;? (2) oufO;D qHyikd f tpd;k &rsm; usq;kH oGm;onfah e@rpS +y;D "e&SiEf iS hf ypPn;f rJrh sm;. wdu k yf pJG wifonfh rv${J uefjzpf&yfw@kd jzpfonf? xdak e@rpS I uGejf rLepfygw. D ay:vpDonf ,ck"e&Sirf sm; tm%m&aeonfh Edik if rH sm;&Sd ‚wd@k ygw. D ay:vpDEiS hf twlwyl if jzpfygvrd rhf nf? ? 1847 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvwGiaf &;om;onf? *smrefbmomrS t*Fvyd b f momjyefqckd suf oD;jcm;pmapmiftjzpf 1914 ckEpS w f iG f xkwaf 0onf? 29

rSwpf rk sm; 1? 1847 ckEpS w f iG f tde*f ,fu uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J twGuf vrf;pOfr=l urf; 2 &yfukd tar;tajzo¿mefEiS hf a&;cJo h nf? wckukd ZGev f rSma&;+yD; aemufwckukd atmufwb kd mvrSma&;onf? uGejf rLepf0g'. rlrsm; qdkonfh 'kwd,pmwrf;udk 1914 ckESpfrSm yxrqHk;t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhygonf? tapmydkif;a&;onfh ,Hk =unfcsuEf iS hf ywfoufonfh uGejf rLepfrs;. 0efccH surf =l urf; pmwrf;udak wmh 1968 ckEpS u f srS awG@&&dS ygonf? ‚udk 1969 ckEpS f [rfbm*frmS yxrOD;qH;k t}udrf yHEk ydS f xkwaf 0+yD; uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J . yxruGe*f &ufEiS hf ywfoufonfh pmwrf;av; apmifEiS t hf wl “uGejf rLepfv*d f tzG@J wnfaxmifonfh pmwrf;rsm;” qdak om pmtkyf i,frmS xnfo h iG ;f xm;onf? uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J wnfaxmifonfh uGe*f &ufjzpfaom w&m;r#wr_v*d f tzG@J . 1847 ZGev f uGe*f &ufrmS “,H=k unfcsuEf iS hf ywfoufonfh 0efccH su”f rl=urf;udk a&;qJx G w k af 0+yD; tzG@J .tpkrsm; aqG;aEG;&efwifoiG ;f zd@k qH;k jzwfcyhJ gonf? ,ckrS ay:xGuf vmonfh pmwrf;onf Trl=urf;jzpf&ef tawmfaocsmygonf? pmwrf; ESpcf u k kd E_id ;f ,SO=f unfjh cif;jzifh “uGejf rLepf0gg''.rlrsm;” onf tapmydik ;f a&;onfh pmwrf;udk jykjyif˜jyifqifxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf? “uGejf rLepf0g'.rlrsm;” wGif tde*f ,fu ar;cGe;f oH;k ckukd rajzbJxm;cJ+h yD; ESpaf e&mrSmawmh “rajymif;vJyg” qdkonfhrSwfcsuf xnfhxm;um oltapmydkif;u a&;xm;aom pmwrf;xJu tajzrsm;udk &nf!e¸ ;f xm;jcif;jzpfonf? uGejf rLepfv*d t f zG@J / yJ&pft0ef;t0dik ;f &Sd acgi;f aqmifrt _ zG@J . !¸e=f um; csut f & tde*f ,fu vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf; topfwcka&;qGcJ o hJ nf? 1847 atmuf wdb k m 22 &uf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tde*f ,fu “tppftrSeq f &kd , S v f pf” rdk ppf[ufpf (Moses Hess) a&;qGo J nfh vkyif ef;pOfr=l urf;udk jyif;xefpmG a0zefco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf ,if;rl=urf;udk aumfrwDu y,fcsvu kd +f yD; !¸e=f um;csuu f kd qH;k jzwf vdu k jf cif; jzpfonf?“uGejf rLepf0g'.rlrsm;” udk y%mrrl=urf;tjzpf qufvufoabm xm;vsuf tde*f ,fu rmhupf q f aD &;wJh 1847 ck / Ek0d ifbm23-24 ae@pyJG gpmwGif tar; tajz yHpk aH [mif;}uD;udk jzKwfcsvu kd +f yD; a=unmpmwrf;yHpk EH iS hf vkyif ef;pOfw&yf a&; qGo J ifah =umif; ol@tjrifukd a&;om;xm;onf? uGejf rLepf vd*t f zG@J . 'kw, d t}urd f uGe*f &uf (1847 Ed0k ifbm29- 'DZifbm 8) wGif rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fw@kd onf uGejf rLepf 0g'. tajccH odyeH` nf;usrrl sm;udk umuG,+f y;D uGejf rLepfygw. D a=unmpmwrf;yHpk EH iS hf 30

vkyif ef;pOfa&;qG&J ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? a=unmpmwrf;udk a&;om;&mrSm rmhupf 0f g'udk wnf axmiforl sm;onf “uGejf rLepf0g'.rlrsm;” wGif zGiq hf x kd m;onfh w&m;rsm;udk toH;k ðycJ=h uonf? 2? aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif a&;om;onfh ‚wdk@. usrf;rsm;wGif rmhupf Ef iS hf tde*f ,fonf “vkyt f m;a&mif;csr”_ “vkyt f m;wefz;kd ” ESihf vkyt f m;tc (rmhupf f yxrqH;k oH;k cJo h nf?) qdo k nfh ae&mrsm;wGif ydrk w kd u d sonfh t,ltqrsm; jzpfonfh “vkyt f m;pGr;f tm; a&mif;csr”_ “vkyt f m;pGr;f tm; wefz;kd ” ESihf “vkyt f m; pGr;f tm;tc” qdo k nfw@kd ukd tpm;xd;k cJo h nf? 3? “,H=k unfcsuEf iS hf ywfoufonfh uGejf rLepfrsm;. 0efccH su”f rl=urf; wGif Tar;cGe;f (eHywf 12) twGuf tajzrSm “vufry_ nmonfuav; qdo k rl sm; onf ypPn;f rJrh sm;ESihf rwlujJG ym;pGm vGecf w hJ &hJ mpkEpS f (q,f&h pS &f mpk) u ae&mwum eD;yg;rSm &SdcJh+yD; ,cktcsdefwGifvnf; [dkem;onfem;rSm awG@jrif&qJjzpfaeovdk d , kd w f ikd f tvGeq f ;kH ,m,Domv#if ypPn;f rJh jzpfygonf? ol. &nfreS ;f csurf mS rdru t&if;tES;D &vm+yD; TonfEiS hf wjcm;tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk aoG;pky&f efjzpfonf? *D;vf vkyif ef;rsm; wnf&adS epOf od@k r[kwf *D;vfvyk if ef;wd@k . csKyx f ed ;f r_rS vGwaf jrmufro _ nf twwfynm vkyif ef;rsm; twGi;f od@k tvky±f ykH pkH H enf;emrsm;udk o,faqmif rvmrDEiS hf jyif;xefonfh +yKd iq f ikd rf _ ra&mufvmrD umvrsm;wGif olonf T&nfreS ;f csuu f kd r=umc% &&SEd ikd yf gonf? od@k aomf tvky±f pHk epfu twwfynmvkyif ef; twGi;f 0ifvm+y;D +yKd ifqikd rf t _ jynft h 0 ay:xGe;f vmonfEiS hf w+yKd ifeuf TtjrifrmS arS;rSed af ysmufu, G o f mG ;+y;D vufrt _ wwfynmonfuav;rsm;onf ydI k ydI k ypPn;f rJh jzpfvm=uonf? xdk@a=umifh vufr_twwfynmonfuav;rsm;onf "e&Sif od@k r[kwf a,bk,stm;jzifh tv,ftvwf vlwef;pm;wGi;f a&muf&o dS mG ;jcif; jzifv h nf;aumif;/ od@k r[kwf +ydKifqikd rf a_ =umifh ypPn;f rJjh zpfomG ;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ (Ttjzpfu ydrk sm;ygonf?) rdrw d @kd u, kd f rdrw d @kd vGwaf jrmufapygonf? Tae&mwGif olonf ypPn;f rJrh sm;.v_y&f mS ;r_ (qdv k o kd nfrmS ) tenf;ESit hf rsm; tod&o dS nfh uGejf rLepfvy_ &f mS ;r_xJ yg0ifvmjcif;jzifh rdrw d @kd u, kd rf rd w d @kd vGwaf jrmuf apEdik yf g vdrrhf nf? 4? tde*f ,f. rSwcf suf “rajymif;vJyg” onf ZGev f rl=urf; trSwf 21 rS Tar;cGe;f udk ajzqdkonfhtajzudk &nf!¸efa=umif; &Sif;ae+yD; ‚wGif atmufygtwdkif; 31

azmfjyxm;onf? “vlrsK;d toD;oD;wd@k onf bHrk 0l g'rsm;ESit hf nD ‚wd@k tcsi;f csi;f yl;aygi;f wGJ zufvm=u+y;D xkyd ;l aygi;f r_rsm;a=umifh wOD;ESiw hf OD; rv$J ra&Smifom yl;aygi;f a&maESm oGm;um rdrw d @kd u, kd rf rd w d @kd zsuo f rd ;f rnfjzpfonf? e,fajr trsK;d rsK;d ESihf vlwef;pm; uGmjcm;csurf sm;rSm ‚wd@k . tajccHjzpfaom yk*v ~ u d ydik q f ikd rf _ zsuo f rd ;f vdu k o f nfh tcgwiG f aysmufu, G o f mG ;apouJo h @kd aysmufu, G o f mG ; vdrrhf nf? 5? xd@k twl Tonfvnf; ZGev f r_=urf; ar;cGe;f 22 rStajzudk &nf!e¸ ;f onf? ‚wGif “,cktcsed t f xd bmoma&;tm;vH;k onf vlwOD;wa,muf od@k r [kwf vlwpk. ordik ;f a&;&m jzpfay:wd;k wufr. _ tqifrh sm; azmfjycsujf zpfonf? od@k aomf uGejf rLepf0g'qdo k nfrmS wnf&q dS J bmoma&;tm;vH;k udk tydjk zpfap+y;D / ‚wd@k ukd aysmuf uG,fomG ;aponfh ordik ;f a&;&m jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ tqifw h &yfjzpfonf? 6? csm;wpfrsm;rSm 1830 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1850 ckESpf tv,f t=um; jzpfay:cJah om +Adwo d #tvkyo f rm;rsm;. Edik if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f yg0ifco hJ l rsm;jzpfonf? ‚wd@k . aºu;a=umforH mS jynfo@l csmwmudk vdu k ef m&efjzpf+y;D vlwikd ;f rJqENay;cGiEhf iS hf tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm;vH;k rJay;cGihf tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tmrcHonfh ta=umif;tcsuf wpHv k ;kH awmif;qd=k uonf? vDeifu csm;wpfvy_ &f mS ;r_ukd “urBmay: rSm yxrqH;k us,jf yef@whJ vlxv k uQ%m trSeaf qmifwhJ Edik if aH &;t& pnf;vH;k wJh ypPn;f rJh awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_” [k zGiq hf ckd yhJ gonf? (usr;f aygi;f csKyf t*Fvyd b f mom/ twGJ 29/ ESm 309) +Aw d o d # pufrv _ yk if ef;eJ@ ukeo f , G af &;vuf0g;}u;D tkyrf _ tiftm; awmifh wif;vmr_EiS hf +Aw d o d #"e&Sirf sm;u ‚wd@k . txl;tjrwftpGe;f rsm;xJraS eI tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm; txufvm$ (“vkyo f m;rif;pd;k &mZmrsm;”) rsm;udk vmbfx;kd r_w@kd a=umifh csmwmv_y&f mS ;r_ usqif;oGm;&onf? Ttcsuf ESp&f yfpvH;k u txuf rSm azmfjyxm;cJo h nft h wdik ;f Ttv$mtwGi;f Y tacsmiform; wdr;f !Gwrf r_ sm;udk ydkrdktiftm; awmifw h if;vmap+y;D txl;ojzifh or*~acgi;f aqmifrsm;u csm;wpf ? v_y&f mS ;r_ukd axmufc&H ef jiif;y,fvu kd jf cif;jzifh ydq k ;kd oGm;&ygonf? w±kwfjynf/ yDuif;EkdifiHjcm;bmom yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;Xmeu 1977 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom t*Fvdyfbmomrltm; jyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf? 1991 ck/ =o*kwfv 15 &uf? 32