Cultivating Productive Rhizomes for Metropolitan Cape Town: Urban Design Investigation in Philippi by Georgina (Jani) Truter

CULTIVATING PRODUCTIVE RHIZOMES FOR METROPOLITAN CAPE TOWN AN URBAN DESIGN INVESTIGATION IN PHILIPPI Individual Thesis presented to obtain the Degree of Master of Urbanism and Spatial Planning (MAUSP), 2018-2019 Author - Georgina Truter

VOLUME 1_COLLECTIVE VOLUME 2_DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

Master Theses Studio 2019 - Consumption and Production Supervised by Prof. Bruno de Meulder and Dr. Julie Marin

VOLUME 1_COLLECTIVE VOLUME 2_DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

Master Theses Studio 2019 - Consumption and Production Supervised by Prof Bruno de Meulder and Dr Julie Marin

CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION STUDIO 2019 STUDIO TEAM

Supervisors:

Prof. Bruno de Meulder Dr. Julie Marin STUDENT Georgina Truter SUPPORTING STUDIO TEAM

Readers: Prof. Kelly Shannon Ludwig Hansen Tanzeem Razak

MAHS / MAUSP / EMU Master Programs Department ASRO, K.U.Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391 Email: laura.calders@kuleuven.be

© Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88. A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests. All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (Production and Consumption, 2019).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and respect to Prof. Bruno de Meulder for his ongoing academic mentorship, especially during the thesis. Your continued support and input for my academic pursuits have changed my trajectory and I am eternally grateful. Secondly to Dr Julie Marin, my co-promoter. Thank you for your insightful and thorough guidance throughout the thesis process. It has been a privilege to explore this academic research with your direction. A special thank you to my family, who has always encouraged and supported me. You have walked with me every step of the way since the first time I expressed my dream of studying abroad. Your enthusiasm and belief have made it possible for me to bring my academic pursuits to fruition with this work, poised for the next chapter. To both my parents, thank you for your love and sacrifices to provide me with every opportunity. With regards to my fieldwork, I am especially grateful to my father for escorting me to site and assisting me with reaching out to strategic interviewees. To both Anke and FC, thank you for your unique perspectives and never-ending sibling love, support and good sense of humour. To Heletje van Staden, thank you for being my adopted family here in Leuven. You are a pillar of strength and I am so grateful for your calm inspiration and love. Bindi Purmana, your friendship is worth its weight in gold. Your astute insights always challenge me to push a little harder and evaluate my own perspectives. Laura Calders, without your persistence, efficiency and administrative support the academic process would have been deeply distressing. Thank you for always making our lives easier and for doing it with a smile. I am grateful to Dr Sabina Favaro, KU Leuven alumna, for our thought-provoking conversations during my field trip in Cape Town, which ultimately motivated me to research the Philippi Horticultural Area. Also, a note of thanks to Dr Cecila Furlan for the introduction. Similarly, my gratitude to Claire Abrahamse for your professional and practical advice, and your encouragement, both during my applications and my thesis. I would like to acknowledge all the interviewees in Cape Town and Philippi for sharing their knowledge and experience so freely with me. Without your input, it would have been impossible to get a true sense of this fascinating and complex cultural landscape.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY HYPOTHESIS EXISTING URBAN AGRICULTURE INITIATIVES

14 18 24 26 28 30

CULTURE OF CULTIVATION HERITAGE SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK

42 50

TRACING AND READING PHILIPPI HORTICULTURAL AREA FOOD SECURITY LAND TENURE SECURITY CAPE AQUIFER WATER SECURITY CAPE FLATS SANDFYNBOS AND DUNE SYSTEM URBAN SECURITY

56 60 62 64 64 68 72

PRODUCTIVE RHIZOMES DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

82 84

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION RESEARCH OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY HYPOTHESIS EXISTING URBAN AGRICULTURE INITIATIVES

Figure 1. Painting from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Land Exhibition 2019â&#x20AC;&#x2122; by Cape Town based artist, Lisette Forsyth. Online collection available at http://liset4sight. com.

‘Food is at the heart of our day, it’s central to our lives, and it’s the bedrock of our health and wellbeing. Food is also an architect of the very city we live in: it shapes how the city is laid out, how the urban economy works, and how we engage with the city and each other.’

- Tomatoes and Taxi ranks (2018) pg. 144

ABSTRACT

Cape Town, like all South African cities, is a very diverse but highly segregated sprawling metropolis. The city is rapidly expanding in the face of urbanization and migration. It is the second biggest city in South Africa and experienced a 45% population increase between 1996 and 2011, mainly due to it being a major economic hub. This places tremendous strain on the economic, spatial and natural resources of the city. Like many urbanizing centres in the Sub-Saharan context, urban development generally includes wide-spread informality and inequality. Food, water and land tenure security are key issues on the urban development agenda for South Africa. Although South Africa is considered fairly well resourced in comparison with its neighbouring countries, one in every four South Africans experience chronic hunger and the cities are struggling to feed the growing urban poor populations. Food security is a critical issue that threatens the health and wellbeing of the growing population, but also perpetuates existing poverty cycles and socio-spatial inequalities. Cape Town is unique as the only South African city that still has a considerable urban agricultural zone within the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban perimeter, the Philippi Horticultural Area (Battersby & Haysom, 2012). The Philippi Horticultural Area (PHA) plays a key role in both the local and the regional food systems, and various other socio-economic processes. But the agricultural land is located amidst some of the most impoverished communities in the city. The surrounding areas experience high levels of crime and violence, especially gangsterism which is exacerbated by unemployment and a lack of alternative opportunities for the youth. But Cape Town is also the only South African city that has official urban agriculture and food garden policies, promoting urban agriculture as an important catalyst for urban food security and economic empowerment (Kanosvamhira, 2019). Philippi, therefore, provides an exceptional case study for the consumption and production studio as a site for exploring alternative urban agriculture strategies. Although the urban agricultural movement has gained a lot of momentum in developed countries, a lot of research is still required as to how urban agriculture can contribute to the rapidly urbanizing and complex socio-economic environments of the global South. This is an urban design exploration focused on how urban agriculture can be embedded within the neighbourhoods in and around Philippi, Cape Town, as a case study for a broader spatial strategy in developing contexts. The objective is to develop a more eco- and humancentric approach to ensure a healthy and equitable cityscape and to re-establish local relationships between nature and food systems.

40km

CITY OF CAPE TOWN Area: 2, 445 km2 Population: 3 740 025* 20km

CAPE TOWN

PHILIPPI Area: 34.21 km2 Population: 191 025*

“The current plight of our cities and settlements is the sad result of our failure to place basic human needs above economic and industrial demands.”

INTRODUCTION

- Walter Gropius (1956) in ‘Ground Control and the Commons’ (2018), p.46

Philippi is based on the Cape Flats in Cape Town, on the sandy plains south-east of the city, approximately 25km from the city centre. Philippi consists of two main areas – Philippi East and the Phillippi Horticultural Area. The area is geographically nearly central to the wider city footprint and well-connected to many strategic urban and natural environments and assets and is, therefore, an important precinct for the urban development vision of the metropole. This poses a myriad of challenges and conflicting arguments for the future of the area (Battersby & Haysom, 2012). The primary lens for this inquiry is the critical importance of the area in relation to food systems and the role and potential of alternative agricultural strategies as seeds for more equitable rights to the city. Food production and water consumption have been at the root of the establishment of the Cape as a settlement. Initially established as a key outpost for the Dutch East India Company (otherwise known as the

Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie or the VOC) on their trade routes between Europe and the East, the city’s development is inextricably interwoven with its relationship to agriculture. Philippi was one of the first agrarian settlements outside the colonial compound in Table Bay. Since its inception, Philippi has played a prominent role in the city’s development and the local food system and is still often referred to as the food basket of Cape Town. The first recorded inhabitants settled in Philippi in 1878 on smallholding farms and were predominantly from Dutch and German origin (Abrahamse, 2017). Since then, Philippi has been an arrival space in the city, first for European immigrant farmers, and in the last few decades for migrants from rural areas in South Africa and most recently as economic migrants or refugees from other African countries (expanded history in the ‘Philippi: heritage of culture and cultivation’ chapter). During the Apartheid years, Philippi was divided by segregationist planning policies that designated a portion of the settlement as a ‘black township’. Despite the national political transition in 1994, the area remains a low-income settlement with a predominantly black/ African community that is very fragmented and with very low levels of social trust (Brown-Luthango, 2014). Philippi East is noted as one of the residential nodes in South Africa with the highest crime rate. The community is very vulnerable in terms of security and access to basic services. The 2011 census recorded that more than 56% of the residents live in ‘informal’ settlements or rent a backyard ‘dwelling’ (normally also a makeshift wood frame and corrugated iron ‘shack’). According to the same census, almost 200 000 residents were officially recorded in Philippi but more recent informal surveys by NGOs and researchers indicate that this figure is likely almost five times more due to a large number of unrecorded (informal) dwellings and backyard dwellers (renters). This disjuncture in official figures has resulted in an inadequate supply of municipal services which in turn places enormous strain on local socio-economic and ecological systems (Indego, 2018; Battersby & Haysom, 2012). Only 26% of residents have access to piped water in their residents and more than 25% don’t have access to proper sanitation in terms of flushing toilets. The toilets provided are often communal facilities that present a security and health risk and lack dignity. More than 50% of the residents survive on less than 100euros a month (Brown-Luthango, 2014). The area remains attractive for new arrivals to the city due to the area’s locational assets in terms of its close proximity to the Philippi horticultural area (many rural and transnational migrants have an agrarian background), industrial areas and the airport. The influx of new inhabitants exacerbates the existing pressure on already failing or insufficient infrastructure, employment opportunities and land resources. The City of Cape Town and the Western Cape Government is under increasing pressure to provide housing to the rapidly expanding urban population. 18

CAPE TOWN LANSDOWNE

AIRPORT

MANNENBERG

DELFT

NYANGA

OTTERY EDITH STEPHEN WETLAND NATURE RESERVE PHILIPPI EAST

PHILIPPI HORTICULTURAL AREA

MITCHELLS PLAIN

GRASSY PARK

RONDEVLEI AND ZEEKOEIVLEI NATURE RESERVES

MACASSAR DUNES NATURE RESERVE

STRANDFONTEIN SEWAGE WORKS FALSE BAY NATURE RESERVE

FALSE BAY

10 0

40min

2km

The Philippi Horticultural Area (PHA) plays a dominant role in the local and regional food system, it is the only vegetable producing agricultural land within 120km of the city centre (Battersby & Haysom, 2012). Agriculture and related agro-industries are one of the biggest employers in the area. In addition to being a major source of local produce, the area is also used for sand and silica mining. The location of Philippi next to one of the main national highways (the N2) and the Cape Town international airport, and relative affordability of the land, also attracts other industrial activities and speculative land-uses. The area is based on top of the precious Cape Flats Aquifer that is an important feeder for the underground water table in the peninsula. Initially referred to as ‘Die Duine’ (Dunes), the area is nestled between the False Bay nature reserve and the Macassar Dunes nature reserve, an important biodiversity hotspot. The Strandveld Fynbos vegetation of the Cape Flats is part of the indigenous Fynbos biome that is only found in South Africa. The dunescape and wetland ecosystem is a key aquifer recharge zone and habitat for pollinators. Philippi presents a complex and varied natural, agrarian and urban landscape with multiple stakeholders, and the PHA plays a vital ecological and socio-economic role in the region. But the area presents a unique challenge to the City of Cape Town to manage and protect the largest remaining piece of productive land within the City of Cape Town municipal border from speculative development and exploitative land-use practices (Indego, 2018).

‘The remaining farmland is under pressure from illegal dumping, conflicting land uses, winter flooding and safety and security concerns. There is a lack of proactive management of the underlying Cape Flats Aquifer (CFA). Encroachment of industrial, informal and residential land uses increases the risk of aquifer contamination and decreases the available recharge area due to natural vegetation being replaced with impermeable concrete.’ - PHA Socio-Economic Report – Indego, 2018, p.8

As a concluding problem statement, Philippi is increasingly under threat by a rapidly growing population, encroaching urban development - both formal and informal, destructive industrial and mining processes, poor management of the Cape Flats Aquifer and biodiversity zones, poverty, food insecurity and urban violence (Indego, 2018; Battersby & Haysom, 2012).

PHILIPPI HORTICULTURAL AREA

STRANDVELD FYNBOS AND WETLANDS

PHILIPPI EAST - INDUSTRY

SILICA AND SAND MINING

FORMAL HOUSING

INFORMAL HOUSING 21

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

How can productive urban landscapes, anchored on the Philippi cultivation culture, become feeders for Metropolitan Cape Town: empower and feed underserved neighbourhoods, generate new forms of co-produced urbanity and reconstruct ecological resilience?

- Main research question

The main objective of the research is to investigate how urban agriculture can transform the spatial and socio-economic terrain of the Cape Flats in Cape Town and other similar underprivileged neighbourhoods. The urban design investigation proposes urban agriculture as a socio-spatial catalyst to address key issues of security relating to food, water, land tenure and urban violence, either directly or indirectly. In support of the main research question above, the following sub-questions expand on the intent of the inquiry: 1. How could urban agriculture in the peri-urban area of Philippi improve livelihoods whilst addressing

food security, water scarcity and ecological rehabilitation? 2. What landscape urbanism strategies can be implemented to balance agricultural activities with other urban development and industrial processes to ensure long-term food security and preserve the Cape Flats Aquifer? 3. How can urban agriculture become a vehicle for exploring alternative land tenure and equity models to create more symbiotic socio-economic and eco-centric networks?

METHODOLOGY

This research combines multiple approaches including fieldwork, interviews, a literature review and desk study, and mapping. Fieldwork consisted of a photographic survey of the Philippi East, the transport hubs, and workshop and guided site visit of the agricultural area and sand mining sites. The farm visit and workshop were organized by local small holding farmer and chairman of the PHA Food and Farming Campaign, Nazeer Sunday. Interviews were conducted with various NGO’s and community gardeners living or working in Philippi, the chairman of the small holding farmers collective, and researchers and professional consultants: 1. Abalimi Bezekhaya task team - Nyanga and Khayelitsha community gardens - Harvest of Hope 2. Claire Abrahamse (Architecture, urban design and heritage consultant) - Philippi Heritage Impact Assessment 3. Mercy Brown-Luthango - African Centre for Cities - Philippi City Lab - State/ Society Synergy book 4. Sabina Favaro (Violence Protection through Urban Upgrade project - VPUU) - Postdoctoral researcher with PHD on Cape Town title ‘Living Apart Together’, mapping socio- spatial injustice. 5. Willard Matiashe (Development Action Group) - Land reform and alternative land tenure options - Human Settlement Upgrade project - Property markets/ land value capture 6. Leila Sadien and Noxolo Meteto (Philippi Village - Business incubator/ social innovation hub) - Philippi Economic Development Initiative - Community groups and initiatives 7. Stuart Samuels (Conveyancer, TSM Attorneys at Law) - Housing subsidies and grants 8. Nazeer Sunday and Susanna Coleman (PHA Food and Farming campaign) - Small holding farmers association - Philippi Horticultural Area activism campaign - Community representative in high court case against rezoning applications for private mixed use developments proposed on 1300ha of PHA land - Field trip with students from Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS - University of Cape Town) The literature review included theory and case studies on urban agriculture, food security and sustainable consumption, green and circular economies, urban violence protection through urban design, agrarian reform and poverty alleviation, alternative land reform and tenure models. The review also included a former studio thesis compendium and PHD conducted on Cape Town by KU Leuven alumni.

The desktop study comprised of a review of local government policy documents and spatial frameworks, existing research and technical reports (heritage, socio-economic plans, cape aquifer analysis, food systems, survey of natural resources, planning reviews, etc.), recorded interviews with farmworkers, farmers and local stakeholders, South African Police and national census data, the City of Cape Town aerial photography reserve, and the Geographic Information System and South African National Biodiversity Institute databases. A mapping of the study area consisted of both physical and ecological aspects of the site but also included an analysis of the intangible social dynamics of this very diverse context. The landscape and ecological systems were mapped based on the City of Cape Town GIS data base as well as various technical studies reports on the different natural resources and ecological systems in Philippi. The social sciences mapping is based on interviews and reports on the formal/ informal dynamics, situational analysis of the node and a heritage resources report documenting an interview series on the cultural heritage of the site.

Nazeer Sunday - PHA workshop

Water and dune ecosystems

‘Urban agriculture has the potential to transform the spatial and social landscape of the city, creating a more ecologically sustainable and inclusive city. Urban agricultural systems can integrate ecological cycles, food systems and community networks to develop more cyclical systems for increased ‘resource efficiencies (and) environmental benefits’ and to establish greater ‘synergies across urban agriculture, infrastructure and the built environment’ - Proksch (2017), ‘Creating Urban Agricultural Systems’, p1

HYPOTHESIS

Ninety per cent of the future growth in cities is projected to take place in developing countries, mostly in Africa (urbanafrica.net). Cape Town is projected to be the second most rapidly expanding urban centre in South Africa, a semi-arid country with increasing droughts and diminishing arable land. In addition to a booming population, the global trend of a centralized commercial food system is resulting in unsustainable and inequitable urban consumption and distribution patterns. Food insecurity and an inability to access land are ever-present obstacles for many impoverished urban communities, perpetuating the poverty cycle. In South Africa, due to the spatial planning policies of the Apartheid government, vulnerability with regards to food security and land tenure is both spatialized and for the most part still racialized according to former segregation legacies.

Both historically and currently, the Philippi Horticultural Area is crucial to ensure that Cape Town’s food future is secure and that fresh produce remains affordable to all. But Philippi is also located amidst some of the more impoverished communities in Cape Town, which is simultaneously a challenge and an opportunity. The hypothesis for this design investigation is, therefore, to not only strengthen and provide alternative ecological strategies for the existing agricultural activities of the main horticultural area but to propose new forms of rhizomatic productive urban landscapes. Cape Town is uniquely positioned to develop this new form of urbanity. The city is considered progressive with regards to its inclusion of urban agriculture in policies and spatial development frameworks. In 2007 the city instated an official urban agriculture policy and later amended it to include food gardens in the city (2017). There are over a hundred food garden and small farmer initiatives or NGO-led projects related for food security within the metropolitan, yet many fails due to a lack of resources, access to markets and land tenure insecurity (Battersby & Haysom, 2012). The success of urban agriculture will require a more holistic and embedded landscape strategy. By investigating underutilized sites and infrastructure and existing agriculture-related activities in Philippi, this design seeks to explore the potential for synergic and robust urban agriculture strategies that can be developed in situ over time. Various forms of urban agriculture could not only bring the production of food closer to the city and reduce the pressure on resources and infrastructure but also reconnect consumers to the origin of their food. By reducing the pathway between the production and consumption of food greater accessibility to affordable high-quality fresh produce and greater waste efficiencies can be realized. Awareness of various aspects of the food system can be stimulated through hands-on urban farming experiences or greater visibility of farming in the city. Urban agriculture could create opportunities for enthusiastic small-scale farmers, migrants and refugees from rural farming communities, or people seeking low-skill employment/ entrepreneurial prospects. Food production in the city can supply local markets and ensure greater access to nutrient-rich foods at affordable prices. Increased health and integrated sustainable infrastructure will vastly improve the quality of life of the urban poor. Small scale farming is an opportunity to include a big sector of the society, regardless of gender, age or education. Community gardens are often run by women since this is traditionally an activity assigned to older women. 28

Hybrid strategies for converting underutilized, abandoned and oversized infrastructure, buildings or land in the city into productive spaces could be an opportunity to regenerate and recycle resources. Alternative land management and ownership models could lead to land sharing, common land, renting of unused spaces like rooftops, various land leasing or community ownership models. Complementary landscape urbanism strategies in peri-urban areas could serve to protect agricultural activities but also increase biodiversity and rehabilitate natural ecosystems.

EXISTING URBAN AGRICULTURE INITIATIVES

PHILIPPI ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE (PEDI) (Introduction interview with Leila Sadien and Noxolo Meteto, programme managers at the Philippi Village Business Hub. Project information as per PED website, http://pedi.org.za/agriculture/) PEDI is focused on bringing local business owners and residents together through a series of economic development and training projects. They mainly focus on five key sectors – agriculture, industry, transport, waste and construction. With regards to agriculture, the following projects are currently active in the community: 1. The PEDI Urban Agriculture Academy was launched in 2017 with the aim of training more emerging small holding and community garden farmers. The academy boasts with four academic units – the Crop Production Business Unit, a Seedling Production Business Unit, the Vermi-Tea Business Unit and a Community Garden and Market Stalls Business Unit. The academy aims to provide employment opportunities and self-sustaining entrepreneurial skills to the local community. 2. The PEDI Tunnel Farm is a pilot project for tunnel farming funded by the Dhladhla Foundation (the implementing agency for the government’s Community Works Programme), to provide space for Academy trainees and graduates. Fresh produce is sold via a box system and local markets. 3. Turning Waste to Food is a successful small scale business initiative that has now expanded as a franchise of over twenty local entrepreneurship ventures. Food waste from the farms, fresh good market and supermarket distribution centres in the area are collected and processed via worm-farming. The organic compost and ‘worm-tea’ fertilizer arebeing sold back to the agricultural sector. The project has received a lot of acclaim as an example of small business empowerment opportunities and closing the loop on the city’s waste. 4. Plastoil is a local business supported by PEDI. They collect waste and separate it into organic waste and recyclable plastic. The organic waste is used to feed fly larvae that being processed as an organic protein source to local farmers.

ABALIMI BEZEKHAYA (NYANGA CENTRE) PHILIPPI VILLAGE PEDI PHILIPPI ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE PEDI URBAN AGRICULTURE ACADEMY PEDI TUNNEL FARM

PLASTOIL TURNING WASTE TO FOOD

PHA FOOD AND FARMING CAMPAIGN

PHA FOOD AND FARMING CAMPAIGN (Overview of a personal interview with Nazeer Sunday and Susanna Coleman, 26 February 2019): The PHA Food and Farming Campaign are headed by local small holding farmer, Nazeer Sunday. The group seeks to support emerging small holding farmers in Philippi and raise greater awareness regarding the importance of agroecology as a strategy for long-term productivity and greater year round yields. Sunday uses his own farm as a site for experimenting with soil rehabilitation strategies, cover crops for water saving, the reintroduction of heirloom and indigenous crops and permaculture strategies for promoting diversity and healthy local ecosystems. He then offers community workshops and educational field trips to local schools, university groups and other emerging farmers. The second goal of the group is to campaign against the sale and rezoning of agricultural land for the development of private and upmarket mixed used developments. They are currently the main complainant in a high court case that has become known as the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Save or Paveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; campaign againt the recent sale of two big portions of land amounting to 1300ha. This roughly equates to 40% percent of the horticultural area and covers the main recharge zone for the aquifer as well as very fertile land in the South East corner of the PHA. Sunday is spearheading the legal battle, protesting on behalf of the agricultural, ecological and cultural heritage importance of the area. They are instead proposing that land should be made available to small holding farmers via land reform, subsidies or agriculture land prices (not the higher market price of rezoned land). Most recently the group is also trying to launch small-scale agritourism initiatives to complement their farming livelihoods.

ABALIMI BEZEKHAYA (Overview of a personal interview with Abalimi Bezekhaya task team, 22 February 2019) Abalimi Bezekhaya was established in 1982 as a voluntary association. To date, they are one of the biggest community garden initiatives, operating in different township areas with two main garden centres in Nyanga (just north of Philippi) and Khayelitsha. The association trains and supports community members interested in establishing either an individual or collective food garden in their neighbourhood. They support only agroecology as a method of cultivation, with a strong emphasis on producing organic vegetables. Farmers are trained in how to make their own compost and fertilise the sandy soils of the Cape Flats. Most of the farmers are elderly women from the Eastern Cape or similar rural background, where the cultural practice is for married women to work the land. Their main aim is to address local food security, raise awareness about the importance of nutrition in their communities, create self-sustaining livelihoods for themselves and provide the youth with alternative opportunities. Their vegetables are sold or shared locally, through a box system to a higher-income clientale and the Harvest of Hope markets are various locations in the city. The main challenges the women face included the expense of using municipal water for irrigation, damage and crop loss in dry and windy seasons, theft and insecure land tenure due to gender-based discrimination or historical racial exclusion from land ownership. They prefer to establish their gardens on or close school grounds, creches and churches, both for security and because they often also operate an unofficial feeding scheme for the school children and elderly.

CULTURE OF CULTIVATION HERITAGE SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK

W. LANGSCHMIDT - Long Street, Cape Town, 1845. German-born South African painter, Wilhelm Langschmidt, came from a merchants’ family. His painting of Long Street (still a major street in the Cape Town city centre), show the original water channel or ‘graght’ system, the street traders, small residential vegetable gardens and the more expansive farms against the foot of the mountain.

A HERITAGE OF CULTURE AND CULTIVATION

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Horticultural Area is the most valuable land within the Philippi area. This agricultural/ rural landscape is both vivid and intact and reveals continuity in terms of land use and response to the terrain. It is a product of a dynamic, creative and cultural interaction between the natural environment and its inhabitants over time. The response of the cultural landscape to the natural landscape is a function, in part, of the carrying capacity of the land and changing agricultural patterns.â&#x20AC;? (CoCT, 2007:1)

PRE 1652 Philippi is protected as a cultural heritage site. The bay used to be covered by shallow sea until it receded and became known as the Cape Flats. The shifting sand dune flats were initially inhabited by nomadic Khoi and San tribes until the first colonial settlers arrived. The tribes never settled permanently in this area, but it was an important hunting and grazing region.

1652 In 1652 the Dutch East India Company, otherwise known as the VOC, establish an outpost in the Cape as halfway stop on their trade route. Its main purpose was for the cultivation and supply of fresh produce and water to the sailors, since the months it took so circumvent the African continent claimed too many lives. The Cape was referred to by the local Khoisan tribes as ‘Camissa’, ‘place of sweet waters’. Food and water security are thus inextricably interwoven with the initial founding of a permanent settlement that later became known as Cape Town. Initially the settlers traded with the local tribes until they established first the company garden in and around the castle, and later land was allocated to ‘free burghers’ to establish agricultural outposts. The Khoisan, not acknowledging private ownership, continued to allow their herds to graze in the area that was previous part of their hunting routes but that had now been privatised by the settlers. This led to bitter and bloody clashes that resulted in open warfare. The Khoisan were killed or imprisoned and dispossed of their communal roaming grounds.

1701 All fresh produce, predominantly vegetables, were cultivated in the Company Gardens at the foot of Table Mountain. Fresh water from the mountain springs were relayed into â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;grachtsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or canals, that are still visible in the city today and set the grid for spatial structure of future development.

1750 The sandy plains South-east of the city remained fairly unoccupied, apart from being used for occasional grazing, which only caused further desertification. The lack of permanent surface water sources, the waterlogged wetlands in the winter and the low-quality sandy soil made area unappealing for inhabitation or cultivation. In fact, as maps as late a the 1880’s still show the areas as uninhabited. The area was simply referred to as ‘Die Duine’ or The Dunes. Under British rule, the area was claimed as crownland and served as a hunting reserve with hunting lodges based at Zeekoei vlei.

1850 However, when the Company Gardens in the city could no longer supply enough fresh produce, the British colony leaders initiated an immigration scheme with farmers from predominantly the Netherlands or Germany. Many immigrants came either as indentured labourers, persecuted protestants or economic migrants. In lieu for the cost of their passage, they would first work on existing farms and then be granted their own plot of land. Between the 1850s and the 1880s three waves of German farmers where settled either in the Malmesbury/ Atlantis area or in Philippi. In 1896 Springfield settlement was established in The Dunes and in 1898 the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name was officially changed to Philippi (SAHO, 2018). The toil of the German farmers to transform the sandy dune landscape into arable land was a cumbersome and their quality of life was hard. Many people had emigrated from the Rheinland region in Germany and they were selected for the resettlement program due their knowledge of sandy soil and root vegetable cultivation. Through intensive natural fertilizers (manure and food waste), cover and complimentary crops and surface water dams and pumping systems, they slow converted the area into the fertile horticultural area that it is today. The one locational asset of the Cape Flats is the high-water table of the Cape Flats Aquifer and it sustained a steady cultivation rate. Many of the techniques that they employed were agro-ecological principles (Abrahamse, 2017).

1920 The beginning of the 20th century marked an increase in industrial and subsequent suburban development outside the city centre. Major roads and the first railways towards the Southern suburbs and the Tygerberg hills (east) were introduced. The Cape Flats offered an abundance of building sand. Between 1925 and the 1940s many farmers sold their plots to sand mines. The discovery of high-quality silica sand led to one of the most valuable Consol (glass manufacturer) operations in South Africa.

1940 But ultimately the greatest cataclysm to irreversible change the community and spatial character of Philippi was the institution of the Group Areas Act of the Apartheid regime in the 1970s. Large portions of the Cape Flats were recategorized as ‘Coloured’ or ‘Black Townships’ and many farmers were forcibly removed. The new settlements were planned in accordance with the segregationist Apartheid Modernism that promoted the use of the car and favored oversized road infrastructure as spatial and security barriers for the security forces. Investment in infrastructure was allocated in accordance with the racial designation of the area.

POST 1994 As a predominantly black township surrounded by other coloured and black townships, the area still suffers from an institutional legacy of insufficient infrastructure and public services. This deficit still has to be corrected by the current government. Many of the people that settled in this area were from a rural background, as permit labourers in the 1980s and now as economical migrants. The poverty in the surrounding communities leaves both farmers and inhabitants susceptible to high levels of theft and crime. Increased challenges are motivating many farmers to put the farms up for sale, resulting in a 40% loss of arable land in the last three decades. The latest rezoning application will result in another 1300ha of the remaining approximate 3000ha in the Greater Philippi being lost to another middle-class mixed-use development.

PHA CAMPAIGN AGAINST REZONING OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

PROPOSED MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT (REZONING APPLICATION)

CITY OF CAPE TOWN: THE PLANNING LEGACY MUNICIPAL SPATIAL FRAMEWORK 2017 - 2022

The City of Cape Town has a strong legacy and policy of spatial planning and municipal development frameworks. Throughout its history, Philippi has been the focus of many spatial frameworks due its strategic position and locational assets. Changing politics, shifting national and local political administrations, and conflicting agendas has led to the failure or discontinuation of many government projects (Brown-Luthango, 2014). Some of the past initiatives are listed below: - Wetton-lansdowne corridor - Public places programme - Nodal plan All planning and zoning decisions in Cape Town is currently being guided by a Municipal Development Framework. Although all local government frameworks are subject to public participation process, the current goverment is often criticised for being neoliberal and pro-private developments. Such is also the case with the current court case against the City of Cape Town regarding the latest rezoning applications. Matters regarding the Philippi Horticultural Area are further complicated due to the fact that all land zoned for agricultural use, falls under the Department of Agriculture, a national department whilst all local and municipal services decisions fall the City of Cape Town (Battersby & Haysom, 2012). South Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three tier government systems infers that that national, provincial and local governments are not necessarily governed by the same political parties.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLAN FOR PHA 2018

In 2017, the local government appointed a team of consultants to propose a holistic socio-economic proposal for the PHA (Indego, 2018). The plan is being circulated for comment and is intent on building resilience.

TRACING AND READING PHILIPPI HORTICULTURAL AREA FOOD SECURITY LAND TENURE SECURITY CAPE AQUIFER WATER SECURITY CAPE FLATS SANDFYNBOS AND DUNE SYSTEM URBAN SECURITY

PHILIPPI HORTICULTURAL AREA

The greater Philippi Horticultural Area consists of 3168.65 hectares of arable land of which 1884 hectares (64%) is actively farmed by 30 commercial farmers (Indego, 2018). The larger commercial farmers belong the Kaapse Vlakte Landbou unie (Cape Flats Agricultural union) and the smaller emerging farmers belong to the PHA Food and Farming campaign group (Abrahamse, 2017). The PHA is a high potential productive zone. The unique low-lying coastal climate and very high water table of the Cape Aquifer ensures a higher than usual crop yield, with anywhere between 3 to 5 yields depending on the crop. The horticultural area currently supports nearly 50 different crops with green leafy vegetables closer to the cooler coastal area and tubers further North. The PHA is estimated to provide approximately 100 000 tonnes of fresh produce of which nearly two tonnes is given to farm workers for free. Some commercial farmers have also started to buy and sell livestock, as the cultural identity of the local community has changed with an influx of migrants from the Eastern Cape and other parts of Africa. Livestock is used in local ceremonies and many African people prefer to buy their meat (especially chicken) live (Battersby & Haysom, 2012). The steady supply of ground water makes the area more drought resilient than other agricultural lands in the region and in the country. The ability to cultivate a wide variety of the crops year round and during increasingly more frequent dry spells, the PHA is able to supply fresh produce when other areas are unable to do so. The unique growing conditions of the PHA and its immediate surroundings create an ideal testing bed for urban agriculture as a self-sustaining strategy (Indego 2018).

Figure. Roadside chicken sellers. Live chicken trading is an important income generator for women in the informal market and protein in the local diet. 56

The Philippi Horticultural Area (PHA) supplies

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60-70% of the city’s fresh vegetables.

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hectare p.a. Agricultureper Production (crop cycles p.a.) High potential - 3-5 €5 500 Average €1 100 yield - 1-2

Due to the arid climate, only 13.5% of the land in the country is suitable for crop production only 3.5% is considered high potential MULTIPLIER EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN PHILIPPI HORTICULTURAL AREA

EXISTING FOOD SYSTEM - PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND DISTRIBUTION

COMMERCIAL FARMER

SMALL HOLDING FARMER

COMMUNITY GARDEN/ URBAN FARMER

FORMAL MARKET

INFORMAL MARKET

ALTERNATIVE - Veggie box, markets, etc.

EXISTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AREAS PHA, school gardens and informal farming area in Philippi East

Agriculture

Public open space/ Infrastructure reserves Schools Existing initiatives

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FOOD SECURITY

The sustainable and efficient production of food is a fundamental issue for urban futures, the main challenge facing many South Africans is access and affordability. Centralised food systems that are controlled by a few large scale supermarket chains that have forced many small farmers out of business and continues to exclude a big group of urban consumers. Although supermarkets promote lower prices per unit based on the competitative savings they make from buying a big batch of monoculture produced crops, the unit sizes are too big for families living from unpredictable daily or weekly wages. They are unable to pay the bulk prices or transport cost to car-dominated shopping centres. The sprawling nature of South African cities places the urban poor predominantly on the periphery, forcing them to travel long distances daily. They rely heavily on the informal market who trades in local produces and often buys from supermarkets and repackage products into smaller affordable portions. Informal traders are also more flexible in terms of hours and tend to locate themselves close to or on main movement routes. Food security relates not only to quantity but also to quality, the utilization of high nutrient versus high calorie diets is a big concern in South Africa. In the region with the highest prevalence of HIV and AIDS, food insecurity is one of the main antagonists in the ongoing battle against the pandemic. Simultaneously, the rate of obesity is going up and along with it the percentage of adults suffering from non-communicable diseases like diabetes. Food bought on the move is often highly processed or high calorie food cooked in oil. The ‘modern’ fast food trends are also culturally attractive to rural migrants who buy into the ‘urban lifestyle’, rejecting home grown and cooked meals. Mobility, food security and healthy lifestyle options are interlinked and present a spatial opportunity to rethink the ‘right to access the city’ also in terms of food and resources (Joubert, 2018). In parallel with the consumption and distribution challenges, the agricultural production sector is under pressure from supermarket chains to continuously lower their bulk prices despite water, energy and oil price hikes. This motivates many farmers to produce for the export rather than the local market or seek alternative income and rather sell their land for profit, limiting the local supply and making fresh produce even more unaffordable for the urban poor (Joubert, 2018). Yet the large scale agro-processing, storage and long-distance transport of food lead to a loss of almost a third of all the fresh food produced in the country annually. This means that apart from all the wasted food that could increase the supply, there is also a huge wastage of energy, water and other resources. This places huge pressure on landfills and presents a missed opportunity for the potential recuperation of some of the inputs (FAO, 2018).

Land reform, the increasing cost of of services, inclement weather and security all form part of the risks that farmers face. Many farmers prefer to sell their land as an exit strategy. Land value often precludes smaller farmers or communities from buying this land and valuable arable land is lost to urban development. This places additional pressure on the remaining productive land, especially in peri-urban areas, and again widens the physical and economic distance between the city and its food sources (2018). However, many emerging farmers in Philippi are starting to experiment with alternative production and distribution models, and many rural-urban come from an agrarian background with the ability to share local knowledge on agro-ecological practices in traditional farming.

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LAND TENURE SECURITY

The availability of agricultural land and the stability farmers’ livelihoods is another key consideration in addressing food security and social justice. Land reform, the supply of services and security all form part of the risks that farmers face. Faced with these threats, some farmers prefer to sell their land as an exit strategy. Land value often precludes smaller farmers or communities from buying this land and valuable arable land is lost to urban development. This places additional pressure on the remaining productive land, especially in peri-urban areas, and again widens the distance between the city and its food sources (Indego, 2018). However, many rural-urban migrants in Cape Town come from an agrarian background, with the ability to share local knowledge on agro-ecological practices in traditional farming (Abalimi Bezekhaya, 2019). LAND REFORM Land reform has a been key issue on the political agenda since South Africa became a democratic state in 1994, but the implementation of the various policies has been slow and expensive. Apartheid left a legacy of racialized spatial injustice with regards to the division of and access to land ownership, which is increasingly is driving polarizing political campaigns. A recent discussion at the ‘Resolving the Land Question’ conference at the University of the Western Cape highlighted the three contrasting models that is currently driving the debate around land redistribution: 1. The private-sector led land reform: the inefficiency of the state is negated through private-sector led ‘fast-track’ land reform initiatives that are managed by multi-stakeholder committees at local municipality level and is linked to financial incentives. However, very little emphasis is place on the long-term ecological sustainability of the current farming system. 2. Promoting multiple livelihoods: balancing different objectives of poverty reduction, land reform and the symbolic and political significance of deracializing land ownership. This policy requires an alternative view on the viability of smallscale farming as a sustainable counterpart for current industrialised agricultural production. 3. A solidarity economy model: proposes a complete departure for neo-liberal models of land ownership and instead promotes a pro-poor approach led by the state and active citizens. Similar to the multiple livelihoods model, alternative criteria of viability and production should be defined. Land reform and redistribution in South Africa will have a big impact on the current farming and food systems. It will be critical to rethink how land and ecological resources can be used and recycled to secure long-term food security and ensure more sustainable food production and consumption cycles.

Land tenure statistics and ownership data from PHA Socio-economic plan (Indego 2018)

ALTERNATIVE LAND TENURE MODELS: Cooperative Cooperatives are ‘based on the principles of self-help, self-determination, and self-management. The reserve assets and the paid membership fees constitute the equity capital of the cooperative, which together guarantee the financing of the business operations, renovation measures, new buildings, and the further services for the support of its members.’ (Akpinar &Seidl, 2018, p.42)

Community land trust ‘A Community Land Trust (CLT) is a nonprofit organization that buys parcels of land for the purpose of developing, building, and managing low-cost housing and other community assets. Through the separation into

landownership-which remains with the CLT, as only the right of use is transferred in the building lease- and the residential property, land shall be made available for the financially weak social groups’. (Akpinar &Seidl, 2018, p.42)

Alternative small holding model presented by PHA Food and Farming Campaign (Sunday, 2019) 63

CAPE FLATS AQUIFER

WATER SECURITY CHALLENGE

DETRIMENTAL CONSUMPTION

Philippi is on top of the precious Cape Flats Aquifer that is an important feeder for the underground water table in the peninsula. Cape Town had a severe drought for the last three years and during this time the Philippi farmers were still able to deliver produce despite the 60% water restriction imposed by the municipality. The whole area but especially the dune landscape in the South-eastern corner (which is currently under review for rezoning) is an important recharge zone. The aquifer recharges through a series of permanent and seasonal wetlands (Indego 2018). Due to the high water table, many areas of the agricultural land flooded during the rainy winter season, but the farmers have incorporated this into their cultivation strategy. The seasonal flooding creates very fertile pockets of soil for summer crops (Sunday, 2019). Currently many of the commercial water pump ground water or draw municipal water. The biggest loss of water is due to evaporation and wind drying out the crops (Abalimi Bezekhaya 2019, Sunday 2019).

DROUGHT AND CHANGING CLIMATE PATTERNS

The Cape Flats Aquifer can provide 80million litres of water daily.

The Cape Flats Aquiferis a coastal aquifer 65

PERMANENT WATERBODIES - SUMMER Dry season

Aquifer recharge zone Wetland/ Retention pond Seasonal wetland

Dam

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WATERBODIES - WINTER Wet season with seasonal wetlands

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CAPE FLATS SANDFYNBOS AND DUNE SYSTEM ‘The Cape Floral Kingdom is the smallest of the six global floral kingdoms, and the only one entirely within a single country. The Core Cape Floristic Subregion is one of 35 global biodiversity hotspots. A biodiversity hotspot is a region of exceptional biodiversity, rich in endemic plant species, that has lost 70% or more of its habitat and is threatened with further destruction. It is remarkable to find such a big city in the middle of a biodiversity hotspot. The Core Cape Floristic Subregion is considered the ‘hottest hotspot’ because it is home to the greatest concentration of higher plant species in the world outside of the tropics. Although comprising only 4% of South Africa’s land surface, the Core Cape Floristic Subregion contains nearly half of the country’s 21 000 flowering plant species.’ - City of Cape Town Biodiversity Report 2018, p. 15

According to the City of Cape Town’s Biodiversity Report 2018, “Cape Town is the Most Biodiverse City in the World”. (City of Cape Town Biodiversity Report 2018, p. 4) 68

Phillipi is located in the heart of the Strandveld Fynbos region, surrounded by flourishing dunes and wetland nature reserves like Rondevlei, Zeekoeivlei, Edith Stephens Wetland park, Macassar Dunes, Wolfgat Nature reserve and Strandfontein. The South and South-eastern corner of the PHA, partially used for sand mining and recently sold for mixed use middle to high income housing, could be a vital linke to form an integrated coastal nature reserve (Setplan, 2018).

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PRODUCING THE LAND GEOLOGY

CONSUMING THE LAND SAND MINING

The geology of the site does not naturally lend itself to be productive agricultural land. The Table Mountain slopes and inland used to be separated by a shallow sea that covered the whole Cape Flats area. The receding ocean left behind a sandy flat landscape with the wind producing dunes in time (Brown-Luthango, 2014). The dune system itself is formed in a North-westerly/ South-easterly orientation due to the prevailing summer and winter winds. The dunes buffer the agricultural area againt saline intrusion and the troughs serve as vital wetland recharge zones (Indego 2018). The windswept top layers of sand from the Springfonteyn formation covers pockets of calcrete. The loose sand and calcrete are mined for cement and building sand, and further inland where calcrete is less prevalent,

Quartistic sand Lime deposits Clay deposits Calcrete Alluvium Secondary aquifer

URBAN SECURITY

The lack of affordable housing and dignified services in the post-Apartheid city is resulting in mounting frustrations around land ownership (recent land ‘grabbing’ and land appropriation without compensation propositions to parliament), economic opportunities and the ‘right to the city’. Access to mobility, service delivery and other urban resources remain the biggest social and economic segregator. The political nature of this struggle is apparent in frequent service delivery protests and recent court cases between vulnerable communities, local authorities and the South African Police Services, particularly concerning issues of dignified sanitation solutions and safety and security. All these tensions manifest in high levels of crime, conflict and violence. Many people, especially women, are excluded from opportunities to access formal employment due to their inability to move around freely, either due to financial or security constraints. For this reason, gender politics are inseparable from spatial politics in South Africa and raises the omnipresent issue of safety and security. For women, it is imperative to find feasible livelihood strategies close to their home, to safe on transport and childcare costs. The other aspect is to create safe routes, public spaces and recreation areas, as well as conveniently located healthy and affordable food markets within close proximity or enroute.

The other vulnerable groups include foreign migrants or refugees, and the youth. Foreign migrants and refugess are often unable to apply for employment in the formal job market due to their non-citizen status, language barriers or discrimination. In extreme cases, the lack of social trust in place like Philippi that act as an arrival space is the xenophobia and violence. Urban agriculture provides an opportunity to engage in the local community but also to become more autonomous. The youth on the Cape Flats is particularly susceptible to the gang culture because of a lack of employment opportunities and healthy lifestyle options. Gang violence claims the most lives in this area, making it currently on of the most unsafe neighbourhoods in South Africa. Many gang leaders also act as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;gate keepersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, making it hard for people outside the community to launch new projects. The success of any transformative urban intervention will require the participation and ownership of the local community. Urban agriculture is an open and non-threatening programme to support skills training, social integration and more constructive activities. Both Abalimi Bezekhaya and the PHA Food and Farming Campaign have a strong focus on education and youth training.

Figure 1. Painting from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Land Exhibition 2019â&#x20AC;&#x2122; by Cape Town based artist, Lisette Forsyth. Online collection available at http://liset4sight. com. Quote by artist (February 2019), available at http://liset4sight. com/2019/01/27/land-exhibition-2019/#!

“South Africa belongs to all who live in it” was the dream, but now land is the ultimate issue and the great divide. Because land defines who, what and where we are. With land we are all monarchs, without it we are serfs. Riddle me this; whose land is it anyway?”

Extract for the SOUTH AFRICAN BILL OF RIGHTS

7. (1) This Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of democracy in South Africa. It enshrines the rights of all people in our country and affirms the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. (2) The state must respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights. Human dignity 10. Everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and protected.

Environment 24. Everyone has the rightâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; (a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or wellbeing; and (b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures thatâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; (i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) promote conservation; and (iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

Housing 26. (1) Everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing.

Health care, food, water and social security 27. (1) Everyone has the right to have access toâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; (a) health care services, including reproductive health care; (b) sufficient food and water; and (c) social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance.

PRODUCTIVE RHIZOMES DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

CULTIVATING PRODUCTIVE RHIZOMES

‘How can productive urban landscapes, anchored on the Philippi cultivation culture, become feeders for Metropolitan Cape Town: empower and feed underserved neighbourhoods, generate new forms of co-produced urbanity and reconstruct ecological resilience?’

- Main research question

The object of this design research is to investigate new forms of agroecological urbanism that builds on existing social and economic synergies and initiatives. The intention is to grow and embed the agricultural culture of the Philippi Horticultural Area into the surrounding urban fabric through variety of scales and types of urban agriculture interventions. The proposed interventions seek to identify new opportunities for cross-scalar and mutually beneficially collaboration, and shared infrastructure. The Philippi Horticultural Area and adjacent communities operate on an intricate network of formal and informal activities and social dynamics. The spatial explorations seek to support existing agricultural activities and knowledge, but to expand the range of spaces so more people can gain access to healthy food and a potential source of income. Although the primary focus is on creating new productive landscapes, re-evaluating the use of the existing land and protecting the ecosystem for long-term food and water security, and ecological sustainability, the secondary and more intangible objective is to build the capacity of the area and its people. The aspiration is to create a healthier and more inclusive environment. ‘Rhizome’ by Deleusze and Guattari (1987)

In 1987 Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari published ‘A Thousand Plateaus’, outlining their methodology for thinking, the ‘Rhizome’. Although Deleuze and Guatarri develop and applies their theory predominantly as a critique of linear pedagogical thought processes, their keywords and diagram provide an abstract visual reference for this design investigation. [1] connection [2] heterogeneity [3] multiplicity [4] a signifying rupture [5] cartography [6] tracing

Figure Figure ‘Mycelium Rhizome’ by Richard Giblett, 2009. Represented by Galerie Dusseldorf 21. Pencil on paper 120x240cm. Collection (20062009) of the artist represented by Galerie Dusseldorf. Available online at https://literariness.org/2017/04/26/the-philosophical-concept-ofrhizome/#jp-carousel-9445)

EXISTING AGRICULTURE Existing agricultural activities is focused mainly in the Philippi Horticultural Area, with community gardens on certain schools and small scale in situ farming on the edges of the railway and near the N2 highway (Northeastern edge of Philippi East).

OPPORTUNITIES FOR RHIZOMES Oversized or underutilised open spaces, infrastructure and road reserves, left-over school ground spaces, church and cummunity centre gardens, and private plots all become part of a patchwork of potential spaces to create the new productive rhizomes.

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MAIN DESIGN STRATEGIES

1. The agricultural character of the horticultural area should be restored and protected, along with a transition from detrimental farming practices to agroecological processes to ensure long-term sustainability. Land that has been subject to unregulated land-use and non-agricultural activities, should in time be converted to smallholding farms (where the soil is uncontaminated), tunnel farms (where the land-based production is no longer feasible) or converted to related/ supporting agro-industries. 2. One of the core principles is to shift from a centralised food system to a more locavore and inclusive distribution system that includes a variety of farmers, produce and markets. New markets and shared agro-processing and social infrastructure hubs will be conveniently located on the main mobility stops, to allow more residents to be able to access fresh and nutritious local food on a daily basis. 3. In order to create the productive rhizome, (apart from private gardens) open land is for cultivation is identified:

- Schools, churches and creches

- Oversized or underutilized infrastructure

- Public open space

4. Two strategic â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;rootsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;/ routes are proposed as the initial phase. The abandoned railway and the highway between Philippi and Mitchells Plain. Initially school grounds can act as secure sites for catalytic urban agriculture projects before the other open spaces are cultivated. 5. Water security and ecological preservation of the aquifer is critical to the proposal to extend agricultural activities. A new bioswale and wetland framework allows for the effective filtering of stormwater, allowing the recharge of the aquifer. It also prevents flooding in the informal settlements and excessively asphalted road surfaces. Filtered greywater and seasonal stormwater can be used for urban agriculture. The system is predominantly gravity fed. 6. The existing sand mines have less than five years of production left. These are to be converted to a wetland park with big filtration ponds to treat water from the two main city wastewater plants South of the PHA area, to recycle the water and clean it for the irrigation of the main horticultural area. Cleaned water to pumped into main Northwest-Southeast bioswales and then gravity fed through smaller channels into the cultivation beds 7. In order to reduce the excessive loss of water and scorching of crops, a new East-West framework of indigenous trees area planted to serve as wind buffers. In the urban tissues, these tree avenues provide shade and windbreaks for pedestrians and address urban heat island effect that contributes to the extreme temperatures inside the uninsulated metal sheet shacks.

8. A new productive settlement typology is proposed for inside the PHA along the new pedestrian/ soft mobility routes. To transform existing informal settlements (predominantly displaces farm workers) with collectives. 9. Satelite agricultural academy site to complement existing academy at the PEDI site. 10. Recuperating energy and water from industry and distribution centres for tunnel farms and alternative permacultures. 11. Densify on the threshold of the PHA along the proposed bus rapid transport routes to reduce urban sprawl into the horticultural area and to provide much needed housing, particularly in Philippi East. Ii also offers better opportunities to enjoy the locational and recreational value of one of the largest remaining green open spaces in the city. 0 84

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BIOSWALE AND TREE ROOTS Water is life. The proposed bioswale system is proposed as form new tree line routes with a steady supply of water for urban agriculture interventions. The bioswales will also act as part of an integrated sustainable stormwater management system in area that is underserved in terms of basic municipal services. Tree avenues are intended to be well-lit security routes, screening both people and plants from the strong Cape Town wind. Local tree nurseries are proposed as part of an ecological stewardship and employment creation project, similar to the existing Maccasar dunes rehabilitation project. Indigenous trees for the Fynbos coastal region

Kiggelia Africana Fig. Intaka Island, Cape Town

Cassina Peragau Sand dune stabiliser

Curtisia Good hedge

Cape Beech Good for screening wind

Case Study: Intaka Island, Cape Town Intaka Island was developed as part of a private development. During the initial phases of the project, an environmental impact assessment revealed a cluster of degraded wetlands. Through an intensive rehabilitation process the natural wetlands were restored and combined with a four-cell constructed wetland system. The constructed wetlands act as a stormwater filteration system that alleviates the fluvial and pluvial floods of the built up areas on the Cape plains and form part of the bigger wetland biodiversity reserve. The recycled water is reused for greywater and landscape irrigation (Truter 2018; UCT 2004).

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WETLAND AND ‘GRAGHT’ SYSTEM Site sections and design proposal The original German farmers in Philippi used a ‘gracht’ of channel system to feed pumped groundwater to all the plots. This system is not visible anymore. The proposal is to establish a new wetland park to filter stormwater from the bioswale network and two municipal stormwater treatment plants to the South of the site. The filtered water can be pumped into a new gravity fed channels system and used for irrigation. The wetlands will be located on the site where the natural dune ecosystem has already been disturbed by sand mining. The intention is to simultaneously reduce the extraction of groundwater and also replenish the aquifer, since this area is in a zone with the highest recharge potential on the Cape Flats. The proposed wetlands can be integrated into the natural wetland system.

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SEEDS AND RHIZOMES School grounds proved a secure space for urban gardeners. Many schools do not have enough funds to maintain their gardens or sport fields. Community gardens provide a minimal rental income but many gardeners also run an informal feeding scheme for the school children. Various initiaves and community garden already exist. By creating a supporting water and open space landscape, and cooperative training and infrastructure more opportunities are created for local communities to take ownership of plots near them. The first map proposes the cultivation of most schoolgrounds and the second show how the urban agriculture initiatives can be embedded into the neighourhoods.

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MULTIPLICITY

POTENTIAL LOCAL SYNERGIES

Over time a network of cooperative and shared infrastructure can be established to support a new form of agroecological urbanism. There is already a strong social network between the commercial and small holding farmers and farm workers, but community gardeners lack the same support. In general, many small holding farmers and community gardeners are prohibited from expanding their production because they lack access to land, skills or storage and agro-processing facilities. These new collective hubs are intended to also provide opportunities to other role players in the food system and local entrepeneurs.

Riberas del Bravo, MĂŠxico City

Furthermore, one strategy to the need for land reform and the unequal access to land tenure, is to propose that all sites within the core of the PHA that is currently being occupied by non-agricultural activities be bought up by smallholding farmer collectives. Land can be operated as by a community land trust or cooperative.

Case Study: Riberas del Bravo, MĂŠxico City Riberas del Bravo and Ecatepec de Morelos are two examples of large scale speculative housing that was instead converted to a social housing collective. When the initial project was not well received by the residential market, a design research project was launched to convert the space for a collective of migrant workers into a cooperate settlement that support principles of selfsuficiency through urban agriculture, vocational training and self-employment opportunities.

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TRANSFORMING PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PRACTICES Silica Mining Contaminates soil and water

Edith Stephens Wetland Park Education facility

City of Cape Town water pumphouse No recharge plan

Non-agricultural activities Unregulated zoning Loss of arable land

Informal Settlements Lack of basic services

Illegal dumping

SHIFTING FROM CENTRAL TO LOCAL Supermarket Distribution centres Centralised food system

Informal Settlements Residential densification along mobility route PHA for cooperative settlements Silica Mining Proposed food hub and agrotourism centre Rehabilitate as wetland Consolidate with adjacent park

Edith Stephens Wetland Park Education facility

City of Cape Town Holistic aquifer management plan

Non-agricultural activities Relocate and convert to agricultural and related activities Soil rehabilitated through agroecology

Commercial Agriculture Fertilizer and tilling Extraction of groundwater Overextraction causes saline intrusion

Small holding farmers and Community Gardens

Sand mining Land is level and arable after mining Land sold to developers

Low density middle inome development Loss of arable land to speculative developments

Strandfontein Reserve Conservation

Supermarket distribution centres to infrastructure for local farmers and markets Greywater and rainwater harvesting/ Photovoltaic Proposed tunnels for community farmers Distribution to local markets

Commercial Agriculture Agroecology Proposed wetland park for stormwater filtration irrigation

Small holding farmers and Community Gardens Cooperative settlements

Sand mining Proposed wetland and dune ecology park Filtration of adjacent wasterwater plant

Low density middle inome development Densify existing urban tissue Maximise on views Prevent urban sprawl

Strandfontein Reserve Create conservation corridors with dune and wetland park

COMMUNITIES AND COOPERATIVES This site sites presents an interesting cross section of a several different communities and a variety of urban and landscape fabrics. The design strategies aim to explore alternative models for different scales of cooperatives and urban agriculture interventions. This site includes the following strategies: 1. Main pedestrian streets linked to schools and key public transport mobility routes are identified for the propose bioswale system. Where necessary, the road surface is ruptured to make spaces for garden and landscape spaces (view D.). These in situ interventions are intended to supply much need stormwater managment and create more enjoyable and pedestrian friendly streetscapes.

Leberecht Migge’s ‘Selbstversorger’

2. Future bus rapid transport stops (planned route for 2022 as per current Municipal Development Framework) are proposed as collective food market and recreation spaces with agro-processing, recycling plants and storage facilities to be shared by all agro-entrepeneurs (Section AA’). These hubs are also intended to include additional social services like daycare centres, shared artisan workshop spaces, library or work sharing facilities, and renewable energy generators. The intention as that these spaces will become vibrant meeting and social spaces where the community can buy their food directly from the farmers and also where different communities can meet around some good food to foster better social intergration.

Case Study - Leberecht Migge’s “Green Manifesto” Leberecht Migge was a German landscape architect that, following the World War I, dedicated much of his energy to the research and development of different models for self-sufficient and cooperative agriculture collectives. He envisioned new horticultural settlements for the ‘everyday family’, working out graphic diagrams on how much land and input a family would need to support itself. The intention was not only to uplift an impoverished German nation through urban gardens and agrarian communities, but to create cooperatives for experimenting with a new society and cultural identity after the war (Imbert, 2015). 98

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’ CC

A A’

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In situ densification of housing

THE ‘RUPTURE’ - VIEW D

Aquifer recharge and floodable zone Recreation and biodiversity corridor Existing

Wide shade covered and well-lit pedestrian avenue Security corridor/ safe route with lighting

Bus rapid transport/ intermodal exhange Cooperative agro-processing, cold storage, recycling and workshop facility Ground floor community market Community facilities/ services

Bioswale stormwater filtration - water to proposed wetland park and agricultural area

Community gardens and livestock

Insitu formalisation and densification of housing

Existing wetland with proposed recreation facilities

SECTION AAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 10

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SECTION CCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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3. Existing industry park and transport company sites are proposed to be redeveloped as a satelite campus for the recently launched PEDI Urban Agriculture Academy. This site can host supplementary training departments, offer an onsite agriculture innovation lab and support the emerging small holding and community farmers. 5.

4. Fallow agricultural plots envisaged to become a new agricultural collective for small holding farmers and smaller subsistence farmers. Most of the residents living in informal settlements in the PHA are farm workers that have been displaced from their employerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s farms once this land is sold to new owners or developers (Abrahamse, 2017). The small plots can become new productive housing typologies for these workers. Land can either be operated as cooperative or partially cooperative with housing in a community land trust. Similar projects can be repeated on the Eastern periphery of the PHA core. 5. Existing hardware and construction supplier can be incorporated in the cooperative or becomen an extension of the academy, hosting tunnel farms and other non-land based agriculture like aquaculture. A lot of experiment is being done with aquaponics to supply much needed protein to communities struggling with food insecurity. 6. Former retention pond site proposed to be redesigned as a floodable sports field with terraced food gardens. From interviews with farmworkers (Abrahamse, 2017) it became clear that soccer is an important social activity in the area. There is an active community soccer league with bigger farms having their own soccer teams. 7. Proposed housing estate envisaged as a new community land trust project for a variety of small holdings and productive typologies. Food farms can offer recreational, educational and visual benefits to the rest of the surrounding community as well. 8. A new tree nursery to be established to grow the large amount of new trees proposed for the neighbourhoods and PHA. 9. An in situ proposal for water points that double as bioswale, water recycling structure and food garden planters to provide much-needed facilities to informal settlements (view E). 102

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A A’

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PRODUCTIVE ROUTES - VIEW E

Existing

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Insitu densification of housing

Community park with growing tunnels

Cooperative agro-processing, cold storage and workshop facility Ground floor community market

Bus rapid transport/ intermodal exhange

Cooperative small-holding residential typologies with shared grey and rain water filtration systems/ shared farming facilities

Wide shade covered and well-lit pedestrian avenue Bioswale stormwater filtration for irrigation

Agroecological farming practices with tree avenues as windbreaks

Floodable bioswale zone for winter flooding Soft mobility and livestock routes

PRODUCTIVE TYPOLOGY - TYPICAL SECTION FOR EASTERN PERIPHERY OF PHA CORE 0

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SECTION BBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; - CONCEPT (not to scale)

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ON THE LINE In the last three months, a large portion of decommissioned railway line and service yard adjacent to the Philippi East train station has been occupied by residents insisting on more housing for the area. 1. This intervention proposes an incremental upgrade of the informal settlement into a mixed use zone. 2. Portions of the currently unoccupied land can be placed into a community land trust for social housing. Higher density housing next to the station can accomodate new comers and frequent commuters. 3. Existing retention ponds proposed to be redesigned as wetland and agriculture park for the residents to cultivate and provide necessary open space to the otherwise dense fabric. 4. In time vertical farms and other medium rise shared social facilities can be introduced to feed and support the self-built residential area.

EXISTING

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400m 5 min

Value Farm, Hong Kong

Case Study - Value Farm Decommissioned industrial site in Hong Kong was redesigned as a community food garden. The park was built through collective action. Today it is a popular and vibrant community space whilst supply fresh produce.

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REFLECTION In conclusion, this thesis projects a vision for re-embedding urban agriculture and ecological systems into the urban fabric of underserved neighbourhoods where currently the quality of daily life is dulled by asphalt-covered and windswept cardominated streetscapes. As a personal reflection, the objective of this thesis is to provide a visual analysis of a variety of tangible and intangible forces that are shaping Philippi with the objective of projecting an alternative and more inclusive future transformation for the underserved Cape Flats. Without an ambitious vision, the status quo developments and practices will perpetuate existing exploitative and inequitable systems. It is the role of the designer to take into account many voices and provide an integrated projective strategy. The design investigation aims to alleviate urban violence, food security and water scarcity through a

series of spatial interventions but the author is well aware that these are complex systemic issues. In the concluding month of writing this thesis, the situation in Philippi had escalated to the point where the South African Defense Force (army) was deployed to the Cape Flats for a three-month period to address the rising number of gang-related crimes and

murders. However, resonating the sentiment of the South African president during the deployment announcement, we need to find a sustainable solution. Quality of life and health through access to nutritious and affordable food sources, healing and social cohesion through enriching community projects, enjoyable and dignified public spaces that provide a variety of services, a restorative connection with nature and the opportunity for cultivating self-sustaining incomes, are all values that underpin the design proposals.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY TEXT

Abrahamse, C. (2017) ‘Heritage Impact Assessment Report for Cape Farms 767 and 783, “Jobs Vlei” and “Ohlhoff Farm” Ottery At Philippi’, consultant report for Finishing Touch Trading (private company).

Akipinar, I. & Seidl, L. (2018) ‘Land Policy Glossary’ in the Property Issue: Ground control and commons, Journal for Architecture and Urbanism, Germany, p.42-46.

Battersby-Lennard, J. & Haysom, G. (2012) ‘Philippi Horticultural Area: A City asset or potential development node?’, a report commissioned by Rooftops Canada Foundation Inc. – Foundation Abri International in partnership with the African Food Security Urban Network.

Battersby-Lennard, J. & Haysom, G. (2016) ‘Urban agriculture: the answer to Africa’s food crisis?’, Quest, volume 12, issue 2, pp.8-9. Available at https://journals.co.za/ content/quest/12/2/EJC199179. (accessed 10th of June 2019)

Brown-Luthango, M. (2015) ‘State/ Society Synergy in Philippi, Cape Town’, Philippi CityLab, African Centre of Cities, University of Cape Town.

City of Cape Town. (2007) ‘Urban agriculture policy for the city of Cape Town’. Government Printer, Cape Town. Available online at https://www.ruaf.org/sites/ default/files/Urban%20agricultural%20policy%20for%20the%20city%20of%20 Cape%20Town.pdf (accessed 25th of March 2019)

City of Cape Town. (2018) ‘Municipal Spatial Development Framework Document’. Government Printer, Cape Town. Available online at https://www.tct.gov.za/docs/ categories/2759/MSDF%20final%20master%20document_Interactive_06-07-2018. pdf. (accessed 6th of March 2019)

City of Cape Town. (2018) ‘Biodiversity Report 2018’. Government Printer, Cape Town. Available online at http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/ Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/CCT_Biodiversity_ Report_2018-07-27.pdf (accessed 17th of March 2019).

D’Auria, V. ed; Stevens, B. et al. (2016) ‘Cape Town F(r)ictions – landscape as an ally for urban growth’, master thesis compilation by the master’s program in Architectural Engineering, KULeuven. Available at https://issuu.com/bruno.stevens/ docs/cape_town_f_r_ictions [accessed 4th of February 2019]

14. Haysom,G., Crush, J. & Caesar, M. (2017) ‘The Urban Food System of Cape Town, South Africa’, Hungry Cities Report No. 3, Hungry Cities Partnership, African Centre for Cities (University of Cape Town) and Wilfrid Laurier University/Balsillie School of International Affairs (Waterloo, Canada). Available at http://hungrycities. net/publication/hungry-cities-report-no-2-urban-food-system-cape-town [accessed 13th of March 2019]. 15. Hertel, T.W. (2018) ‘Climate change, agricultural trade and global food security’, The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2018, background paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Available at http://www. fao.org/3/CA1929EN/ca1929en.pdf [Accessed 13th of May 2019) 16. Kanosvamhira, T.P. (2019) ‘The organisation of urban agriculture in Cape Town, South Africa: A social capital perspective’, Development Southern Africa, 36:3, pp.283-294, DOI: 10.1080/0376835X.2018.1456910. Available online at https://doi.or g/10.1080/0376835X.2018.1456910 (accessed 9th of June 2019) 17. Indego (2018) ‘Building the City of Cape Town’s Resilience and Adding to Regional Competitiveness - Socio-Economic Agricultural Plan for Philippi Horticultural Area’, consultant report for the Western Cape Department of Agriculture. Available online at http://www.elsenburg.com/sites/default/files/PHA%20Socio-Economic%20 Agricultural%20Plan%2004%20June%202018.pdf (accessed 25th of March 2019) 18. International Food Policy Research Institute (2018) ‘Food Security’, International Food Policy Research Institute website, homepage. Available at http://www.ifpri.org/ topic/food-security [Accessed 29th of May 2019]. 19. Indego (2018) ‘Study Research Findings - Protecting the PHA: Building the City’s Resilience & Adding to its Competitiveness’, stakeholder feedback presentation report for the City of Cape Town. Available at http://www.elsenburg.com/sites/ default/files/PHA%20Stakeholder%20Feedback%20session%2024th%20April.pdf (accessed 6th of March 2019)

10. 1De Satgé, R. & Cousins, B. (2019) ‘Rural land distribution in South Africa: contrasting visions and models’, Policy Brief 52, conference paper from ‘Resolving the Land Question’ conference by the Institute of Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), University of the Western Cape, the University of Fort Hare and Rhodes University

20. Imbert, D. ed. (2015) ‘Food and the City: Histories of Culture and Cultivation’, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washing D.C.

11. Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1987) ‘A Thousand Plateaus’, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Available at file:///C:/Users/Truter/Downloads/ deleuzeguattarirhizome%20(1).pdf (Accessed 8th of August 2019)

22. Oberholzer, B. (2014) ‘Reading the Landscape notebook’, Landscape Notebooks, Creda Communications, Cape Town.

12. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2018) ‘Sustainable food systems: concept and framework’, FAO, framework paper. Available at http://www. fao.org/3/ca2079en/CA2079EN.pdf [Accessed 28th of May 2019].

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13. Geyer, H., Schloms, B., Du Plessis, D. & Van Eeden, D. (2012) ‘Land quality, urban development and urban agriculture within the Cape Town urban edge’, ResearchGate. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265915702_ Land_quality_urban_development_and_urban_agriculture_within_the_Cape_ Town_urban_edge (Accessed 8th of August 2019)

21. Joubert, L. ed (2018) ‘Tomatoes & Taxi Ranks: Running our cities to fill the food gap’, African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.

23. Olivier, D. (2017, February 9) ‘Urban farming produces more than food: social networks are a key spinoff’, online article in The Conversation. Available at https:// theconversation.com/urban-farming-produces-more-than-food-social-networksare-a-key-spinoff-71568 [accessed 7th of May 2019]

24. Mathey, K. & Matuk, S. (2015) ‘Urban Violence Prevention – Innovative Approaches in Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Arab Region’, Global Urban Studies Institute, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Bielefeld. 25. Municipal Development Partnership for Eastern and Southern Africa – MDPESA (2008) ‘Situational analysis for RUAF/Philippi urban agriculture project’, MDPESA report. Available at https://www.ruaf.org/sites/default/files/Situation%20analysis%20 for%20urban%20agriculture%20in%20Philippi%20area-%20Cape%20Town.pdf (accessed 20th of March 2018) 26. Porfirio, L.L; Newth, D; Finnigan, J.J. & Cai, Y. (2018) ‘Economic shifts in agricultural production and trade due to climate change’, Palgrave Communications Vol.4, Article nr. 111. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-018-0164-y [Accessed 13th of May 2019] 27. Proksch, G. (2017) Creating Urban Agricultural Systems, Routledge, New York and London. 28. Silva, E.A.; Healy, P.; Harris, N. & Van den Broeck, P. (2015) The Routledge Handbook of Planning Research Methods, Routledge Handbooks, New York and London. 29. Spates, J.L. & Macionis, J. (1987), The Sociology of Cities, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA. 30. Statistics SA (2011) ‘South African National Census 2011’. Available online at https:// www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf (accessed 28th of February 2019)

29th of May 2019] 36. Viljoen, A. & Bohn, B. (2014) ‘Second Nature Urban Agriculture: Designing Productive Cities’, Routledge, London and New York. 37. Western Cape Department of Agriculture. (2016) ‘Brief for Food Gardens and Food Security’, Status Quo Review of Climate Change and the Agricultural Sector of the Western Cape Province, Western Cape Government, Cape Town. 38. UCT (2004) ‘Doing it differently – the story of Intaka Island’, University of Cape Town News, available at https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2004-11-01-doing-itdifferently-the-story-of-intaka-island. (Accessed 5 June 2018) 39. WWF (2017) ‘Food Loss and Waste: Facts and Futures - A picture of food waste in South Africa’, report by WWF, South Africa. Available at http://dtnac4dfluyw8. cloudfront.net/downloads/wwf_2017_food_loss_and_waste_facts_and_futures. pdf?21641/Food-Loss-and-Waste-Facts-and-Futures-Report [accessed 12th of April 2019].

WEBSITE REFERENCES 1.

Abalimi Bezekhaya Website, available at http://abalimibezekhaya.org.za/about/whowe-are/. (accessed 11th of August 2019)

Philippi Economic Development Initiative (PEDI), available at http://pedi.org.za/. (accessed 11th of August 2019)

31. Steenkamp, L. & Winkler, T. (2014) ‘Linking Spatial Planning and Land Use Management in the City of Cape Town: The Case of the Package of Plans’, Urban Forum 25: pp.335–353, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Available online at https://link-springer-com.kuleuven.ezproxy.kuleuven.be/content/ pdf/10.1007%2Fs12132-013-9216-y.pdf (accessed 10th of June 2019) 32. Setplan (2018) ‘Socio-Economic Agricultural Plan for the Philippi Horticultural Area Spatial Planning and Land Development Management Input’, report commissioned by the Western Cape government for the development of a Socio-Economic Plan for the Philippi Horticultural Area (PHA), Available online at http://www.elsenburg. com/sites/default/files/Annexure%20B%20PHA%20Spatial%20Planning%20 Component_0.pdf (accessed 6th of March 2019) 33. Tekano (2018) ‘The Philippi Horticultural Area’, Tekano website. Available at https:// www.tekano.org.za/activities/philippi-horticultural-area-visit (accessed 10th of June 2019) 34. Tsegay, Y., Rusare, M. & Mistry, R. (2014) ‘Hidden hunger in South Africa’, report for Oxfam International, South Africa. Available at https://www.oxfam .org/en/research/ hidden-hunger-south-africa [accessed 18th of February 2019]. 35. United Nations (2016) ‘Goal 2: Zero Hunger’, Sustainable Development Goals 2030. Available at https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ [Accessed

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BIBLIOGRAPHY IMAGES

GIS DATA AND AERIALS 1.

GIS Data supplied by the University of Cape Town GIS Lab, data is available online at http://www.gis.uct.ac.za/ or the City of Cape Town Data Portal at https://web1. capetown.gov.za/web1/OpenDataPortal/AllDatasets. All information credited to the City of Cape Town Google Earth Pro Map of Cape Town: Image credited to 2019 TerraMetrics, Google.

ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR CITY BASE FILES 1.

Maps supplied by students from ‘Cape Town F(r)ictions’ studio. Studio credits: D’Auria, V. ed; Stevens, B. et al. (2016) ‘Cape Town F(r)ictions – landscape as an ally for urban growth’, master thesis compilation by the master’s program in Architectural Engineering, KULeuven. Available at https://issuu.com/bruno.stevens/ docs/cape_town_f_r_ictions [accessed 4th of February 2019]

SITE PHOTOS 1.

Site photos by Jani Truter, on field trip February - March 2019. (Front page & p. 15, 21, 26-27, 36-37, 54-55, 58-59, 76, 78-79.)

HISTORIC MAPS All historic maps and images supplied by heritage consultant, Claire Abrahamse.

P.49 Rapicorp plan available at http://futurecapetown.com/2016/02/7-reasons-building-on-philippihorticultural-area-makes-no-sense/ P.50 City of Cape Town Municipal Framework 2018 - Consolidated Spatial Plan Concept P.51 Indego PHA Socio-Economic Plan P. 56 Roadside chicken sales, available at https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/pics-capetowns-chicken-roadside-sellers-20190422 P.60 Food security diagram available at https://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-tocome/cape-of-storms-to-come-part-2---chapter-1.html P.64 Cape Town drought and changing climate patterns, available at http://repositorio.ana.gob.pe/ bitstream/handle/ANA/3463/ANA0001882.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y P. 72 Income map by Stephen Peyto (2001) Household income data Census 2011 racial data map available at http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/cape-townpopulation/ Crime data map available at https://cellcode.us/quotes/crime-pretoria-south-africa-rate.html P.86 Intaka Island Aerial and diagram (2011) Source: Leandri van der Vyver (Intaka Trust)

INTERNET IMAGES:

P.92 ‘Reactivating Wastelands. Intervention Proposal for urban cooperatives in Ecatepec. Project by Tania Guerrero and Taufan ter Weel. Urban Asymmetries, Ecatepec Study Group, 2009’. Source: Sohn, H. The Urban Asymmetries research and design program was conducted at the Delft School of Design from 2007-2013.

P.13 & 75: Painting from ‘Land Exhibition 2019’ by Cape Town based artist, Lisette Forsyth. Online collection available at http://liset4sight.com.

P.98 Migge plan available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/43324396?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

P.14 Image available at http://pedi.org.za/pedi-presents-philippi-vision-western-cape-parliament/ P.23 https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-11-22-deeper-underground-the-battle-for-thephilippi-horticultural-area-chapter-one/ P.40 Long Street, Cape Town. Painting by Wilhelm Langschmidt (1845), https://www.reddit.com/r/ southafrica/comments/aar9z4/long_street_cape_town_painting_by_wilhelm/ P.42 Khoi-san images available at http://www.khoisan.org/reconstructing.htm; https://ksaag.wordpress.com/events/2009-2/ & https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/tradingbetween-dutch-and-khoikhoi/qgHMBbb2IkIOJA P.43 & 44 Map of Cape Town castle available at http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/ Orphan_Chamber-Cape_of_Good_Hope/index.htm P.45 Hand drawing of Table Bay, available at http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/ Orphan_Chamber-Cape_of_Good_Hope/index.htm 118

P.48 Area based planning diagram, available at https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/apr/30/ cape-town-apartheid-ended-still-paradise-few-south-africa

P.102 Aquaponics and alternative farming, available at Aquaponics: https://www.farmersweekly. co.za/agri-business/agribusinesses/aquaponics-economy-scale-key/ P.108 Philippi East photos, available at https://theworldnews.net/za-news/railway-line-occupied-asrapid-philippi-informal-settlement-grows P.109 Value farm, available at Value farm (railway): https://www.archilovers.com/projects/119220/ gallery?916467 P.115 SANDF presence, available at https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-05-03-83011/ Township sculpture, available at https://theworldnews.net/za-news/township-youths-buildexquisite-sculpture

The author of this thesis has tried to acknowledge all sources and apologises for any errors and omissions.

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PARTNERS & PARTICIPANTS

K.U. LEUVEN Supervisors: Prof. Bruno de Meulder Dr. Julie Marin Students: Mahmoud Alsalti Sijin Chen Matthias Lamberts Georgina Truter

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PARTNERS TU Delft IUAV Venice

Production and Consumption

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