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3
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5
Ability to work in another country.
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Ability to work in a different position.
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Figures show extent of NHS reliance on foreign nationals. (2014) The Guardian.
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Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum? (2015). BBC News.
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42
The Revised Dublin Regulation. (2013) European Parliament and Council.
43
The Revised Eurodac Regulation. (2013) European Parliament and Council.
44 45
A sovereign default occurs whenever a government fails to pay its debts on time and in full.
Typically, austerity policies decrease demand in the economy, thereby increasing unemployment in the short term. This reduces tax revenue and increases social safety net spending – partially offsetting the austerity measures. Cf. Bruegel. (2015). Living (dangerously) without a fiscal union.
46
The countries which were provided bailout packages are: Cyprus (2013), Greece (2 010, 2012, and 2015), Ireland (2010), Portugal (2011), and Spain (2012). The bailout packages were provided jointly by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Commission, and the European Central Bank (ECB), except for Spain in whose bailout the IMF was not involved. 47
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48
BBC. (2015). Greece debt crisis: Greek voters reject bailout offer.
Qualified majority voting (QMV) requires, under the Lisbon treaty, that 55% of Member States (72% if not acting on a proposal from the European Commission) which represent 65% of the EU’s population support a decision, in order for it to be adopted. 49
Eurostat. (2015). Government Finance Statistics.
The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) is a mechanism under which a country’s currency is fixed to the euro in order to enable a smooth transition from the country’s own currency to the euro as well as support economic stability within the single market. In ERM II a central rate is set, around which rate is allowed to fluctuate ±15%. Should it be necessary in order to keep the exchange rate within the fluctuation band, the ECB and the country’s national central bank can intervene via buying or selling currency. 51
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Free trade agreement (FTA) – treaty between two or more countries to establish a free trade area where commerce in goods and services can be conducted across their common borders without tariffs or other barriers, but capital and labour cannot move freely. (Business Dictionary) 77
78
Red tape – bureaucratic routine required before official action can be taken. (The Free Dictionary) TTIP Explained: Understanding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). (2014). IBT Partners . ibid.
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ibid.
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EU and US conclude second round of TTIP negotiations in Brussels. (2013). European Commission.
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EU-US trade - 7th round of talks on transatlantic trade pact ends in the US. (2014). European Commission.
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State of play of negotiations. (2015). European Commission.
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Inside TTIP. (2015). European Commission.
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ibid (pp. 11 - 16).
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ibid (pp. 17 - 34).
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ibid (pp. 35 - 46).
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European residential electricity prices increasing fas ter than prices in United States. (2014). EIA.
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Gas Market Report. (2014). European Commission.
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Global Addiction To Energy Subsidies. (2015). The Economist.
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Nuclear in the energy mix. (2010). European Nuclear Society.
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What is Uranium? How does it work? (2014). World Nuclear Association.
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Import Dependency On Gazprom. (2014). Morgan Stanley.
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Nuclear safety: Safe operation of nuclear installations, radiation protection and radioactive waste management.
133
Nuclear Safeguards: Taking measures to ensure that operators use nuclear materials only for the officially declared purpose. 134
Nuclear Security: Safety of the nuclear facilities against attacks of any kind.
135
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138 139
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Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details, often for malicious reasons, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.
140
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142
A directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications dealing with confidentiality of information, treatment of traffic data, spam and cookies. 143
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144
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European court challenge to UK surveillance. (2015). BBC
146
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147
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148
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Links to all four legislative acts concerning cybercrime. (2015). European Commission
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