RMIT. INDUSTRIAL. DESIGN.
PRE-MAJOR. PROJECT.2009.
INCLUSIVE.DESIGN.JASON.WYLIE.S3139509.
ADAPTIVE.FEET.DVR
TABLE.OF.CONTENTS THE PROJECT PROBLEM
Pg 4 & 5
Adaptive Footwear Mind Map Project Timeline
Pg 6 Pg 7
RESEARCH METHODS
Pg 8
Action Research Qualitative Research Participatory Observation Market Factors Sector Chart
Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg
THE BACKGROUND/ AREAS OF RESEARCH
Pg 14-22
Summary
Pg 23
IDEA GENERATION
Pg 24
Adaptive Feet Mind Map A) shoes Adaptive Feet MInd Map B) Soles Existing Product Examples Insert Initial Sketches Insert Tests
Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg
9 10 10 & 11 11 12 & 13
25 26 27 28 29
PAGE.TWO
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
Pg 30
Development sketches Refinement Sketches Scenario One Initial Concept Sketches
Pg Pg Pg Pg
REFLECTION
Pg 56 & 57
REFERENCES
Pg 58 & 59
APPENDIX
Pg 59
AFO Converse training Manual Module 3 Product Knowledge: Footwear
Pg 60-67
PAGE.THREE
31-35 36-40 40-43 44-55
THE.PROJECT.PROBLEM
PAGE.FOUR
Walking and running is a part of nearly everybody’s daily activity, these activities need certain products so that the user can perform to the best of thier ability. Such certain products which help are running shoes and inserts. I believe that there is a need for these certain products to be produced for the individual. Everyone’s feet are different, many people have a foot problem and the average shoe does not account for this. The average shoe takes into account comfort factors and typical foot problems, for instance load and pressure. Yet many items of footwear are the same. When a new pair of shoes are purchased they have to be "worn" in. The project aims to tackle this issue, through mass customisation. The main aim is to alter shoes in a certain way so that they are still mass produced but can be altered and or customised to fit the consumer’s needs. The projects final result will be able to deal with an individual problem for users and adapt to make and sustain comfort for the user from the beginning. The initial idea for how to counter these for seen problems is for a smart sole/shoe to be researched and designed. Certain areas of shoe design and the anatomy and workings of the human foot are going to be researched. This includes areas such as pressure points, orthotics, inner soles, materials, smart materials, processes, massage and the time frames in which shoes are worn, for are all going to be highly considered factors for the design of the product. Not only will this sole/shoe be designed for the competitive world of sport and more recreational activities but there will be also be an inquiry into whether or not the projects findings and design can be transferred over into other aspects of everyday footwear. Such other aspects as work and casual wear are of high interest. PAGE.FIVE
FIG.1
FIG.1.1
PAGE.SIX
Mind.Map The mind map (Figure 1.1)depicts the initial thoughts for the adaptive feet project. The mind map covers a problem statement and lists the important factors in the areas of soles, shoes and innovation. This helped the project begin as it was a quick way of listing what was already available and what could one day be the norm. Some of the main topics which were evident through the mind map which would allow the project to move forward and were deemed appropriate to the project were: -Materials -Existing products -Mass Produced -Support -Technology -Assessments -Smart Materials -Pressure Points
Project.Timeline The adaptive feet’s first major goal was to set out an appropriate timeline which would be an on going resource to the project. It would allow constant assessment to see if goals were regularly being checked off and to se if the project as a whole was running on time and on target.
PAGE.SEVEN
FIG.1.2
RESEARCH.METHODS
PAGE.EIGHT
The initial stages of the project are the research phases. Research into what the client/consumer needs is of high importance. “There are many reasons for research, basic, applied and clinical. These include: curiosity; the desire to know something; the desire to know why something is; the desire to know how something works; the need to solve a problem; the desire to serve a client.” (Friedman, 2000) Throughout the research phases of my project I aim to use both action research and qualitative research. Both of theses are extremely important.
Action.Research Action research is “a practical research methodology requiring three conditions to be met. First it’s subject matter… second it is a participatory activity where research is collaborated and third the project proceeds through a spiral of planning, acting, observing and reflecting.” (Kember and Kelly, 1993) Through action research the spiral process seen in figure 2 will help the project move forward into the design process much quicker as it will not only cover more areas of research but also it will repeat the process throughout its own hidden agenda. Action research will not only help the project to begin faster by constanly accessing and re-evaluating what has been and what is being collected but it will make the project begin before it is seen to be ready too. The two processes are very similar and this will help the transition of research to design seem non-existent and be seen as all one large section or phase of the project. FIG.2 PAGE.NINE
Qualitative.Research
FIG. 2.1
Qualitative research will occur within the action research phase. Qualitative research will help establish why certain things are the way they are and why it is important for them to be researched. “In qualitative research initial curiosities often come from real world observations. Emerging from experience, theories, interest in practice, and reflection on personal, professional and political interests.� (Marshall and Rossman, 1999) Qualitative research looks at quality and not quantity. It is focused on accessing a smaller amount of more important information rather than a wide range of less important figures and facts to see what will work best. This will work better for the project as it will allow more relevant information to be processed and will obtain information quicker as not as much information will have to be sorted through or narrowed down to get results.
Market.Factors
FIG.3
Along with accessing what consumers need in adaptive footwear the market in which the product sits in has to be researched and analysed to see which angle and area the product would best fit into. It will also indicate the life cycle of the product as seen is figure three. The life cycle takes into account how long the product will and should last for the consumer. By evaluating what is currently out there in the market place the project will be able to develop further in different areas then that what is now available. To conduct this evaluation a sector chart has been drawn up. A sector chart maps out which products are currently available in the field and which categories that prodPAGE.TEN
uct fits into. It allows the project to see which area has a lack of new products and which area is becoming stronger or is already a strong area.
Participatory.Observation Along with action research and qualitative research, conducting current product tests and participatory observation will further develop the project. By accessing what is available at the moment on the current market and getting feedback from different consumers who are testing the products through surveys the project will be able to develop further as it will show exactly what the consumers are wanting in an adaptive footwear product. Everything from the feel of materials to how the product looks will be covered extensively and will access the importance on the design. Not only will tests be conducted with consumers but interviews with professionals in the areas of sports science and podiatry will be conducted. This will give me a greater understanding of how shoes function in conjunction with human foot factors. From these product tests and interviews with associated professionals the project will move into a more participatory observation approach. Participatory observation is “a period of intensive social interaction between the researcher and the subjects, in the subjects environment.� (CSULB 2008) By being actively involved in the research it will allow the project to develop further as it is a more hands on approach. It will work in conjunction with the user testing to access everything that; A) the consumer wants. B) what the project needs. If the project can combine the above research factors it will have all areas that are uncertain for the project to be covered and analysed as important, unimportant and vital to the success of the final adaptive footwear product. PAGE.ELEVEN
FIG.3.1
Sector.Chart From looking at the sector chart we can gather that there are many products available to purchase which are already taking into account humans feet problems and the bearing and effect they have on the rest of their body. Five main categories are displayed in the sector chart. They are as follows. Inner soles, Custom inserts, Custom mouldable shoes, Sports shoes and Innovation Techniques. Each of these sections affects the project and the assessing of them is vital to the project. The first section looked into is that of Inner soles. There are many different varieties of inner soles available on the market and the sector chart is displaying 3. Inner soles are a ready made product and are easy to obtain, they also have a wide variety of uses. For example currently ladies can purchase an inner sole called party feet for their high shoes so that the pain from wearing these shoes is limited while they are enjoying a night out. The next area assessed was the Custom inserts section. Here we can see evidence of not only cheap and effect means of custom fitting from the height adjusting aids but we also the more expensive medical options of orthotics. Not only are there these two extremes but also there is a specific product for snow boarders and skiers. This is moulded insert for their boots which gives added support to the structure of the footwear. The snow boots helped the project evaluate the next area of custom moulded shoes. The examples within this category are cycling shoes. They are made by both Shimano and Bont, these tow products have focused at a particular target market to make their product most effective. It foPAGE.TWELVE
cuses on one section and one section only which has made the products extremely popular amongst the desired market. This one market niche progresses over to sport shoes, the main area which the project wants to sit in. Sports shoes range through a number of areas such areas as single sport specific to multi-discipline to everyday. Single sports areas being cricket, sprinting and basketball, multi discipline areas being football and soccer and everyday areas being runners etc. The final area of the sector chart is innovation techniques. There are four main images in this category. One focusing on material techniques, one focusing on conceptual techniques, one on function innovation and another on the way a shoe can be made. The puma Lift shoe is focusing on materials. The shoe is constructed out of light foam which is injected moulded. Hence the name. The conceptually based shoe has a cd-player built in with speakers attached to blast out your favourite track while using the footwear. The function innovation shoe is designed by Addidas, it has magnets and an onboard computer built in which assessed load and cushioning and allows the density to change. The final example of construction is a shoe which tread has been constructed using 3-D printing. Overall the sector chart helped the project evaluate the different areas it could ultimately end up fitting into. At this point the project aims to be within the custom shoe market, the sports shoe market and the innovation market. For the project to obtain this result a vast amount of research into the appropriate products and techniques will be conducted as well as user tests and product exploration. If all these are achieved then there is no reason why the product cant fit into all three markets. PAGE.THIRTEEN
THE.BACKGROUND/AREAS.OF.RESEARCH
PAGE.FOURTEEN
One of the main areas of the project is developing or finding a smart material which will help the project ideas. Currently shoes are mainly designed to stay in their original shape. They do flex and move with the foot but what if they could adapt to each persons foot characteristics. This could be obtained through smart materials. Such materials as shape memory polymers or alloys could work really well for the project. Shape memory polymers are “stimuliresponsive materials. They have the capability of changing their shape upon application of an external stimulus. A change in chape caused by a change in temperature is called a thermally induced shape memory effect” (Lendlein and Kelch, 2002) For the project heat-forming polymers would work best as when a foot is in a shoe they produce heat, which would allow the polymer to react and obtain a new shape. Not only would a regular polymer fit the bio for the project but also so would a polymer gel. Polymer gels have the “ability to react to changes in the external conditions by considerable volume changes, swelling or shrinkage. The external stimulus is not only limited to temperature changes. Volume changes can also be triggered by a variation in the pH value. In addition to this it is possible to stimulate certain gels by the application of electric fields or light.” (Lendlein and Kelch, 2002) For the purpose of the project the polymer would ideally only be able to do this reaction once but with continued research into what the consumers wants and needs also with the thoughts and ideas from associated professionals it could be seen to be a greater purpose of the product to continually change whenever the adaptive footwear is worn. If the changing characteristics were able to be analysed then change accordingly it could work in every consumers favour. A smart material which can asses pressure PAGE.FIFTEEN
FIG.4
FIG.5 JF (Joint Force) W (weight) GRF (Ground Reaction Fores) M (Moment)
FIG.6: HJ (Hip Joint) KJ (knee Joint) AJ (Ankle Joint) GRF (Ground Reaction Forces)
would be highly useful as it can process the working of the individual foot and allow the polymers to move to the correct areas of the adaptive footwear product. Another major factor in designing a shoe/sole is that of the anatomy of the human foot shown in figure four. The image shows some of the major tendons and inner working of the foot. Not only is the anatomy but also the general ergonomic and anthropometry factors of feet are important in conjunction with these two fields so to are biomechanics. Biomechanics is “the study of forces acting on and within a living structure and the motion that results.” (Best, 2008) Biomechanics has two main sections within it, which are the basis of its theories. They are Kinematics and Kinetics. Kinematics is “the study of motion in terms of time and location, without any consideration for what causes the motion. Kinematics allows us to describe the motion (outputs) of the human body”. (Best, 2008) While Kinetics is “the study of the action of forces that cause motion. Kinetics allows us to explain the motion (inputs) of the human body.” (Best, 2008) For example Figure 5 is explaining what factors need to be considered to find the forces and reactions which are happening when the ankle twists. This point is called the “moment”. While Figure 6 is displaying where the centre line is of the joints shown. It shows where the main forces will be exurted and where the load will be placed. Biomechanics has everything to do with the way humans move and interact. This is important to the project as it aims to design an adaptive aspect for human feet. Within footwear the human foot is reacting with not only the human body but also with external factors such as the ground and the force being executed form the landing on that surface. Both kinematics and kinetics are involved PAGE.SIXTEEN
with the actions involved within walking and running. They show that the human body does a certain movement and that from the movement a reaction takes places. Kinematics is what causes that movement while kinetics explains not only the human movement but also what forces react from that movement. From biomechanics the next main area of importance in designing adaptive footwear will be ergonomics and Anthropometry. “Ergonomics is the science of work: of the people who do it and the ways it is done; the tools and equipment they use, the places they work in, and the psychosocial aspects of the working situation while Anthropometry is the branch of the human sciences that deals with the body measurements: particularly with measurements of body size, shape, strength and working capacity.” (Pheasant, 1998) From these two related fields we see that ergonomics is the basis of who and why people do things and the parameters which they do these activities in, while anthropometry is the exact measurements involved with humans within the activities. In Figures 7 and 7.1 we can see the diffrences in alignment and pronation problems associated with certain human factors. It displays how the certain central lines of the human body can change due to simple problems. “Pronation is the inward rolling motion of the foot during gait.” Gait is “the way in which a person or animal walks.” (AFO 2006) It is natural to pronate slightly when you run and you may notice a pronators shoe wearing on the inside edge. Ergonomics and anthropometry are important for the project as they come hand in hand with designing for an inclusive design project. The project aims to be adaptive for all individuals feet while fulfilling a common design so therefore not only are ergonomics, a set of measurements and sizes important but also the much PAGE.SEVENTEEN
FIG.7
FIG.7.1
of the design theory will be place on the anthropometry aspect of the sizes, shapes and how they differ in a wider population of users. Shoe design is an extremely important area of the project. Not only the overall design of a shoe but the current construction methods and materials used within shoes are valid to the project. Figure 8.1 shows that shoe has four main sections, those sections of the shoe are: UPPER Top part of the shoe with the laces that holds the shoe together and secures the foot to the midsole. The upper provides stability and breathing (Figure 8) ability to your shoes. MIDSOLE Padded area between the insole and the outsole that provides comfort, cushioning and shock absorption. The midsole also provides stability for your foot. INSOLE FIG.8 Section of the sole that fits inside the shoe to provide cushioning and arch support. OUTSOLE Durable, outermost section of the sole that comes into contact with the ground and has tread for traction. The outsoles come in specific patterns for different sports needs. Each of these sections requires different construction methods and different materials for them to portray their desired activity and purpose. The construction materials for the upper section are: Garment Leather, Leather, Action Leather, Nubuck Leather, Suede Leather, Synthetics (man made) and Canvas For the Midsole it becomes more technical than leathers. Materials: EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) 60 to 90% Ethlylene (Organic gas), 10% to 40% Vinyl Acetate (Organic compound) FIG.8.1 Blended together forms a rubbery substance PAGE.EIGHTEEN
Compression Molded EVA (CMEVA) 4 foot x 8 foot sheets of EVA, cut into 18” x 18” squares, Manually put into the mold and compressed, then baked Increase volume of EVA = higher density, decreased volume of EVA = lower density Injected Molded EVA (IMEVA) Low quality EVA pallets seen in figure 9 are measured perfectly each time. The EVA then expands. (AFO 2006) The outsoles main construction material is rubber, different rubbers are used in different shoes to get the desired amount of absorbtion and traction required for their different purposes. GUM RUBBER: A low-density rubber CARBON RUBBER:A high-density rubber found mostly in running shoes. HERRINGBONE DESIGN:This design is diagonal lines or rippled groves on the sole to provide exceptional traction. WAFFLE DESIGN:The waffle outsole absorbs and disperses shock on impact. Is generally found in running or cross training shoes LUG DESIGN:Thick intermittent sole provides superior traction on uneven surfaces. (Cross Trainers). FLEX GROOVES:Grooves on the sole to allow the shoe to bend at the toe joint and not in the middle of the foot. Finally a shoe will have last construction. How a shoe is lasted is the way the upper of the shoe is attached to the sole. Shown in figure 9.1, removing the insole will often reveal the type of lasting used in the construction of a shoe. STRAIGHT: The arch area is filled in for increased stability. People with flat feet and heavy heal strikers do well in shoes built on a straight last. SEMI-CURVED: This last has a gentle arc from front to back. Shoes built on a semi-curved last are considered best for the “normal” foot. CURVED: As the name implies, the arc is greater than in PAGE.NINTEEN
FIG.9
FIG.9.1
FIG.10
PAGE.TWENTY
the semi-curved last. It is designed for the high arch foot that under-pronates. These shoes have a wider lateral aspect to provide stability. All factors need to be considered in finding out which dimensions would fit best to the whole of the consumer market. These areas of the project will access where exactly the pressure and load of the human body is being executed and what needs to be done to lighten the load and make the foot work better for the body. Aswel as this they will give information on common factors in the human foot and what problems occur, from lacking certain factors such as arch support and foot placement while walking. Existing ways of approaching these problems are orthotics. They are moulded inserts for shoes, which help overcome foot problems. Orthotics (Figure 11) may be recommended for several reasons. “ Aligning and supporting the foot and ankle. Preventing, correcting or accommodating foot deformities. Improving the overall function of the foot or ankle.” (AAOS 2002)
FIG.11
In most cases orthotics will not overcome the consumers problem fully they just allow the user to adapt and have the correct characteristics and limit pain and existing problems. Figure 12 shows the typical length of most orthotics, this is represented as ‘x’ while MTPJ is the abbreviation for the Metatarsophalangeal Joint. Once the orthotics are removed it isn’t long before the foot problem persists. The project will aim to do the same job as orthotics but be a built in factor of the shoe/sole. This will allow looking after your feet to be cheaper as orthotics are generally very expensive and users are required to purchase a new pair every few years. Not only are orthotics an existing way of tackling foot probPAGE.TWENTY.ONE
FIG.12
lems but some of the existing products on the market are starting to do what the project aims to design. Currently there are existing products that are heat moldable for cyclists and also for snowboarders and skiers. These products are heat moldable for a number of reasons firstly they use less material in the case of the cycling shoes. This is important for cyclists, as they want their feet to be as light as possible so that they can ride for longer and use less energy when turning the pedals. They also allow a greater deal of comfort. Figure 10, The Shimano moldable cycling shoe diagram explains how the fitting process works and how quick and easy it really is. Once the shoe is moulded to the foot it will feel like the user is wearing nothing at all as it is just like and outer shell on their foot. In the case of the snowboarding boots they are custom moulded for comfort and support. Being such a larger heavier product support is crucial when wearing them for long periods of time.
FIG.13 FIG.14
Not only are products beginning to pave the way in custom individual products but also projects in the area have been emerging for a few years now. For example, currently a project is getting underway in Europe. It is called Custom Fit. The aim of Custom Fit is to allow your bodies information to be scanned then put into a computer and be programmed to be made into a product, which fits your exact physical shape. “The objective is to create customized products fitted to an individual’s geometrics and requirements. Custom fit will concentrate on four specific products- surgical bone implants, helmets, prostheses and sports grips.” Chris Jones Custom Fits project director. Jones also mentions that “Custom Fit could be used within the military for use within protective wear; carmakers too might use it to personalize their vehicles seat and other items such as hand brakes.” (Hibert, 2004) The project which involves 32 partners from across Europe has 16 million euros being put forward to developing ways of printPAGE.TWENTY.TWO
ing products using machines capable of varying materials within single components. Technologies into more advanced versions of 3-d printing which have a higher finish are being researched. Figure 14 shows an exampl of a 3-D printed model.
Summary. The project aims to not only meet but also take the ideas, which these two products have begun to do to the next level. The two products are beginning to take into account what consumers need in foot wear and are adapting their product for that. From there one of the projects aims is to get to a level similar to the custom fit project not on the scale of funding or printing machines but to the level of ideas and developing something new and exciting so that adaptive footwear aspects will be of the norm. The project aims to adapt footwear for the individual through a mass produced product. Mass customisation for inclusive design is the basis of the project. By gathering all the necessary factors from the existing products on the market to all the factors involved with the human foot, the project will overcome consistent problems which are evident in many people’s feet. The project will allow new findings with smart materials and adapt them to a new area of design and new market. The project will allow athletes and sport enthusiasts a greater quality of product for cheaper and allow that product to do its intended propose for longer. Finally from the projects findings it will aim to open it up to a larger community of consumers not just the sporting/athletic. The project will adapt to other aspects of footwear and allow a greater amount of consumers to be able to access the product. PAGE.TWENTY.THREE
FIG.14.1
IDEA.GENERATION
PAGE.TWENTY.FOUR
Adaptive.Feet.Mind.Map.Shoes The adaptive feet mind map in Figure 15.1 is a combination of ideas of where the project will develop for the design of shoes. It allows for the areas which are important to the project to be assessed and for other areas which haven’t received much thought to be anaylsed to see if what they are proposing will be an idea to take forward for the adaptive feet project. The largest area within the mind map is the 3d scanning section. This is an interesting area which will be developed and looked into greatly. Other areas of high interest from the mind map are materials, existing technologies and different uses.
FIG.15
FIG.15.1 PAGE.TWENTY.FIVE
Adaptive.Feet.Mind.Map.Soles In the soles mind map in Figure 17 we can see that the area of content is a lot more focused and there is not a lot of information within it. This allows more of a re-design approach to be taken into the area of soles but still has a lot of emphasis on materials especially smart polymers as well as innovation and existing products. Also how the foot reacts with different amounts of padding and different figurations and combinations of inserts is covered. The main fact which is evident throughout the soles mind map is the topic of adaptive. This area is of the main importance for developing the ideas for soles and is the basis of the whole project. FIG.16
FIG.17
PAGE.TWENTY.SIX
Existing.Product.Examples As explained earlier orthotics are inserts designed to improve the overall functions of the foot. Theses orthotics in figures 18 and 19 are extremely worn and well used. They have a large and high arch angle on them as they were for a flat footed over pronator. The high arch allowed their foot to perform at a normal level and increased performance and decreased any chances of injuries occurring.
FIG.18
ORTHOTICS
FIG.19
The adapted inner soles in figures 20 and 21 are a form of customisation for an individual. In this case the individual has had arch problems with both support and load. They get a large aching pain running up the arch of their foot during gait. To counter act for this problem padding has been tapped to the sole. The padding is stuck to the opposite side of the arch to absorb more pressure and ease the load on the effected area. Not only is it allowing for less pressure but it is allowing an earlier, softer contact time with the surface which reduces pressure and the pain.
FIG.20
ADAPTED INNER SOLES
FIG.21
The inner soles in figures 22 and 23 are from a pair of Asics cricket shoes. They are thin, lightweight and a simple foam rubber. However these inserts were from the shoes which caused the above problem and the inserts were removed from the shoe and replaced for the adapted soles. The adapted soles are a thicker rubber than the stock inserts found in the Asics shoes. A thicker insert absorbs more pressure and load than a thin light weight insert. It is possible to have a thick insert which is lightweight to absorb pressure and load. Perhaps having a thin sole with pressure and load bearing sections which are thicker and account for absorption could be an option.
FIG.22
PAGE.TWENTY.SEVEN
INNER SOLES
FIG.23
Initial.Insert.Sketches
FIG.24
FIG.25
The first major step of design within idea generation is sketching. For the purpose of the project some very quick sketches were drawn out to help evaluate which angle to go with. These sketches are vary basic 2-D sketches and were drawn to just get the initial ideas onto paper and to help develop some initial test inserts too. The initial sketches are of some various shape and sizes for some of the inserts. These insert sketches helped the project move into some quick tests to decide on materials and to see if the shape and size of theses inserts is going to be appropriate or if they needed to change for the project to move further. Heel A seen in figure 24 is the simplest insert designed. It has an incline at the front to allow for comfort when being used in the shoe. Heel B in figure 25 was a development of Heel A. Heel B has an incline in padding from both the front and from the two front corners. This incline allows for increased comfort and still maintains the same factors as Heel A.
FIG.26
FIG.27
FIG.28
Heel C (figure 26) is much similar to Heel B except here the incline has been increased to all the way up the side of the insert. This again allows for a greater comfort aspect and still does the same job as A and B. Figure 27 shows Heel D which is in a field of its own in comparison to the other designs. Heel D is thicker and has taken into account for pressure. There is less padding in the centre of the heel and thicker padding on the outside early contact areas. This allows for greater comfort and load bearing on these areas. PAGE.TWENTY.EIGHT
Finally Figure 28 is an example of both Ball and Arch padded inserts. They are simple and allow mainly for comfort and are designed on the main shape of the foot. The ball section is larger then the outside section and the arch support has an incline on its rounded side.
Insert.Tests Padded heel supports are seen in figures 29 and 30. Theses are examples of the sketches shown in Figures 24, 25, 26 and 27. For the purpose of the tests different amounts of material have been removed from the rubber to account for different amounts of pressure, load, comfort and feet sizes. The uses are of the inserts are for heel pain, growth plates and Achilles tendonitis Padded Arch and ball supports are shown in figures 31 and 32, they are examples of the sketches in figure 28. For the two inserts different material thicknesses account for different amounts of pressure to change the load bearing within the foot. The uses are of the arch and ball supports are for arch pain which uses padding in the arch it eliminates part of the load, the same with the ball padding; it raises the toes which releases the pressure and load of the affected area. Figures 33 through 36 are different ways which the inserts can be laid out. They are using the ideas sketched in figures 27 and 28. Different layouts will account for different problems and other layouts will only account for a certain problem. It is through these tests that we can now move into more refined sketches as a greater understanding of the possibilities has been gathered.
PAGE.TWENTY.NINE
FIG.29
FIG.30
FIG.31
FIG.32
FIG.33
FIG.34
FIG.35
FIG.36
IDEA.DEVELOPMENT
PAGE.THIRTY
Development.Sketches The development sketching followed on from the initial insert sketches carried out. The main focus of these initial sketches was to become aware of the perspective and proportion of how inserts and padding would work together. Image A is the first attempt at sketching an insert with some padding attached. The design is very basic and is mainly focused on obtaining the correct shape of an insert. Image B follows on from A and uses the same shape but with greater detail. The green colored sections are a smart adaptive material which creates more padding and comfort as they are deemed areas of high pressure and load. The flat section of the insert is set aside from the rest of the padding by simple straight lines. The overall shape of the padding doesn’t follow the dimensions and shapes of the foot. Image C is working with different shapes and drawing techniques to show the padding. Once gain as in Image B the green sections are softer more absorbing materials there for pressure and load. In image C they are too small and would not do the desired job.
A.
Image D has the same principles as the others but the padding shapes are beginning to follow the foot shapes. The absorbing padding could be larger once again. All four sketches are beginning to show where the insert design is heading. None of them are what they insert is wanting to look like but they each are displaying certain important aspects which will be displayed later on in the final design. They were a good starting tool to get ideas down and to develop different shapes and sizes. PAGE.THIRTY.ONE
B.
D. C.
Image E is a more appropriate design of an insert at this point in time. It has a padded ball support which is beginning to follow the shape of the foot to its position. The heel supports have enough outside support and the adaptive padding is beginning to get to the desired size. By these two working with the outside foot padding the outside of the foot is very well protected from various injuries and problems. Image F is working in conjunction with Image E. It is a side view of what the insert may look like. Image F was sketched to help with the transition into 3-D sketching. It allowed the ideas to be seen from a different perspective and showed how deep and thick the padding would or could be. Images G and H are the first perspective 3-D sketches carried out. The proportion and perspectives are not quite right and the angle which they are sketched at doesn’t portray the ideas very well. The inserts padding is the main problem along with the insert being displayed as flat. They too have depth and form.
E.
The below sketch in Image G is beginning to show how the perspective can work but the insert it self still lacks any 3-D aspects. Finally the small sketch in Image H shows how the padding could be working. It could be rounded and join together with the bases pad for more comfort. We can see evidence of these comments in the annotation of the two sketches. From these perspective sketches it was evaluated that by using some sketching aids such as photos and under lays the sketches would progress further and the ideas would be able to generate quicker and easier as the sketches would be more accurate, in proportion and in perspective. PAGE.THIRTY.TWO
F. G.
H.
PAGE.THIRTY.THREE
CENTRE LINES
I.
J.
K.
L.
The sketches would need to become simpler for the proper drawing technique to be obtained so that the sketches could develop to a desired level. Once the underlays and photos had been taken the sketching began. Image I is one of the first sketches done with the under lay in place. Its form is very accurate and it allows for shading and shadows to be placed into the sketch to pull the drawing out of a white space. Two centre lines have been added to the sketch to show the shape of the insert. In this initial sketch they are not in the right perspective but they are a very good development tool for the following sketches. Image J is very similar to Image I. The main difference between the two is the form sketching at the back of the insert is beginning to take place. This gives the insert a less flat feel and allows the sketch to show the depth. By using shadow underneath the sketch again is standing of the white background. However Sketch J looks too flat at the front t of the insert. The front needs a large curve up in it which follows the toes of the human foot. Images K and L are focusing on how the shading of the insert should look. By practising different techniques and different amounts of shading the right technique and look will be obtained quicker and it will become easier to show new ideas and new perspectives. Once again the insert even though unfinished still looks too flat. The whole front section needs more curvature added to it to lift the front and make the sketch look and become more realistic. Images I through L are all focused on the right foot. To best obtain all parameters of the insert design the sketching needs to focus on both sides of the body and also account for both side of the foot and differences between the PAGE.THIRTY.FOUR
outside and inside of the foot. Image M is the first sketch of the Left foots insert. It again is very simple and is much similar to Image I, the first right foot insert sketch. The underlay used for the left foot sketches is much deeper and more defined at the back of the insert than the underlay example used for the right foot. This will help another aspect of sketching and allow the sketching technique to improve.
CENTRE LINES
M.
Image M is working on showing both form and depth through the outside contour lines and centre lines. It also is showing form through the shadow at the back of the insert and the shadow line under the arch section. Once again the front of the insert looks too flat and needs to lift to follow the natural form of the foot. Image N has added in shading to the arch which is beginning to give the inside of the insert some good shape and form, along with the form contour lines on the outside side of the insert the back section is beginning to show some good characteristics. However with no centre lines and the front still not lifting the sketch still doesn’t look right and it lacks that edge to move into developing ideas and adding in some padding and new shapes.
N.
Finally insert sketch O shows how effective marker can be apposed to pen it shows different levels of shading and really makes the sketch stand out more. There isn’t an overload of it and it allows another technique to work with later on. Once again the sketch does not lift at the front of the insert and the centre lines displayed in Image O are not in perspective. Overall the development sketches were a vital tool in shaping where the projects sketching was heading. It helped PAGE.THIRTY.FIVE
O.
the sketching technique develop and allowed new ideas to develop along with it. Not only this but it began to provide a basis of design and began to show what needs improvement, what wouldn’t work and what was working and would work well.
Refinement.Sketches
A.
B.
The refinement sketching phase began by using the underlays from the development sketching phase except more focus was put on making the sketches look more realistic and follow the shape of the human foot. More emphasis was placed on making sure that the front section of the insert lifted to allow a greater form and depth, also more shadow was added to account for these factors also. Not only were the original underlays used from the development phase but new photos were taken with centre lines on them so that a better understanding of the line flow could be obtained. Image A shows the insert sketch in three parts. A full view, a top view and part of the front, which is showing how the insert looks much better when the sketch shows how it lifts. The shadow is much better and the centre construction lines of the insert shows a better amount of form and depth. Image B shows the shaping form of the insert very well. By sketching the contour lines on the outer sections of the insert closer together it allows the sketch to display the form better. It gives the sketch a greater shape and allows the shadow to do a separate job in lifting the sketch from the page. Images C and D are of the left and right foot inserts. Sketch C lifts very well at the front but it is not tall enough PAGE.THIRTY.SIX
C. The arch needs to be higher. By being too low it makes the sketch out of proportion, which lets down the other areas of the sketch.
D.
Shading is beginning to look a lot better than it did in the development sketches. It shows how the insert curves underneath and inward around the arch.
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G.
E.
F. PAGE.THIRTY.EIGHT
H.
at the arch which lets the sketch down, it looks out of proportion and perspective. Sketch D looks better in its perspective and the proportion is better too. The shading on the arch and heel helps the sketch stand out. However the front of the insert doesn’t look right as the base is curving round too much, which makes it look flatter. Once the sketches had progressed to a point that the proportion and perspective were well on their way it was then time to add in some padding and other aspects to the sketches. This would allow the ideas to generate and for the perspective and proportion of other aspects to develop. It would also be sketched with no underlay which would develop the sketching technique further. Images E and F are working together to show how the absorbing padding may look on the insert. From the development drawings it was perceived that that the absorbing smart material sections were too small, so for the purpose of the refinement sketches this has been adapted into these sketches. The green section represents that padding and they are much larger. Images G through K are working on the same principles as images E and F. But image H is the right foot with the others being the left foot. Images I and J have put some though into how the outside of the foot padding would work and what size and depth it would need to be. All the sketches are looking good with the basic perspective but most of the padding is out of proportion and some of it isn’t in the right perspective either. The heel PAGE.THIRTY.NINE
I.
K.
J.
padding is beginning to look good; it is in the right proportion. Image K has more emphasis on how high the arch side could be and the perspective and proportion of the heel padding is working well. Overall the refinement phase moved quite well with the insert sketches becoming more resolved and better drawn in perspective and proportion a lot quicker than first thought. It was a good technique to use as the sketches became a lot more resolved and earlier issues were refined. The insert at this stage is at level where the shoe can now progress. Both the insert and shoe designs and sketches will be re-evaluated later in the design process and be designed and sketched in conjunction with each other.
Scenario.One To best portray an idea of how a consumer’s foot may be analysed and then how they would obtain their shoe and insert, a quick scenario was used to map out some of the parameters involve with what may happen during the process. Step 1: The consumer goes to their nearest adaptive feet stockist. Once there they are instructed to stand on the floor level treadmill so that there foot can be scanned from underneath to evaluate the pressure and load evident in their foot. Step 2: The consumer’s pressure and load reading is displayed on the screen in front of them. Step 3: The consumer then is instructed to begin walking and progress into a gentle jog. At this point the consumer’s alignment and pronation evaluation is being conducted from behind.
STEP.1 PAGE.FORTY
STEP.2 PAGE.FORTY.ONE
STEP.3
STEP.4
The consumer’s alignment and pronation scan is displayed on screen in relation to the ideal characteristics
STEP.5
The two scans are then displayed next to each other to evaluate what the best insert shape and characteristics would be. PAGE.FORTY.TWO
STEP.6
While the inset is being constructed the Consumer chooses a shoe casing from the available styles. PAGE.FORTY.THREE
STEP.7
The overall shoe is constructed with the insert being placed into the shoe during construction.
Initial.Concept.Sketches
A.
The concept sketches began once again with the use of an underlay. The underlay here however was only ever used for the first four drawings. From there each drawing before the next sketch was used as a reference point to change and adapt certain sections which were deemed lacking something or they could be developed into something that would work for the overall design. Sketch A is just focusing on how the form looks and how it will flow through the concept design phase. The sketch has a few minor problems with it, the front “nose” section is too square and the top of the shoe is too curved which makes the front section seem out of proportion. Sketch B is looking a lot better, its proportion is a lot better and everything is now flowing and bringing the sketch out more. We can see that the sketch and shoe looks much better with the front “nose” section more rounded as evident at point C. From there the first area to be conceptualised for the project was the midsole and outsole of the shoe. These are very important parts of the project as they interact mostly with the insert and inner sole of the shoe. In sketch D, the white and green sections of the outsole are the main areas which will be dealing with load and pressure. They are going to be a softer rubber and will allow greater comfort for the user. Also they are very concerned with the overall aesthetics of the shoe. The aesthetics of how the upper and top of the shoe may look is beginning to be taken into account as well.
B.
C.
Sketch E has developed the outsole further from D. It shows what a large difference there is when the size and PAGE.FORTY.FOUR
D.
E. PAGE.FORTY.FIVE
F.
G.
H.
I. PAGE.FORTY.SIX
shape of the section is altered. Also the sketch shows the possible difference in positions that the sole may take and how to make the sole appear more dynamic, by lifting the base and making the midsole have more curvature.
J.
To make the sole more dynamic it became the focus of the sketches. Point F shows how the base of the shoe would work by wrapping underneath the shoe. The sketch has emphasis on four front load sections with two at the back. Four at the front seems too excessive so in sketch G the number has been reduced to three. Having three load sections makes the sole look more contained and dynamic; there isn’t too much going on at the front. Sketch H is focused on the back middle section of the sole and is posing the idea that the section line of the base goes straight down for the purpose of the 2-D sketch, this was deemed not correct after sketching. By sketching H it allowed the project to enhance its sketching skills and cover more ideas for the sole of the shoe. Sketch and point J have developed the back section of the shoe and how it connects to the shoe. The sole is a integral part of the design and from the conducted research the project can gather that the design of the heel section is imperative to the overall aesthetics and look of the shoe. By pushing the back of the heel section past the back of the shoe it allows the heel to take more load and allows the users more fluent use of the shoe. The load sections being curved adds to the dynamic look of the sole. However the back section off the heel is becoming too large and is beginning to hinder the height and look of the top of the heel. Sketch I has began to take the upper top section of the shoe in more detail with some light construction lines to gather what would work well with the sole. However the
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sole could be sketched better, the load section don’t do the design any justice when they are too rigid and square. The design flows better when the corners are rounded off. The heel section looks better slimmer than what it does in Image J. By making it smaller it allows the outsole to have more emphasis in the final design.
K.
The main problems evident in the previous sketches were that the heel section was becoming too large and didn’t have as much emphasis as the front section, the other problem was the front load sections were too vertical and that they didn’t serve a great purpose at this point. The project needed to go back and change something so that the concept sketches could move into the 3-D realm. Sketch L takes into account the process which was undertaken during sketch K. It has taken the ideas raised and put them into action. Overall the sole looks good and it a lot more dynamic and modern than it previously was. The load sections look better when they don’t go out of the outsole and over into the midsole. The load sections were sketched in on both angles; one going to the left and one going to the right, for the purpose of the project it looks and works best when they are to the left. This is due to the fact that when the shoe is in the motion of gait, when the load is on the front of the shoe these sections will be directly vertical absorbing the most amount of load possible. The midsole works well with the marker representing the shadow and it brings out the appearance of the two sole sections well. Once gain some upper shoe and top section designs are being experimented with.
L.
Image N is the first sketch to incorporate most of the ideas worked on throughout the conceptual phase of the project. It has taken into account the sole and midsole which have been highly focused on and it now is working on PAGE.FORTY.EIGHT
Sketch K has taken a pervious sketch through the concept phase and re-designed the flow of the midsole in comparison to the outsole. The midsole having two main sections looks better and makes the shoe appear modern, but as stated earlier the load sections are still vertical in the original image. So in the adapted sketch the angle of these has been adjusted. There are two different angles sketched on top of the original sketch; one on the second Load section and one on the third. Both angles will be explored to see which will benefit the design best.
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M.
N.
O.
P.
PAGE.FIFTY
developing the upper section of the shoe with a detailed sketch of how the front, heel and side of the shoe will work together in supporting the foot and the aesthetics too. The line and mesh design shown from point M looks a lot like an Asics or Addidas runner and needs to set its own trend and look so that the project can develop its own recognition. However in saying that, it does stand out and begin to show the idea well. Image N also shows how the bottom of the sole may look. It has taken the dimensions of the shoe and sole and portrayed what it may look like. The sole doesn’t look as it should and the Load sections should possibly stay to the outside edge of the sole and not transfer down the middle. Also they could be rounded and to too rigid and square at point P. Sketch O is moving forward from the ideas which Sketch N made evident. Sketch O has a different more complicated mesh and line section on the upper of the shoe which draws its look away from the Asics and Addidas appearance. However on that more lines have been added and there are more sections of mesh, the concept is looking over crowded and it would require a lot more extra work during the making process. The sole has adapted the idea of removing the inner load sections and making them rounded and stick to the outside of the sole. This too still doesn’t look right. It makes the sole look like it has a bubble effect to it. Perhaps the sole should follow the characteristics of the insert and follow the shape of the foot with the load sections increasing the job of the insert. This would lift the appearance and aesthetics of the bottom of the sole. The next step of the concept phase is for the shoe to move into 3-D sketching. Most of the ideas have been outlaid in 2-D and for the project to develop further 3-D would show the new ideas best and allow new aspects to be adapted to PAGE.FIFTY.ONE
show and contextualise these ideas better. The first step of 3-D sketching was to once again work on a quick underlay so that all parameters could be adapted and help the technique develop quicker. Sketch and point Q was the first sketch conducted after the underlay was finalised. The point made obvious in Sketch Q is that of the section line from the 2-D sketches. This was drawn into the sketch as it was seen that the sketch looked too flat before it. It doesn’t fit into the 3-D sketch. To make the sketch stand out from the page and not be too flat a greater use of shading, line and marker should be used, as well as construction lines within the mesh and upper sections. Sketch R and point S shows what didn’t work within the next sketch, the second of the sketches using the underlay. The back heel section looks good but the gap between the two load sections is too large, the gap sketched is the same as the gap sketched in 2-D and this does not transfer into the 3-D realm, the gap need to be smaller as the shoe is going into the distance at this angle. The mesh and lines of the upper section of the shoe are sketched well and begin represent the way the shoe wraps round. Point U shows that the sketch needs to stay within the underlays parameters; this part of the load section is too wide and large and makes the proportion and perspective of the sketch not fit with the rest. Now that the mesh and line section of the upper is working well a lip needs to be added to the shoe so that all areas of the design are being covered for the project. Sketch and point W appear to look strange without a lip, point V begins to show a lip but it is too thin and doesn’t represent the ideas well. The front of the shoe at the point where the bottom of the sole begins to wrap up to the front of the shoe doesn’t look PAGE.FIFTY.TWO
W.
V.
Q. R.
S. T. PAGE.FIFTY.THREE
U.
Y.
X.
Z.
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right. It is too thick and lets down the other perspective and proportion of the sketches. It needs to taper in and show how it transforms from the bottom and side to the front. This is evident at Point T. Sketch X shows how the front of the shoe should look with the sole moving up to the front of the shoe from underneath. It now is in a better proportion and the perspective is better, but it is still slightly too wide and could be thinner from the front. Sketch Y is showing how the front of the sole will work with its traction and pattern. The markers are beginning to show the context but some amount of shading would bring the section out more and justify it better. The lip at the top of the heel section on the shoe is still too thin, it needs to be thicker and have some definition to it to give the shoe a better feel and to make the design stand out. The orange mesh bring the shoe out and makes it noticeable however the construction lines are out of perspective which makes them lack definition. Also the tongue of the shoe should have construction line on it, to make it wrap around and show its shape, perhaps a lighter shade of marker would show this better. Finally Sketch Z shows how effective a good solid lip around the top of the shoe works well and really makes the shoe stand out. The front sole section still needs more work and the tongue still looks flat, but the back outer and midsole is also begining to get the desired look. The concept stage is well underway and ideas for the project are begining to flow quite well, the next set of drawing will depict how the shoe will interact with the human foot, its construction and how the two parts will work together to become mass customised. PAGE.FIFTY.FIVE
REFLECTION.
PAGE.FIFTY.SIX
Throughout this past semester the project has developed along way. From the initial understand of shoes and the way people and consumers interact with shoes to now, where the project is currently going through the design development phase with a lot sketching and designing. Not only has the knowledge of the shoe market and its evolving new and old products been developed but so has a knowledge of the human anatomy and the parameters the human feet and legs go through with every step. From the movement of Gait to the act of pronation, all have been vital to the development of the project. Currently the projects design development is at a basic stage but over the break and the next semester it will rapidly move into a large scale design process. The sketching and design development will improve and work in conjunction with each other to obtain the final goal of a mass customised product which will fit the mould for most consumers. Throughout the semester the project will be aiming for a final mark of distinction. The project will aim to obtain this grade through the number of assessments and goals which have been set out for the project through the timeline. Such outcomes as the Dvr, Blog, quick models, tests and sketches. The project will document everything which it works on and through on its blog. All the projects developments, problems and findings will be available to see. The project will consider all criticism and work to obtain the suggestions and comments made about its findings, ideas and development into the next stages of development. The project will meet with the appropriate lecturers and take their advice onboard to develop the idea to the full extent that it allows. The project will finally produce a dvr, which will document the projects whole semester’s findings through research, ideas and designs.
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REFERENCES. IMAGES: COVER: www.sportingmind.org/images/B&W%20Track. JPG PROJECT PROBLEM: http://farm4.static.flickr. com/3659/3365806099_5d35fb6c5f.jpg RESEARCH: http://www.mzv.cz/public/e8/ a1/21/274206_40324_studying.jpg BACKGROUND/AREAS OF RESEARCH: www.peopleandproduct. dk/wp-content/uploads/ IDEA GENERATION: http://purdue-innovations.com/i/images/ stories/ideas1.jpg IDEA DEVELOPMENT: www.idesignstudios.com/.../uploads/p_ idea.jpg REFLECTION: http://www.colettebouchez.net/images/openbook.jpg
SECTOR CHART IMAGES: http://artanthem.com/images/sportsshoes.jpg http://www.design-technology.org/Sprinting.jpg http://www.kobebryantshoes.com/shoes/nike_zoom_kobe_ii_ shoes1.jpg http://www.besportier.com/archives/lightest-sneakers-pumal.i.f.t.-racer-tennis-shoes.jpg http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/
I/41a%2Br%2BpEz9L._AA280_.jpg http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/511sSFXKS-L._ AA280_.jpg http://news.cnet.com/i/ne/ p/2005/31805addidasangle500x334.jpg http://icechewing.huddler.com/imgrepo/thumbs/b/b3/power_ wrap_front500.jpg/600x800px-LL-power_wrap_front500.jpg http://www.ubergizmo.com/photos/2007/1/parody-shoe.jpg http://cnb-host4.clickandbuild.com/cnb/shop/shoeinsoles?imageID=207&op=imgLib-viewImage http://theskateshop.home.att.net/BONT-2008/bont-bikeshoes/bont-a-one-black.jpg http://online.redwoods.edu/instruct/colloquium/0607/sbrown/ shoes.jpg http://www.return2fitness.net/products/Sole_Slim_big.jpg http://www.return2fitness.net/products/Sole_Ultra_big.jpg
ACADEMIC: AAOS 2002 The American Academy of Orthpaedic Surgeonshttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00172 sited on 13/4/09 AFO 2006 Converse training Manual “Module 3 Product Knowledge: Footwear” Best Dr R. 2008 BIOMECHANICS Victoria University Lecture notes. Bachelor of applied science: physical education. CSULB 2008 http://www.csulb.edu/~msaintg/
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ppa696/696quali.htm sited on 13/4/09 Friedman, K. 2000 Creating Design Knowledge: From Research into Practice. IDATER Loughborough University Hibert, L. ‘An Individual Approach’. Professional Engineering 20 October 2004 Kember, D and Kelly, M. 1993 “Green Guide” 14 Improving Teaching through Action Research (higher Education Research and development Society of Australasia Inc. Campbelltown Australia) Lendlein Dr. A, Kelch Dr. S. 2002 Review: Shape Memory Polymers. WILEY-VCH Marshall, C. Rossman, G. 1999 Designing Qualitative research 3rd edition. Sage Publications Pheasant, S. 1998 Bodyspace Anthropometry, ergonomics and the design of work, 2nd edn, Taylor & Francis
FIG.5 www.laboratorium.dist.unige.it FIG.6 www.laboratorium.dist.unige.it FIG.7 www.steenwyk.com/gfx/cond_prosup.jpg FIG.7.1 www.choice.com.au/files/f132425.jpg FIG.8 ttp://www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/50043521/Mesh_Fabric_for_Shoes.jpg FIG.8.1http://www.seanisabella.com/images/CloudSketchSet1. png FIG.9 www.ranyal.net/images/EVA_Compound1.jpg FIG.9.1 AFO 2006 Converse training Manual “Module 3 Product Knowledge: Footwear” FIG.10 www.shimano.com.au
FIGURES:
FIG.11 www.power-spots.com/attachments/Image
FIG.1 http://www.asics.com.au/tech36_08.asp
FIG.12 www.ganleyorthotics.co.nz/.../foot-diagram.gif
FIG.1.2 http://www.online-skating.com/images/articles/empreinte_podologie.jpg
FIG.13 http://www.anthembranding.com/images/blog/08_ summer/shimano-notebook2.jpg
FIG.2 www.prodait.org
FIG.14 http://www.designexplorer.net/newscreens/trusses/ DSC00601.jpg
FIG.2.1 compliance.vpr.okstate.edu/images/research.jpg FIG.3 www.trumpuniversity.com/business-briefings FIG.3.1 http://www.greydogdisplays.com/albums/Fox-Racing/ Fox_Trade_Show_Booth_Shoe_Wall.jpg FIG.4 www.foottrainer.com/images/anatomy1.jpg
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FIG.14.1 http://www.footworksorthotics.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/movement.jpg FIG.15 www.coloradocyclist.com/.../full/s/ssxzft56.jpg FIG.16 http://www.sweatshop.co.uk/cw3/assets/product_ full/24841004_main_m.jpg
APPENDIX.
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