the wall
墙城
The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu Jasper Nijveldt
P5 3-2-2012
Top 50 cities 2025 |Urban economic clout moves east
And 400 million farmers then moved in?
And what if they also want an Ipad?
And a new car?
How will the cities look like?
How will cities grow?
How will you move around?
Can you breathe normally?
Would it be dense?
Chinese?
Or will everybody live in sprawled suburbs?
fingermodel
doomsday
THE WALL
156 KM2
THE WALL on every scale
the wall
theory and zoom in neighborhood reflection
context |URBAN POPULATION
Millions of people
Megacities (10+) Big cities (5–10) Midsized cities (1.5–5) Small cities (0.5–1.5) Big towns (<0.5)
926
Compound annual growth rate, 2005–25 % 2.4
120
6.9
104
1.1
316
3.4
233
2.2
145
154
0.3
2005
2025
572 32 84
161 150
49
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
context |URBAN POPULATION
1.000.000.000 2030
context |URBAN POPULATION
1/8
of the world will live in a Chinese city
context |URBAN POPULATION
One New York every two years
context |SUGGESTED GROWTH PATTERN
ECONOMY Exhibit 7
RESOURCES
Exhibit 7
but also higher efficiency
per capita GDP
Exhibit 7
2005
2005 2005
573
Urban GDP
Exhibit 8
Exhibit 8 Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency but also higher efficiency
Exhibit 7 Concentrated growth scenariosgrowth would generate highest Concentrated scenariosthe would generate the highest Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP per capita GDP
Urban population Million people
12
2005
21
1212
Distributed growth
930 Hub and and spoke spoke Hub Distributed
Distributed 944 growth growth
Townization
Townization935
2005Townization
68
930 930
935 573
54
+26%
+26%
62
12
+23%
Generate highest per capita GDP 944
Townization
935
62
Townization
Townization2,278
Townization
21
1,926 1,926
2,317 2,278
59
12
8
68
60
54 +26%
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
125
59
59
2,317
68 60
2005 2,278 54
68 60 54
68
142
142
139
139
60 54
123
123
4,917 95 123
115
115
Loss Loss 2005–2025, % 2005–2025,
1,926 9
105
95
Urban110 GDP
Renminbi 105 trillion, 2000
Concentrated
Central government Central government Central government target minimum for 2010 target minimum for 2010 target minimum for 2010 –7 –7 Hub Hub and and spoke spokeHub and spoke Supercities –8 –8 Supercities Supercities
Urban energy demand QBTUs
–20–20 Distributed growth Distributed growth Distributed growth
100
12
59
Townization Townization
95
68
9
Distributed growth
2,317
Townization
2,278
9
2025
8
–20
120
131
contain loss of arable142 land 68 60
–7 China total ara –8 Million hectares
125 –22
–22–22 Townization
10
10
115 10
110 105
139
100 54
123
95 0 2005
+15%
+23%
Loss 2005–2025, % Exhibit 9
%
0 0 02010 2005 2015 2020 2025 +15% 2005 2010 20052015 20102020 20152025 2020
higher efficienct use of energy, 2,088 More Hub and spoke 75 effective control of pollution 62
125
139 100 100
+15%
+20%
65
125
110142 110
Urban energy intensity 105 BTU per renminbi
Supercities
76 8
8
Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land
Concentrated growth would entail higher 120 energy consumption 120 120 131 68 68efficiency131 131 but68also higher 115
+15%
68
917
Distributed growth
4,917 4,917 12 8 Exhibit
+23%
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
930
12
+23%
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
Hub and spoke
growth
65
62
Exhibit 9 Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arablethe land Concentrated urbanization would contain loss of arable land
China total arable land China total China arable total land arable land Million hectares Urban energy demand Million hectares Urban GDP Urban energy demand Million hectares
+20% +20% +20% Hub and spoke Hub and spoke 2,088 2,088 2,088 Hub and spoke 75 75
75
60
54
935 54
1,926 Supercities Supercities
Urban GDP Urban GDP/capita Distributed Distributed Distributed 2,317 Renminbi trillion, 2000 2000 growththousand, growth Renminbi 65 60 65
944
+26%
Supercities
68 68
Urban population Million people 944 60
4,917
2005 2005
21 21
Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest Supercities 68 Supercitiesper capita 917 76 76 68 68 76 Supercities 917 GDP Supercities 917
Hub and spoke
Exhibit 9
Urban energy intensity Urban GDP Urban energy intensity Urban energy intensity Urban GDP Urban energy demand BTU per renminbi Renminbi trillion, 2000 QBTUs per renminbi trillion, 2000 QBTUs BTU perBTU renminbi RenminbiRenminbi trillion, 2000 QBTUs
Urban GDP/capita
Urbanpopulation population Urban GDP Urban GDP/capita Urban Urban GDP Urban Renminbi trillion, 2000 Renminbi thousand, 2000GDP/capita Millionpeople people Renminbi trillion, 2000 Renminbi Renminbi thousand, Million Renminbi trillion, 2000 thousand, 20002000 573 573
ENVIRONMENT Exhibit 9
Exhibit 8
9
context |URBAN CHINA
Shenyang Beijing
Zhengzhou Xiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an
Tianjin Xuzhou Shanghai
Chengdu
Wuhan
Chongqing 1 in 2010 Chinese cities population > 5 mln
population > 7 mln
population > 10 mln * including agglomerations Dongguang and Foshan
Shenzhen Guangzhou
Hong Kong
context |2-5-2000
context |1-5-2003
context |26-7-2006
context |4-8-2009
context |2011
context |2011
context |2011
context |2011
context |FDI ACCELERATES GROWTH Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is highly active in Chengdu last five years, five times more than Chinese average.
Chengdu: 5 times more than Chinese average â&#x20AC;˘ In 2009, Chengdu utilised USD 2.8 billion in FDI, with an annual growth rate of 24.4 percent. The utilised FDI from 2005 to 2009 has been growing at a CAGR of 50.2 percent each year, compared to the national rate of 10.5 percent
FDI generates far more growth than earlierAREA, formsChengdu of industrialization URBAN (sqkm) 400 350
X 1,5
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980
economic reform
1985
1990
industrialization, export, manufacturing 1995
2000
Global, FDI 2005
2010
?
problem| POLLUTION
Chengdu
(NASA)
“The haze in Chengdu is pervasive. It is said that if a dog sees the sun, he will bark at the intruder.”
problem| POLLUTION
problem| NEXT STEP
problem |AREA NEEDED
2010 12.2
2030 16.7
2050 27X27 KM 2030 20X20 KM
2050 20.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
problem |DOOMSDAY FINGER MODEL
2010 12.2
2050 20.3
2030 16.7
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980
economic reform
1985
industrialization, export, manufacturing
1990
1995
2000
Global, FDI 2005
2010
AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph) 25
20
biking
15
10
5
0
2005
2006 average
2007
2008
during rush hour
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
proposal |THE WALL
2010 12.2
2050 20.3
2030 16.7
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980
economic reform
1985
industrialization, export, manufacturing
1990
1995
2000
Global, FDI 2005
2010
AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph) 25
20
biking
15
156 KM2
10
5
0
2005
2006 average
2007
2008
during rush hour
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
짜
proposal |THE WALL | unroll the wall
2010 12.2
2030 16.7
2050 20.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
max potential 100.000 p/sqkm
Den Helder
+ 15.600.000 156km2
Maast
Den Helder
312km
312km Maastricht
56km2
x
their impact on pollution. Because of severe NOcould problems a supercities scenario, fuel-cell buses become in relevant despite the fact that x scenario, fuel-cell buses couldsavings become relevant despitesecure the fact that miss the the bar to justify energy that these would would
proposal |THE WALLenergy | savings air pollution sources that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the
investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenario investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios. Exhibit 6.10 Exhibit 6.10 Exhibit 6.10
Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitig air-quality issues SHENZHEN E Aggressive transportsupercities’ policies emission standards mitigate their impactand on pollution. Because of severe NO could problems in a supercities x scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the Estimated NOx concentrations* supercities’ air-quality issues SHENZHEN EXAMPLE Exhibit 6.10
AGRICULTURE
OTHER
3, 2025 mgenergy per msavings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the Estimated NOx concentrations* 3 investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios. mg per m , 2025
2.89
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL HEATING
Exhibit 6.10
2.89
Exhibit 6.10
- 40%
CONSUMER AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
- 40% Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues SHENZHEN EXAMPLE 2.89
- 40%
52% 27%
-90%
Estimated NOx concentrations* mg per m3, 2025
-90% - 50%
-90%
- 50%
0.29
- 50%
TRANSPORT
source: EPA 2008
0.29 0.29
INDUSTRY
Base forecast
Tightened Base Expanded emissions forecast public transit, Target (Level Base Expanded Tightened TargetTightened (Level Expanded density, fleet industry III standard) forecast public transit, emissions IIIfleet standard) public transit, emissions density, industry density, fleet industry
Target (Level III standard)
* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includesfactor; only transportation-related measures; further potential may * Assuming a constant concentration includes only transportation-related exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers. exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers. Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
* Assuming a constant concentration includes only transportation-related Source: factor; Literature search; McKinsey Global Institutemeasures; analysis further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers. Exhibit 6.11 analysis Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute Exhibit 6.11
measures; further potentia 88
88
Exhibit 6.11in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring Measures Exhibit 6.11
megacity Exhibit 6.11
pollution under control
Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help brin Shenzhen’s estimated PM PM emissions from construction concentration as a supercity megacity pollution under control , 2025 help bring Million tonne,cut 2025 PM10 significantly mg/m Measures in construction can and 116 megacity pollution under control 0.29 Exhibit 6.11
10
10
3
0.06
Shenzhen’s estimated PM10
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
proposal |THE WALL | air pollution sources DENSITY
DENSITY LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM
LOCALISED GREEN FEEDER SYSTEM HOUSES
GREEN HOUSES
DENSITY LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM
LOCALISED GREEN FEEDER SYSTEM HOUSES
GREEN HOUSES
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT GROWING CITY URBAN RELIESSPRAWL ON CAR USE
URBAN SPRAWL
GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE
DENSITY
New transport system
URBAN SPRAWL
GROWING URBANCITY GROWING CITY RELIES SPRAWL ON CAR USERELIES ON CAR USE
?
?
O2
O2 CO2
CO2
?
? EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
O2
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING SEPERATED EXISTING SYSTEM SEPERATED SYSTEM EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING SEPERATED EXISTINGSYSTEM SEPERATED SYSTEM
CO2 CARBON EXISTING CAPTURE METRO SYSTEM
UNDERGROUND CARBON PARKING CAPTURE
UNDERGROUND PARKING
O2 CO2 EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
THE WALL - CLUSTERED THE WALLSYSTEM - CLUSTERED SYSTEM EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
UNDERGROUNDCARBON PARKING CAPTURE
UNDERGROUND PARKING
CARBON EXISTING CAPTURE METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
THE WALL - CLUSTERED THE WALL -SYSTEM CLUSTERED SYSTEM
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY New industry system
INDUSTRY
DWELLINGS
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY INDUSTRY B
A
DWELLINGS
INDUSTRY A
C
B D
C
EXISTING DWELLINGS INDUSTRY
GREEN EXISTING INDUSTRY GREEN HOUSESINDUSTRY HOUSES
INDUSTRY
GREEN EXISTING GREEN INDUSTRY HOUSES INDUSTRY HOUSES
INDUSTRY
DWELLINGS EXISTING INDUSTRY O2
O2 WASTE
B
A
CO2
A
C
B
D
C
D
C D
E
WASTE
CO2
COHEAT 2
O2 B
E COLD HEAT
F
C DO2
A
EXISTING SEPERATED EXISTING SYSTEM SEPERATED SYSTEM
B COLD
CO2 B
DWELLINGS
D A
A
DWELLINGS
F
G
WASTE
A
B
CO2
COLD
G
WASTE
E
CO2
E COLD
COTHE WALL THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM - CO CLUSTERED SYSTEM 2
C
2
C
HEAT
HEAT
F
F
DWELLINGS
DWELLINGS
design |THE WALL | generic becomes specific
design |THE WALL | forest wall
design |THE WALL | forest sand wall
design |THE WALL | river wall
design |THE WALL | water wall
design |THE WALL
Reflection|critique linear city
Soria y Mata, Linear City, 1882
Reflection|critique linear city
Malcolmson, Metro-linear project, 1957
Miljutin, Tractorstoi, 1930
Reflection|critique linear city
Le Corbusier, The Industrial Linear City 1932
Reflection|critique linear city
Argumentation: - Limited extension of the city; - Efficiency in building; - A fordist mass production. - Best of both worlds (city and landscape); - Orientation on transport.
Reflection|critique linear city
- Remains a scheme - Ignores existing context - Repetition and ratio - Birds eye perspective - Ignores everyday live
239
Figure 2. Plan for street widening overlaid on existing street network in Beijingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s West City District,
Haussmann and Le Corbusier in China
Reflection|superimposing le corbusier
ordinary public space under pressure
other Asian cities with large-scale land-assembly-dependent development, such as in Hong Kongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new towns or in it is rather rare in China. Despite Reflection|superimposing leSingapore, corbusier William Whyteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s findings that buildings and open spaces that are adjacent to streets but level-separated from them inhibit public access, the higher density
Figure 6. Model showing the street fac¸ade of the Xin Fu San Cun project by Joe Carter.
“
Reflection|placelessness
‘the capitalized modernization of China leads to a decline of ordinary public places, and to a feeling that cities are becoming ‘placeless’
Reflection|placelessness
Reflection| placelessness
Reflection|placelessness
Ignoring existing topography, Shanghai, (Miao, 20
Theory|ordinary public places ‘The new city, is based on a ‘disappearance of stable relations with a physical and cultural geography of a place’
Augé
Sorkin
Cacciari
Theory|ordinary public places â&#x20AC;&#x153;I argue that human beings originate in an alienated condition, and define themselves, through their social spatial environment. Therefore meaningful places are crucial for everyday life!â&#x20AC;?
Heidegger
Theory|ordinary public places
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Placelessness is the inevitable destiny of the urban condition. These generic cities are located in Asia. â&#x20AC;&#x153;
Koolhaas
Theory|ordinary public places
how to design places meaningful for everyday life in a radically transforming, and generalizing Chinese city?
Theory|ordinary public places
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The world is what we perceive. The way people use and value places is highly influenced by their perception of space.â&#x20AC;?
Merleau-Ponty
Theory|ordinary public places
Therefore the perceptual experience of space is crucial in the success of any urban design.
Perception of space|linearity china
west
small scattered places and streets
yamen
central and static nodes
Perception of space|hierarchy china
west
yamen
church
hierarchical system similarity in volumes
non-orthogonal system individual volumes
Perception of space|unity china
collective inward focus on family
church
west
public outward focus on individual
Perception of space|human scale china
small scattered private spaces horizontal city
west
large pieces in the centre of blocks vertical city
Perception of space|enclosure
space is perceived as a series of walled enclosures presenting space little by little form meaningful places by enclosing spaces local context determines outcome
Perception of space|enclosure
Perception of space|enclosure
Zoom in neighborhood|parameters
Zoom in neighborhood|valley taking existing as a basis to develop
Zoom in neighborhood|valley taking existing as a basis to develop
Zoom in neighborhood|bamboo hills and ponds taking existing as a basis to develop
Zoom in neighborhood|main arteries taking existing as a basis to develop
yamen
Zoom in neighborhood|main arteries taking existing as a basis to develop
yamen 23
7
15
7
23
- symetrical profile - continuity facade - no setback - transparency 1st floor - max 5 stories - land use mix - max 12 m between each entrance - max 25% open space on plot
Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteries taking existing as a basis to develop
yamen
Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteries taking existing as a basis to develop
yamen
- transition zone 5 m ( porches, verandaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, frontyard - 3-4 stories - asymetrical profile - height differences - max 7 m. between each entrance - sitting elements - land use mix - vendors and street stalls - planting as spacemakers
Zoom in neighborhood|building plots
Zoom in neighborhood|zoning
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
1st floor min. 4 m.
max. height 18.00
At least one side accessible to public One side at least a Wall max. 80% build
min. 7 m.x 7m. court
at least 5 m. distance on 50% max 23 m. max. 6 m.setback from street.
5m
max. 5 plots per developer
6m
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|specials
Zoom in neighborhood|framework
Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds
Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds
Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds
series of enclosed worlds | water
series of enclosed worlds |water
Water Gravelbed
Prefab concrete with constructed gutter
CRUCIAL DETAIL Prefab concrete Coated steel gutter
Helophytes
Concrete Gravel
series of enclosed worlds |water
- toned down materials - stones baked by local soil - only plantation, water and concrete elements stand out - gravel in watercascade to increase sound
series of enclosed worlds | water cleaning
Storage + first filter Clean air
Wall water transport system Black water
Chinese citronella grass Water tank
Clarification plant
hylophytes and gravel
Storage ponds
Grey water
Clean gutter Helophytes
Primary sedimentation
Planted trench filter Chengdu water system
result|CHINA 2030 URBAN AREA By 2013 loss of arable land will go below governments minumum of 120million ha
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 URBAN POPULATION By 2030 urban population will almost double from 572 m in 2005 to one billion
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 MIGRANTS 70% will be migrants
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 BIODIVERSITY By 2030 7 to 20% of the landscape will be lost
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 WATER By 2030 3 billion cubic meters of water is short
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 ENERGY By 2030 energy demand will triple
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 AIR POLUTION By 2030 35 million cars will be sold annually
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 TRANSPORT By 2030 the current subway system need to expand eight times
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 FOOD By 2030 meat consumption will double
1990
2010
2030
result|CHINA 2030 WASTE By 2030 solid waste will increase by 150%
1990
2010
2030
result|Technical
urban
the Wall
rural
result|Psychological
result|INTEGRAL WALL
result|NEW CHINESE WALLS
the wall
墙城
The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu Jasper Nijveldt