GRADUATION PROJECT TITLE : SCHOOL HOSTEL FURNITURE VOLUME : 1/1 SPONSOR : SELF SPONSORED STUDENT : JAYMIN PANCHASARA PROGRAMME : BACHELOR OF DESIGN GUIDE : PRAVINSINH SOLANKI
2015 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN (FURNITURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN)
The evaluation jury recommends JAYMIN PANCHASARA for the BACHELOR OF DESIGN of National Institute of Design. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN FACULTY (FURNITURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN) Herewidth, for the project titled “ HOSTEL FURNITURE ” on fulfilling the further requirements by
Chairman Members :
* Subsequent remarks fulfilling the requirements :
Registrar (Academics)
ORIGINALITY STATEMENT
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and it contains no full or substantial copy of previously published material, or it does not even contain substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in this diploma project. Moreover I also declare that none of the concepts are borrowed or copied without due acknowledgement. I further declare that the intellectual content of this Diploma Project is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged. This diploma project (or part of it) was not and will not be submitted as assessed work in any other academic course.
I hereby grant the National Institute of Design the right to archive and to make available my diploma project/thesis/dissertation in whole or in part in the Institute’s Knowledge Management Centre in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act. I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my document or I have obtained permission to use copyright material.
Student Name in Full:
Signature: Student Name in Full: Date:
Signature: Date:
Copyright Š2014-2015 Student document publication meant for private circulation only. All rights reserved. Graduation Bachelor of Design, Furniture and interior design, 2014-15 National institute of Design, Ahmedabad, India. No part of this document will be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means including photocopying, photography and videography recording without written permission from the publisher, Jaymin Panchasara and National Institute of Design. All illustrations and photographs in this document are Copyright Š2014-2015 by respective people/ organizations. Edited and designed byName: Jaymin Panchasara Email: Jaymin.p@nid.edu Processed at National Institute of Design (NID) Paldi, Ahmedabad - 380007 Gujurat, India. www.nid.edu Printed digitally in Ahmedabad, India. September, 2015
HOSTEL FURNITURE A Graduation project by Jaymin Panchasara
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The 4 month long degree project was an amalgamation of learning, experiences and challenges. The project would not have taken its form, had it not been the people around me, who have in some ways or the other played a crucial role in successful completion of the project. I take this opportunity to thank all of them. At NID, I would like to thank my Guide Mr. Pravinsinh Solanki for his guidance and valuable suggestions. He has been a wonderful teacher and a friend throughout the discipline tenure in the institute.
I would like to take this oppurtunity to thank the Director, Pradumya vyas, the Chairperson Education, Mr Vijay Singh Katiyar, the Registrar, Dr Vijaya Deshmukh, Paresh bhai and other academic staff ensuring that we have an enriched and enjoyable educational experience at NID. A big thanks to everyone for their support.
My family for their love and support. My brother Abhay in whom I found strong support. My Dad, a confident whose opinion I can value at once for its justness and sincerity. My uncles, yatin and vinod, without which the prototyping would have not taken its shape. I would like to thank all the workshop and IT staff. Vivek, Keerthana, Prakhar, Jayraj, and Abhilasha for being my helping hands.
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CONTENTS 14
CHAPTER 1 : Introduction National Institute of Design About Furniture and Interior Design Project proposal Methodology Project timeline
25
CHAPTER 2 : Research and Analysis Definition of Hostel Field study Ergonomics Market trends
57
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CHAPTER 3 : Design Conceptualization Initial Concept Concept 2 Refined Concept Phase 2- Final Concept Ergonomics and features Renders Scenarios Colour options
89
CHAPTER 4 : Final solution Material Making process Prototype
105
CHAPTER 5 : CAD Drawings
119
CHAPTER 6 : Refinements
123
CHAPTER 7 : Cost
127
CHAPTER 8 : Conclusion
129
CHAPTER 9 : Bibliography
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DESIGN National Institute of Design (NID) is Internationally acclaimed as one of the finest educational Institution in India for Industrial, Communication,Textile and IT integrated design, apart from being the pioneer in design education in India, it has over the past five decades gained recognition as one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in design research, training and consultancy and outreach programs. Established in 1961, The institute functions as an autonomous body under the department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India. NID has been declared ‘Institution of National Importance’ by the Act of Parliament, by virtue of the National Institute of Design Act 2014.
NID has been a pioneer in Industrial design education after Bauhaus and Ulm in Germany. NID graduates have made a mark in key sectors of Commerce, Industry and Social development by taking role of catalysts and through thought leadership. It has been the recipient of several National and International awards and is recognized for its design excellence and capabilities.
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FURNITURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN The first year of the Undergraduate Programme at NID is the Foundation programme. This rigorous programme ensures students are well versed with all aspects of design, and their understanding of design basics is thorough. After this introduction to basic skills, students are required to choose a specialization for the next 3 years. The Furniture and Interior Design course is a specialized programme under the Department of Industrial Design. The focus is on learning by doing, with a strong hands on approach. Students gain a thorough understanding of form, structure, context and material by building workable prototypes in the workshops and labs. A combination of courses, projects and field visits ensures exposure to both the craft sector and mass manufacture. The subject of waste material, ergonomics, modularity, anthropometry, traditional techniques, lifestyle, manufacturing and Customization are concerns of the furniture designer.
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As a student of this discipline, I have explored various materials and attended many courses which included simple furniture design, space planning, simple product design, product photography, 3D scanning and 3D printing. My Design education at NID has been a wholesome Experience, giving me a complete insights into the various aspects of design, along with expertise in furniture design. I was fortunate enough to attend a 4 month exchange programme to University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. The experience enriched my design outlook and has shaped me to be better citizen and a designer.
PAST PROJECTS 1. Sem 6 : Design project 2. Sem 6 : Cafe furniture for Infiniti Design, Italy 3. Sem 8 : Product photography
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GRADUATION PROJECT As part of the 4.5 year Graduate programme in design, the student is expected to undertake degree project. This is an extensive investigation in the field of design on a topic closely allied to their discipline of study. It is the final academic project for the student. To demonstrate their expertise as an independent designer in the market. After its completion, a jury comprising faculty and external members evaluates the students performance. The student is expected to formulate a brief and choose a guide. The selection of appropriate brief is the first and the most crucial step of the whole process. The graduation project helps a student revise the entire 4 years of design process of their discipline, which helps them further in the industry.
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PROJECT PROPOSAL The project brief is the foremost guiding light for the student to commence the Degree project. It is also one of the deciding factors in choosing the work with a particular firm, or doing it self sponsored. The project brief was to research, design and develop a furniture for School Hostels/dorms. The aim was to understand existing scenario of the hostel/dorm and then try to provide a solution that suits most of the layouts in terms of both functionality and aesthetics. The concept had to be manufacturing friendly, affordable and durable. The target audience is 13-20 age group. The students living in school/college hostels that requires a bed, study table and storages.
Although hostel is not a new sector of furniture design, the incorporation of a system like multifunctionality, costing gave it a current relevance. Metal and wood furniture is seen by many to be traditional and old-school, and there is a need to create innovative designs that appeals to the customers in this sector. As the Nation advances, more and more people can afford good education. The aim was to try and create designs that could fit in a boring environment of hostel, so as to create a furniture which compliments the activities of students. A proper design process that involves a qualitative research, ideation conceptualization and designing took place to achieve the best possible solution. The deliverables included technical drawings, 3D renders and full scale prototype.
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Methodology
In order to understand the complexity of the brief and the current scenario, a short research on the existing furniture was conducted. Another research field was how user uses this furniture in their space. The hostel lifestyle was explored in depth. The next phase was putting down of basic ideas and concepts in the form of ideation and iterations. Keeping in mind all the small aspects from safety, cost and durability the concept were built and taken forward. Relevant concept were then modified and detailed. This stage included Ergonomics and Aesthetic refinements. Few 3D models and renders helped in visualization of the final outcome and added depth to the concept The final stage was detailed working drawings and prototyping including fabricating, carpentry and finishing.
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The Process
Research Concept Refinement Visualize Prototype
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
Detailing
Finishing prototype
Ideation Concept generation Research Analysis
Working drawing
Documentation
Prototyping
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CHAPTER 2 Research and Analysis
HOSTEL A Hostel or a dorm or hall of residence is a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarter for large numbers of students, often for boarding schools, colleges or universities. Hostel would include furnitures like bed, study table, chair, storages, shoe racks and community tables.
MEDIEVAL LATIN
OLD FRENCH
Hospitale
ENGLISH Hospital
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Hostel Lodging, place to stay Middle English
RESEARCH The research gave insights and inputs into the kind of products, their essential characteristics, properties and dimensions of the products that need to be designed. Following areas of research were identified.
FIELD VISIT MARKET SURVEY 1. Furniture market study 2. Available Hostel/dorm furniture in the market.
ERGONOMICS 1. Anthropometric Data 2. Cognitive Ergnomics
FIELD VISIT 1. J.G International School 2. Urmi Residential School 3. Delhi Public School
The first step towards understanding the brief was to get an idea of the environment the product have to interact with. To understand the requirements, functions and habits of the end users. Typically the end users would be students living in residential school i.e from 9 to 12 standard.
Field study aimed to provide information on 1. Functional requirements of the user. 2. Activities involved in the room environment 3. Hostel arrangement and space. The information will help in building few design concepts.
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J.G INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL JG International School is situated in JG Campus of Excellence close to SG road, in the heart of Ahemdabad. It is an endeavour of the ASIA Charitable Trust, one of the oldest educational institutions in the city managing 20 odd colleges and schools. School provides classes with specially designed furniture, interactive t.v etc. JGIS is affiliated to IB (International Baccalaureate), CIE (Cambridge International Examinations, UK) and CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, New Delhi). Each class consists of 30 students. Each hostel/dorm room consists of 25-30 students.
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OBSERVATIONS 01. Students are provided with sufficient wardrobe space. 02. Enough space provided in study table to keep bag/ stationary. 03. Students feel lack of privacy in the room while studying and sleeping. 04. Students who study late are often disturbed by other students who are sleeping (lack of privacy) 05. Shoe rack is kept outside the room. 06. Room keys has to be given to the warden before going to class. 07. Natural lighting is proper on study table, but no proper artificial lights during the night time. 08. No personal lighting near the bed, which doesnt allow students to read during the night time. 09. They are allowed to use phones/laptops during specific hours. 10. Personal switch boards are provided near the bed. 11. They need more storage near study table/ lockers for keeping books, currently they keep books in their wardrobe.
12. School have low budget for furniture as they believe providing good teaching is more important. 13. All rooms are equiped with backlights and first aid kits 14. There has been no proper storage for damp clothes for the students. 15. Bed and blankets are provided by the school
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URMI RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL Urmi School Residential is Co-ed English medium school offering both CBSE and GSEB curriculum and located in a posh, secured and easily accessible area of Vadodara city. The school follows 10+2 pattern and has classes from Playcenter to STD XII offering both Science and Commerce stream. The curriculum is so designed and divided into theoretical as well as practical sessions so as to inculcate curiosity of knowledge and love for studies. Each class consists of 50 students Each hostel room consists of 8-10 students
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OBSERVATIONS 01. Too many students in one room. 02. Not enough space for keeping clothes/books/ stationaries. 03. Not enough space for general storages like luggages. 04. Students have no privacy while sleeping and studying. 05. Study rooms are provided separately, as there is no sufficient space for study tables. 06. No recreational space in the room, group work/ discussion happens outside the room, in the corridor. 07. No proper lighting in the room, which creates a problem, if students wants to study during evening. 08. Furniture provided in the room are not ergonomically made. 09. School have low budget for the furniture. 10. Personal switch boards are missing. 11. Students are allowed to use their laptops and mobiles in specific hours.
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GUJARAT PUBLIC SCHOOL Gujarat Public School is a residential and co-educational school, managed by BRG Group, located in a posh area of Vadodara city. The motto of the school is working towards a better and an educated society The school follows 10+2 pattern and has classes from Playcenter to STD XII offering both Science and Commerce stream. Each class consists of 40-50 students. Each hostel room consists of 4-5 students.
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OBSERVATIONS 01. Chairs need to provide strength enough to withstand constant rocking. 02. Tables provided with ability to clip or hold books and paper would be useful. 03. While cleaning the room, the floor underneath the furniture should be accesible. 04. Tables and chairs are often jumped upon, they should be strong enough. 05. Exposed joineries/screws/bolts should be avoided, students often losen it. 06. Some privacy should be provided. 07. Storage beneath the tables is difficult and cause discomfort due to low clearance. (proper drawers) 08. Table surface should be easily cleaned. 09. A small storage space for bag should be provided. 10. light near study table and bed is a necessity. 11. Soft boards are necessary for students to put up there timetable/ family photos/ to-do list. 12. Controlled freedom for changing layout of the room can be considered. 13. Recreational space is must, which allows students to interact/do group work/crafts/play in the room itself. 14. Furniture should be designed considering leisure time of the students.
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INFERENCES After interacting with students, wardens, teachers and trustees of the school, and looking at the exisiting hostel furniture facilities, the following observations were made:
03. As there are no good designed beds and storages in an affordable price, customers (School) often compromises on buying the furniture.
01. The furniture market in India includes retail outlets and local carpenters. The retail outlets provide a very low range in terms of design, or new concepts, as people see no need of providing, as cost is a primary buying factor. They fail to do customization like size/colour and flexibility in providing different SKU's.
04. Schools often do marketing by showing off their type of teaching/ facilities they provide , sports, extra curriculum activities, and their hostel rooms. They want to stand out from other school by providing good looking furniture, hence they want something good looking pieces of furniture which are durable, repairable and affordable.
02. The furniture available in the market are often made keeping in mind, how fast, cheaply a furniture can be made, which leads to bad product quality, less durability, and fast rusting issues, which in case of a schools and hostels, it affects the most.
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SCOPE OF WORK 01. A room where students can create a private habitat or co-habited area that emits a sense of warmth and acts as a reflection of their flexiblities, freedom and functionality at the same time accomodate their requirements. 02. A furniture which gives a sense of sincerity, discipline and motivation towards studies 03. A range that is designed to last and withstand multihandlings of students yet gives a homely feeling of warmth and comfort.
06. If the furniture is provided in the form of knock down. making it easier to transport and easy to handle, it automatically makes the furniture price go down. 07. Furniture should have no sharp edges, should be durable to bear student's mischievious activities in the hostel. The general feedback made it clear that the desired furniture needs to be knock down and material used has to be durable. Aspects like Cost, Repairability, and durability has to be keep in mind.
04. One furniture unit which might include bed, study table and storage together, making it a private habitat which is owned by each student. 05. When it comes to storages, it is prefered to have closed storages over open due to ease of cleaning, clutter dumping with no time to clean the small things in the hostel rooms. also in case of teenagers, the amount of clutter created is immense and hence storages come to the rescue making it easier to conceal the clutter quickly. The storage needs to have a lock as well.
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ERGONOMICS Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among the humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. (The international Ergonomics Association)
The Vitruvian Man Italian: Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo. Leonardo Da Vinci’s “Vitruvian Man� drawing (1487) is based on correlations between ideal human proportions and geometry.
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Designs without due considerations to the body dimensional requirements of intended users do not serve their purpose and have less user acceptance value. There are numerous medical problems that have resulted because of the use of articles that do not match the Anthropometry of the users, wrongly designed systems induce improper posture leading to operational un easiness and musculo- skeletal. and some psychological disorders. Anthropometric data are required not only to build furniutre suitable for human use, but also to take in account the clearance dimensions when using such furniture
The study spaces is one of the areas that product will be catering to, special attention had to make to look at the thigh and knee clearances in the sitting postures to determine the best suitable table top heights and to look at the arm reaches in the sitting postures. Another concern was to consider elbow resting height for ease of working while in the sitting posture. When storages are concerned the interaction as human body with them should be such that the objects that are kept in the storage units should be easily accessible to the person. He/she should not stress his/her body while using it. Hence it is very important to consider arm reach heights and lengths. The target group is 16-21 age. It includes students from 9th -12th standard, and college students.
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENCE
INFERENCES
Adolescence Meaning to “Grow up”
1. The furniture has to be such that, it should provide the user his/her individual space. 2. It should be such that that it encourages study and discipline. 3. The furniture should be comfortable and support visual privacy while studying.
“It is a transitional stage of physical and mental human development that occurs between childhood and adulthood. This transition involves biological, social and psychological changes. It has been identified as a period in which young people develop abstract thinking abilities”. Early adolescence: 12-17 years Late adolescence: 17-18 years SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR Adolescents typically increase the amount of time spent with their peers, adolescents report that they are far more happier spending time with them as compared to the adults. Consequently, conflict between adolescents and their parents increase at this time as adolescents strive to create a separation and sense of independence.
STANDARD ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONS Standard dimensions used by different hostel furniture manufacturing companies across india.
SEAT
TABLE
LKG, UKG, 1st
CLASS
300 (H) 300 (W) 350 (L)
500 (H) 400 (W) 450 (L)
2nd and 3rd
350 (H) 350 (W) 350 (L)
550 (H) 400(W) 450(L)
4th and 5th
400(H) 400(W) 400(L)
650(H) 450(W) 600(L)
5th to 12th
450(H) 420(w) 450(l)
750(h) 450(w) 600(l)
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Upper/lower position length/height
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Upper/lower position length/height (leaning)
Elbow rest and knee heights
Vertical upward arm reach from shoulder and popliteal
1890
550 750 420
Table and Seat Height
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MARKET STUDY The potential buyers are different schools and Institutions across the country. The product to be designed belongs to the category of Institutional residential furniture. The furniture is designed for students from 10th till college level students.
FURNITURE MARKET IN INDIA
INSTITUTIONAL FURNITURE MARKET The home furniture is the largest segment in the Indian Furniture market, Accounting for about 65% pf the furniture sales. The office furniture segments contributes to about 20% share and the contract segment, accounting for remaining 15%
The furniture market in India is likely to witness an accelerated growth, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 30 %, according to Technopak Advisors. The CSIL Milano, has classified India as one of the 14th large furniture markets in the world. However, the furniture sector makes a marginal contribution of 0.5% to India’s GDP. The Industry segments include big players from the formal sector such as Godrej and Boyce Manufacturing Co. Ltd, BP ergo, Feather lite, Haworth, Style spa, Yantra, Renaissance, Millennium Lifestyles, Durian, Kian, Tangent, Furniturewala, Zuari, V3 engineers, PSL modular Furniture. Etc.
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Household
Office
Contract
Home Furniture
Expectations
Includes the range of furniture for personal, household, and public use , like institutions, schools, hospitals, theater, cafeteria etc
The targeted clients are school and college hostels/ dormitories. The school usually looks forward to invest in the durable furniture which has to last at least 5-10 years. They want the furniture to be affordable, attractive, sturdy and one which involves very less maintenance. The price is one of the major driving factor in the Indian market.
Office furniture Includes the range of furniture for home office and corporate offices.
Contract furniture
This targeted market has varous options for purchasing from the local carpenters, to furniture manufacturers and imported furniture manufacturing companies.
Includes furniture for hotels and resorts.
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Market Trend
Godrej is India’s largest furniture brand. They offer home solutions, office furniture, solutions for laboratories, hospitals, healthcare establishments, educational training institutes, shipyards of navy, etc. They have 50 exclusive showrooms in 18 cities and through 800 outlets in India.
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INFERENCES 01. The materials used are pre laminated particle board, MS rectangular and square sections 02. The furniture is available in different sizes and is ergonomically designed. 03. The furniture has rounded edges that ensures safety for children. 04. There are many different options for storages in different materials, sizes and finishes.
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Urban Ladder is a curated online furniture seller in Bangalore, India. The company offers a range of products such as beds, sofas, wardrobes, and dining among other furniture categories. Urban Ladder is present in 12 cities across. The brand envisions on a solution that could get distinctive products, manufactured well at prices that consumers would find practical.
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INFERENCES 01. The brand offers design solutions for a varied range of users with varied tastes.They explore with wide variety of materials, design sensibilities, needs and work together to bring an optimized solution. 02. Design Inputs: Better designs that can be matched with global standards 03. Ease of purchase: The entire process of finding a carpenter, showing him the design and then waiting for five-six weeks for him to complete the product can be cumbersome for people who value their time. Instead it’s easier to find the product online with detailed images; size specifications among oth ers, and has the product delivered to one’s home. 05. The furniture are mostly in wood, pre-laminated particle board. Mostly the target audience for these furnitures are for home use because of the cost and quality they provide.
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Pepper fry is one of the largest furniture and home online marketplace headquartered in Mumbai. A managed marketplace, Pepper fry is known for its differentiated product range which offers over sixty five thousand products across categories like Furniture, Home Décor, Kitchen & Dining, etc. Pepper fry operates on a “Managed Marketplace” model, which is an ideal platform for small and medium business artisans and merchants, who wish to sell their merchandize to millions of discerning customers.
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INFERENCES 01. Pepperfry has taken a clear lead in terms of setting up its own logistics network and product catalogue. Pepperfry delivers to 150 cities (using own vehicles) across the country, which is the highest reach in this segment. 02. Pepperfry is based on three business models which are Marketplace, On Demand and Warehouse. Pepperfry enables Merchants from across the country to sell their items on the site after agreeing on commercial terms. 03. Pepperfry trains suppliers to make knock-down, foldable products, similar to IKEA. The company also provides carpenters to assemble the items once delivered. 04. They are good at producing new design and concepts, which makes there product value high in the market, As then they go through a process of developing a product from scratch, the product price goes high, so the target audience also changes.
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Sudama Furniture is an Indian manufacturer, exporter and marketer of all types of Office, School, Industrial and Institutional Steel Furniture Products. They have worked on outdoor wooden project work for NID (National Institute of Design) Ahmedabad, ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) Ahmedabad, successfully. Hostel and school furniture is their primary product line which includes Study table, Beds etc. They have designed beds for single users and have supplied these products to NID, CEPT and other Institute having Hostel facilities.
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INFERENCES 01. To maintain excellent quality level, all products are manufactured from prime quality CRC Sheets and ERW (ERC) pipes using modern, specially designed machines, jig fixtures and equipment like Anti corrosive pretreatment process, Electrostatic stoving, enamel spray painting, Oven baking furnace, etc. 02. The combination of material like Rubber wood, Powder coated steels, teak wood, Plywood are generally used for making hostel furniture. 03. Hostel furniture are fully featured and designed after Ergonomics and convenience of children. Specially designed hostel furniture has high demand both in Export and domestic markets.
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FabFurnish.com is an Indian furniture & home dĂŠcor retailer selling furniture, furnishings, dĂŠcor and kitchenware. The company retails online, and has partner showrooms in India. The company is headquartered in Gurgaon, NCR. FabFurnish.com follows both are inventory model and a managed marketplace model. In the inventory model, products are sourced from brands and stored in the Fab Furnish warehouse. In the managed marketplace model, FabFurnish provides marketing, logistics and delivery.
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INFERENCES 01. The brand USP lies in the large and contemporary collection of more than 25,000 products, thorough product display with 360-view of every product, and convenient payment options that even include part payment option. 02. They have come up with their own brands too. Fab Home is contemporary and stylish furniture. wood showcases classy, wooden furniture. Home Republic exhibits inexpensive, non-wood, utility products. 03. Their target is young and looking for more contemporary designs. They brand showcases small compact furniture, multifunctional furniture, outdoor furniture and suave leather furniture. 04. Highest selling products at FabFurnish.com include solid wood furniture items - recliners, coffee and accent tables, book cases, collapsible furniture, and sofa beds. Among other products, the kitchen category, in entirely, is quite a hit with customers.
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IKEA is a global destination store for home furnishing, appliances, ready-to-assemble furniture, home accessories and kitchen products. It is the world’s largest furniture retailer with more than 301 stores and 30 franchised units. The largest market for the company is Germany with 44 stores followed by the United States with 37 stores.
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INFERENCES 01. Ikea focuses more on providing best solutions in an affordable prices while includes home, office, kitchen, outdoor furnitures and products. 02. They provide products in many different materials, from prelaminated plywood, wood, sheet metal and MS /SS section pipes. 03. IKEA works actively to reduce waste in manufacturing. Where possible, waste from one manufacturing process should be used in the production of other items. IKEA recycles large quantities of material, such as cardboard, paper, plastic, wood, metal and glass. This affects a lot in product price. 04. IKEA attempts to repair products rather than simply discarding them. These products are used as spare parts or sold at reduced prices in specially designated areas of the store. 05. IKEA puts special focus on children’s products, which must meet particularly high quality and safety requirements.
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CONCLUSION The widely used materials are wood, metal sections and processed boards. The indian market has been driven by need-based demands, rather than design and aesthetics. The cost has been the important factor, across all categories. The Institutional furniture industry in India is gradually advancing. There are plenty of Indian manufacturers venturing in the field. That has given the customer some range to choose from. They are coming up with variety and need based in range of school hostel furniture shows the influence of International boarding school systems and market.
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CHAPTER 3 Design Conceptualization
INITIAL CONCEPTUALIZATION After the general feedback consolidation, some initial concepts ideas were sketched out, the initial concepts were created keeping in mind the idea of having a study space, bed and storages. Two initial concepts were generated for further ideation. Each of the two concepts worked around different ideas and languages. The ideas did not involve looking at the joinery/hardware related inputs. it just had first thoughts on how a bed+storage+study table system can be incorporated together in order to have it usable in very less space in the hostel without compromising functionality respectively.
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CRITERIAS 01. A room where students can create a private habitat or co-habited areas that emits a sense of warmth and acts as a reflection of their flexibilties, freedom and functionality at the same time accomodate their requirements. 02. A furniture which can give a sense of sincerity, discipline and motivation towards studies. 03. A furniture that is designed to last and withstand multihandling of students yet gives a homely feeling of warmth and comfort. 04. One furniture unit which include bed, study table and storage together, making it a private habitat which is owned by each students.
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INITIAL CONCEPT After the completion of the research, begins the ideation of the actual look and feel of the furniture. This involved building a concept and putting down various ideas on papers via sketches. Sketching out features and entire look of the unit. The concept was to create a study table which can be moved, allowing the user to use the table while sitting on the bed, but it can be stored/kept when not in use. The freedom of moving the table compliments many student postures observed in the room. The bed is equipped with a spring action hinge, thus making it a space saving bed with storages around it. The storages might include a wardrobe and general storages, the system was thus developed till drawings and few 3d models.
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Book storage
Acoustic felt material
castors
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CONCEPT 2 The Concept was to create a study space when bed is not in use. Allowing the user to use the study space which can be taken out when needed, but stored when not in use. The bed is divided into two parts along its breath, first part can be lifted to allow the user to use the study space beneath the bed. The negative space underneath the lower and unlofted bed, this space is perfectly good storage space that often times goes unused. The system thus developed, provided a space saving solution that was a combination of study table and bed providing enough oppurtunity for the students to use in an hostel/dorm scenario.
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Study table
Soft board
bed
Shoe rack
Storage Study table
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PROS
CONS
01. The durability of the furniture would be very high. 02. The volume of storage in this unit is large, allowing user to store a lot. 03. Softboard and privacy screen is provided. 04. The same unit can be mirrored/fliped for different layouts. 05. Tall units and other drawers allows user to access the storage easily.
01. The Material used in the furniture can be plywood, pre-laminated MDF or Particle board. This will increase the weight of the overall furniture, which might create problems during transportation. 02. Comparitively the price of the overall furniture will increase. 03. The flat pack/knock down system will be difficult. 04. The hinge detail onto a plywood will have structural strength issues. 05. Repairability would be compromised. 06. Storage underneath the first part of the bed is not possible, because the pivot hinge in the centre. 07. Dust accumulation in this unit is more.
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REFINED CONCEPT The new refined concept was derived and developed keeping in mind the pros and cons. This concept had a study space underneath the bed, the bed can be lifted, so as to create a softboard and revealing the study desk. This unit allows bigger study desk, along with a bed sized softboard, and sufficient storage. Few explorations in terms of hardware, materials was done keeping in mind the economy aspect. The system thus developed from ergonomics, sketches till 3D model and renders, which helped in visualizing the product better. This unit was again a combination of a table and a bed providing enough oppurtunity for the students to use in an hostel/ dorm scenario.
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The system developed were further refined to arrive at a solution that involved even lesser number of storages and more use case scenario. There was a need to fix on the use case scenario in order to refine the concept at a grassroot level. All needed storages are listed below. 01. Shoe Rack 02. Books/Stationaries 03. Toiletries 04. General drawer
EXPLORATIONS
Materials possibility 01. Pre-laminated plywood 02. Pre-laminated MDF 03. Pre-laminated Particle board 04. Composite boards
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FEW CHANGES 01. Storage was reduced, and was given as per requirement. i.e no more, no less. 02. Front module was removed, and was given a ladder instead. 03. Shoe rack was shifted inside, for ease of access
MATERIAL POSSIBILITIES
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01. Pre-laminated plywood 02. Pre-laminated MDF 03. Pre-laminated Particle board 04. Composite boards
PHASE 2 During the explorations of the furniture, and with few discussions with the guide, and two local fabricators, it was concluded that the material imagined to be used might not be able to give as much strength as it should. So, came to a conclusion, where the storages can be easily made of Pre-Laminated MDF or plywood or particle board. But the overall frame to be explored/made in Mild Steel and Aluminium for the bed frame.
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ERGONOMICS CLIMBING
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STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
DECLIMBING
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
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INITIAL RENDERS
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FEATURES
Storage for Stationaries and Books
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Storage for toiletries and general items
Mobile shoe rack
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Lifting the bed reveals the study table and soft board. The bed is a specially caliberated counter weight system, which helps the user to lift the bed easily.
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The ears of the front frame can be used to hang school/ college bags/personal belongings.
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SCENARIOS
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School/college or private hostel rooms
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COLOUR OPTIONS
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CHAPTER 3 Final solution
MATERIAL MEDIUM DENSITY FIBRE BOARD (MDF) Medium density fiberwood (MDF) is a synthetic building material used in wooden constructions. Both softwood and hardwood are broken down into wood fibers in a defibrator which are then combined after treatment with resin and wax. These wood fibers are pressed at high temperatures and pressures to get MDF panels. Its sturdiness and cost effectiveness have made it popular in constructions as well as manufacture of cabinets and cupboards. Along with its many advantages, MDF has its own disadvantages. The way MDF is built makes it very versatile in usage. While it is difficult to coat wood with some kind of color, MDF holds and binds to all colors very easily. It can be painted and coated with a variety of oil based paints and varnishes. Thus, painting efforts and costs are reduced. The good binding is because of the molecular structure of MDF. On the flip side, the extensive use of glue in making MDF makes it quite a tough material to work with.
Durability
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Since MDF has been treated chemically, it is sure to be termite-proof. In this regard, there is absolutely nothing to worry about compared to natural wood. However,
There are many woods like teak and rubber wood that are also termite-proof. The greatest problem with MDF is its susceptibility to water. Though it can withstand humidity and moisture, if exposed to water, MDF sheets begin to swell and bend.
Usage, maintenance and Cost Putting MDF to use is very easy. Glue can be used to bind two surfaces which are uniform and plain unlike wood. Thus, there is great flexibility available for the workmen while working with MDF. However, maintenance for MDF is high. This is because, break and faults cannot be repaired. Even the smallest nick or damage exposes the core material of MDF which is vulnerable and susceptible. Once this happens, there is no choice but to discard the furniture or construction and get a new one. One of the greatest advantages of MDF is its low cost. Since it is made from all kinds of waste chips of wood through a chemical process, it can be manufactured in bulk. So, cost of purchasing it is very low.
PLYWOOD Plywood is a composite material, although we often consider it as a traditional working material. It is composed of individual plies / veneers of wood. It is very strong due to the way the plies are put together. The grain of each ply is positioned at ninety degrees to the pieces of ply above and below it. The plies are glued together with synthetic resin, making a very strong composite material. Furthermore, plywood is usually constructed so that an odd number of plies are used. Plywood is less likely to warp or split, due to this construction.
Usage and maintenance Gluing, drilling, boring is quite easy in case of Plywood. Maintenance for plywood is low. Though plywood is not preferable to be used without applying colour/varnish/ laminate/veneers.
It is difficult to coat colour onto plywood. but it can be easily painted with variety of oil based varnishes.
Durability As it is been made of piled of natural veneet glued together, it is comparitively strong. It is usually not waterproof, but other processes like boling water and use of other chemicals during the process makes it water resistance. It is a better water resisitive than MDF and particle board.
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PARTICLE BOARD Particle Boards are a relatively new type of engineered wood product that are made from glueing together small chips and saw-dust and firmly pressing them together to make boards or sheets.
Cost The main advantage of particle board over solid wood or plywood is that its cost is very low. Compared to plywood furniture of similar dimensions, particle board furniture costs less than half. This low cost of course comes at a price, because particle boards are not as durable as plywood or solid wood.
Light weight Particle boards are very light in weight, and hence furniture made from these boards is relatively easy to transport and move around.
Finishing
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Colour and varnishes are difficult in case of particle board. It is preferable to put laminates or veneers instead of keeping it expose. Only oil based colours and varnishes can be applied, as it is a bad resistance to water.
Usage and maintenance Drilling and boring can be easily done, but it can only be screwed once. Glue can be used to bind two surfaces which are uniform and plain unlike wood. In case of particle board, break and faults cannot be repaired. It’s not long lasting, as it is a bad moisture/water resistance like MDF. Even the smallest nick or damage exposes the core material of the board which is vulnerable and susceptible. If Once this happens, there is no choice but to discard the furniture and get a new one. It is cheaply available in the market.
LAMINATES Laminates, also known as decorative laminates are artificially produced materials made from paper and plastic resins. Similar to veneers these are also used as an overlay over wooden surfaces to increase their beauty.
Cost
Usage and maintenance Laminates are easier to maintain. They are scratchresistant, waterproof and usually retain their look for years. Yet it might get chip off if not installed or taken care of properly.
The cost laminates is low compared to veneers. Both laminates and veneers are decorative overlay materials, meant to increase the beauty of the underlying wood. If one needs a natural look and feel, veneers is a good choice, because its a wooden material, a slice of wood. There are many kinds of good looking wood laminates and veneer, e.g. teak, cherry, oak, maple etc.
Finishing On the other hand, there are laminates available in the market that resemble wood grain patterns and other colours,Since decorative laminates are made from designs printed on paper, there is a wide variety available. The basic point is veneers are natural, while laminates are artificial materials.
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MILD STEEL Mild steel is the least expensive of all steel and the most common steel used. Used in nearly every type of product created from steel, it is weldable, very hard and, although it easily rusts, very durable. Containing a maximum of 0.29% carbon, this type of steel is able to be magnetized and used in almost any projects. Many of the everyday objects that are created of steel are made using mild steel, including automobile chassis, motorcycle frames, and most cookware. Due to its poor corrosion-resistance, it must be painted or otherwise protected and sealed in order to prevent rust from damaging it. A light coat of oil or grease is able to seal this steel and aid in rust control. Unlike high-carbon steel, mild steel is easily welded. The properties of the steel allow the electrical current to travel through the metal without distorting the makeup of the material. Some types of high-carbon steel, such as stainless steel, require special techniques in order to properly weld the material. Being less brittle than highcarbon steels, the mild variant is able to flex and give in construction projects where a higher-carbon version could simply break.
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Round Bar
Rectangular Bar
Square Bar
Hexagonal Bar
Flat sheet
Round tube/pipe
Square tube
Rectangular tube
COLD ROLLED MILD STEEL Cold rolled steel is essentially hot rolled steel that has had further processing. The steel is processed further in cold reduction mills, where the material is cooled (at room temperature) followed by annealing and/or tempers rolling. This process will produce steel with closer dimensional tolerances and a wider range of surface finishes. 1. Cold drawing increases the yield and tensile strengths. 2. Turning gets rid of surface imperfections. 3. Polishing improves surface finish. All cold products provide a superior surface finish, and are superior in tolerance, concentricity, and straightness when compared to hot rolled. Cold Rolled steel has an improved surface finish, which makes it common in the creation of furniture, appliances and other consumer goods.
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PROTOTYPING PROCESS METAL FABRICATION At the first step of Prototyping, the M.S Pipe was cut in desired sizes and was placed in the bending machine, in which it got a radius 3 times it outer diameter. The bend pieces were put together and was welded to form the front and the rear frame. Then the frames were finished by removing and sanding the extra flux on the weld spot. Front and rear frames were then fixed with the four horizontal members via a knock down joinery. Both hand tools as well as machines were used in combination throughout the process.
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WOOD WORKING The two 19 mm and 12 mm MDF were cut into desired shapes. The pieces were then sanded to precision and were given desired egde radius. Total of 3 sheets were needed to make the storages and the shoe rack. 2 sheets of 19 mm MDF and a single board of 12 mm MDF for inner parts like drawers. The pieces were then glued with the respective Laminates and were clamped together for a day. The pieces were then glued and screwed together to form the Carcase and the drawers. The Telescoping channels were then installed at precised height for the drawers. The process involved a lot of modifications in terms of dimensions thus it helped in receiving a lot of insights and feedbacks into wood working and basic standards of measurement.
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POWDER COATING AND POLISHING The storage and the shoe rack were sanded down by hand using the sandpaper. Then the filling agent, which is a mixture of polish powder/wood fine saw and fevicol was filled in imperfections and holes left behing the nails. Once it was dried, it was sanded again. A thin layer of matt lacquer was applied and left dry for 24 hours. The metal frames are then powder coated . The powder coating process is very similar to a painting process except that the “paint� is a dry powder rather than a liquid. The powder sticks to the parts due to electrostatic charging of the powder and grounding of the parts. Any substrate can be used that can tolerate the heat of curing the powder and that can be electrically grounded to enhance charged particle attachment. The powder flows and cures during the application of heat.
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PROTOTYPE
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CHAPTER 5 CAD Drawings
9
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11
FLAT PACK PACKAGING FOR ONE UNIT
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CHAPTER 7 Refinements
Wood/ply/mdf planck which avoids the cushion to fall
Privacy and side supporting member
handle groove on the facia
Skurting gap to avoid the laminate to get damaged.
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After few discussions with the guide, few changes in terms of add ons had to be considered. The add ons are as follows: 01. There are chances of cushion falling behing the bed, which can get stuck in the rear frame. So an addition of a surface or a planck can solve the problem 02. The supporting member onto the bed frame will help in creating a visual privacy and acts as a support, so that there are less chances of falling at a height of 1 metre 03. The skurting gap in the storage will help in avoiding the damage to the laminate and MDF/Particle board. This issue is usually observed in schools/colleges where mopping is carelessly done, which damages the skurting area of the furniture. 04. A 4 inch groove on the top of the facia is added, which will act as a handle. This detail would avoid any dust to entre inside the drawers. 05. Addition of a switch board on the table top will be useful, as most of the school/colleges students are equiped with mobile phones, laptops and tablets.
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CHAPTER 8 Costing
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COST The per unit cost of production will typically reduce when making multiples of the same design at the same time. On a per item basis, there will be less time spent sourcing raw materials, taking measurements and setting up tooling. Keeping the M.S pipe frame as it is, and changing the materials of the storage and the shoe rack, if both are made in : 1.Particle board, the cost will be 15,100/2.Plywood, the cost will be 17,865/3.MDF,the cost will be 17,192/Mattress size: 6x2.5, thickness: 3 inch price: 2000/Total cost in case of Mass production will decrease atleast 20% of the cost of one prototype. Total cost of the furniture: 13,700/-
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CHAPTER 9 Conclusion
The self sponsored experience was truly one of the great learning. The major challenge throughout the project tenure was to build pressure and motivation towards work. The tenure of almost 4 and a half months of the project helped in learning how design for a specific audience takes place. The exercise of taking totally a different points of view that needed to taken into consideration when designing the furniture was an eye opener. The challenge of building a new concept for the market in an affordable price took the entire design knowledge gained from this institute. Major challenges formed a part of the learning, like how to choose a material while designing, exposure towards material, hardware and detailing. The project formed a big learning for future endeavours and beginning of the professional journey.
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CHAPTER 9 Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. Debkumar Chakrabarti - Indian Anthropometric Dimension for Ergonomic design practice 2. Joseph Dechiara, Juliu panero and Martin Zelnik - Time saver standards : Interior Design and space planning (second edtion_ - Mc graw hill Online Resources 1. http://www.ikea.com/qa/en/catalog/categories/business/ roomset/20141_ibrs27a/ 2. http://www.ikea.com/qa/en/search/?query=Loft+beds+%26+bunk +beds 3. https://www.godrejinterio.com/Godrejinterio/products.aspx?id=29& menuid=311&catid=42&subcatid=108&sec=lis&subsubcatid=321 4. http://www.dukefurnitures.com 5. http://www.pepperfry.com/furniture-children-beds.html 6. http://www.sudamafurniture.com 7. https://www.urbanladder.com/ 8. https://www.designboom.com/ 9. https://www.architonic.com/ 10. https://books.google.co.in/ 11. http://www.institutionalfurnitureconcepts.com/ 12. http://www.weltechfurnitures.com/institutional-furniture--990137. html 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostel 14. http://www.jgcampusindia.com/ 15. http:// urmischoolonline.com/ 16. http://www.gujaratpublicschool.org/
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17. http://www.ecofriend.com/pros-cons-using-mdf-wood-over-solidwood-building-green-home.html 18. http://blog.positiveindians.in/particle-board/particle-boardadvantages-disadvantages.html 19. http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-mild-steel.htm 20. http://metalsupermarkets.com/metals/cold-rolled-steel/ 21. http://metalsupermarkets.com/blog/difference-between-hotrolled-steel-and-cold-rolled-steel/ Image References Page 17: http://www.nid.edu/institute/history-background Page 18: http://www.discountanimalsupplies.com.au/index.php/ poultry/wood-shavings.html page 19: http://www.behance.net/jaymin.panchasara page 20: http://www.nid.edu page 28: http://www.jgcampusindia.com/ page 32: http://urmischoolonline.com/ page 34: http://www.gujaratpublicschool.org/ page 38: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man page 40: Debkumar chakrabarti- Indian Anthropometric dimensions for ergonomic design pratice. page 41: Joseph Dechiara, Juliu panero and Martin Zelnik - Time saver standards : Interior Design and space planning (second edtion_ - Mc graw hill Page 44: https://www.godrejinterio.com/Godrejinterio/products.aspx ?id=29&menuid=311&catid=42&subcatid=108&sec=lis&subsubcat id=321 Page 46: http://www.urbanladder.com/
Page 48: http://www.pepperfry.com/ page 50: http://www.sudamafurniture.com/ Page 52: http://www.fabfurnish.com/furniture/beds-for-kids/ page 54: http://www.ikea.com/qa/en/catalog/categories/business/ roomset/20141_ibrs27a/ page 86: http://www.google.com/images page 87: http://www.google.com/images page 88: http://www.google.com/images page 89: http://www.google.com/images
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GRADUATION PROJECT DOCUMENT JAYMIN PANCHASARA FURNITURE AND INTERIOR DESIGN