THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • ALBANY, NY 12234
2002 Edition • Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry Table A Standard Temperature and Pressure Name
Value
Table D Selected Units
Unit
Symbol
Name
Quantity
m
meter
length
kg
kilogram
mass
Pa
pascal
pressure
K
kelvin
temperature
mol
mole
amount of substance
J
joule
energy, work, quantity of heat
s
second
time
L
liter
volume
ppm
part per million
concentration
M
molarity
solution concentration
Standard Pressure
101.3 kPa 1 atm
kilopascal atmosphere
Standard Temperature
273 K 0°C
kelvin degree Celsius
Table B Physical Constants for Water Heat of Fusion
333.6 J/g
Heat of Vaporization
2259 J/g
Specific Heat Capacity of H2O ( )
4.2 J/g•K
Table C Selected Prefixes
Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions
Factor
Prefix
Symbol
103
kilo-
k
H3O+
hydronium
CrO42–
chromate
10 –1
deci-
d
Hg22+
dimercury (I)
Cr2O72–
dichromate
10 –2
centi-
c
NH4+
ammonium
MnO4–
permanganate
10 –3
milli-
m
acetate
NO2–
nitrite
10 –6
micro-
µ
C2H3O2– CH3COO–
nitrate
n
CN–
cyanide
NO3– O22–
peroxide
OH–
hydroxide
hydrogen carbonate
PO43–
phosphate
C2O42–
oxalate
SCN–
thiocyanate
ClO–
hypochlorite
SO32–
sulfite
ClO2–
chlorite
SO42–
sulfate
ClO3–
chlorate
HSO4–
hydrogen sulfate
ClO4–
perchlorate
S2O32–
thiosulfate
10 –9 10 –12
nanopico-
p
}
CO3
2–
HCO3
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
carbonate –
1
Table F Solubility Guidelines Ions That Form Soluble Compounds
Ions That Form Insoluble Compounds Exceptions
Exceptions
Group 1 ions (Li+, Na+, etc.)
carbonate (CO32–)
when combined with Group 1 ions or ammonium (NH4+)
ammonium (NH4+)
chromate (CrO42–)
when combined with Group 1 ions or ammonium (NH4+)
phosphate (PO43–)
when combined with Group 1 ions or ammonium (NH4+)
sulfide (S2–)
when combined with Group 1 ions or ammonium (NH4+)
hydroxide (OH–)
when combined with Group 1 ions, Ca2+, Ba2+, or Sr2+
nitrate (NO3–) acetate (C2H3O2– or CH3COO–) hydrogen carbonate (HCO3–) chlorate (ClO3–) perchlorate (ClO4–) halides (Cl–, Br–, I–)
when combined with Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
sulfates (SO42–)
when combined with Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+
Table G
Solubility Curves NaNO3
KI 140 130
KNO3
Solute per 100 g of H2O (g)
120 110 100 90 80
NH4Cl
70
HCl
60
KCl
50 40
NaCl
30
KClO3
20
NH3 SO2
10 0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
Temperature (°C)
2
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liquids 200
propanone ethanol water
Vapor Pressure (kPa)
150
ethanoic acid 101.3 kPa
100
50
0 0
25
50
75
100
125
Temperature (째C)
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
3
Table I Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K Reaction CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
∆H (kJ)*
CO2(g) + 2H2O( )
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O( )
Table J Activity Series** Most
Metals
Nonmetals Most
–890.4
Li
F2
–2219.2
Rb
Cl2
2C8H18( ) + 25O2(g)
16CO2(g) + 18H2O( ) –10943
K
Br2
2CH3OH( ) + 3O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 4H2O( )
–1452
Cs
I2
C2H5OH( ) + 3O2(g)
2CO2(g) + 3H2O( )
–1367
Ba
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
6CO2(g) + 6H2O( )
–2804
Sr
2CO(g) + O2(g)
2CO2(g)
C(s) + O2(g)
CO2(g)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
2Al2O3(s)
N2(g) + O2(g)
2NO(g)
–566.0
Ca
–393.5
Na
–3351
Mg
+182.6
Al
N2(g) + 2O2(g)
2NO2(g)
+66.4
Ti
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)
–483.6
Mn
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O( )
–571.6
Zn
N2 (g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
–91.8
Cr
2C(s) + 3H2(g)
C2H6(g)
–84.0
Fe
2C(s) + 2H2(g)
C2H4(g)
+52.4
Co
+227.4
Ni
+53.0
Sn
2C(s) + H2(g)
C2H2(g)
H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g)
KNO3(s)
H2O
K+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
+34.89
Pb
NaOH(s)
H2O
Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
–44.51
**H2
NH4Cl(s)
H2O
NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
+14.78
Cu
+25.69
Ag
+3.88
Au
NH4NO3(s) NaCl(s) LiBr(s)
H2O H2O
H2O
NH4+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) Li+(aq) + Br–(aq)
H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
H2O( )
Least
–48.83
Least
–55.8
**Activity Series based on hydrogen standard
*Minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.
4
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
Table K Common Acids Formula
Table N Selected Radioisotopes
Name
HCl(aq)
hydrochloric acid
HNO3(aq)
nitric acid
H2SO4(aq)
sulfuric acid
H3PO4(aq)
phosphoric acid
H2CO3(aq) or CO2(aq)
carbonic acid
CH3COOH(aq) or HC2H3O2(aq)
ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
Nuclide
Decay Mode
Nuclide Name
198Au
2.69 d
β–
gold-198
14C
5730 y
β–
carbon-14
37Ca
175 ms
β+
calcium-37
60Co
5.26 y
β–
cobalt-60
137Cs
30.23 y
β–
cesium-137
53Fe
8.51 min
β+
iron-53
220Fr
27.5 s
α
francium-220
3H
12.26 y
β–
hydrogen-3
8.07 d
β–
iodine-131
37K
1.23 s
β+
potassium-37
42K
12.4 h
β–
potassium-42
85Kr
10.76 y
β–
krypton-85
7.2 s
β–
nitrogen-16
19Ne
17.2 s
β+
neon-19
32P
14.3 d
β–
phosphorus-32
131I
Table L Common Bases
Half-Life
16N
Formula
Name
NaOH(aq)
sodium hydroxide
KOH(aq)
potassium hydroxide
239Pu
2.44 × 104 y
α
plutonium-239
Ca(OH)2(aq)
calcium hydroxide
226Ra
1600 y
α
radium-226
NH3(aq)
aqueous ammonia
222Rn
3.82 d
α
radon-222
90Sr
28.1 y
β–
strontium-90
99Tc
2.13 × 105 y
β–
technetium-99
232Th
1.4 × 1010 y
α
thorium-232
233U
1.62 × 105 y
α
uranium-233
235U
7.1 × 108 y
α
uranium-235
238U
4.51 × 109 y
α
uranium-238
Table M Common Acid–Base Indicators Approximate pH Range for Color Change
Color Change
methyl orange
3.2–4.4
red to yellow
bromthymol blue
6.0–7.6
yellow to blue
phenolphthalein
8.2–10
colorless to pink
litmus
5.5–8.2
red to blue
bromcresol green
3.8–5.4
yellow to blue
thymol blue
8.0–9.6
yellow to blue
Indicator
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; min = minutes; h = hours; d = days; y = years
5
Table O Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry Name
Notation
alpha particle
4 He 2
beta particle (electron)
0 –1 e
Symbol
or 42α
α
or –10 β
β–
gamma radiation
0γ 0
γ
neutron
1 0n
n
1H 1
or 11p
p
0 +1e
or +10 β
β+
proton positron
Table P Organic Prefixes Prefix
Number of Carbon Atoms
meth-
1
eth-
2
prop-
3
but-
4
pent-
5
hex-
6
hept-
7
oct-
8
non-
9
dec-
10
Table Q Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons Name
General Formula
Examples Name
Structural Formula H H
alkanes
CnH2n+2
ethane
H C C H H H H
H
alkenes
alkynes
CnH2n CnH2n–2
ethene
ethyne
C C H
H
H C
C H
n = number of carbon atoms
6
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
Table R Organic Functional Groups Class of Compound
Functional Group
General Formula
halide (halocarbon)
F (fluoro-) Cl (chloro-) Br (bromo-) I (iodo-)
R X (X represents any halogen)
alcohol
OH
R OH
CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol
ether
O
R O R′
CH3OCH2CH3 methyl ethyl ether
O
O
aldehyde
ketone
organic acid
C H
amide
O CH3CH2C H propanal O
O
C
R C R′
CH3CCH2CH2CH3 2-pentanone
O
O
O
C OH
C O
R C OH O R C O R′ R′
amine
CH3CHClCH3 2-chloropropane
O
O ester
R C H
Example
N
R N R′′
O
O R′
C NH
R C NH
CH3CH2C OH propanoic acid O CH3CH2COCH3 methyl propanoate CH3CH2CH2NH2 1-propanamine O CH3CH2C NH2 propanamide
R represents a bonded atom or group of atoms.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
7
Period
Periodic Table o 1 1.00794
+1 –1
H
1 1
KEY
12.0111
Atomic Mass
1
C
Symbol
Group 2
1 6.941
+1 9.01218
Li
2 3
2-1
+2
Electron Configuration
Be
Selected O
Relative at on 12C = 1
Note: Mas are mass n stable or co
2-4
2-2
22.98977
3 11
19
2-8-8-1 85.4678
Rb
37
2-8-18-8-1 132.905
20
2-8-8-2 +1 87.62
38
+2 44.9559
Ca Sc Sr
2-8-18-8-2 +1 137.33
56
2-8-18-18-8-2 +1 226.025
(223)
87
+1 40.08
Fr
-18-32-18-8-1
88
21
2-8-9-2 +2 88.9059
39
Y
2-8-18-9-2 +2 138.906
57
2-8-18-18-9-2 +2 227.028
Ra Ac
-18-32-18-8-2
4
3
Cs Ba La
2-8-18-18-8-1
7
Group
2-8-2
K
4
55
+2
12
39.0983
6
+1 24.305
Na Mg
2-8-1
5
4
6
Atomic Number
–4 +2 +4
89
-18-32-18-9-2
+3 47.88
22
Ti
2-8-10-2 +3 91.224
40
Zr
2-8-18-10-2 +3 178.49
72
Hf
**18-32-10-2 +3 (261)
Rf
104
5 +2 50.9415 +3 +4
V
23
2-8-11-2 +4 92.9064
7
6 +2 51.996 +3 +4 +5
24
+2 54.9380 +3 +6
+2 55.847 +3 +4 +7
Cr Mn Fe
2-8-13-1 +3 95.94 +5
25
2-8-13-2 +3 (98) +6
9
8 +2 58.9332 +3
Co
26
27
+4 101.07 +6 +7
+3 102.906
2-8-14-2
+2 +3
2-8-15-2 +3
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
41
2-8-18-12-1 +4 180.948
Ta
73
42
2-8-18-13-1 +5 183.85
74
W
44
43
2-8-18-14-1 +6 186.207
75
2-8-18-15-1 +4 190.2 +6 +7
Re Os 76
45
2-8-18-16-1 +3 192.22 +4
77
Ir
-18-32-11-2
-18-32-12-2
-18-32-13-2
-18-32-14-2
-18-32-15-2
(262)
(263)
(264)
(265)
(268)
Db Sg Bh Hs
105
106
107
108
+3 +4
Mt
109
**Denotes the presence of (2-8-) for elements 72 and above 140.12
58
Ce
232.038
90
8
+3 140.908 +4
59
Pr
+4 231.036
Th Pa 91
+3 (145)
+3 144.24
+3 150.36
Nd Pm Sm
60
61
+4 238.029 +5
+3 237.048 +4 +5 +6
92
93
U
+2 +3
62
+3 (244) +4 +5 +6
Np Pu 94
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
+3 +4 +5 +6
of the Elements 18 4.00260
xidation States
2
Group +3 12.0111
10.81
B
5
26.98154
Ni
28
-8-16-2
12 +1 65.39 +2
+2 107.868 +4
47
-8-18-18
2-8-18-18-1
Pt
78
Al
Si
14
2-8-3
2-8-4 +3 72.59
30
–4 30.97376 +2 +4
P
15
2-8-5 –4 74.9216 +2 +4
+2 196.967 +4
2-8-18-3 +2 114.82
79
49
48
Au Hg
+1 204.383 +2
80
-18-32-18-1
-18-32-18-2
269)
(272)
(277)
In
2-8-18-18-3
2-8-18-18-2 +1 200.59 +3
32
31
2-8-18-2 +1 112.41
18-32-17-1
81
Tl
-18-32-18-3
111
2-8-18-4 +3 118.71
50
2-8-18-5 +2 121.75 +4
Sn Sb 51
2-8-18-18-5
2-8-18-18-4 +1 207.2 +3
82
Pb
+2 208.980 +4
83
-18-32-18-4
Bi
-18-32-18-5
18
–3 15.9994 –2 –1 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 2-6
–2 18.998403
2-7
2-8
–3 32.06 +3 +5
–2 35.453 +4 +6
–1 39.948 +1 +3 +5 +7
O
8
16
S
2-8-6 –3 78.96 +3 +5
34
33
17
2-8-18-6 –3 127.60 +3 +5
52
Te
2-8-18-18-6 +3 (209) +5
84
Po
-18-32-18-6
F
9
Cl
17
2-8-7
Br
2-8-18-7 –2 126.905 +4 +6
53
l
2-8-18-18-7 +2 (210) +4
85
10
0
Ne 0
Ar
18
2-8-8
–2 79.904 +4 +6
35
–1 20.179
–1 83.80 +1 +5
36
Kr
0 +2
2-8-18-8 –1 131.29 +1 +5 +7
54
Xe
0 +2 +4 +6
2-8-18-18-8 (222)
0
At Rn
-18-32-18-7
86
-18-32-18-8
(285)
Uun* Uuu Uub 110
N
7
2-5
+3 28.0855
+2 69.72
Pd Ag Cd
95.08
–4 14.0067 +2 +4
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
29
2-8-18-1
06.42
46
+2 63.546 +3
13
C
6
16
15
2-4
2-3
11
14
13
s numbers in parentheses umbers of the most ommon isotope.
8.69
He
2
omic masses are based 2.000
10
0
Uuq
114
112
*The systematic names and symbols for elements of atomic numbers above 109 will be used until the approval of trivial names by IUPAC. 51.96
63
+2 157.25 +3
+3 158.925
+3 164.930
Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho
243)
64
+3 (247) +4 +5 +6
65
+3 (247)
Am Cm Bk
95
+3 162.50
96
97
66
+3 (251) +4
98
67
+3 (252)
Cf
99
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
+3 167.26
68
+3 168.934
+3 173.04
+2 174.967 +3
+3
Er Tm Yb Lu
(257)
69
70
71
(258)
(259)
(260)
Es Fm Md No 100
101
102
Lr
103
9
10
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35
36 37 38 39 40
Atomic Symbol Number
krypton rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium
gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine
iron cobalt nickel copper zinc
scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese
sulfur chlorine argon potassium calcium
sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus
carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
hydrogen helium lithium beryllium boron
Name
1351 403 549 600 640
579 762 944 941 1140
762 760 737 745 906
633 659 651 653 717
1000 1251 1521 419 590
496 736 578 787 1012
1086 1402 1314 1681 2081
1312 2372 520 900 801
Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)
— 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3
1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.0
1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6
2.6 3.2 — 0.8 1.0
0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2
2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0 —
2.1 — 1.0 1.6 2.0
Electronegativity
117 312 1042 1795 2125
303 1211 1090 490 266
1808 1768 1726 1357 693
1814 1933 2160 2130 1517
386 172 84 337 1112
371 922 934 1683 44
3820 63 55 54 24
14 1 454 1551 2573
Melting Point (K)
Table S Properties of Selected Elements
121 961 1657 3611 4650
2676 3103 889 958 332
3023 3143 3005 2840 1180
3104 3580 3650 2945 2235
718 239 87 1047 1757
1156 1363 2740 2628 553
5100 77 90 85 27
20 4 1620 3243 3931
Boiling Point (K)
0.00375 1.532 2.540 4.469 6.506
5.907 5.323 5.780 4.790 3.122
7.874 8.900 8.902 8.960 7.133
2.989 4.540 6.100 7.190 7.440
2.070 0.003214 0.001783 0.862 1.550
0.971 1.738 2.698 2.329 1.820
3.513 0.00125 0.001429 0.001696 0.0009
0.00009 0.000179 0.534 1.8477 2.340
Density** (g/cm3)
103 248 215 178 160
141 137 139 140 112
126 125 124 128 138
162 145 134 130 135
127 97 88 235 197
190 160 143 132 128
91 92 65 57 51
208 50 155 112 98
Atomic Radius (pm)
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry
11
Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac
46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55
56 57
72 73 74 75
76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85
86 87 88 89
radon francium radium actinium
thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine
osmium iridium platinum gold mercury
hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium
barium lanthanum
antimony tellurium iodine xenon cesium
palladium silver cadmium indium tin
niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium
Name
*Boiling point at standard pressure **Density at STP
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
41 42 43 44 45
Atomic Symbol Number
0.9 1.1
2.1 2.1 2.7 2.6 0.8
2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0
1.6 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.3
Electronegativity
1002 1194
904 723 387 161 302
1825 1235 594 429 505
2741 2890 2445 2583 2239
Melting Point (K)
— 0.7 0.9 1.1
2.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.2
2.2 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.0
1.3 1.5 2.4 1.9
202 300 973 1320
577 601 545 527 575
3327 2683 2045 1338 234
2503 3269 3680 3453
Elements 90 and above have been omitted.
1037 393 — 499
589 716 703 812 —
814 865 864 890 1007
659 728 759 756
Elements 58–71 have been omitted.
503 538
831 869 1008 1170 376
804 731 868 558 709
652 684 702 710 720
Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)
211 950 1413 3470
1730 2013 1833 1235 610
5300 4403 4100 3080 630
5470 5698 5930 5900
1910 3730
1908 1263 458 166 952
3413 2485 1038 2353 2543
5015 4885 5150 4173 4000
Boiling Point (K)
0.00973 — 5.000 10.060
11.850 11.350 9.747 9.320 —
22.590 22.560 21.450 19.320 13.546
13.310 16.654 19.300 21.020
3.594 6.145
6.691 6.240 4.930 0.0059 1.873
12.020 10.500 8.650 7.310 7.310
8.570 10.220 11.500 12.370 12.410
Density** (g/cm3)
134 270 233 —
171 175 170 167 145
135 136 139 146 160
167 149 141 137
222 138
159 142 132 124 267
137 144 171 166 162
146 139 136 134 134
Atomic Radius (pm)
Table T Important Formulas and Equations d = density m = mass V = volume
m V
Density
d=
Mole Calculations
number of moles =
Percent Error
% error =
Percent Composition
% composition by mass =
given mass (g) gram-formula mass
measured value – accepted value × 100 accepted value
parts per million =
mass of part × 100 mass of whole
grams of solute × 1 000 000 grams of solution
Concentration molarity =
Combined Gas Law
P1V1 T1
=
moles of solute liters of solution
P2V2 T2
P = pressure V = volume T = temperature (K) MA = molarity of H+
MB = molarity of OH–
VA = volume of acid
VB = volume of base
Titration
MAVA = MBVB
Heat
q = mC∆T q = mHf q = mHv
q = heat Hf = heat of fusion m = mass Hv = heat of vaporization C = specific heat capacity ∆T = change in temperature
K = °C + 273
K = kelvin °C = degrees Celsius
Temperature
Radioactive Decay
1 fraction remaining = 2
( )
t T
number of half-life periods = t T
t = total time elapsed T = half-life
DET (7–01-450,000) 91-80515 91-109 CDC
12
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ Chemistry