ISSUE 4 Cogeneration & District Heating
MARCH 1994
lBUILDING TECHNOLOGY THERMIE PROGRAMME: promotion of energy technology in Europe COGENERATION IN EUROPE The European Commission in 1989 concluded that the cornerstone of any action in the field of energy policy and the environment must involve commitment to energy efficiency and conservation. Reductions in the levels of CO2 and other atmospheric pollutant emissions are also of great importance. Combined heat and power (CHP), district heating/cooling and cogeneration technology, in general, will play an important role in the overall effort being made by the European Union to improve energy efficiency while reducing atmospheric pollution. Through THERMIE support and through programmes such as SAVE the European Union is helping to promote the use of such technologies. CHP and district heating/cooling were both highlighted in the 1994 THERMIE projects guidelines as important technologies for future applications.
IN THIS ISSUE Building Technology looks at district heating and cogeneration in Vicenza and London, using cogeneration together with other energy saving measures, geothermal/district heating, flexible cogeneration, trigeneration and automatic load estimation; plus news and events.
THERMIE
CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM (ELECTRICITY FROM POWER GENERATION STATION / HEAT IN THE INDUSTRY)
30 92 η el = 37 %
Fuel 153
55
61
EU). The majority of installations can be found in the industrial sector, which accounts for 20,600 MW. Cogeneration in the service sector has also been established, mainly in Germany, The Netherlands and Denmark. Many of these installations are public sector electrical power stations supplying district heating or steam for industrial users.
η te = 90 %
6 58 4 68 LOSSES COGENERATION SYSTEM (ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN THE INDUSTRY)
30 Fuel 100
100 η el = 32 % η te = 55 %
If a conservative EU growth rate of 9,000 MW per year is considered (with an annual operating time of between 3,500 and 5,000 hours) a saving of 3.4 to 9 million TOE/year could be achieved while if an optimistic growth rate of 27,000 MW is considered a saving of between 8.5 and 12 million TOE/yr could be achieved.
55 13 2
15 LOSSES
Primary energy saving in a cogeneration system.
A study of the cogeneration market in Europe carried out in 1990 showed that by the end of this decade cogeneration in the tertiary sector could reach 18,000 MW. Due mainly to changes in the legal frameworks, which favour selfgeneration and the sale of surplus energy to national grids, the application of cogeneration is set to expand.
There is no doubt that co-generation has a very bright future in Europe, and should make a very positive contribution to the reduction of CO2 emissions.
7000
6000 5000 4000 P NL
3000
L I IRL
2000
Cogeneration has now become well established in Germany, The Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom and France (which between them supply 91% of the total electricity cogenerated in the
UK
F E GR
1000
D DK
0
B Power (MW)
Market potential of cogeneration throughout the 12 Member States by the year 2000. (Eficiència Energètica, issue 112, Nov. 1993, Institut Català d'Energia).
Commission of the European Communities Directorate-General XVII for Energy
CHP DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING U R B CENTRE
A N CHP
Citigen's CHP installation will shortly be providing key buildings in the City of London with heating, hot water and chilled water for air conditioning. A network of pipes and cables is being laid under the streets of the city. The project, which uses two 16 MW diesel engines, has attracted attention from Japan, France, Russia and Germany. Already a number of connections have been made to important City institutions such as the Guildhall and the Museum of London and it is expected that the station will begin generating in early 1994. Existing building heating and cooling water controls have been adapted to be compatible for operation with the new integrated system. It will be continuously monitored to assess performance, energy use and
efficiency over varying seasonal demand conditions. State of the art flue gas cleaning equipment is being installed enabling 95% of the nitrous oxide and sulphurous oxide to be removed. Gases exhausting from the generator at approximately 330°C pass to a selective catalytic reduction process to reduce pollutant emissions. In all, the resulting exhaust gases are produced at four grades; at 120°C(A), at 90°C (B), at 70°C (C) and at 40°C (D). Exhaust A will be used in the heating season in an absorption heat pump to upgrade D to grade C and in the summer period in the absorption process to produce chilled water at 5°C. Heat grades A, B and C are also used in the district heating system. Further information is available from Citigen Ltd., 22 St. Andrew Street, UK-London EC4A 3AN.
COGENERATION IN A PA R T M E N T S This Danish project utilises a total energy design for an existing housing block containing 80 apartments in Copenhagen, which receives heat from a cogeneration plant. Measures being taken to reduce energy consumption include facade insulation, attic insulation, high performance windows (U=1.0 W/m2 K), ventilation heat recovery, transparent insulation, solar heating for domestic hot water, low temperature heating and heat distribution and an energy management system. The low temperature heating system uses the return water from a district heating system. Water is supplied to the building at 50°C and returns at 30°C. The effect of the building fabric improvements leads to a reduction in
LOAD MANAGEMENT DISTRICT HEATING C O N T R O L A project completed in early 1992 in Vicenza aimed at increasing energy efficiency and reducing atmospheric pollutants by utilising cogeneration for electricity and hot water in five selected buildings. Each building was monitored over a one year period to determine peak loads in consumption of hot water for space heating and domestic uses. Results showed a need for at least 4,000 hours of operation per year. Three of five sites in Vicenza being served by the TOTEM / district heating system.
Two TOTEM units were installed within or adjacent to the boiler house to form the cogeneration set in each building. The TOTEM (Total Energy Module) unit is a small co-generator set running on methane gas. Also installed was a control panel to continually monitor the operation of the unit. Each TOTEM had an input of 56.2 kW, an electrical rated output of 15 kW and a thermal output capacity of 39 kW. In each building the occupants were made aware of the advantages of
WASTE AND GEOTHERMAL COGENERATION heat demand of 30% together with operational benefits for the cogeneration plant and reduced heat losses in the distribution network. Some 75-80% of the heating and domestic hot water demand will be supplied by the district heating system, with the remaining 20-25% being supplied using solar heating. Further information is available from Cenergia Energy Consultants, Sct. Jacobs Vej 4, DK 2750 Ballerup.
Apartments in Copenhagen to be served by district heating.
the newly installed systems. Hot water was distributed throughout the building for purchase by the occupants while the electrical output was sold into the grid. During the project, five buildings were fitted with 17 TOTEM units in all. The total output was 255 kW of electrical capacity and 663 kW of thermal capacity. Results from monitoring gave an improved efficiency of 33% over conventional systems. Further information is available from Ruggero Anfossi, Aziende Industriali Municipalizzate-Vicenza, Via S. Biagio, 76, CP 825, I-36100 Vicenza.
AUTOMATIC LOAD ESTIMATION This Paris-based project has built a centralised automated system to control 37 boilers in 13 different locations which form the city’s district heating system. The system includes next day load forecasting and real time load management.
F L E X I B L E C O G E N E R AT I O N
GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING
One of three existing waste incinerators in Arnhem is provided with a boiler supplying hot water (26MW) to a district heating system. A steam boiler has now been added with a thermal output of 29MW together with a new steam turbine with an electrical output of 10MW.
Prenzlau is now being supplied with heat at an acceptable cost to the purchaser while deriving the environmental benefits of a nonfossil fuel energy source.
During low heat demand periods the existing boiler serves as a preheating unit for the steam boiler, resulting in improvements in overall efficiency. It also results in an increase in available thermal energy for distribution in the district heating system and production of electrical energy for purchase through the distribution grid. Some 20900 TOE/yr have been saved as a result of the new installation. Further information is available from Regio Arnhem, Janslangstraat 1415, P.O. Box 1047, NL-6801 Ba Arnhem.
data. Using actual and forecast weather data the computer calculates an optimal load management programme with startup information, and adjusts the boiler power levels accordingly. Each of the 13 systems automatically loads digitised information to produce a next day reference load management programme.
Within the town there already exists a district heating system. This same system now supplies water at 42°C using two 2 MW heat pumps. The heat pumps are driven by gas engines, the exhaust from which is also used to increase the overall efficiency of the system. Further information is available from Vereinigte Energiewerke AG, Allee der Kosmonauten, DE-1140 Berlin.
The system optimises the use of coal fired burners as a base load source, reducing reliance on imported oil and natural gas. Further information is available from Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urban, 185 Rue de Bercy, FR-75012 Paris.
Solar heating 1600
District heating User effect
1400
Distribution losses DHW demand
1200
Heating demand 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Existing situation
Input parameters to the control system include temperature, pressure levels and weather forecast
Geothermal heat is supplied at a rate of 4 MW, saving 24,745 MWh/yr. Up until recently heat was produced by two generation stations burning lignite. These are now closed due to new Federal laws on emission controls.
Low energy design
Energy supply
Calculated yearly energy use for heating and DHW (MWh/year).
EVENTS 16-17 May 1994 Lisbon
Daylighting Workshop In this intensive two-day workshop, European experts will describe the principles of daylighting, illustrate a number of built examples, and demonstrate the use of various design and analytical tools, so that participants may use this approach in practice. The workshop will include demonstrations of manual and computer-based design tools. As part of the Commission of European Community’s THERMIE programme, this workshop is being organised to assist architects and engineers in implementing energy-efficient and environment-friendly daylighting, heating and cooling strategies.
Association of German Engineers. It will provide the latest information on CHP technologies to Czech and other Central European experts. Technology experts will also be given an opportunity to participate in the exhibition. Further information is available from ICEU, Auenstr. 25, D-04105 Leipzig, Germany. 4-5 Nov. 1994 Dublin
This workshop and exhibition aims to provide Czech experts with information on innovative and practical CHP systems, appropriate areas for application and financing concepts for development investment.
The objective of this seminar is to promote CHP applications in small and medium sized enterprises in the peripheral regions of Europe. The technology to be promoted will focus on applications in the range of 1MW and below. The seminar addresses the main technical and financial concerns of engineers and managers from a private and public sector perspective. Sessions will focus on customer needs, economics, new technical developments and operating experience. The seminar will also provide the opportunity to visit a number of demonstration CHP installations and to publicise the results of a major study of CHP in Ireland.
The workshop and exhibition will be carried out in co-operation with the European Federation of Energy Management Associations and the
Further information is available from the ICIE, Instituto Co-operative per I'Innovazione, via Nomentana, 133, I-00161 Roma, Italy.
Further information is available from Mary Rigby, Energy Research Group, University College Dublin, Richview, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14, Ireland. 1-2 June 1994 Essen
Commercial and Industrial SME CHP Applications in Peripheral Regions
New Technologies in Cogeneration and District Heating - New Markets Opened
THERMIE THERMIE
THERMIE is a European Community initiative designed to promote greater use of existing European energy-efficient technologies and to encourage the development of new ones.
Building Technology is produced within the THERMIE programme by the Energy Research Group, University College Dublin, Richview, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14, Ireland.
OPET OPET (Organisations for the Promotion of Energy Technology) is a Community-wide network of organisations working within the framework of the THERMIE programme for the promotion of European energy technologies on behalf of the Commission of the European Communities. Each organisation has particular experience in the field of energy technology. The type of organisation and the work it undertakes varies considerably. Both private and public companies are represented: some are consultants in the energy field while others have direct experience of working with energy programmes in their own country. At present the OPET network consists of 40 organisations located throughout the Community, with over 2000 experts engaged in the energy and related fields. Those OPETs active in the Building Sector include: Agence pour l’Environement et la Maitrise de l’Energie 27, rue Louis Vicat, F-75015 Paris, France. Fax: +331 46 45 52 36, Contact: Michel Viaud. Agence Régional de l’Energie Conseil Régional Nord-Pas de Calais, 2, rue de Tenremonde, B. P. 2035, F-59014 Lille Cédex, France. Fax: +33 20 60 67 80, Contact: Nathalie Dutremee. Agence Poitou-Charentes Énergie Déchets Eau 15, rue de l’Ancienne Comédie, BP 575 F-86021 Poitiers Cédex, France. Fax: + 33 49 41 61 11, Contact: Agnés Morel. BCEOM - Société Française d’Ingénierie, Place des Frêres Montgolfier, F-78286 Guyancourt Cédex, France. Fax: +331 30 12 10 95, Contact: Christopher Startford. BRECSU - Building Research Energy Conservation Support Unit, Garston, Watford, UK-Hertfordshire, WD2 7JR, United Kingdom. Fax: +44 923 66 40 97, Contact: Clare Carden. CCC / CEEETA / CBE, Estrada de Alfragide, Praceta 1 - Alfragide, P-2700 Amadora, Portugal. Fax: +351 1 471 13 16 / 395 24 90 Contact: Luis Silva / Philippe Bollinger. COWIconsult, Consulting Engineers and Planners Parallelvej 15, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Fax: +45 45 97 22 12, Contact: Britt H. Pedersen. C.R.E.S. - Centre for Renewable Energy Sources 19 km Athinon-Marathona Avenue, GR-19009 Pikemi, Greece. Fax: +30 1 603 99 04, Contact: Dimitris Papastefanakis. EAB - Energie-Anlagen Berlin, TU Berlin, Berliner Kraft- und licht, AG, Flottwellstrasse 4-5, D-10785 Berlin, Germany. Fax: +49 30 25 49 61 00, Contact: Frank Dittwald.
Energy Centre Denmark Suhmsgade 3, DK-1125 København, Denmark. Fax: +45 33 11 83 33, Contact: Henny Hansen. ENEA (Fire), Cre Casaccia - PB 2400, Santa Maria di Galeria, I-00060 Roma, Italy. Fax: +39 6 30 48 64 49 Contact: Walter Cariani. EUROPLAN, Chorus, 2203 Chemin de Saint Claude F-06600 Antibes, France. Fax: +33 93 74 31 31, Contact: André Jacquemart. EXERGIA, Apollon Tower, Energy Information Technology and Management Consultant, 64 Louise Riencourt Street, GR-11523 Athens, Greece. Fax: +30 1 649 61 86, Contact: Yannis Caralis. FAST - Federazione delle Associazioni Scientifiche e Tecniche, Piazzale Rodolfo Morandi 2, I-20121 Milano, Italy. Fax: +39 2 78 24 85, Contact: Paola Perini. GOPA - Consultants Hindenburgring 18, D-61348 Bad Homburg, Germany. Fax: +49 6172 3 5046, Contact: Hans-Joachim Siegler. IABPO - Friedemann & Johnson Consultants Pestalozzistr. 88, D-10625 Berlin 12, Germany. Fax: +49 30 313 2671, Contact: Hermann Homann. ICAEN - Institut Català d’Energia, Avda Diagonal, 453 Bis, Atic, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain. Fax: +34 3 419 72 53, Contact: Joãn Josep Escobar. ICEU Leipzip Auenstr. 25, D-04105 Leipzig, Germany. Fax: +49 341 29 09 04, Contact: Alexander Schmidt.
Editors Paul Kenny and J. Owen Lewis Design Pierre Jolivet For further information on the OPET network please contact: OPET-CS Avenue R. Vandendriessche 18 B-1150 Brussells. Fax: +32 2 771 5611
ICIE - Istituto Cooperativo per l’Innovazione Via Nomentana 133, I-00161 Roma, Italy. Fax: +39 6 855 02 50, Contact: Nicoletta Del Bufalo. IDAE - Inst. para la Diversification y Ahorra de la Energia, P° de la Castellana 95 - P. 21, E-28046 Madrid, Spain. Fax: +34 1 555 13 89, Contact: José Donoso Alonso. MARCH - Consulting Group, Telegraphic House, Waterfront 2000, Salford Quays, Manchester, UKM5 2XW, England. Fax: +44 61 848 01 81, Contact: Sarah Sidebottom. NOVEM - The Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment, P. O. Box 17, NL-6130 AA Sittard, Netherlands. Fax: +31 46 52 82 60, Contact: Ewoud Van Der Koogh. RHONALÉNERGIE - Agence Régionale de l’Énergie de la Région Rhône-Alpes, 69, rue de la République, F-69002 Lyon, France. Fax: +33 78 37 64 91, Contact: Christian Labie. TÜV RHEINLAND Sicherheit und Umweltschutz - Institut für Umweltschutz und Energietechnik, Am Grauen Stein, D-5000 Köln 91, Germany. Fax: +49 221 806 13 50, Contact: Jürgen Schwenke. University College Dublin - Energy Research Group, Richview, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14, Ireland. Fax: +353 1 283 89 08, Contact: Mary Rigby. Zr-E - Zweckverband Regionale Entwicklung und Energie, Wieshuberstrasse 3, D-93059 Regensburg, Germany. Fax: +49 941 44691, Contact: Toni Lautenschläger.