February 2013
Emerging Tech Ed Making innovations happen in education
Stem Cell to overcome
learning disabilities
GESTURE-BASED COMPUTING: X-box and Wii for surgical training
Learning in 3D: 3D printing and holograms
February 2013
CONTENTS
Emerging Tech Ed Making innovations happen in education
Education +
Education enablers
Technology
10 Stem Cell Therapy. Stem cell therapy
3 Education and technology:
may be the answer to some learning disabilities.
12 Text to speech technology. Innova-
Obstacles and opportunities. How tech-
tions that give a voice.
nology can help address the challenges in education.
Education Education enticers
enhancers
6 Interactive White Board. Say
14 Holograms. Virtual classrooms
goodbye to chalk dust.
in 3D.
6 3D Printing. Turn the designs on
16 Gesture-based computing.
your screen to 3D objects.
X-box and Wii in surgical training.
8 Flexible LED Display. Clearer
18 Google glasses. Augmented-
and more vibrant images from bendable screens.
reality head-mounted display.
THIS MONTH’S COVER SOURCE: http://www.dagorret.net
2
Education and Technology: Obstacles and Opportunities Education is as old as civilization itself. Survival necessitated man to be able to preserve culture, customs and knowledge and transfer these from one generation to another. From its early beginnings, education has evolved dramatically in the last few centuSource: Ipad in de klas, http://vivesacademie.nl ries. Today, the education sector falls into three broad sectors: K-12 which includes preschool, primary and secondary schools, Higher Education which includes colleges and universities as well as post-graduate degrees in fields like law, business and medicine and finally Vocational Education which focuses on industry/ profession-based learning. The advancement of education has also heralded the advent of ancillary education services such as after-school tutoring, charter schools, special or alternative education, educational content suppliers and professional development of administrators and teachers.
“The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows.” -Sydney J. Harris
According to Wikipedia, “systems of schooling involve institutionalized teaching and learning in relation to a curriculum, which itself is established according to a predetermined purpose of the schools in the system.” (Wikipedia.com) While majority of schools are owned and funded by the state, schools that operate independently from the state are also increasing. Private institutions like religious organizations; business entities or socio-civic foundations usually manage private schools.
3
Despite globalization and modernization, there is still disparity in the distribution and availability of education globally. While some schools cost as much as $60K annually, there are still millions of kids worldwide who do not have access even to primary education. In 2000, the United Nations enumerated as one of its Millennium Development Goal to achieve Primary Education. The program aims to “ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.� (Un.org) In its 2010 report, while the UN has reported great strides in many countries, the target is unlikely to be met citing inequality as one of the impediments towards achieving universal education. This is just one example of inequality in education. There are several supply and demand drivers of the education industry that impact its equitable distribution. The demand drivers of education include availability of income or funds and the relative cost of schooling options, opportunity cost of education, cultural influences and the support from various units of society like the government and private institutions. On the other hand, supply drivers include the availability of the educational resources like labor force and structures, funding to keep schools operating and the constantly changing cultural dynamics. All these push and pull in the education industry, emerging technologies can help improve the balance between supply and demand drivers so as to make education available to more people despite the constraints surrounding their individual circumstances.
Source: End of the year teaching ideas, http://straubroland.wordpress.com
4
Source: http://raindart.deviantart.com
When we were in school, there were the traditional, painfully loud and irritating blackboards and chalk. Sure, they made tremendous chalk clouds, but other than that, the blackboards were more of an annoyance than anything else. Then whiteboard came in to existence and quickly replaced all blackboards and chalk in schools . An interactive whiteboard (IWB), is a large interactive display that connects to a computer. A projector projects the computer's desktop onto the board's surface where users control the computer using a pen, finger, stylus, or other device. The board is typically mounted to a wall or floor stand. They are used in a variety of settings, including classrooms at all levels of education, in corporate board rooms and work groups, in training rooms for professional sports coaching, in broadcasting studios and others. HOW INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARD WORKS The basic structure of interactive whiteboard consists of computer, monitor (interactive whiteboard), contents (education software), and network system. The computer is for running the programs and education software while the monitor has a touch-screen function. Network system connects the system with others inside and outside of classroom through internet and intranet. There are two kinds of interactive whiteboard. One is projector type, the other is LCD type. Projector type uses additional projector which projects slides onto the board from outside or inside the whiteboard. On the other hand, there are several types of touchscreen whiteboards. Resistive Membrane These whiteboards have soft, flexible surface similar to vinyl consisting of two pieces of resistive material separated by a small gap, which creates a touch-sensitive membrane. They can be drawn on using fingers or a special stylus that can represent pens of different colors via software selection. Movement is tracked by detecting the pressure of the stylus object on the surface. The coordinates correspond to the area on the computer monitor. 5
Electro-Magnetic These whiteboards are similar to traditional whiteboards in that they have a hard surface and can be drawn on with normal pens. To work interactively they require special battery-driven pens that emit a small magnetic field detected either by the frame of the whiteboard or by a grid of fine wires embedded beneath the surface of the board. Laser Scanners These whiteboards have a hard writing surface with infrared laser scanners mounted in the top corners of the board that detect pen movement. To work interactively they require special felt pens, each of which has a uniquely encoded reflective collar that the lasers use to register its color and position. ADVANTAGES They make it easy for teachers to enhance presentation content by easily integrating a wide range of material into a lesson, such as a picture from the internet, a graph from a spreadsheet or text from a Microsoft Word file. Teachers can easily create and rapidly customize learning objects from a range of existing content to adapt it to the needs of the class in real time. On the other hand, learners absorb information more easily and allow them to participate in group discussions by freeing them from note-taking. They allow learners to work collaboratively around a shared task or work area. When fully integrated into a VLE (virtual learning environment) and learning object repository, there is potential for widespread sharing of resources. . DISADVANTAGES Interactive whiteboards are more expensive than conventional whiteboards or projector and screen combination. When the surface is damaged, the cost of replacement is expensive. Fixed-height boards are often mounted too high for users to reach the top of or too low to be readily visible by all users. Freestanding boards are more difficult to secure and need to be realigned every time they are moved. Allowing multiple data entry can result in on-screen gibberish. Remote access can allow users to send disruptive comments on the screen. IWB’s also require specific software and additional training. Finally, touch sensitive board is sometimes not sensitive enough. Source: http://qomo.com
6
APPLICATION In School, traditional blackboards can be replaced with interactive whiteboard. Teachers can surf and display websites that the entire room will be able to see in a teacher-directed manner. IWB’s also promote group work. Students can approach the whiteboard and add their contribution to the discussion by writing directly on the whiteboard. Groups can view and solve interactive problems together. Learners can work colSource: Interactive whiteboards, http://techtoolsk5.wikispaces.com laboratively on word processing documents, spreadsheets, design projects with colleagues and connect to video conferencing systems. IWB’s allow staff or students or both to move around a screen without the use of a computer because the screen itself is sensitive. They also offer the same features as a traditional whiteboard such as writing directly on the board, marking objects, highlighting or labeling elements on the screen, and erasing errors but with the ability to save or print out the results without any additional effort. Aside from these, they provide an on-screen keyboard that floats over the software, allowing you to enter text or data into almost any application. Students can edit on-screen and record changes or additions. IWB’s provide an electronic flipchart with all notes and diagrams saved as an HTML file for later use across an Intranet, allowing an archive to be easily maintained and displayed. Learners who missed the presentation or lecture can have access to notes that are stored. Lastly, tutors can monitor or see what each student has on their screen and choose which screen to display on the whiteboard in a networked environment. They can run on-line tests and opinion polls and display instant feedback to the group.
7
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a process of making three -dimensional solid objects from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using additive processes, where laying down successive layers of material creates an object. 3D printing is considered distinct from traditional machining techniques that mostly rely on the removal of material by methods such as cutting and drilling. A materials printer using digital technology usually performs 3D printing. Since the start of the twenty-first century there has been a large growth in the sales of these machines, and their price has dropped substantially. 3D printing is a rapidly developing technology that allows simple objects to be perfectly replicated. While still at an early stage, the potential of the field is truly world changing. The technology is used in jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, engineering and construction (AEC), automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education, geographic information systems, civil engineering, and many other fields.
HOW 3D PRINTING WORKS The cost of 3D printing technology is finally within the grasp of consumers, and many believe it's poised to revolutionize commerce. Companies are rushing to get out in front of this new custom marketplace, offering 3D-printed fashion, furniture and even food. Although 3D printing has been around since the '80s, it only recently moved out of specialty prototyping shops. As the technology becomes more accessible — allowing anybody to design anything they want — it could revolutionize the way products are made and distributed. But how does this technology work? What kind of materials does it utilize? 1.
A three-dimensional object is modeled by a designer using software such as CAD.
2.
The design is then sent to a printer and a printing material is selected.
3.
The printer makes passes, releasing a small amount of material in a layer-by-layer process.
4.
Once all the layers have been added, the object is fully formed.
ADVANTAGES 3D printing is an innovative rapid prototyping technology that utilizes a 3D printer to manufacture an actual three-dimensional object. It is currently used in various industries because it is known to increase a company’s profit. However, little is yet known of its advantage in schools. Both teachers and students need every advantage they can get in order to have a productive educational experience. 3D printing provides new advantages that may revolutionize education. Source: http://www.zbrushcentral.com
8
1. Enhanced teaching aide Visual aides are important in effective and efficient teaching. Traditionally, teachers make use of words and pictures either to illustrate a point or to provide an example. With a 3D printer, the teacher has a technologically advanced pedagogical tool at his disposal that is much better than the conventional visual aide. 2. Innovative student projects Since 3D printing is a rapid prototyping technology, students will be able to produce realistic three-dimensional mini-models of their structural designs without having to waste time and effort trying to build those small-scale structures manually. They will also be able to identify the mistakes of their design, receive feedback from the teacher, and modify their projects at a faster pace. 3. Interactive class activities Another advantage of 3D printing is that there is more room for interactive class activities. The interaction is of course limited only to the imagination of the teacher and his students. In a biology class for example, the teacher through the use of a 3D printer can create a 3D model of a person’s head while the rest of the class can create the rest of the body parts using a 3D printer. 4. Ease of use While other forms of modeling and rapid prototyping require specialized knowledge and training, 3-D printers typically come with user-friendly software.
DISADVANTAGES 1. Size Limitation 3D printers often use liquid polymers, or a powder comprised of resin or plaster to build object layers rendering 3D printers unable to produce large-sized objects due to lack of material strength. Large-sized objects are impractical due to the extended amount of time needed the printer to produce the parts. 2. Imperfections 3D printer-generated objects often possess a rough and ribbed surface finish. Plastic beads or large-sized powder particles are stacked on top of each other, giving the end product an unfinished look. 3. Cost 3D printers are considered an expensive investment. Entry-level 3D printers average can go as high as $51,000 for higher end models, not including the cost of accessories and resins or other operational materials.
9
WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF 3D PRINTING? A few decades ago, nobody ever thought that two-dimensional printing using desktop printers, let alone 3D printing, would be possible. But the impossible eventually became possible, and 3D printers are becoming part of office networks. It would not be long before these printers find their way into households and used by ordinary consumers.
Source: Explainer: what is 3D printing and what’s it for?, http:// theconversation.edu.au
1. Engineering. Engineers always need to create prototypes of products or designs they are working on. In the old days, prototypes can take weeks and a lot of manpower to create because it involves a lot of cutting and piecing together materials to create the required prototype. Through 3D printing, engineers only need to make a 3D graphic image of the design they are working on and have it rendered using a 3D printer.
2. Architecture. Just like with engineers, architects need to create mockups of their designs. 3D printers allow them to come up with these mockups in a short period of time and with more accuracy. These 3D models also make it easier to visualize a design rather than just by looking at plans and drawings. 3. Advertising and marketing. Advertisers and marketers need their clients to have a clearer idea of the products they are selling. Creating 3D models of their products gives them an edge that can boost their sales. 4. Education. Learning needs to be more visual in order to become effective, especially in subjects such as chemistry, engineering, history, physics, general science, among many others. 3D printing allows teachers to create more accurate visual aids that can entice students to learn more about the lesson. 5. Medicine. There are many medical cases where surgical procedures can be a touch-and-go thing. They can be so complicated that a single error can lead to failure and loss of life for the patient. Many surgeons now use 3D renderings of the part of their patient’s body that they need to operate on to practice on the procedure they need to perform before actually performing them. It gives them more confidence and increases their chances of success in the operation. 10
Source: The Best 3D Printers on the planet, http:// www.businessinsider.com.
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that glows when a voltage is applied. It is a light source which uses semiconductors and electroluminescence to create light. LED Display is a flat panel which uses light-emitting diodes as a video display. A LED panel is a small display or a component of large display. It is sometime used as form of lighting for the purpose of general illumination, task lighting or even stage lighting rather than display. Organic Light- Emitting Diode (OLED), a major kind of LED, is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. OLEDs have 2 main families: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. OLED displays can use either PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED) display which relates the way you control the display or AMOLED (Active – Matrix Organic Light -Emitting Diode) display which requires a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes. LED Displays have become more innovative, smart and revenue-generating investments resulting in flexible AMOLED Display.
ADVANTAGES Superior Viewing Angle: Viewing angle could be as large as 170 degree as they produce their own light increasing their viewing angle. Flexible and Slimmer: Because it uses plastic instead of glass, an OLED screen is thinner, lighter and more flexible. Average OLED display is 1.5mm thick Good for eyes: OLED displays have better contrast, brightness and color aspects resulting to better viewing experience. Energy efficient: OLED displays consumes less energy compared to other display screens. No backlight is required in the screens which makes it ideal for portable gadgets.
Source: http://www.univiewled.com/
11
DISADVANTAGES
High Cost: The current production processes make it difficult and costly to produce large displays so most are limited to handheld devices. Short Lifetime: Screens are not for long uses due to blue organic material. Prone to Water Damage: Water can damage the organic materials of the displays. Water damage may especially limit the longevity of more flexible displays. Poor Sunlight Readability: OLED displays consume less energy compared to other display screens. Gadget screen are hard to see in direct sunlight.
Source: http://softdisplay.blogspot.com
APPLICATION IN EDUCATION Greater interest in learning: Using Tablet or PC, kids will not only enjoy the interactive games but also enhance their knowledge. Better presentation of information: Using projectors and screens in classrooms facilitate simultaneous viewing of information by a large number of students. It also led to improvements in student attendance and their attentiveness in the class. Convenience and ease of use: It also operates similar to computer but is lighter and thinner. Availability of wifi support offers access to various applications such as online resources that have added the opportunity for learning. It also helps students organize their studies and schedule, enables management of information for homework and research, allows easy communication with friends, professors and colleagues. 12
Source: http://screens.ru
Text to Speech Technology Speech synthesizers are a type of computer system that is designed for the artificial reproduction of human speech. It contains a combination of hardware-software system that can read text in the natural language and can translate it to a sound.
How does Speech Synthesis Work? Speech synthesis starts with the entry or input of text information. It could be data from a word processor, standard ASCII from e-mail, a mobile text-message, or scanned text from the newspaper. Next, the character string is then preprocessed and analyzed into phonetic representation. Finally, an audible speech sound is finally generated with a synthesizer. In order to reproduce the natural sound of each language, most systems have a database of sounds in in the chosen language. This is because the Text-to-Speech (TTS) system begins by carrying out a sophisticated linguistic analysis that transposes written text into phonetic text. Software engineers use a number of narrators to record a series of texts read from poetry, political news, sports results, and others that contain every possible sound in the chosen language. These recordings are then sliced and organized into an acoustic database. The next step is a grammatical and syntactic analysis that enables the system to define how to pronounce each word in same way as a native speaker would. This works by producing information that associates the phonetic writing with the tone and required length of the pronunciation for each word. The chain of analysis ends and selecting the best sounds in the acoustic database for reproduction into what is known as synthesized speech. Source: http://www.freeimages.co.uk
13
When did Speech Synthesis start? This technology has been under development for several decades but recent progress has now made text-to-speech affordable to a mass audience and available on the Internet as standalone applications or plug-ins from various web browsers. Early systems include Kurzweil machines in the 1970s. The Apple MacinTalk in 1984 was the first TTS integrated into an operating system for Source: How to turn your speech into editable text, http://www.k-director.com/ blog/
personal computers. In 2000, Microsoft
equipped with its Windows operating system with Speech Application Programming Interface SAPI). In the Philippines, several text to speech systems have been developed at UP’s Digital Signal Processing Labs to meet the needs of Tagalog/Filipino speakers but more development is needed to have products ready for commercial application.
What are the advantages of TTS Technology? TTS can assist persons who may be vision impaired by reading text. It can also reduce eyestrain as the user can relax, sit back and listen instead of facing a computer reading text. TTS can save time as one can listen to lectures or the news while driving, exercising or enjoying nature. Writers improve by listening to their work and making corrections where necessary. Lastly, TTS can assist students learning a new and familiar language by expanding their experience and understanding through listening to any text at any speed even without a native-born speaker assisting the student. 14
What are the disadvantages of TTS Technology? Despite large improvements to create realistic, human-sounding voices, Speech Synthesis can still sound a little unnatural. There is always a difference in terms of intonation and stress. It still lacks the complexity of naturally occurring speech, resulting in 'dead' sound having no emotions. Most art and other interactive learning assets, which include visual learning tools cannot be read easily by TTS software, this includes tables, graphs, toggle charts, and animation.
What are the applications in Education? TTS functions as a reading and communication aid for visually impaired and deafened students. Synthesized speech can help students communicate with people who cannot understand sign language. Other applications are in telecommunications and multimedia. TTS can be programmed for spelling and pronunciation lessons. Dyslexics (reading impaired) students can learn to read and write even without supervision from a teacher. Recent developments have made TTS become more popular in many developing economies. Hardware and software prices have become more affordable and Internet connections have become more affordable.
Source: Amazon buys text-to-speech company Ivona Software, http://www.theaustralian.com.au
15
Source: Stem Cell Therapy, http://animalrehabctr.com
The promise of life and learning amidst diseases and disabilities? These were the words of the patient undergoing stem cell therapy at National Kidney and Transplant Institute of the Philippines. Indeed, if there is a chance no matter how small it is, I reckon any person would grab it to ensure that he lives to fulfill his purpose and to learn and relearn things for the benefit of himself and his others. But what is really Stem Cell Therapy? Is it a magic drug? A miracle worker? God’s magic wand?
“When you have a disease that threatens to take your like, you will do everything to stop it…”
The University of California, San Francisco Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research provides a briefing on Stem Cell Therapy: The human body consists of approximately 200 cell types. Each of these cells has a special task to perform: A brain cell differs from a liver cell, a muscle cell from a heart cell, etc. Because of these differences, these cells are sometimes called "differentiated". When human embryos begin to develop, their cells are not yet differentiated. Scientists now know that all of the body' different cell types STEM from a master cell with the remarkable potential to generate all the cell types the body needs. During the first week of development, when the human embryo is still a hollow sphere, these master cells emerge. These cells are called "embryonic stem cells" a term coined by UCSF researcher Gail Martin. Martin co-discovered the cells in mice in 1981. Scientists are now able to isolate human embryonic stem cells 16
(usually from donated human embryos left over following fertility treatments) and study them in the laboratory. Their goals:
To find the signals (the right mix of growth factors, for example) that make these master cells specialize into different cell types.
To craft and transplant exactly the right cells that patients need to stabilize or perhaps even cure such diseases as diabetes, heart disease, Parkinson, ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease), spinal cord injury and osteoporosis.
To study the steps of embryonic stem cell differentiation into specialized cells, in order to identify the genetic missteps that causes diseases such as diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and some cancers, and that account for some cases of birth defects and infertility.
Additionally, their research says that stem cell research can lead to new insights on diseases including developmental diseases or disorders. Specifically, their research suggests that if scientists can identify the genes that lead to the differentiation of a healthy stem cell, they will have an opportunity to identify genetic defects that sometimes appear instead. Examples include:
Genetic defects that lead to some cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
Genetic defects that impair the ability of pancreatic cells to produce insulin in people with diabetes.
Genetic damage to sperm and egg cells that contributes to some cases of infertility and birth defects.
Research into the way neurons evolve and migrate to the brain's cortex is also expected to shed
Source: How safe is stem cell therapy?, http://lifestyle.inquirer.net
17
light on such developmental disorders as schizophrenia, epilepsy, learning disabilities and cerebral palsy. The potential of stem cell therapy especially with what it can give to our race in terms of curing diseases and researches on how much more we can improve our human condition is almost boundless. As learned, there are different cells in the human body and stem cell is called stem cell because it is from it that all differentiated or specific body cells are formed. Needless to say, stem cell can be classified also between embryonic and adult stem cells. According to Dr. Samuel Bernal, a world-renowned Filipino-American cancer specialist and molecular biologist, UCLA Professor Emeritus in Medicine and consultant-adviser to The Medical City’s Regenerative Program at the TMC’s laboratory, the most effective and safest cells to use for treatments in humans are human adult cells and human umbilical cord cells. He states that human adult and umbilical cord stem cells are also morally, ethically and legally acceptable, unlike embryonic, aborted fetus, genetically altered, and animal stem cells. But what is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? University of California, San Francisco Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research provides that: “Embryonic stem cells emerge in the first five to seven days of the embryo's development. They have the potential to become every cell of the body. Adult stem cells, on the other hand, emerge later in the fetus's development, when the individual tissues of the body begin to form. Adult stem cells serve as a reservoir of continuous replenishment for the tissues in which they reside.”
Source: The International Entrepreneur – Where are the Growing International Tech Markets?, http://www.the-international-entrepreneur.com
18
Source: http://www.powervitaminss.com
Curious question to ask is, how long has the Philippines been exposed to stem cell research and therapy? What are its advantages and disadvantages according to patients, so far who have undergone the treatment? Resource provides that it is at the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI) where the first stem cell transplant was done in the country. Dr. Dante Dator, the Deputy Executive Director NKTI says that NKTI has been performing blood and marrow transplantation procedure for years and it had contributed to the survival of patients who suffer from diseases like Leukemia and Lymphomas. In fact, NKTI pioneered the stem cell transplantation in the Philippines since 1990 and that in June 29, 2001; the hospital successfully did the first ever Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant. NKTI is a tertiary medical center under the Department of Health, which specializes on Kidney diseases and organ transplantations. To date, it is considered a leader in Asia in its field of expertise and was in fact the first hospi19
Source: http://zspace.com/
Who hasn’t seen that iconic moment from Star Wars where Princess Leia appears in a faint 3D projection appealing for help from Obi-wan Kenobi? While it may have been stuff for science fiction 30 years ago, a full-motion 3D image is not far from reality today. There have been several significant advancements in augmented reality particularly with holograms like Infinite Z’s zSpace. Before we delve into these new technologies, let’s first try to understand what holograms are.
Description of the technology The unexpected result of research into improving electron microscopes at England’s British Thompson-Houston Company, the holographic method was invented and developed by HungarianBritish physicist Dennis Gabor. Gabor was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1971 for his work with holographic techniques, which was built on the pioneering work in the field of X-ray microscopy. Electron holography is still being used in electron microscopy for which it was originally intended however optical holography only made significant progress with the development of lasers in 1960. (Wikipedia) The principle behind holography can be likened to a sound recording. A sound field created by vibrating matter like our vocal cords or a musical instrument and it is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later even without the presence of the original source. (Wikipedia)
How it works In its website, Holophile, Inc., a marketing company specializing in 20
holography and other 3-dimensional imagery, holography is a three-dimensional imaging technique which makes use of laser light to record the patterns of light waves reflected from an object onto the emulsion of light sensitive film (or glass plates). “When that film is developed, and re-exposed to laser light (or normal incandescent light like most holograms today), it re-creates -- in space -- all the points of light that originally came from the object. The resulting image, either behind or in front of the holographic film, has all the dimensions of the original object and looks so real that you are tempted to reach out and touch it -- only to find nothing there but focused light.” (Holophile.com) To make a hologram: you would need your subject, a recording medium, a laser beam that has the capability to illuminate the subject (object beam) and illuminate the recording medium (reference beam) and a suitable environment that would allow the interference pattern to be recorded. (Wikipedia) Holograms are not new and are in fact more commonplace than you think – just look at your credit card. Holograms are widely used in authentication like bank notes, payment cards, tax stamps, event merchandise and tickets and IT consumables like Epson’s printers. Another application of holograms is brand enhancement and differentiation like in packaging resulting to improved sales in various sectors where it was used. However, what has been elusive is holographic telepresence or full-motion 3D holograms generated by a computer rather than being fixed in a static medium. Shown in fullmotion color and, these 3D holograms can change on the fly with input from a user. More importantly according to Technology Review, “viewers who move around a holographic video image will be able to see it moving from every side - a phenomenon important to realism and one that many conventional eyeglass-based systems cannot replicate.”
Advantages and Disadvantages
Source: http://www.javaoracleblog.com/
The technology is still in its infancy so there are still improvements that need to be done to performance and output. The images generated are not yet as seamless and it requires a very powerful computer to be able to process the algorithms that enable the dynamic behavior of holograms. Aside from these, implementing holographic tele-presence is very expensive because of the devices needed to make it work. However as with any emerging technology in the past, holographic telepresence will become more affordable and commonplace. This emerging technology provides an option for a more interactive experience and can be a substitute in the absence of real objects. For example in the area of education, holograms can enable a more interactive teaching and learning experience regardless of geographic boundaries. With 21
holograms, educators can deliver lectures on-demand to multiple classrooms. Instructors can illustrate concepts with the aid of holograms and experts like surgeons, engineers and architects even perform enhanced demonstrations. In the absence of instructors or tools for instruction, holographic projections offer a viable alternative.
Source: Holographic imaging breakthrough: the next best thing to being there, in 3D, http://www.smartplanet.com
Application to the Industry Chosen: Education Zspace, which was mentioned in the earlier part of the discussion, has several collaborations with the academia that leverages its holographic computing technology that transforms PC’s into a virtual holographic computing system and platform. One of its applications is in the research being done by Dr. Remo Roh of USC Dornsife College of Letters and Sciences. “[Roh’s] laboratory studies the role of structural properties in protein-DNA recognition and its consequences in biological processes such as transcription, genome organization, embryonic development, and human cancer. Visualization of three- dimensional structure is a key aspect of our research, and they are very grateful for the opportunity to partner with Infinite Z, Inc. on taking 3D visualization of molecules and their complexes to a next level.” (Zspace.com) Another use of this technology might be more relatable for most of us that is in the Dynamic 3D Stereo Visualization of Physics Concepts through a Hybrid Stylus Interface. The project aims to develop a prototype application that lets students explore various physics concepts that are inherently 3D in nature like torque, electromagnetism, etc. Users write down mathematical equations on the zSpace surface with the stylus and have these equations used to generate 3D visualizations that students can explore with head tracked 3D stereo and 3D manipulation. 22
Gesture-based Computing for surgical training Source: http://www.24horas.cl/
Surgeons develop their skills through years of medical education. A part of this educational training is going through a residency program, four or five-year program instituted by various teaching hospitals is specifically designed to train doctors who are interested to pursue a career in the surgical field. A surgical residency program is involved in teaching the art and science of surgery – where the treatment modality involved is manipulating the body through an incision with the use of an instrument. Ultimately, trainees will be empowered with the skills to perform surgeries on patients. The art of doing surgery would require the resident-trainee to develop good hand-eye coordination and fine motor movements. These are learned through years of training, exposure and practice. In ophthalmology surgical training, trainees are required to learn smoother fine movements. Ophthalmologists need to operate on a smaller field – in fact – operating on the eye is a microscopic field. Manipulating small, fragile tissue organs like the eye involves learning to control the microscope, learning how to handle small and fine instruments (while looking through the microscope) and manipulating tissues of the eye (again, while looking through the microscope). Hence, there is no direct eye-hand-tissue-contact during surgery, as opposed in general surgery where they can operate on the field with their bare eyes and hands directly. In ophthalmology, looking through a microscope involves: mastery of good depth perception, smoother fine motor movements, and more control of dexterity, particularly of the wrists and fingers. Gesture-based computing is commercially available as a video gaming system, popularly exemplified by the Nintendo Wii ® ,X-Box Kinect ®, and Playstation3®, with the following components: a computer console (where the software or the computer program is installed), an infrared/Bluetooth® sensor, controller(s), video monitor, and various peripherals depending on the game design. 23
How gesture-based computing works Known as a video game system, the Nintendo Wii®, is a gesture-based computer system. It has a wireless controller that can sense position and motion. This would enable the user to interact with the computer through physical movements. The controller called a Wii-mote ® works via its accelerometer, this is responsible for perceiving force of movement and speed, these movements are relayed to the sensor bar which has an infrared camera and LED lights, this information is triangulated to determine the position of the remote. In addition, the remote controller has buttons which the player presses – this would be relayed to the console through Bluetooth ® wireless technology. (Educase Learning Initiative, 2008). The entire gesture-based computer system works together to provide a physically interactive gaming experience. A very popular Wii ® game is the Wii tennis ®, where the gamer would use the Nintendo wii ® controller as the tennis racket, depending on the swing speed, strength and arc, the movement of the controller would be transmitted to the game console, ball movement influenced by the gamer would be shown on the screen. This form of gesture-based computer gaming style was well received by gamers as it involved physical activity. It helped gamers with their balance, coordination, range of motion, and fine motor movements.
Advantages and Disadvantages It was discovered only a few years ago that surgical trainees who played the Nintendo WII® perform better laparoscopic surgeries. Some reports stated that those surgeons who grew up playing video games or those who played 3 hours per week, or those who were currently playing made less errors on the laparoscopic simulators. (Bokhari et al., 2010; Meterissian et al., 2007; Rosser et al., 2007; Goldstein, 2008). This would imply that gesture-based computing video games may help surgical residents improve their fine-motor skills enabling them to perform better on surgery simulators. Gesture-based computer learning is highly promising in improving kinesthetic and fine motor skills. However, this technology does not equate to real life patients and real-life operating room setting where critical thinking is warranted. In addition, since gesture-based gaming consoles like Nintendo Wii ® are commercially available and portable, once the medical training materials are developed, students would be able to further improve their learning cap even when they are not in the hospital as they can continually play the game at home. Currently, there has yet to be a gesture-based gaming program that is specifically designed to fit into a residency program.
How it works for surgical trainees There were certain games in the Nintendo Wii ® that enabled fine motor skill movements like Marble Mania, where the Wii Remote ® is used to manipulate a ball through a maze by tilting and rotating it to get the ball to the goal. There was a report by Goldstein (2008) done in Arizona, USA that involved sixteen residents, eight were tasked to play Wii Play®, Marble Mania, while the other 24
eight did not play. After which all sixteen performed simulated laparoscopic surgery. Those that played Wii Play ® had about 40% improvement on the simulation. Other anecdotal reports by Bokhara et al. (2008), inspired various surgical training centers to develop Nintendo Wii ® games, serious games, used for medical training. It is still in its stages of development. This emerging technology hopes to be employed in the surgical training field in four to five years or by 2015 (Layard, 2010; 2011 Horizon Report, 2011). How it can work for ophthalmology surgical training Gesture-based computing encourages repeated use of dexterity and fine motor movements skills also needed in ophthalmology surgical training. A gesture-based computer simulation of looking through a microscope and a controller that can be designed smaller may help ophthalmology trainees to fine tune their dexterity and fine motor movements. A good surgical training program would enable to teach its trainees surgical skills and techniques in the most efficient and less time consuming means as possible. With the availability of gesture-based computer system specifically designed for surgical training, resident trainees may be able to improve their fine motor skills quickly.
What the local trainors in different ophthalmology-training institutions think of gesture-based computing for surgical-ophthalmology training: “There are various games available in the Nintendo Wii®, it can help with the surgical-traning, depends on what game to play. “I think that Nintendo® develops eye and hand coordination and dexterity. Yes, good for training in some aspects, If Nintendo can develop games which (sic) let you peep into a microscope to play then definitely this is good for ophtha.” - Dr. Raul D. Cruz, Chairman, Department of Ophahtlmology and Visual Sciences UP-PGH, Manila, Philippines “If the ophthalmology training program uses Nintendo ® “…it has to be games with fine motor skills or fine movements. Worth a try but difficult to prove because skills develop over many years” and using the Nintendo ® for training just hone the skills for movement it “does not train for judgement call or decision-making.” - Robert T. Ang, Director of the Fellowship Traning Program: Cornea and Refractive Surgery Asian Eye Institute, Rockwell, Makati, Philippines “Nintendo Wii ® would be helpful for training, “because in surgery, it’s fine movements not gross motor… maybe in the aspect of reaction time it can be applied…” like in driving, Nintendo Wii ® has a driving wheel attachment, and it can simulate reaction time of real-driving.” - Dr. Analyn T. Suntay-Guerrero Resident Training Officer, Department of Ophthalmology Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan 25
Glasses
Source: Why is it Necessary to Adapt Mobile Development for Google Glasses, http://www.searchenginefather.com
According to statistics, over 50% of students in school wear glasses. Eyeglasses impact the lives of the students in a way where their academic careers depend on the availability and on the use of these spectacles. It is a very important tool for students throughout their academic career as they cannot accomplish their school work without the aid of their eyeglasses.
What are Google Glasses? Google Glasses (also known as Project Glass) is a research and development program by Google to develop an augmented reality headmounted display (HMD). Google Glasses products would display information in smartphone-like format, hands-free and could interact with the Internet via natural language voice commands. The operating system software to be used in the glasses will be Google’s Android. Currently being developed by Google X Lab, Google glasses has been patented by Google. The product (Google Glasses Explorer Edition) will be available in United States Google I/O developers for US$1,500, to be delivered in early 2013 and to consumers in the last quarter of 2013 to early 2014.
How do Google glasses work? The main purpose of this project is to build a wearable computer that helps you "explore and share your world". Google's answer to the problem comes in the form of a wearable device. It looks like a pair of sunglasses with one side (right side) of the frames thicker than the other. This is where Google put the screen. To look at the screen, you have to glance up with your eyes. Within the glasses is a microprocessor chip. The chip inside the glasses is an advanced RISC (reduced-instruction-set computing) machine (ARM)-based microprocessor. The glasses had a lot of memory that allows the processor to work faster – it has access to the information it needs when executing operations. It has a touch-sensitive surface along the right side of the frame. The frames also had a button on the top edge of the right eye for taking photos. The glasses also have a microphone incorporated into the frame and a speaker. 26
Other data-gathering devices within the frame are gyroscopes, an accelerometer and a compass. These components feed information to the processor, which can then interpret the position and attitude of the glasses at any given time. In addition, the glasses have several datacommunication radios, including WiFi and Bluetooth antennas. The Google glasses will be connected to the Web via Android, most likely through an Android smartphone in your pocket. The digital glasses basically work by scanning the surroundings through a combination of eye movement and voice recognition and display relevant information directly in the lens. In effect, the glasses work as a wireless smartphone, briskly displaying relevant information directly in the field of view. Social media notifications would most likely pop up in your vision.
Advantages Here are five of the features expected to appear on the new Google Glasses device. Checking In. Any Google mobile device would not be complete without the ability to check into locations through Google Plus. You simply check in using hand gestures. Video Calling. The glasses will be capable of handling video calls. The Google Glasses user can view transmitted video from another caller from a small screen from inside the glasses. Photo Sharing. Just as with Google smart phones, photo sharing will be an integral feature of the Google Glasses device. The user simply asks the glasses to take a picture of an image ahead. The Google Glasses users will be able to take hands-free pictures through using voice-activated commands. Music Playing. This will likely require that the glasses be connected to a powerful mobile broadband network in order to stream the music. But the idea that users will be able to access the Google Music library from the glasses and stream HD audio files from the cloud is a significant technological advancement. The cool thing is that all music playing processes are based on voice-activated commands just like on the photo sharing feature. Calendar/Appointments Feature. The Calendar and Appointments function is perhaps the most practical element of the new augmented reality device. Users can set the calendar so it always ap-
Source: http://www.channelnewsasia.com
27
About the team Klems Antonio Ross Klem Antonio is currently the Training and Organizational Development Manager of SL Development Construction Corporation, a Philippine-based company holding one of the leading contractor position in the power transmission line industry. She is also an Instructor at LiveIt Global Services Management Institute, an Ayala Company. She was previously connected with Stream Global Services Incorporated where she served as a Training Specialist for Sales and then moved to operations as a Sales Supervisor for Hewlett Packard Malaysia and Singapore and then, finally as Team Manager for Microsoft Sales Asia Pacific handling Marketing and Microsoft Dynamics. She is a Civil Service Professional and IELTS certified, a former researcher of the National Security Council Undersecretary Virtus Gil, MNSA and a delegate in the 2nd ASEAN Regional Forum on Cyberterrorism. She is a graduate of AB Political Science at De La Salle University Dasmarinas with continuing education programs at Ateneo CCE and UP Diliman School of Labour and Industrial Relations.
Sheilla Capuchino Sheilla Capuchino, 28 years old, is a graduate from the De La Salle – College of St. Benilde. She is currently a Job Coach at JPMorgan Chase and Co. She’s been with Chase for 2 years and 6 months. Before she got promoted to the management team, as an Operations Specialist from 2010 to early 2012, she was awarded as the “Top Performer” for the year 2011. As a Job Coach, she provides one-on-one support and motivation to help improve performance on an individual level to meet established goals. This includes coaching the staff on various systems, quality reviews and rolling out departmental policies and procedures. Being part of JPMorgan Chase she has been actively participating in the comSource: http://www.freeimages.co.uk
28
pany’s activities as she is one of the Leads in the Performance Committee in their function. She previously worked with Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company as a Junior Supervisor for Documentation in Mortgage Banking.
Jeanie de la Rama Jeanie de la Rama is currently an SAP Service Delivery Manager for Hewlett Packard Asia Pacific. She graduated with a degree in Computer Science from the Ateneo de Manila University and is currently pursuing her MBA in the Ateneo Graduate School of Business. She has certifications as an ITIL Practitioner and in two SAP modules—Supply Chain Management and Customer Relationship Management. Recently , Jeanie launched her crafts and handmade business La Petit Cadeau
Allan Goco Allan Goco is currently connected with Bihasa Brokerage Inc, a family firm involved in the customs brokerage industry. Prior to that he was previously connected with a leading European investment bank. His current interests include derivatives in financial markets, clean technology, social entrepreneurship and the visual communication of quantitative information. He was a scholar of the United World Colleges and graduated from Pearson College in Canada and continued his studies in the University of London
29
pears in one of the screens on one of the lenses. This allows users to always have access to their current schedule without having to flip through a smart phone device.
Disadvantages Not everyone has welcomed the news of Google Glasses with enthusiasm. There are some who have voiced concerns about the product and its implications. The initial designs of the glasses may not be as appealing to the masses and seem quite fragile. The retail price is too expensive for the average consumer. Several safety concerns have also been raised. Google glasses can potentially be a huge distraction in everyday life - the concept of having information displayed in the field of view invites danger such as in crossing the road and in driving. It also raised privacy concerns. The possibility of the glasses being used as a medium to browse through online profiles opens up serious privacy issues. The potential effect of the screen on the eyes. People who already wear corrective glasses are also asking how they would wear the Google glasses. One way this could be done is by modifying normal glasses or personalizing the Google glasses for specific prescription glasses.
Source: Google Glasses also Know as Project Glass, http://lopscs.com
30
Source: What else is Google X cooking up?, http://Washingtonpost.com
Applications In Medicine. The glasses could show incoming notifications or enhance the perception of surgeons. Software running on the glasses might spot cavities that a dentist might overlook during a routine cleaning. In Security / Military. A camera recognizes a possible fight at a particular place, identifies the instigators, and sends the information to the security staff. The military could use Google glasses to help soldiers see where their friends are and to identify potentially dangerous people with weapons. In Driving. Instead of using a rear view mirror, Google glasses can show a feed from a camera at the back of your car. You can also access for the directions or listen to music as these can be overlaid on your normal vision. Replacement for Instruction Manuals. Instruction manuals require a tedious back and forth. It would be much easier if you could just download the instruction file to your glasses and have it run. This would make troubleshooting home appliances like washing machines far easier. Museum Tours. The audio recordings that museums currently use to provide cheap tours could be enhanced with visual components. For conference / lectures. When you are at a conference, you could just record what you see as you see it, and later, you can play it back as desired. For Special Occasions. If you want to treasure the moment like when you look at your daughter/ son the first time. Technology doesn’t get in your way anymore. For Evidence. When a crime or a robbery takes place or someone grabs your belongings, one can provide evidence without having to ask for a witness. Google representatives have already addressed some concerns and they welcome feedback. It is likely that the consumer version of the glasses will be different from the prototype versions. Google will find a way to let people dive into a data-rich environment while still protecting their privacy. A lot of awesome stuff can be done using Google glasses. They just give a dimension to everything that has been done, and that opens a whole new world of possibilities. The Google glasses have certainly caused a lot of hype and it remains to be seen how they will be taken aboard by the public once they are in the market. 31
Denny Kim Ki Ho Kim “Denny” is presently the Senior Manager of Equipment, Procurement and Subcon Department of Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction Co.,Ltd. – Manila Office, a Korean Construction Company operating overseas including the Philippines. As such, He is the over-all in charge of the procurement activities of Hanjin’s various projects which covers domestic procurement and importation as well as the management of the subcontractors and their corresponding activities. For thirteen years, he has been working in Hanjin holding various managerial positions, He has rendered his services with the highest degree of responsibility with a professional attitude. Before he was assigned in the Philippines, He worked as an Assistant Manager of Marketing Planning Team in Hanjin Head Office Korea , as a Team Manager of the Business & Strategic Planning Division and also as Secretary to the President. He is a graduate of B.A Law in In-ha University in Korea and currently pursuing his MBA- Regis Program in Ateneo De Manila University as he believes that earning a master’s degree can greatly increase his knowledge and expertise in occupational field.
Joy Ngo Mary Joy B. Ngo is currently the Purchasing Manager of State Group of Companies which engages in financial, real estate and automotive industry. She is currently taking up her Master Degree in Business Administration- Regis Program at Ateneo de Manila Graduate School of Business. She was previously an Associate Auditor of Isla Lipana & Co., a member firm of PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC) wherein she was exposed to various industries such as real estate, semiconductor, retail and distribution, music and entertainment, software and information technology and aircraft and ship repair industries. She took up Bachelor of Science in Accountancy at De La Salle University – Manila and passed the CPA board exam in May 2009.
Source: http://www.freeimages.co.uk
32
Karen Reyes Karen B. Reyes is a practicing doctor. She has completed her residency training in ophthalmology at Cardinal Santos Medical Center, San Juan followed by two subspecialty clinical fellowships in Cornea and Refractive Surgery at Asian Eye Institute, Rockwell, Makati then in Neuro-ophthalmology at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. She is affiliated with various teaching hospitals: Cardinal Santos Medical Center, UPPGH, Ospital ng Makati and Rizal Medical Center, where she is actively involved in the residency training program. In addition, she is also active in scientific research. Her works have been published in various clinical journals both locally and internationally. She is a member of the Philippine Medical Association, Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology, Philippine College of Surgeons, Neuro-Ophthalmology Society of the Philippines and the International Society of Refractive Surgery. Currently, her main clinic is at Cardinal Santos Medical Center.
Harry Yang Harry graduated with a degree in law from Pusan National University in Korea, where he fell in love with law and music. He became a chief of male vocal ensemble, Sseolmool, the most famous music group in the University. After graduation, he has worked in Seonjin Accounting Corp. He has worked as International Department Chief / Deputy General Manager in the company before his coming to the Philippines in August, 2011. He was specialized in Adjustment of International Taxes Act and Tax Treaties; Strategy for establishment and taxation for foreign company; and Tax protest. He is currently studying at the Ateneo Graduate School of Business. 33
Resources: Education and Technology: Obstacles and Opportunities Education sector. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com. Giusepi, R. The history of education. Retrieved from http://history-world.org. Education. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org. Griesemer, N.(2012, Oct. 15). The nation's most expensive colleges inch toward $60K. Retrieved from http://www.examiner.com. Millennium development goals. Retrieved fro http://www.un.org.
Interactive Whiteboard http://www.3color.co.kr/product/interactive-electronic-blackboard.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_whiteboard http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/Interactivewhiteboards.pdf http://www.wedgwood-group.com/whiteboard_help.htm http://blog.videopro.com.au/interactive-whiteboard-and-touch-screen-lcdcomparison/
3D Printing Source: http://thenextweb.com/shareables/2011/06/23/3d-printing-explained-infographic/ Source: http://mashable.com/2012/08/01/how-does-3d-printing-work/ Source: http://printerinkcartridges.printcountry.com/printcountry-articles/3d-printers-information-facts-news/three-advantages-of-3dprinting-in-schools Source: http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_7652991_disadvantages-3d-printers.html Source: http://printerinkcartridges.printcountry.com/printcountry-articles/3d-printers-information-facts-news/seven-practicalapplications-of-3d-printing
Flexible LED Display http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOLED http://www.oled-info.com
Source: http://www.freeimages.co.uk
34
Text to Speech Technology http://www.acapela-group.com/how-does-text-to-speech-work.htm http://naturalreadertutorial.blogspot.com/2011/10/advantages.html http://callej.org/journal/7-2/Kilickaya.html http://knowledgebase.pearsonschool.com
Stem Cell Therapy http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/archive/stemcells/scresearch/ http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/pdf/1479-5876-9-29.pdf http://www.ncld.org/types-learning-disabilities/what-is-ld/what-are-learning-disabilities http://www.lifenews.com/2012/08/27/fda-approves-adult-stem-cell-trial-for-people-with-autism/ http://phys.org/news149776804.html#jCp
3D Holograms Clayton, S. (2012, Feb. 27). Microsoft research shows Illumishare and blows my mind. Retrieved from http://blogs.technet.com. Falconer, J. (2012, Dec. 7). LuminAR Bulb transforms any surface into a touch screen. Retrieved from http://www.gizmag.com. Hockenson, L. (2012, Sep. 26). This holographic tablet makes your desktop 3D. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/2012/09/26/ zspace/ Lilly, P. (2012, Jul. 1). MIT develops holographic glasses-free 3D TV. Retrieved from http://www.extremetech.com/computing/. Emspak, J. (2013, Jan. 10). Holograms in the palm of your hand. Retrieved from http://news.discovery.com/tech/. Pachal, P. (2012, Oct. 10). MIT: Princess Leia hologram ‘Within a year’. Retrieved from http://mashable.com/. Freedman, D. (2002, Nov. 1). Holograms in motion. Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/. Andrews, K. (2010, Nov. 9). Scientists unveil moving 3d holograms. Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/. Zspace and its applications. Retrieved from http://zspace.com/. History of holography and how it works. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography Types of holograms. Retrieved from http://www.holophile.com/. History of holography. Retrieved from http://www.media.mit.edu/spi/. Applications of holography. Retrieved from http://www.ihma.org/.
35
Gesture-based computing 1) 2011 Horizon Report The Web Version. (2011) Four to Five Years: Gesture-Based Computing. Retrieved from http://wp.nmc.org/horizon2011/sections/gesture-based computing/ 2) Bokhari, R., Bollman, J., Kahol K., Smith M., Feinstein A., & Ferrara, J. (2010).Design, Development and Validation of a Take-Home Simulator for Fundamental Laparoscopic Skills: Using Nintendo Wii速 for Surgical Training. The American Surgeon, 583-586. 3) Educause Learning Initiative. (2008). 7 things you should know about Wii in Advance learning through IT innovation. Retrieved from www.educause.edu/eli Goldstein, J. (2008). Surgeons hone their skills on Nintendo Wii. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/01/17/surgeons-hone-skills-on-nintendo-wii/ 4) Lilyard, C. (2010). Teaching and Learning in 2015. Retrieved from http://blog.lib.umn.edu/learninglibraries/2010/03/teaching-and-learning-in-2015.html 5) Meterissian, S., Liberman, M., & McLeod, P. (2007). Games as teaching tools in a surgical residency. MedTeach, 29. 258-60. 6) Rosser, Jr. J.C., Lynch, P.J., Cuddihy L., Gentile, D.A., Klonsky J., & Merrell, R. (2007). The Impact of Video Games on Training Surgeons in the 21st Century. Arch Surg, 142. 181-186 Source: http://www.freeimages.co.uk
36
Google glasses http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Glass http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/project-glass.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/project-glass1.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/project-glass2.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/project-glass3.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/project-glass4.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/project-glass5.htm http://www.hightech-post.com/2012/04/features-of-google-glasses.html http://www.lockergnome.com/news/2012/04/12/on-googles-project-glass-are-humans-and-machines-merging/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/07/06/what-could-be-interesting-use-cases-for-google-glass/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/07/06/what-could-be-interesting-use-cases-for-google-glass/2/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/07/06/what-could-be-interesting-use-cases-for-google-glass/3/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/07/06/what-could-be-interesting-use-cases-for-google-glass/4/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/07/06/what-could-be-interesting-use-cases-for-google-glass/5/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2012/07/06/what-could-be-interesting-use-cases-for-google-glass/6/
37
38
Source: http://akeynotespeaker.com