1 INTRODUCTION! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 BREIF! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 LOCATION! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4 PROJECT TEAM! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE! ! ! ! ! ! 6 PRECEDENTS!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6.1 AMERICAN CAR MUSEUM 6.2 GLASGOW ARTS CENTRE 6.3 BODEGAS PROTOS WINERY 6.4 SCOTTISH EXHIBITION & CONFERENCE CENTRE 6.5 ALPHATON TERRACOTTA RAINSCREEN CLADDING 6.6 KALZIP ALUPLUSSOLAR 7 DESIGN ELEVATION!! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7.1 INITIAL IDEAS 7.2 SPIDER DIAGRAM 7.3 FIRST DESIGN 7.4 INITIAL DESIGN FLAWS 7.5 OVERCOMING THE FLAWS 7.6 WORKING WITH THE SUN 7.7 NATURAL VENTILATION 7.8 FINAL PLANS (DRAFT) 7.9 SECTIONS (DRAFT) 7.10 ELEVATIONS (DRAFT) 7.10 ELEVATIONS (DRAFT) 8 FINAL DESIGN!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8.1 CAD DWG (SITE PLAN) ! 8.2 CAD DWG (GROUND FLOOR) 8.3 CAD DWG (FIRST FLOOR) 8.4 CAD DWG (ROOF) 8.5 CAD DWG (NORTH & EAST ELEVATIONS) 8.6 CAD DWG (SOUTH & WEST ELEVATIONS) 8.7 CAD DWG (DETAIL PLAN / FOUNDATION PLAN) 8.8 CAD DWG (FOUNDATION, WALL & ROOF SECTION) 8.9 CAD DWG (OLD & NEW JUNCTIONS) 8.10 CAD DWG (RAINSCREEN CLADDING DETAILS) 9 SHOWCASE! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9.1 SITE PLAN 9.2 NORTH, EAST, SOUTH, WEST 9.3 INTO PERSPECTIVE 9.4 FROM WITHIN 9.5 EXPLODED
CONTENTS
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I 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35
The the
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY!! ! ! ! ! 10.1 WATER RECYCLING 10.2 PASSIVE VENTILATION 10.3 HEATING & COOLING 10.4 COMBINED HEAT & POWER 10.5 BREEAM ASSESSMENT ! ! 10.5.1 MANAGEMENT 10.5.2 HEALTH & WELLBEING 10.5.3 ENERGY 10.5.4 TRANSPORT 10.5.5 WATER 10.5.6 MATERIALS 10.5.7 WASTE 10.5.8 LAND USE & ECOLOGY 10.5.9 POLLUTION 11 ELEMENT I! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11.1 BUBBLEDECK FIRST FLOOR 11.2 PROS & CONS 11.3 CASE STUDY 11.4 ANALYSIS 12 ELEMENT II! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 12.1 FIRESTONE EDPM 12.2 PROS & CONS 12.3 COMPARISON 12.4 ANALYSIS 13 ELEMENT III! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13.1 GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER 13.2 MANUFACTURING GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER 13.3 RISK OF FIRE 13.4 FIXING 14 THE MODEL! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 15 CONCLUSION! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 REFERENCES! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 17 REFLECTION!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
CONTENTS
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ABSTRACT
This is a technical report for a proposed extension to Oaklands House Regimental Museum located in Chelmsford, Essex. Following the outline brief for the project this report highlights the design team and the sequence in construction. Furthermore, choice precedent studies are included where the author has gained a mass of influential ideas that have helped inspire the proposed final design. Detailed drawings have been included within this report that demonstrate how these ideas have been incorporated into the scheme along with the results from calculating the energy consumption and heat loss. Furthermore, this report demonstrates clearly the importance of considering the orientation of the building and the sun path, after which, you, the reader, will clearly understand that if these basic principles were not considered then the design would categorically not work.
1 INTRODUCTION
The owners (Chelmsford Borough Council) of Oaklands house and Oaklands Park, Chelmsford have requested a design proposal for a sustainable extension development to the existing building. Sustainable Development is defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (The Brundtland Report, United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). It is not just about environmental protection.To succeed it needs to embrace all the three E’s – Economics, Equity, and Environment. (English Heritage, 2012) Careful considerations had to be met with regards to the design, scale, materials and How the extension is connected to the existing building as Oaklands House Museum is a building of special architectural interest and is therefore a Grade 2 listed building. Around 5.5% of listed buildings in the Uk are Grade II listed. Interestingly, English Heritage, which protects and promotes England's spectacular historic environment will often support a contemporary approach to extending from listed buildings. English Heritage states that a contemporary extension can more clearly maintain the integrity and interpretation of the original building. This report starts by showing you, the reader the location of the proposed development and explains what Chelmsford Borough Council have requested in terms of the brief. Drawings and sketches by the author have been included within this report starting with the very concept of the final design going through each step of the process as part of the design evolution including final presentation drawings that should hopefully give a sense of realism and scale of the final design.Furthermore, various sustainable features such as ground source heat pumps and photovoltaics for example have been researched and explained within this report as to how these are implemented within the scheme. An important factor for the author to carry out was calculating the amount of energy the proposed design would use and was carried out by using spreadsheets that were previously used within the authors 3 year degree at Anglia Ruskin University In the mail of data collected by research team into the sustainable features. To add to that a BREEAM was carried out which gave the author a great understanding as to what to include and incorporate within the scheme not only the extension itself but the direct surrounding area within the site. You are about to read a report that shows that the author can demonstrate the capabilities of not only designing and building, but designing an environmentally friendly building showing care and consideration, not only Chelmsford Borough Council and the members of public but for the environment we live in.
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2 BRIEF Chelmsford Borough Council require an extension to Oaklands House Regimental Museum and provide large open space display areas that is in contrast to the more restricting existing museum. The following schedule from Chelmsford Borough Council are as follows: • Foyer with information desk/sales, • Industrial displays and hands-on interactive area, • Disabled Toilets and • Disabled persons lift • Essex Regiment Museum display area, • Essex Yeomanry small display area, • Education display area • Escape staircase • Glassed link to and from existing building • Storage/services room A total of floor area of 1,834 sqm (comprising Victorian House (934 sqm) and new the extension (900sqm) divided over two floors. Without any interference to front and rear green space the area for development is approximately 800 m2 therefore the extension would need to have two floors to accommodate 900 m2 required to accommodate the schedule as listed above.
Oaklands House (Pulford, J. 2012)
After visiting Oaklands House Museum I noticed that the space is fairly tight, not very user friendly for disabled persons and does not flow very well. Talks with personnel at Oaklands House gave sufficient evidence to suggest that they agree with Chelmsford Borough Council with regards to an extension that is free-flowing, has large open space, has as much natural light as possible and includes sustainable features.
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Four photographs taken by the author show just how tight the links to each roomed display are. Not very user friendly for disabled persons and little natural daylight resulting in high energy uses from electrical lighting.
1
3 LOCATION
The site is located to the Southwest of the town of Chelmsford, Essex. Oaklands house is within Oaklands Park, which is approximately 49,700 m2, both are owned by Chelmsford Borough Council, the councils park and heritage service manage the park area which is a popular local area of green space. The House and the park are within the Moulsham Street Conservation area. The House was listed Grade II in 2006 and the park has been awarded both with ‘Green Flag’ and ‘Green Heritage’
Circled red is the choice of for the location of the extension
Edina. 2012)
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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4 PROJECT TEAM
There are specific times during a building project when certain professionals are required to carry out their role, whether it’s a solicitor advising the client on legal issues, finance specialist advising the client on financial issues or a specialist sub-contractor carrying out electrical work. Their all needed, but at different stages during construction. The diagram on the right identifies who is required and at what stage during construction.
Pre & Post Contract
Pre Contract
Post Contract
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5 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
1. Design stage
6 months
2. Site preparations & Setting out
3 months
3. Foundations & services (inc waste)
6 months
4. Superstructure (phase 1), Glulam frame, First floor and roof,
8 months
5. Superstructure (phase 2) Curtain walling, North elevation wall with rain screen cladding,
8 months
make watertight with glazing 6. Internal works
6 months
7. Landscaping
2 months
8. Commissioning, testing & snagging
1 month
The Gantt chart below shows the possible time scale and overlap of each stage from design to commissioning for the proposed extension
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6 PRECEDENTS
6.1 American car Museum
Turner, S. (2011)
Turner, S. (2011) Turner, S. (2011) Timber, unlike many high-tech, man made building materials, is completely recyclable. In addition, in the form of a tree it regulates our climate, stabilises the soil and is one of the primary contributors to a balanced biosphere. And of course it is now widely recognised that timber outperforms many other building materials not only in terms of its renewability, but also its malleability, adaptiveness and its ability to be used in widely varying climates and conditions. It is an excellent insulator in cold weathers and can be used to create light, open structures that encourage cross ventilation in hot weathers. It is also structurally versatile, with a very high strength to weight ratio.
Turner, S. (2011)
According to McLeod, V (2009) Pine, for example, can provide the same degree of strength as steel with a structure that is 16 times lighter. This will reduce the amount of concrete required to form the foundations and save time and reduce costs for the project. Furthermore, Glum beams are able to be used to create previously unattainable spans which would otherwise only be possible using steel or reinforced concrete.
Turner, S. (2011)
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6 PRECEDENTS
6.2 Arts centre in Glasgow comprising auditorium, rehearsal workshops, recording suites, education and gallery spaces, cafe and community library 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Begun: Feb 2004 Completed: 2006 Floor area: 4,140m2 Sector: Arts and culture Total cost: £5.7M Tender date: Aug 2003 Procurement: Scottish building contract with quantities, contractors design portion - local authority edition, single stage lump sum Address: The Bridge, 1000 Westerhouse Road , Easterhouse, Glasgow, G34 9JW, United Kingdom
Architects Journal 2012 The Bridge Arts Centre nestles between the existing community swimming pool and the John Wheatley College, to form Easterhouse Cultural Campus, and provides a naturally ventilated auditorium space, rehearsal workshops, recording suites, education and gallery spaces, café and community library. The project challenges the notion of a traditional ‘arts’ building. It aims to create a new focus for people within one of Glasgow’s peripheral housing estates, to engage with and take part in the arts, and also endeavours to stimulate regeneration of the surrounding area. The building form, dictated by the site, is that of a simple rectangular timber box, housing the auditorium, adjacent to a double height triangular volume containing the library and learning spaces.
PRECEDENT JUSTIFICATION
Architects Journal 2012
It is this simple rectangular timber box that grabbed my attention from this precedent. The South West elevation on the proposed extension was originally glazed. However, this would result in large amounts of un-wanted solar gain during the summer period, furthermore, the straight lines and right angles lend itself well in contrasting the proposed curves of the roof.
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6 PRECEDENTS
6.3 Bodegas Protos Winery, Pe単afiel, Spain
The timber vaults are highly insulated to maintain constant temperature conditions. The exterior skin is in contact with the roof only through the fixing pieces in its timber battens. This creates a ventilated roof similar to a rainscreen. As a result, the impact of heat gain from the sun is greatly reduced, as a large part of the heat accumulated by the external skin of the roof is dissipated by air moving through the cavity rather than radiating to the roof and the interior of the building. According to studies undertaken, this system lowers the internal load and reduces the external temperature of the roof at least 2oC, generating a 10 per cent annual energy saving on the building. Both the timber and concrete structures for Bodegas Protos were prefabricated in the central and northern parts of Spain and the transport of the finished pieces to the site greatly contributed to the reduction of waste during construction. Douglas fir was specified as it was sourced in Spain, and timber allowed the design team to resolve particular details for the roof that could not have been achieved in steel.
Detail section and plan at roof edge Key 1.
300 x 1500mm terracotta roof tile
2.
Stainless steel tile clip
3.
EPDM membrane taken over batten
4.
100 x 120mm laminated pine batten, autoclave-treated to form curve
5.
Membrane mechanically fixed to timber sandwich panel
6.
Laminated pine batten screwed to timber deck
7.
EPDM membrane
8.
Timber sandwich panel infilled with 100mm rigid insulation
9.
80mm diameter stainless steel gargoyle for rainwater discharge from roof
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6 PRECEDENTS
6.4 Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre The justification in using the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre as a precedence is that the i wanted to design the shape of the building so that it curves slightly around the Southern elevation of Oaklands House but at the same time stepping down in hight to allow stack ventilation.
(Pulford, J. 2012)
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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6.5 Alphaton Terracotta Rainscreen Cladding System
6 PRECEDENTS 6.6 Kalzip AluPlusSolar roof covering The introduction of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) into the building envelope is no longer determined by the mere function- ality, but is implemented as an integral part of the building form. The flexibility of Kalzip® roof systems has provided me with maximum freedom of creativity; this allows optimal realisation of dedicated architectural concepts for aesthetic solar design. according to Kalzip 2012, The longevity of Kalzip® roof systems, together with the performance warranty on the solar laminates, make Kalzip® Solar Power Systems both profitable and in tune with the requirements of modern solar architecture. Kalzip® SolarClad is suitable for all roof shapes up to a 60° pitch. Its low weight generally means that there are no additional structural requirements for the roof. The reason behind choosing the Kalzip AluPlusSolar PV is that it results in a curved roof uninterrupted by protruding panels. the PVs are thin, extremely lightweight and integrated onto the Kalzip roof panels without clips and fixings.
The North elevation and the services room are cladded with Terracotta rainscreen cladding and the reason for choosing this type of material and system is; Oaklands House being constructed from brick and stone i felt that although i wanted a building that would contrast the old a metal, timber or glass cladding would look too out of place. The choice of colour shown on the left.
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7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.1 Initial Ideas By producing a basic model of the site with Oaklands House and surrounding buildings i was able to get a great understanding of the orientation and sun path, an idea of the most natural position for the extension and the shape. The shape that i found worked well for me was curved which i feel meant that walking from the front to the rear revealed the beauty of Oaklands House gardens gradually whilst at the same time, still maintaining an obvious sense of entrance.
Sketch showing the glimpses and vistas worth noting.
N
(Pulford, J. 2012)
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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7.2 Spider Diagram A rough spider diagram drawn up by myself showing the links between each area are understood.
(Pulford, J. 2012)
7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
Once the spider diagram is complete after several attempts it has been drawn is slightly more detail. as you can see, the sketch is compact and i can get a clearer understanding of the shape of the extension along with the link to Oaklands House.
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.3 First Design The next step was for me to create a more detailed sketch of the extension. However, the main entrance area was changed from my original sketch as well as the roof design (highlighted red). Brise soleils were also added to not only add shade to the entrance area but would create pleasant shadow lines on the ground.
(Pulford, J. 2012)
N
(Pulford, J. 2012)
12
7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.4 Initial Design Flaws Although the curve of the extension design works well, as well does the internal layout. The problems with this design was; • The large glazed SW elevation would result in far too much solar gain in the summer • Too much extra work, material to overcome resulted the extension not quite fitting the site. • Roof design fairly simple and not very attractive
Curved roof to be further extended to shade glazed facade
SW
(Pulford, J. 2012)
Large overhanging brise soleil
(Pulford, J. 2012)
(Pulford, J. 2012)
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.5 Overcoming the Flaws Although the internal layout has relatively remained the same, the roof and overall shape of the design has changed apart from keeping the curve that leads from SW to NE. the precedent for this came from the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow. This makes for a much more interesting design. GF
(Pulford, J. 2012)
FF
Brise Soleils to reduce solar gain during the summer period yet still allow for winter gain
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.6 Working with the Sun The Southern elevation didn't quite work for me so after sketching several ideas and working out the angle of the sun the result was to scrap the Brise Soleils and cantilever the first floor beyond the ground floor by 2m. in order to have a passive solar design, i needed to let heat in during the winter months and block out the sun during the hot sumer days. this is also helped with the location of the deciduous trees to the South of Oaklands House. During the summer, the leaves on these trees block out a lot of the sunshine and unneeded heat. Furthermore, trees lose their leaves in the winter, allowing an increase in the solar gain during the colder days.
FF cantilevering the GF to prevent solar gain during the summer months
Summer Sun at 15:00 GMT (Pulford, J. 2012)
(Pulford, J. 2012)
Oaklands House
Winter Sun at 15:00 GMT
Deciduous trees South of Oaklands House
(Pulford, J. 2012)
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.7 Natural Ventilation With the orientation of the design working well with the reduction in summer solar gains and the increase in winter gains, it is also important to conceder the affects of the internal heat gains and ventilation. Although the sketch is annotated stating my structural support ideas, this also shows the differences in roof hight.
(Pulford, J. 2012) As warm air is lighter than cold air, the warm air rises. So when it rises, it escapes out of the upper levels of the building, through Automatic Opening Vents (AOV).The rising warm air reduces the pressure in the base of the building, forcing the cold air to infiltrate through either open doors, windows, or other openings and leakage. The stack effect basically causes air infiltration. The design considerations are that ventilation openings on SW elevation,mechanical ventilation, large open landing around the stairs, lift shaft and mezzanine floor all contribute to the stack effect, whereas interior partitions, floors, and fire separations can mitigate it.
(Pulford, J. 2012)
16
7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.8 Final Plans (draft) Once I was happy with the overall design I decided to do a more detailed drawing on tracing paper. Using tracing paper enabled me to overlay each plan and structural grid.
Ground floor plan (NTS)
First floor plan (NTS) Section D
Section C
Section B
Section A
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
17
7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.9 Sections (draft) Section drawings taken from the floor plan on the previous page that show roof/floor hight. Crucially the floor levels of the existing and new. Section A
Section B
Section C
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
Section D
18 NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
7.10 Elevations (draft)
Framed triple glazing with AOV’s
Kalzip roof covering with integrated PV cells
Flitch base plate securing the Glulam structure to foundation
Western Red Cedar cladding with facade ventilation to aid the passive ventilation
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
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7 DESIGN EVOLUTION
Highlighted green is the internal space of the extension looking from the inside of Oaklands House.
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
20
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.1 CAD DWG (SITE PLAN)
21
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.2 CAD DWG (ground floor)
22
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.3 CAD DWG (first floor)
23
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.4 CAD DWG (roof plan)
24
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.5 CAD DWG (North & East elevations)
25
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.6 CAD DWG (South & West elevations)
26
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.7 CAD DWG (detail plan/foundation plan)
27
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.8 CAD DWG (foundation, wall, roof section)
28
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.9 CAD DWG (old & new junctions)
29
8 FINAL DESIGN
8.10 CAD DWG (rainscreen cladding details)
30
9 SHOWCASE
9.1 SITE PLAN
31
9 SHOWCASE
9.2 NORTH EAST SOUTH WEST
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012)
32
9 SHOWCASE
9.3 INTO PERSPECTIVE
(Pulford, J. 2012) Taking a stroll across the landscaped gardens at the front of Oaklands House or enjoy a picnic on the grass during the summer months.
(Pulford, J. 2012) Overhanging roof to not only provide shelter from the rain as you walk around but shelter the ground floor from the intense summer sun. Moreover, NOT sheltering from the winter sun. Furthermore, the rain water from the roof is recycled, used for WC’s wash basins and the lush landscaped gardens.
(Pulford, J. 2012) Pleasant and relaxing space to enjoy the peace and quiet within the landscaped gardens with easy access to the rear of the extension. A great contrast between the crisp lines of the new design and the natural surroundings. From this location you can see the photovoltaics installed on the roof. The solar installation must receive as much light as possible so to be incorporated as part of the roof finish on the southern elevation at 10 - 50o over 90% of the maximum annual energy can still be achieved.
(Pulford, J. 2012) A view of the proposed extension and Oaklands House Park from the splendid parkland located to the front of the house. I felt that by designing the building so that it exposed more to the front of Oaklands House that in line with the path/road, a more natural entrance was provided.
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9 SHOWCASE
9.4 FROM WITHIN
(Pulford, J. 2012) An internal perspective of from the ground floor that shows the open plan design.
West Elevation section drawing (NTS)
(Pulford, J. 2012) Space to stop and gaze at the wonderful views to the front and rear gardens from inside the glazed link between Oaklands House and the proposed extension whilst leaving ample room for passers by. The same views can be also seen on the ground floor.
South Elevation section drawing (NTS)
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9 SHOWCASE
9.5 EXPLODED
An exploded view of the proposed extension that shows each element of the building separately and to enable the reader to get a better understanding as to how each of these elements is put together
(Pulford, J. 2012)
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.1 WATER RECYCLING Reusing water reduces drinking water and waste water costs. The grey water recycling therefore pays for itself in just a few years. The main advantage is that it does not depend on rainfall alone for it to flush the toilet or water the garden. In fact the grey water system uses the water that has already been paid for, therefore, pay once and use twice. However, this system is combined with a rainwater harvesting system. This is especially efficient in peak demand areas such as the Oaklands House garden where irrigation is planned.
Garden irrigation
Underground collection tank
(Pulford, J. 2012)
Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS)
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.2 PASSIVE VENTILATION The underfloor cooling system on both floors works by the transfer of energy by radiant heat exchange. Radiant heat is when warmth is passed to cooler objects so when the floor is cooled to a temperature cooler than the surrounding air, the floor then absorbs radiant energy proportional to the temperature difference between the surface and the room. This reduces the radiant air temperature more than the temperature of the floor. By continuing to pass cool water through the floor I was able to design it to keep the floor area cool, which will absorb warm air from the room through the floor. Moreover, both floors can be different from each other. The firs floor can be cool and the ground floor can be warm (or off) and visa versa. SW WIND Wind speed and direction detector 230V Master multi controller connected to • Fireman's Switch • Fire Alarm • Internet for remote monitoring & control • Window actuators • Facade louvres
Air cool facade louvre letting in cool air
NTS (Pulford, J. 2012) The key elements making up the facade vent are shown in the illustration to the right. Air is brought in through the external weather louvre (A), air flow is controlled via the building management system connected to the motorised thermal damper (B). The motorised thermal damper can be used to seal the building or manage/control the flow of air into the building. The second important function of this is that it is used to maintain the thermal performance of the envelope. The noise reduction is achieved through the attenuator (C) that is located between the thermal damper and the internal louvre (D). This is a honeycomb structure that restricts the passage of sound whilst allowing air to enter the building.
D
C B
A
(Pulford, J. 2012)
37
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.3 HEATING & COOLING After studying the site location, orientation and sun path, I was able to get a great understanding into the design layout, glazing design, elevation design and more. Here you can see the South elevation and how I designed the ground floor glazing to be protected by the sun from the overhanging first floor. I had to be very careful not to block the much needed solar gains during the cold winter periods. After many hours producing working models in SketchUp I eventually produced a design that finally worked. Here is the finished design that shows the sun angles during the summer and winter at peak times. During summer the ground floor glazing is sheltered from the sun and during winter the solar gains can penetrate through the ground floor glazing to warm the internal polished concrete floor which will absorb all the warmth then release it slowly throughout the day.
The cold stored in the ground during the winter period is used in the summer to cool the building (natural cooling). This gives a double effect: a high energyefficient cooling system and good performance of the heat pump during winter period. When the building gets too hot in summer, water is circulated through underfloor piping in the ground and first floors down to the cold pipework in the ground. This allows heat from the building to escape naturally to the ground. This type of natural cooling is also called "Free Cooling" as the only cost is the cost of a circulation pump to circulate water in a closed loop from the underfloor piping down to the piping in the ground. The Kalzip AluPlusSolar PV system will produce enough energy to power the GSHP so that the cooling can take place from the energy of the sun.
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.4 COMBINED HEAT & POWER I decided to incorporate a gas powered combined heat and power (CHP) system which will help provide the electricity needed throughout both extension and Oakland’s house Museum. The extension has photovoltaic and ground source heat pumps to provide a percentage of the heat and electricity required, therefore, the majority of the electricity and heating utilised via the CHP system will be provided for the existing Oaklands house building. Sizing of the CHP is important. There will be a large amount of unused heat during the summer period when only hot water is required and not heating. However it may still be worth running the system because the electricity generated will reduce the carbon load on the grid. Below, is spreadsheets created by the author via Department of energy and climate change (2012) website that shows the assessment as to whether the Oaklands house Museum extension warrants further investigation into a CHP system. Building Name:
Chelmsford Museum
User Name:
Jeffrey Pulford
Today's Date:
26-Apr-12
Building Sector:
2
Building Floor Area ( m2 ):
980
Building Region:
2 Units
Technology
Option 1
Energy Efficient Choices (2012)
Reciprocating Engine
CHP Capacity
kWe
25
Electricity Generated
MWh / yr
38
Month
Electricity Demand
Total Heat
Useful heat Recovered
MWh / yr
58
Jan-13
13500
19600
CHP Fuel consumption
MWh / yr
126
Feb-13
12100
17600
Primary Energy Savings
MWh / yr
52
Mar-13
13000
11200
CHP Capital Costs
£
£38,000
Apr-13
12800
11100
Annual Cost Savings
£ / yr
£3,000
May-13
13200
11400
NPV
£
£9,456
Jun-13
12200
3090
Payback Period
Yrs
11.4
Jul-13
12900
3240
CO2 Saving CHP displacing current Avg UK Grid CO2 Intensity elec
TCO2 / Yr
11
Aug-13
12800
3220
CO2 Saving CHP displacing current Avg UK Grid CO2 Intensity elec
%
10%
Sep-13
12600
10900
CO2 Saving CHP displacing current Avg UK FF CO2 Intensity elec
TCO2 / Yr
17
Oct-13
13200
11400
CO2 Saving CHP displacing current Avg UK FF CO2 Intensity elec
%
12%
Nov-13
12600
10900
CO2 Saving CHP displacing Best Available Technology
TCO2 / Yr
9
Dec-13
13400
19500
CO2 Saving CHP displacing Best Available Technology
%
9%
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.5 BREEAM ASSESSMENT From using a spreadsheet used from previous work I was able to calculate the total performance of the extension (not including Oaklands House).The results are shown in the following charts and give an idea of the energy consumption and the heat that is lost through each element of our final design, however, further research into the savings from the PV roof panels will be required to ensure accurate figures
% Rate of heat loss through each element 6%
Breakdown of energy consumption
4% 3%
11%
2%
9%
6%
52%
85%
22%
Ventilation
Windows
Walls
Roof
Floor
Total CO2 emissions: 18Kg/M2/Yr Space Heating
Hot Water
Lighting
Equipment
Pumps & Fans
Total energy consumption: 96KwH/M2/Yr 40
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
BREEAM is the world's foremost environmental assessment method and rating system for buildings, with 200,000 buildings with certified BREEAM assessment ratings and over a million registered for assessment since it was first launched in 1990. BREEAM sets the standard for best practice in sustainable building design, construction and operation and has become one of the most comprehensive and widely recognised measures of a building's environmental performance. A BREEAM assessment uses recognised measures of performance, which are set against established benchmarks, to evaluate a building’s specification, design, construction and use. The measures used represent a broad range of categories and criteria from energy to ecology. They include aspects related to energy and water use, the internal environment (health and well-being), pollution, transport, materials, waste, ecology and management processes.
10.5.1 MANAGEMENT COMMISSIONING During the design stage it is important to commission a Chartered Building Surveyor or Architect to carry out a Building Energy Assessment during the construction stage right through to completion and also after completion. The same Chartered Building Surveyor or Architect will carry out further assessments on a seasonal basis during the first year of occupation. Good quality control over the ordering of materials and use of these materials during construction stage to control waste. Pre- fabricated materials will be used where possible to optimise material usage. CONSTRUCTION SITE IMPACTS All issues affecting the site such as CO2 emissions, energy arising from site activities, water consumption, waste/recycling on site, materials sourced as locally as possible and pollution will be monitored by the site manager during construction and recorded. BUILDING USER GUIDE A building user guide will be produced by the design team to be handed over to the client/occupier of the proposed building as instructions/ manuals provide all the necessary information regarding services, plant and requirements included within the building. CONSULTATION Regular meetings between project team, client (s), advisors and local authority to discuss details regarding the heritage, value of the building/site/ surroundings as well as any additional advice and recommendations. Any changes to the design as a result to these discussions must be implemented. This would include the protection of any parts of the building/site with historic or heritage value in accordance with independent advice from the relevant body, however until construction phase starts its impossible to determine what historic or heritage value lies beneath. SECURITY Prior to construction commencing on site, the architect or project leader should consult with the Crime Prevention design adviser (CPDA) from the local police force with any recommendations for the building and its parking facilities. EASE OF MAINTENANCE Project leader or Architect will have to discuss with the local planning authority any issues or recommendations regarding the location of existing services such as mains sewer, water, electric and gas, to ensure that any landscaping or external works do not disturb any of the above services. Furthermore, appropriate access will need to be considered for the maintenance of these services, for example inspection chambers. LIFE CYCLE COSTING Repairs, maintenance, alterations and additional upgrades that allow the building to be maintained at an acceptable level will all need to be considered during the feasibility stage and recorded.
41
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.5.2 HEALTH AND WELLBEING DAYLIGHTING The building is designed to let as much light in as possible, especially on the north elevation where the entrance is fully glazed to allow sufficient light onto the mezzanine floors and therefore more than 80% of the floor area is covered by daylight. VIEW OUT The window design was a critical consideration at the design stage as the building utilises as much daylight as possible. Not only for the passive design but to also reduce ‘Sick Building Syndrome’ to improve overall comfort levels. GLARE CONTROL Window film will be used to reduce glare on SW elevation LIGHTING ZONES AND CONTROLS Evenly distributed lighting will be installed and controlled via motion sensors with manual override. POTENTIAL FOR NATURAL VENTILATION All high level windows are controlled via the BMS for natural ventilation. INDOOR AIR QUALITY The air intakes that serve the occupied areas are located accordingly to avoid sources of external pollution. VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC) All materials including paints will contain no VOC’s THERMAL COMFORT No air conditioning systems are required, however manuel and BMS controlled underfloor heating and cooling will provide thermal comfort
Acoustic behaviour diagram
42
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.5.3 ENERGY THERMAL ZONING The under floor heating and air circulation, will be able to be controlled in four zones, two on the ground floor and two on the first floor. MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION Will ensure sensors to control the water usage will control taps, urinals and WC’s are used. ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE Acoustic and impact sound insulation will be designed within the structure to reduce the ambient noise levels in accordance with HTM 08-01 Part A. To reduce reverberations, soft furnishings will be used to minimise echoing within the building where needed. OUTDOOR SPACE Outdoor relaxation areas will be designed around the grounds of the proposed development via landscape architects to provide areas where public and staff can relax and unwind. ARTS IN HEALTH Space allocated for an arts display will be located within the entrance foyer. These can be provided by the public or professional artist. REDUCTION OF C02 EMISSIONS The building utilises the use of solar gain via PV panels to convert into usable electricity. This provides 30% of the energy required to fulfil the needs of the users. Furthermore, CHP systems and underfloor heating/cooling is also designed into the scheme. SUB-METERING OF SUBSTANTIAL ENERGY USES Building Management Systems (BMS) are installed throughout the building as well as window actuators. Furthermore sub-metering is used within the building to measure energy uses within the building. EXTERNAL LIGHTING Light sensors will be used to control all external lighting, which will automatically turn on the lights when daylight levels are inefficient. LOW ZERO CARBON TECHNOLOGIES With PV, CHP and low energy consumed by the use of GSHP this all goes towards reducing the amount of CO2 emissions by 40% PROVISION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT Low energy lighting,and office equipment is used to reduce the amount of power required
43
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.5.4 TRANSPORT PROVISION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT Park and ride services are available to and from Oaklands House. Furthermore, Chelmsford train station is located 2 mile from the site. PROXIMITY TO AMENITIES The site is located less than 500 yards to the local amenities. These include Doctors Surgery, Pharmacists and general store. CYCLIST FACILITIES Secure cycle storage (sheltered) will be located to the rear of the building with pathways leading to the main entrance. PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE SAFETY Whilst trying to encourage workers to cycle it is important that cycle routes are included within the road layout. Pedestrian walkways will also be introduced, leading to and from the main entrance. TRAVEL PLAN As mentioned in section 5.1, a park and ride service is running on a ten-minute basis MAXIMUM CAR PARKING CAPACITY Car parking has met the clients brief and is limited to 40 car parking spaces (including disabled spaces) TRAVEL INFORMATION Information on local transport will be provided on site in the form of an information board located at near the reception desk. DELIVERIES AND MANOEUVRING Separate access for deliveries located to the South of the building. Sufficient turning points and storage of refuse skips and/or pallets.
44
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.5.5 WATER WATER CONSUMPTION Toilets with duel-flush systems to be installed throughout thus reducing the amount of water usage. Motion sensor taps will also be installed. Furthermore, instant hot water taps that provide water up to 99oC will be located in all secure kitchen/staff room areas. WATER METER Pulsed Output Water Meters to be installed to ensure readings can be recorded regarding water pressure and usage. MAJOR LEAK DETECTION It is important to locate a major leak detection system onto the water system to aid in the detection of any water leaks. SANITARY SUPPLY SHUT-OFF Shut-off valves will be installed to the water supplies within all toilet areas. WATER RECYCLING Rainwater recycling system will be located in the grounds of the teaching hospital to help reduce the amount of water needed.
10.5.6 MATERIALS 7.1 MATERIALS SPECIFICATION (MAJOR BUILDING ELEMENTS) According to the Green Guide specifications the six key building elements are as follows: Wall: A UK limestone cladding panel and support system, breather membrane, insulation, structural steel frame, medium dense solid blockwork with cement mortar, plasterboard on battens, paint. Element No; 806230423 Roof: A+ Structural Glulam trusses, ‘I’ beam purlins and deck, vapour control layer, insulation, metel standing seem roof covering. Element No; 812540001 Floor: B Structural topping on hollow precast prestressed concrete slabs. Element No: 807280007 Windows: A Powder coated aluminium window, (profile<0.9Kg/m), double gazed. Element No; 831500023 Typical Internal Wall: A load baring, precast concrete wall panel (100mm) painted. Element No; 809180028 Landscaping (light traffic): A+ Asphalt, (85mm) over prepared recycled sub-base. Element No; 830120020 HARD LANDSCAPING AND BOUNDRY PROTECTION Materials used for the landscaping will meet the requirements of bre at a rating of A to A+. For example, hedging or any living barrier would provide a great barrier as well as blending in with the surrounding areas. RESPONSIBLE SOURCING OF MATERIALS All materials are to be as locally sourced where possible. Majority of insulation for example will come from Kingspan, Cambridge. DESIGNING FOR ROBUSTNESS Extra protection will be provided for the more exposed areas. For example, corners of walls where wheelchairs may cause damage.
45
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.5.7 WASTE CONSTRUCTION SITE WASTE MANAGEMENT The majority of the construction will be constructed offsite in a factory which would minimise waste produced. Reusing soil from ground works on landscaping. RECYCLABLE AGGREGATE Recyclable aggregates can be used for the hardcore on the parking areas RECYCLABLE WASTE STORAGE Recycling storage waste points will be located throughout the building. COMPACTOR/ BALER To minimise waste storage, a compactor will be used.
10.5.8 LAND USE AND ECOLOGY RE-USE OF LAND The footprint of the building fits well within the proposed land. The building footprint is 2208m2 the proposed land is approximately 15777m2. CONTAMINATED LAND The proposed site will be tested for any contamination prior to construction. MITIGATING ECOLOGICAL IMPACT The site will remain the same throughout the construction as it is well maintained. There will be no negative change to the site through the completion of the construction. ENHANCING SITE ECOLOGY Through the landscaping I hope to encourage new wildlife and species through introducing new trees and other vegetation, and consequently new habitats for new insets and animals.
46
10 ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
10.5.9 POLLUTION NOISE ATTENUATION The positioning of the site eliminates noise complaints due to it being situated some distance from residential units. However some plant may do and as a result next to a main road and main construction will commence during non-term times so no students will be staying here REDUCTION OF NIGHT TIME LIGHT POLLUTION Car parking lights on timers so that they are only on during user times. MINIMALISING WATERCOURSE POLLUTION Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDs) will be used to allow slow water run off therefore minimising the risk of flooding around the site. FLOOD RISK Rainwater recycling and SUDs (previously mentioned) will be used to minimise flooding. The site is far enough away from any low annual flooding probability. PREVENTING REFRIGERANT LEAKS Pressure valves and switch off points will be used in conjunction with the air conditioning units to help prevent refrigerant leaks. Furthermore regular servicing will help detect any future points that may be of concern.
By incorporating all of the above into the design, the building achieves 85.11% on the BREEAM which will provide an OUTSTANDING BREEAM rating. BREEAM RATING
ENVIRONMENTAL WEIGHTING
% SCORE
AVAILABLE
ACHIEVED
% ACHIEVED
WEIGHTED
OUTSTANDING
>85
MANAGEMENT
12
16
15
93.75
11.25
EXCELLENT
>70
HEALTH & WELLBEING
15
18
17
94.44
14.17
VERY GOOD
>55
ENERGY
19
24
20
83.33
15.83
GOOD
>45
TRANSPORT
8
14
14
100.00
8.00
PASS
>30
WATER
6
9
9
100.00
6.00
UNCLASSIFIED
<30
MATERIALS
12.5
15
15
100.00
12.50
According to BRE, In this respect each BREEAM rating level broadly represents
WASTE
7.5
7
5
71.43
5.36
performance equivalent to:
LAND & ECOLOGY
10
10
7
70.00
7.00
POLLUTION
10
12
6
50.00
5.00
TOTAL
85.11%
Outstanding: Less than top 1% of UK new non-domestic buildings (innovator) Excellent: Top 10% of UK new non-domestic buildings (best practice) Very Good: Top 25% of UK new non-domestic buildings (advanced good practice) Good: Top 50% of UK new non-domestic buildings (intermediate good practice) Pass: Top 75% of UK new non-domestic buildings (standard good practice)
47
11 ELEMENT 1
11.1 BUBBLEDECK FIRST FLOOR BubbleDeck® is a revolutionary flooring system, which has proved to be highly successful throughout Europe since its development began ten years ago. BubbleDeck comprises a hollow, flat slab that spans in two directions, in which plastic balls are incorporated to replace, and therefore eliminate the concrete in the middle of a conventional slab which does not contribute to its structural performance. In other words, it removes the nonworking dead load, while maintaining biaxial strength.
Bubbledeck first floor
BubbleDeck® is now available in the United Kingdom and Channel Islands exclusively through Bubbledeck CI Ltd®, and is already being used in a major Jersey development. (Bubbledeck, 2011)
11.2 PROS & CONS OF BUBBLEDECK
•
Weight: The hollow spheres incorporated in the slab reduce the dead
•Delays: as with any pre-formed panal, savear delays can be
weight by up to 35% compared to solid slab with same bearing capacity.
caused if any panals are damegad.
No beams: due to its biaxiality, no down stand beams are needed. The result is completely flat soffit. A slim structure is obtained, resulting in a
CONS
•
PROS
•Plans: manufacturing of Bubbledeck systems are constructed off-site to plans provided by
overall reduced building hight.
•
•Designers: Any error in the design drawing will implement Open and Light: the flat soffit with no obstructing beams, combined with a
heavy costs on the extra slabs required in the corrected
reduced number of columns and/or bearing walls, creates an open and
drawings.
flexible space, with maximum usability.
•
Large Span: due to its lightness, the bubbledeck cand span large spans in all directions without beams.
•
Long Cantilevers: with the bubbledeck system, completely open facades is possible with long cantilevers.
48
11 ELEMENT 1
11.3 CASE STUDY Pick Everard Architects, based in Bury-St-Edmunds, Suffolk, designed a Government Office Building using Bubbledeck Floor Systems. This was the first building in the UK to use a Bubbledeck floor slab system with a cool floor system constructed within the slab itself. The cool floor system uses pipe work within the floor slab to pump cold water around all usable floor space to help maintain a comfortable room temperature.
(Author, 2011)
49
11 ELEMENT I
11.4 ANALYSIS With Bubbledeck system showing obvious signs of being able to span long distances in all directions with long cantilevers without the use of supporting beams, it would make a great choice for a building that wants to maximize the space available. Long cantilevers will definitely optimize the use of available light without as many supports that may block the light through the ground floor. Therefore, a site that may feel enclosed or shaded would benefit from using Bubbledeck. The benefit of using such a light weight floor slab for the construction of a large commercial building, when compared to conventional concrete floor slab, is the difference in the foundation design. The smaller the foundations, the more time, money and materials saved. Making this type of floor more sustainable, economic and quicker to use and install. The downside to using any pre formed floor slab is that the construction process will be seriously delayed if any slab was damaged. The methods used in constructing a building using Bubbledeck will be almost the same. However, as the weight of the Bubbledeck system is much lighter than traditional slab concrete, therefore, lifting equipment will be much less expensive and smaller, making on-site construction lighter and quicker and ideal for a smaller, tighter site with a more restricted access.
50
12 ELEMENT II
12.1 FIRESTONE EDPM Since the installation of the first Firestone EPDM roof in 1980, Firestone Building Products has produced and installed over 1.000.000.000 m² of Firestone RubberGard EPDM worldwide, from the cold climates of Alaska to the desert sun of the Arabian Gulf. This performance record has made Firestone Building Products a global leading manufacturer of EPDM rubber membranes, backed by over a century of experience in rubber technology. Firestone EPDM Roofing Systems dominate the single-ply roofing market through their proven performance, durability and flexibility over a wide range of building types.
Firestone roofing membrane for ʻThe Boxʼ
The Firestone RubberGard EPDM Roofing System is based on a sustainable EPDM rubber membrane, designed for installation on commercial, industrial and residential flat and low slope roofing applications. It can also be combined with extensive green roof and/or solar PV installations Firestone, (2011)
51
12 ELEMENT II
12.2 PROS & CONS resistance properties.
•
Temperature: stable from -45℃ to 130℃.
Retains its elasticity at low temperature and resistant to temperature
shocks up to 250℃.
•
•
Resistance: Excellent resistance to U.V., ozone and improved fire-
CONS
•
PROS
Qualification: The Firestone EPDM must be installed by a qualified installer, so making sure that the installation is booked well in advance.
•
Color: Only available in black/grey.
•
Size: Although the sheet size can be reduced, the main advantage
Refurbishment: The cost to strip off and dispose of an existing
of the Firestone EPDM is the fact that the large sheet dimensions
bituminous roofing system is becoming more and more important.
result in fewer joins. However, heavy lifting equipment will be
Using EPDM it is possible to overlay and refurbish the existing roof
required.
without having to dispose of it.
•
Longevity: EPDM has an increased life expectancy (in excess of 50 years) thus reducing the impact on the environment and postponing subsequent re-roofing decisions.
•
Recyclability: EPDM may be re-cycled. The burning of EPDM results in production of high energy and recycling into by-products is possible.
•
Cold application: While bituminous systems are usually applied using hot bitumen or by torching, thus generating fumes, EPDM systems use a cold process with consequently no fumes generated reducing the fire risk on site.
•
Chemically Inert: Some roofing membranes include volatile ingredients, such as plasticisers, or toxic ingredients, such as chlorine, which affect the atmosphere. EPDM is totally inert and contains no toxic material.
•
Reduced VOC’s: Also, in order to reduce the quantity of VOC’s, all Firestone systems use a cured tape for membrane assembly that is to be installed using QuickPrime Plus, a primer, thus the use of an adhesive is no longer required.
52
12 ELEMENT II
12.3 COMPARISON
OPTION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONTACTS
Firestone EPDM
•Offers
•
Firestone Building Products, Meridian House, Road One, Winsford, CW7 3QG TEL: 01606 552026
unmatched resistance to ozone, UV Due to the large dimensions sizes, requires radiation, extremes of both high and low heavy lifting equipment temperatures, and ultimately ageing. Quick and easy installation Panel sizes up to 15m in width and 60m in length resulting in fewer field seams and less installation time. High flexibility Elongate over 300% to accommodate building movements. requires little or no maintenance. very low life-cycle cost. Environmentally friendly Reusable
• •
• • • • • • •RIBA accredited Trelleborg •mechanically fastened system •Welded joins making more joins for Engineered Systems •low weight per unit area potential leaks •Weather and UV resistant •More expensive than FIRESTONE EPDM solvent free adhesives SINGLE PLY. • •High wind-uplift rating •Used extensively on large commercial, •industrial and public projects worldwide •Reusable Sarnafil •More expensive than FIRESTONE EPDM •Vapor permeable SINGLE PLY. •Dimensionally stable Highly flexible •10ft rolls making more joins for potential • leaks •High mechanical strength Weather and UV resistant •Non reusable • •Available in 7 standard colors as well as custom colors •Available 10ft rolls •RIBE accredited
TBS Elastomers Europe, Suite 3D, Willow House, Strathclyde Business Park, Lanarkshire ML4 3PB TEL: 01698 464628 Sika Sarnafil, Sika Ltd Robberds Way Bowthorpe Norwich NR5 9JF TEL: 01603 748985
53
12 ELEMENT II
12.4 ANALYSIS Firestone EPDM is used both commercially and domestic and is definitely a good substitute for bitumen membranes, especially for large residential and commercial projects.
Ideally cant be used on curved buildings as this will result in creases and folds in the membrane, this will not look very aesthetically pleasing. This would mean that this membrane would ideally suit a flat or sloped roof type which does limIt the style of building that this material can be used on.
If green roofs were an option then this would still make for a great choice of membrane to be used as a water tight barrier. The Firestone EPDM has excellent resistance to weathering, ultraviolet radiation, ozone thermal shock and cyclic fatigue. Uses adhesive tape and un-cured primer to minimise joint problems. With an expected life span of 20 to 30 years, it makes a great solution to weather proofing a large commercial building.
However, according to the British Standard code of practice for flat roofs, BS 6229 covers design issues for use of single ply membranes and states:
•The provision of additional insulation to reduce heating costs and reduce risk of cold bridging. •Use light-coloured membranes, ideally with reflective surfaces to reduce solar heating. •Design roof falls to be twice the minimum – at least one in 40 to ensure efficient drainage of water. •Consider green roofs or inverted roofs so the waterproofing membrane is protected from direct weathering and radiation. However, if an inverted roof leaks, the repair costs may be significantly higher than a traditional system.
54
13 ELEMENT III
13.1 GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER In terms of the structure for the Oaklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house museum extension, out of concrete steel and timber, I decided that, the only renewable building material is really timber. To briefly explain how renewable timber is, the cycle of felling and planting is very beneficial to the atmosphere as it is only during growth that a tree absorbs CO2 and gives off vital oxygen. Basically, once the tree has reached its mature age, absorbing CO2 virtually stops.
Glum timber structure
Glued laminated timber (Glulam) was my chosen choice. Not only for its warm looking, soft touch, there are many advantages to using a glued laminated timber. Glue laminated timber is very versatile and can be used for the roof and supporting structure and connected to each other via steel flitch beams. Compared to reinforced concrete and steel is very light and economically very competitive. Furthermore as glue laminated timber is so much lighter than concrete and steel there are huge savings to be made in transport, foundations and building. Glue laminated timber is precisely designed as an engineered, laminated structural component And is fabricated by bonding together accurately planed timber laminations, with a grain in a longitudinal direction of the member. This forms great structural unity and strength throughout the whole beam. Wood has a greater tensile strength relative to steel - twice on a strength-to-weight basis - and has a greater compressive resistance strength than concrete. The high strength and stiffness of laminated timbers enable glulam beams and arches to span large distances without intermediate columns, allowing more design flexibility than with traditional masonry construction.
13.2 MANUFACTURING GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER The softwood boards are kiln dried in a factory down to a moisture content of approx. 12 % and then planed.
The planed dried boards are then strengthgraded either visually or mechanically. For the outer lamellas of the glulam additional requirements concerning the outwardappearance of the glulam are taken into account.
Any board sections with defects having might have a significant influence on the strength or or appearance such as knots and resin are cut out off the boards dependent on the strength class and the surface-class. The boards are jointed together lengthwise using fingerjoints (glued connection between the edges of two boards which have a shape similar to fingers on a hand).
After the fingerjoints have been hardened the lamellas are planed to thicknesses of up to 45mm.
55
The glue is applied on the broader edge of the timber.
13 ELEMENT II
Glue lines are very thin. The portion of glue in a glulam-member is less than 1%. Glulam is strength-graded and refined by the lamination. According to Trada (2012) its permissible bending strength is up to 80% higher than the permissible bending strength of the usually used solid-wood. As a result of the production-procedure glulam members are deformed less through shrinkage and have a higher resistance to cracking.
At least three lamellas are stacked and pressed in an either straight or curved press. In the case for Oaklands House they are curved.
As the single lamellas are very flexible unless bonding together, it is very easy to produce curved glulam members. Spatially curved or twisted members require greater efforts. Therefore its permissible bending strength is up to 80% higher than the permissible bending strength of the usually used solidwood. As a result of the production-procedure glulam members are deformed less through shrinkage and have a higher resistance to cracking.
After the gluelines are hardened the raw glulam is usually planed and chamfered.
In most cases the glulam members are cut to their final size and joints are fixed in the plant. If necessary the members are given preservative treatment or temporary coating against the influence of direct weathering during construction and the members are wrapped with packing material.
56
13 ELEMENT II
13.3 RISK OF FIRE The charring rate of timber exposed to fire is predictable. BS 5268: Part 4 sets out the criteria by which the strength of the residual section may be assessed following specified periods of endurance. This enabled me to ensure that the required fire resistance was achieved for the design. Obviously timber and fire don't go together. I did not want to cover the timber with a non-combustable material as this went against my whole idea of exposing its qualities from the inside. I sized the timber so that it had sufficient crosssectional area to retain at leas a 30 minute escape for occupants within the building. B3. (1) The building shall be designed and constructed so that, in the event of a foire, its stability will be maintained for a reasonable period. Building Regulations Part B Glulam beams 90mm thick and over will usually endure a 30 minute fire without modification. Longer periods will probably lead to an increase in thickness although this may be partially offset by a reduction in depth. The thickness of the structural beams as part of the roof are 600mm x 200mm at the base and remain this thick throughout the curve (where the bending moment is at its greatest) then tapers down to 350mm x 200 at a distance of 16m. Therefor giving ample time for escape if fire were to accrue. Therefore, the secretary of States requirements will be met in terms of the load baring elements of structure of the building and is capable of withstanding the effects of fire of an appropriate amount of time without the loss of stability.
13.4 FIXINGS Hexagonal head bolts and nuts are used at every junction to secure the timber and steal work together. Washers under every head shall be used which are in contact with the timber. According to Trada 2012, Timber work washers should have a diameter of a least 3 times the diameter of the bolt and a thickness of 0.3 bolt diameters to provide an adequate bearing area. It is crucial that the manufacturer understands the ententions for each beam in order to use the correct glue therefore it is importants that communications are kept with tha manufacturer in terms of the specification. It is important to choose the correct manufacturer for the curved beams as a factory producing large quantities of straight glulam would favour a faster setting adhesive than a small specialist company producing smaller quantities of bespoke curved members. There are 3 adhesives commonly used for glum these are; phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) Melamine Urea Falmaldehyde (MUF Polyurethane (PU) TRADA Technology 2012
The type of glue that I will specify for these Ghulam members would be phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF). This glue will leave a nice dark blue line on each laminate and is the most water resistant. One of the most important part of the curved beams in the design is external, connected to the ground via a steal flitch plate. Incorrect glue type could be catastrophic for the structure may result in failure early on within the 60years it has been designed to last.
57
13 ELEMENT II
14.1 THE MODEL A model of the steal flitch base plate that supports the Glum beam was produced and the Photographs below show the step by step process taken to complete.the materials used are 8mm steal pieces that have been cut at a factory. CAD drawings were produced by myself and sent to the manufacturer whom delivered the cut pieces to me to work on. Steel pieces laid out on a piece of timber with my CAD drawing engraved upon it. The timber, later used database for my finished steel flitch baseplate model.
Finally, using a TIG welder to weld the pieces together
TBU / TBU
Acct No/Debt No Vat Reg No
THOMAS BUTLER 5 COMMON ROAD BRESSINGHAM DISS NORFOLK
Using the a orbital sender I was able to clean up the surface of each steel face.
Order Number
Pro Forma Invoice Date
TBU / TBU
THOMAS BUTLER 5 COMMON ROAD BRESSINGHAM DISS NORFOLK
Each steals piece slots in to one another. However, some of the holes were just narrowly to small and needed filing.
201581 08-03-2012
Customer Part No
Page : 1 of 1
Issue
Net Price
305488 FLITCHED / PEGGED BASE PLATE - SET OF TBU-00001 12 PARTS AS DRWG 8MM M/S
Acct No/Debt No Vat Reg No
EMAIL 05/03
Progress Way Mid Suffolk Business Park EYE Suffolk IP23 7HU Tel 01379 872822 Fax 01379 872823
Job/SOP Description
EMAIL 05/03
Order Number
Wrightform Ltd
Wrightform Ltd Progress Way Mid Suffolk Business Park EYE Suffolk IP23 7HU Tel 01379 872822 Fax 01379 872823
Pro Forma Invoice Date
Job/SOP Description
69.77
201581 08-03-2012
Customer Part No
Page : 1 of 1
Issue
305488 FLITCHED / PEGGED BASE PLATE - SET OF TBU-00001 12 PARTS AS DRWG 8MM M/S
Price Given in
Net Price 69.77
Total Net
69.77 13.95 83.72
VAT 20.00
Total Gross Payment Terms are defined in Letter Of Credit
THIS IS NOT A VAT INVOICE
A finished model of the 1:20 scale steel flitch base plate
Price Given in
Total Net VAT 20.00
Total Gross Payment Terms are defined in Letter Of Credit
58
69.77 13.95 83.72
15 CONCLUSION
The report has shown a journey through design, a building design for the Chelmsford Borough Council owned Oaklands House Regimental Museum located in Chelmsford. An extension to Oakland's House Museum that not only meets the client brief but also meets the Building Research Establishmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Energy Assessment Model for sustainability with outstanding results. The author has briefly explained whom the project team would consist of, whether it is a finance specialist advising the client on financial issues or a solicitor advising the client on legal issues and a Gantt chart giving the reader and understanding how long the construction sequence would be expected take. It is easy to show random sketches and ideas nevertheless, the author has included precedents from either books or Internet sites that have provided inspiration for the sketches and justified how they are incorporated within the scheme. A clear section in this report shows the evolution of the design from inception to completion. Looking at environmental issues such as orientation, Sun path and site constraints, which essentially was the beginning of the design. Without considering these, the design clearly would not work, the green technology incorporated within design would be nothing more than an expensive display and may as well have been in a cabinet along with the Essex regimental artefacts, very expensive artefacts. This report clearly shows that the design was born from considering such environmental issues and that the incorporated green technology does work, showing a breakdown of energy consumption and the percentage of heat loss through each element of the building design giving a total CO2 emissions and total energy consumption for a year. This report clearly demonstrates that this extension design surely would work in the real world, the green technology really would help reduce the CO2 emissions emitted into the atmosphere and that the author has categorically considered the materials to be used, whether it is the use of Bubbledeck floor slab technology for the 1st floor to help reduce the vast amount of concrete used or the glued laminated timber structure instead of the much widely used steel or concrete that produce tons of CO2 emissions in the manufacturing process alone.
Finally, with lifelike illustrations included within this report that help sell what the author has designed, demonstrating what a remarkable scheme this really is. A great contrast of what innovative construction was back in the Victorian era juxtapose the innovative technology of today.
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16 REFERENCES
Baden-Powell, C (2011). Architects Pocket Book. Burlington: Elsevier. Bubbledeck. (2011). Improving Building Design. Available: http:// www.bubbledeck-uk.com/design.html. Last accessed 27th Sep 2011 Dunster, B, Simmons, C, Gilbert,B (2009). The ZED Book. New York: Taylor & Francis. Energy Efficient Choices. (2012). Alternative Home Heating System also Generates Electricity. Available: http://www.energyefficientchoices.com/news-events/alternative-homeheating-system-generates-electricity.php. Last accessed 23rd Apr 2012. English Heritage (2012) Building Regulations and Historic Buildings. Available at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/ignpartlbuildingregs.pdf. Last Accessed, 19th May 2012. Kalzip. (2012). AuPlusSolar system. Available at: http://www.kalzip.com/kalzip/me/literature/literature_brochure-download.html Last accessed 10th Mar 2012. Kalzip. (2012). KalzipXT Roofing Sheets. Available at: http://www.kalzip.com/kalzip/me/literature/literature_brochure-download.html Last accessed 10th Mar 2012. Marshall, D, Worthing,D (2006). The Construction of Houses. Bristol: EG Books McLeod, V (2009). Detail in Contemporary Timber Architecture. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. 6. Nigeria Architecture journal . (2010). New Materials Technology.Available: http://kientrucvietnam.org.vn/Web/ Content.aspx?zoneid=120&distid=16334&lang=vi-VN. Last accessed 27th Sep 2011. Saldec Construction. (2012). Saldec Projects. Available: http://www.saldecconstruction.com/glulam-beams-installation-drogheda-leisure-centre.html. Last accessed 15th Feb 2012. Ross, P, Downes, G, Lawrence, A (2009). Timber in Contemporary Architecture. Buckinghamshire: TRADA Technology Ltd. Turner, S. (2011). America's Car Museum. Available: http://westernwoodstructures.blogspot.com/. Last accessed 15th Feb 2012. Wordpress. (2009). Dynamic museum by UNStudio. Available: http://news.architecture.sk/2009/04/dynamic-museum-by- unstudio.php. Last accessed 26th Sep 2011
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17 REFLECTION
I found this module extremely interested and enjoyable with an array of problems to solve along the way each week. After attending class each week and listening to the lecturers talk about everyone’s individual design, this sometimes gave me both hope and inspiration for my own. This has been some great work quite produced by some of my peers and whilst talking to them about problems they had with their own design and trying to solve these within our own time gave me not only a greater understanding of the technology and innovative designs they are using within their own scheme but gave me ideas for my own and helped me solve issues with my design. Both Richard and Tony have been extremely helpful with regards to feedback each week whilst making it both fun and interesting for me to listen to, and of course frustrating. But hey, I find negative feedback just as interesting and this is what helps me learn. I felt that, one of the main problems with the design technology II module is that, it is such a huge task given to us that it makes other major projects such as dissertation difficult to carry out as there just isn’t enough time. However, overall I’m very happy with the results of the long days spent in front of the computer and drawing board. I feel happy with my design, drawings and report and of course the lecturers but can’t help but feel that with my determination to improve my drawings and ideas, I could have included a lot more if technical improvements to my scheme which would have not only looked good for the report and my boards but, helped me with future projects within the workplace.
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