Temporary Cities by Jeff Swiontkowski

TEMPORARY CITIES A case for Temporary Use as a Preservation Strategy in KCK By: Jeff Swiontkowski

Introduction This book is a continuation of previous research. That publication, “Vacant Cities”, was developed by the Gould Evans Design Research Fellowship in the Fall of 2015. Four KU graduate students, Drew Truskey, Patrick Henke, Parker Conlin and myself, under the direction of Kelly Dreyer, a Senior Associate at Gould Evans, wanted to understand the connectivity and various networks within a city. After some initial research, we directed our focus toward vacancy, an incredibly complex issue in itself but also a significant issue in Kansas City, Kansas, our research area. We

used hard data to develop a series of strategies for cities struggling with vacancy. We also compiled an immense library of case studies and scholarly research. That same index can be found in the back of this book and a full digital version can be found on issuu.com. This book is a continuation of that initial study. In some ways it begins where the Gould Evans research left off, but in other ways it makes a stark departure. Here, I begin to look at tangible strategies to mitigate vacancy. I looked at individual structures and investigated their stories. I spoke with developers to

understand their take on vacancy and what motivates them. Here, I also propose a real solution for KCK’s vacant lots and structures. Temporary use. I look into the incredible potential of temporary use, not only to save ailing structures, but to make money for the city, to contribute to a community’s selfperception, and to provide a creative outlet for the city. I have compiled a dozen case studies from across Europe and the United States that KCK can use as a template, and I’ve phased out a plan for the city to finally begin converting its biggest liability into its biggest asset.

Jeff Swiontkowski

THE STATE OF VACANCY

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

CASE STUDY: OLD SCHOOL

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OPTION 5: TEMPORARY USE 62 - 101

Vacancy is an incredibly complex, ever-changing landscape...

And Vacancy in Kansas City, Kansas is no different. Vacancy is not static. It is constantly evolving and it is the end-result of a variety of problems â&#x20AC;&#x201C;predatory loans, underwater mortgages, unexpected expenditures, and the list goes on. And to compound this, no two lots are alike. There are endless shapes and sizes. Some are next to schools others are industrial wastelands. Some are heavily vegetated and others are completely barren. Some lots are the size of an airport, others are barely the size of a parking space. So how do we â&#x20AC;&#x153;solveâ&#x20AC;? this? What are our struggling cities supposed to do?

Jeff Swiontkowski

Cities Across the United States Last semester we began our research by looking at cities all across the United States. We asked ourselves, “What are the big problems, and how can we use design research to help solve them?” We came up with all the usual suspects – crime, assess to healthy food, low educational attainment, access to proper healthcare, and concentrated poverty. We then began to look at vacancy. Perhaps the most visible of all these issues, vacancy is directly tied to all of these challenges. High levels of vacancy lead to increase levels of crime, property values go down, the diversity of housing options, ethnicities and ages becomes less and less. And all the while, less tax money collected means less civic and infrastructural improvements are available to the local population. It is a self perpetuating downward spiral. This is what we found in our own backyard –in Kansas City Kansas.

Jeff Swiontkowski

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Vacancy in KCK

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That said, the city still has a long ways to go. Wyandotte County was recently voted the least healthy county in the state. Many of the city’s schools are struggling, and vacancy continues to be a dominant issue. !! ! !

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KCK has followed the same trajectory as many other post-industrial Midwestern cities. The city prospered on the railroad and meatpacking industries up until the early 1970s when a combination of “white flight” and outsourcing of manufacturing and blue collar jobs led to increasing levels of poverty, crime and vacancy. This continued up until the 2000s when the city began making a slow, but well deserved, comeback. This was partially due to the influx of newcomers from Central and South America that have since adopted once-vacant swaths of the city and made them their own.

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Jeff Swiontkowski !

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Vacant Lots in KCK As we begin to look at our research area we can start to see just how large of an issue vacancy is. This data was generated by the Unified Government of Wyandotte County GIS portal. The orange lots have no â&#x20AC;&#x153;occupantâ&#x20AC;? which, it should be noted, also includes parks, sports fields and nature areas. The pink are lots which the Land Bank owns. In both cases there may or may not be a structure on the lot but this tool is helpful in identifying heavy concentrations of vacancy.

= Land Bank Owned = Privately Owned

Jeff Swiontkowski

Vacant Structures The following dataset was generated using GIS software where lots marked vacant were cross referenced with lots with structures. The result is a loose dataset of all the vacant structures in the area, both Land Bank owned (pink) and privately owned (orange).

= Land Bank Owned = Privately Owned

Jeff Swiontkowski

Key Vacancies Key Vacancies are Land Bank owned and privately owned vacant structures that are: â&#x20AC;˘ 5,000 mapped SF or higher â&#x20AC;˘ located in a highly populated or well trafficked ares â&#x20AC;˘ have a reasonable percentage of street frontage relative to lot size These structures represent a series of specific opportunities for the city to begin to develop a systematic approach to vacant structures. These are your most high-risk vacancies where the stakes are the highest in terms of community impact.

= Land Bank Owned = Privately Owned

Jeff Swiontkowski

Gould Evans Design Research Fellowship: Discoveries, Successes & Failures

It Begins with a Set of Goals There were many goals for the Gould Evans Design Research Fellowship. From the beginning we wanted to explore the idea of connectivity with in cities â&#x20AC;&#x201C;this idea that cities are made of overlapping networks, some social, some physical and some ideological. Then, after exploring our research area in Kansas City, Kansas, we looked to address the idea of connectivity through the lens of vacancy. We began to ask ourselves, What if there was a smarter way to curate vacancy within our cities? What if we could help decision makers to make better investments in which properties they keep and which ones they sell? And, most importantly, what if we could turn such a large liability into an asset?

Jeff Swiontkowski

Discoveries Given all of our initial questions, we settled on producing guide for cities struggling with vacancy. First, we developed a selection criteria to prioritize lots. For example, lots near parks, schools, major roads, bicycle pathways and grocery stores hold more weight and inherent value than those that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t. The overlays are then compiled to see where cities should focus their investment (the darker blue areas to the right). Second, we looked at breaking down all vacancies into four categories (island lots, anchor structures, localized clusters and large clusters). Each category, in turn, lends itself to a specific kind of development. Island lots, for example, lend themselves to more localized, blockscale developments like neighborhood gardens, where as anchor structures, vacant buildings over a certain square footage, lend themselves to specific developments like makerspaces, artist lofts or warehousing. Each category can be seen to the right and is given a different diameter circle. Lastly, we wanted to provide cities with the most recent scholarly research and grassroots projects from around the world. We pieced together an impressive library of resources. The same index can be found in the back of this book.

Parks

Major Streets

Bike Paths

Grocery Stores

ISLAND LOT

ANCHOR STRUCTURE

LOCALIZED CLUSTER

LARGE CLUSTER

Jeff Swiontkowski

Discoveries Residential Use

Civic/Public Use

Campsite

Side Lot

Public Fountain

Police Sub-Station

Dog Park Gazebo Small Playground Area

Skate Park

Mini Clinic

Garage

Picnic Spot

Community Plaza

Healthcare Use

Community Health Center

Housing

Yard Addition

Outdoor Workout Area

Neighborhood Bicycle Pathway Station

BBQ Station

Commercial Use Flea Market Parking Lot Retail Space for Local Stores For-Profit Collaboration Workshop

Mixed-Use Container Village Internet Cafe

Source for Tax Credits

Public Market

Cultural Use Collaboration Hub

Food Truck Lot

Grocery Chain

Metal Smith Workshop

Sales for Community Farms

Artist Exhibition Space Performance Art Venue

Gathering Space for Concerts

Mailbox Public Library Art Projection Space

Community Library

Large Scale Urban Farming

T F

Mini Orchard

Cost

Educational Use Language Center

Vocational Training

After School Art Program Computer Training

Community Learning Center

Feasibility

Utilities Use Mini Wind Farm

Recycling Sub Station Solar Array

Routing for City Utilities

Snow Removal Site

Scale of Impact

Natural Systems Use

Tree Farm

Community Farming

Rain Garden

Nature Center

Architectural Opportunity

Meditation Garden Community Composting Center

Vineyard

Jeff Swiontkowski

Scale of Impact Architectural Opportunity

Cost Feasibility

Discoveries

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Snow Removal Site Camping Site Mailbox Library Bicycle Station Picnic Spot Rain Garden Side Yards BBQ Station

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Side Lot/Garage Skate Park Meditation Garden Dog Run Community Gardens Dog Park Public Art Space Parking Lot

17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Food Truck Lot Recycling Sub-station Public Fountain Community Plaza Community Composting Center 22. Educational “Red Box” Kiosk 23. Neighborhood Playground

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

Nature Center Outdoor Workout Area Mini Orchard Tree Farm Gazebo/Park Venue for Outdoor Concerts Neighborhood Pathway Performance Art Space

32. Single-Family Housing 33. Community Farmers Market Space 34. Public Market 35. Internet CafĂŠ 36. Metalsmith Spot 37. Center for Learning Class Material

38. After School Art Program 39. Language Center 40. Co-learning Space for Adults and Children 41. Community Library 42. Vineyard 43. Police Sub-station 44. Placement of Future Utilities

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

Daycare Sun Fresh Grocery Hub Flea Market Large Scale Urban farming Retail Space for Local Stores Mini Clinic For-profit Collaboration Workshop

52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

Vocational Training Center Makerspace Community Health Center Collaboration Hub Solar Array Multi Family Housing Wind Farm Mixed-use Development Jeff Swiontkowski

Key Findings Branching off from our initial questions, we first had to understand all the liabilities and opportunities embedded in vacant lots and structures. The diagram below is a simple theorization of those issues. Although most people only consider the liabilities like decreased property values or increased blight, they often fail to see the

Zero Tax Revenue Added Generated Maintenance Costs for the City

potential opportunities associated with these lots, such as new job opportunities, potential for new business, and the ability to facilitate a sense of community. This diagram provides us with a concise view of potential liabilities and opportunities a property may hold, and would become the first of many key findings as we

Liabilities

dug deeper into blighted properties and their impact on the community.

Opportunities New Job Opportunities

Decreased Property Values

Increases in Property Values

Increases in Perceived Value

Leads to Higher Crime Rates

Improved Community Engagement

Added Tax Revenue

Education

Could Provide Much Needed Services

Increased Blight

Potential for New Business

Decreases Residents Value of their Own Neighborhood Leads to Poor PR

Exercise

Healthcare

Groceries

Educational Opportunities

Helps Create a Sense of Community

Building on the previous diagram, we wanted to look at the way these liabilities played out over time. A big discovery was made after meeting with the Land Bank Chair when we were told the city can not acquire a property unless it has been delinquent for a minimum of three years according to Kansas state

Occupied

law. This means that a property, which may or may not have a structure on it, and may or may not be occupied, is left deteriorating for a minimum of three years before any concrete action can be taken to develop the property for any use. One can only imagine the impact this would have on a neighboring property, the block

Delinquency

in which it sits, and the surrounding neighborhood. Here we can see a lagging effect in the value decreases for a single lot, it will gradually pull down the neighboring lots and eventually the entire block if nothing is done.

Vacant Lot w/

Development or

Minimal Maintenance

Natural Reclamation

= Impact on Property = Impact on Block = Impact on Neighborhood

3 to 4 Years

Jeff Swiontkowski

Key Findings Our third key discovery came when we began to look at vacancy from the owners perspective. Why let a property deteriorate so badly? Was it simply that they couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t afford it anymore? Or were there ulterior motives? We soon found out after talking with more government officials that most

owners only have a couple of options. Yes, there are some owners that simply walk away from a property and disappear, but most of them are hanging onto a property and holding out for something bigger. This occurs in two major forms: original owners that have since left, and speculators that are hoping to buy up

a lot of lots and sell them off to a big developer. In both cases, there is an extreme lack of incentive to get owners to better maintain their properties. A few government officials mentioned harsher fines for code violations, but other than that, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not much the city can do to change this pattern of re-occurring blight.

Less Investment

More Investment

A large entity may buy the property and pay top dollar

Delinquency

Abandon

Let it Sit

Commercial

Reinvest

Residential

Donate

Public Use

{

KCK Landbank

Sell

Landbank attempts to resell the property and recoup any back taxes

Ideas

Potential Impacts

This diagram was brought about by a local resident. He approached two of our team members during a community meeting at the Dotte Agency in KCK and very bluntly asked, “How do we bring money into the city? That’s what we really need.” So this diagram was a summation of some of our early ideas and how they would bring

money into the city. Now, not every idea is as clean and dried as it could have been at this point, but it was important for us to get these things written down early on and to explore those impacts before we moved on to the latter stages of our research. Some particular points of interest we came across in compiling our ideas entail

Gentrification

Increased Property values

Find outside investors

More residents on health insurance

Seek additional government funding

Generates tax revenue

Increased income for specialized employees

May require workforce education

an intriguing idea of offering tax incentives for the utilization of key parcels within our area of research. The potential impact of such an idea consists of the utilization of vacant property, a higher sense of value among residents, and increased foottraffic along Central Avenue. All of these are superb goals to increase area vitality.

Increased foot-traffic along central Utilization of vacant property

New job creation

Bring in new businesses

Create low-cost work spaces for new businesses

Re-attract residents that have already left

Incentivize businesses to re-invest

Offer tax incentives for utilization of key parcels

Higher sense of value among residents

Appeal to new residents to invest in the community

Jeff Swiontkowski

Successes & Failures Overall, the Gould Evans Research was successful in many ways. The lot selection criteria made it considerably easier to pick the lots that had the most weight in the community. Our lot categorization, though a little simplistic, did make it easier to visualize the potential of certain types of lots and lot groupings; and the research and case studies that we turned up will be incredibly helpful to any city looking for success stories. Overall, it’s a highly successful “visioning tool” for communities to help evaluate their vacancy situation and to see those lots as assets. What this guide lacked was a systematic approach for how to accomplish this in KCK. To be fair, this was not one of the original goals of the Gould Evans research, but this continued research is a natural progression. We need to begin to look at real, tangible solutions to the vacancy issue. We need to look at case studies –find specific structures and measure their potential. And we need to start thinking about real programs and the real people that will run them. This is what I did.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Case Study: th 290 S. 10 St.

What do we do with buildings that are stuck? In this project I chose to look at one of our vacant lots from the Gould Evans Research Fellowship. In part, because it is a beautiful old building, but also because it was a statistical anomaly when it came to our initial research. The structure was in decent shape. It sits on a prime piece of land with plenty of foot traffic, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historically significant to the area. Yet, despite all of this, it has been vacant for over twenty years. Half a dozen developers have passed on it, and it seems destined to be bulldozed if nothing happens soon. I will be using this building is a case study. It will function as a representative for all the other vacant structures across Kansas City and around the world. These are buildings that are stuck. These are buildings with few options. They are, quite simply, waiting â&#x20AC;&#x201C;either for the bulldozers, or a developer with too much money and little desire to recoup their investment. The city is losing money holding onto them. The community cant afford to do anything with them, and each year, the prospect of saving these structures becomes a little more grim.

Jeff Swiontkowski

History: Surrounding Neighborhoods Whittier Elementary School was built in 1922 to help educate the children of a growing population of Polish, German, Russian, and Lithuanian immigrants. This entire area of Kansas City, Kansas was built around the blue collar jobs available in the rail yards and meat packing houses. Like many post-industrial cities of today, Kansas City expanded and flourished until the early 1970s when the jobs began moving elsewhere. What followed was also typical of a lot of Midwestern cities. A combination of â&#x20AC;&#x153;white flightâ&#x20AC;? and job loss led to increasing levels of crime, poverty and vacancy all the way up until today where an influx of newcomers, mostly from Central and South America, have adopted the area made this community their own.

Jeff Swiontkowski

History: Inception and School Function When the Whittier Elementary School was unveiled on Saturday, April 29th, 1922, over 500 people showed up. Mayor Burton gave a speech and the junior high orchestra played as people oohed and aahed at this shining tribute to a new kind of education. It was a celebration. And at the center of it was this three-story, brick and stone lined structure with tall ceilings and white-washed windows. Whittier would continue to function as a school up until 1991. During that time several improvements were made to the buildings plumbing and electrical systems. The exterior was fully paved by 1958 and the chain link fences were added shortly after. The building would experience occasional improvements of this nature until it was sold off by the Board of Education.

Jeff Swiontkowski

History: Later Years After functioning as a school for nearly 70 years, the building was eventually sold off and purchased by El Centro, a local faith-based community organization. They used the building for English as a Second Language (ESL) and other classes for newcomers to the United States. They eventually vacated the structure in the early 2000s leaving the structure susceptible to vandals and squatters for the next two decades. The Land Bank for the Unified Government of Wyandotte County eventually bought the structure and tried their best to keep it â&#x20AC;&#x153;sellableâ&#x20AC;?, but the long wait is beginning to take its toll.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Main Entrance The buildings architect, Rose & Peterson, designed many of the other school buildings that came out of the 1920 bond issue. Most of those buildings share similar qualities, three bays of classrooms bisected by a wide hallway down the middle. The partially below-grade basement level housed the mechanical room and restrooms, and there were separate entrances for boys and girls. Whittier shares many of these attributes, but the architect chose to make this structure one of a kind by adding mezzanine levels to either side of the structure to house the principalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, nurses and administrative offices. They also opened up the exterior of the building by covering the entire facade with operable windows. This was all part of a progressive new approach to educational architecture, and no building in Kansas City embodied this better than the old Whittier Elementary building.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: 10th St. Bicycle Corridor Being just across the street from the new Whittier Elementary and Central Middle School, the old Whittier Building gets plenty of foot traffic. This is also helped the presence of a bus stop and the fact that 10th St is part of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comprehensive plan to become healthier by adding more bike trails. All of these factors, the heavily used crosswalk, the bus stop, and the 10th St. bicycle corridor all present tremendous opportunities for the old Whittier building. Its location alone holds within it a lot of potential to do something great for this neighborhood.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Faculty Parking Another great asset that this building has is the sizable parking lot and the former recess grounds. Theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re ideal for many more things than just housing cars. The highly-visible street frontage makes it a great place to host events like seasonal markets.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Adjacent Lot To the West of the building is a sizable vacant lot. Still part of the Whittier grounds, this became the expanded recess area when the school was at peak occupancy. Today it is just a grass field.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Exterior Detailing One of the features that make this building so architecturally significant is the neoGothic detailing on the cornice and around the doors and windows. No other school to come out of the 1920 bond issue has detailing like this. It truly is one of a kind.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Level 1 Hallway The first floor hallway was subject to some significant changes over time, and without proper documentation, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s difficult to determine when they occurred. The rolling doors and loading dock, judging by the age of the equipment, were added in the 1980s. This would coincide with the school altering the function of the building during that time. There was also a fire in one of the classrooms on this floor which happened much more recently. Apart from the addition of the doors and the fire, the basic program of the classrooms has remained the same. There are six classrooms on this level. The support functions, the closets, phone room, and small meeting areas are tucked into the walls insulating the classrooms from any noise in the hallway.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Level 2 Hallway Similar to the first floor hallway, the second floor bisects six classrooms. The only difference is that on the North side of the building (to the right), two of the classrooms were combined to make an auditorium and the other classroom on that side was converted into a library.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Classrooms Here we can see two of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 12 classrooms. Above is one of the second story classrooms. The chalkboards and wood floors are still intact. The windows obviously need replacing and there are other updates that would have to happen as well, but the key details are much the same way they were 90 years ago. The lower photo is one of the basement classrooms. This particular one used to be the music room, Similar issues with the windows apply but the key aspects remain. The stair to the right leads back to the main entrance and the windows, were they not boarded up, would let plenty of light in.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Present: Mezzanine Level Office One of the key components that sets this school building apart from other schools in the area is the addition of these mezzanine office spaces. This particular one used to be the nurses office, but the principal and other administrative staff also had offices like this. There are four total split between two mezzanine levels. Three of them have their own bathrooms and all of them have views on three sides and a visual connection to the main corridors on level one and two.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Perceived Value vs Cost of Intervention This is an abstraction of a previous diagram we had generated during our Gould Evans research. The simple point is that, as time passes the value of a vacant property or lot goes down. It takes the values of neighboring properties with it. Meanwhile the cost of an intervention, whether itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s repairing water damage or completely bulldozing the structure, goes up.

Occupied

In this sense there is a critical point. The point at which an intervention costs more than the perceived value of the structure. Once that moment in time passes, the odds of a building surviving become less and less likely. From that point on, any new buyer is significantly more likely to bulldoze an existing structure than to put the time and money in to save it.

Delinquenc

La Buys or

= Impact on Neighborhood = Impact on Block = Impact on Site = Cost of Intervention

andbank Passes

Further Deterioration

Redevelopment or Natural Reclamation

Redevelopment Begins

Building is Razed or Collapses

Eventual Redevelopment of Vacant Parcel

Jeff Swiontkowski

Why this Building may never be Saved

1. The building requires too much work to make

2. The building does not yield enough rentable s 3. There is limited community support â&#x20AC;&#x201C;at least

4. The site is large but, as it stands, the existing

5. Vacancy issues in the surrounding area make

e it functional again

space to merit a full renovation not enough support to save it from demolition

g structure is â&#x20AC;&#x153;in the wayâ&#x20AC;?

e commercial endeavors problematic at best Jeff Swiontkowski

Options 1-4

1. Raze the 2. Search high and structure. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the low for grants at most plausible all levels and only given the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s come up with a options. fraction of the funds necessary.

3. Develop a grassroots movement to generate funds and save the structure.

4. Locate an angel investor with deep pockets and little to no desire to make a profit off the project. Jeff Swiontkowski

Option 5: Temporary Use

The idea of temporary use is nothing new. In fact it’s as old as civilization itself, but the implementation of temporary uses as a preservation tool is something entirely new. To start, “Temporary Use”, as it is defined in the majority of my two dozen case studies, is a function of intent. Whether it’s a 1-hour performance or a 9 month starter business plan, the idea is that the “installation”, whatever it is, can be removed easily and quickly. That said, the opportunities for temporary use are endless. The most common are artist installations, neighborhood gardens, and farmers or flea markets but, as we will see in our precedents, there is no limit on creativity when it comes to temporary use in our vacant structures.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Zwischen Zeit Zentrale (ZZZ) Bremen The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: The City of Bremen, in promoting an urban policy like the ZZZ (Zwischen Zeit Zentrale), demonstrated high sensibility in understanding the new demand coming from the neighborhoods. This policy integrates itself in an already rich contest of instruments managing urban transformations in Bremen. Among these it is worth remember the new land use plan2 and the “Soziale Stadt” actions in different areas of the city (Bremen Förderungsgebiete). making life in the city qualitative. The main key features of this Bremen policy can be summed up in following points: • ZZZ is a “soft urban policy” thought-provoking transformation in under-used/ abandoned areas • ZZZ is a policy cross cutting other planning instruments, while it builds synergies with them based on specific projects • ZZZ is promoter of socio-economic and cultural instances within the city, which could not arise in normal free market rules/behaviors • ZZZ structures and initiates the urban transformations in looking for a balance between bottom up instances and the inputs coming from real es-

tate, economy and political actors. The ZZZ experience has already identified and, brought to happy end, many projects in its now six years of activity. Many of the local projects and re-uses were made possible through the action of the ZZZ team and included the participation and the engagement of citizens, a crucial element in order to give a new meaning to use of abandoned buildings/ area. In other words, a part of the successful practices lies in the will of the “temporary users.” The permanent collaboration with local “actors/stakeholders/shareholders networks” makes the temporary uses actions more effective, and through a strengthened network, it

is easier to sustain a new initiative in a neighborhood. Temporary uses have to become acknowledged as “catalysers” of economies to be exploited through urban regeneration/development initiatives.

Lakatlan Budapest

The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: Lakatlan is an initiative by the KĂ&#x2030;K Hungarian Contemporary Architecture Center to reactivate the vacant spaces of Budapest. In the program, KĂ&#x2030;K work closely with NGOs, social enterprises and community initiatives, as well as with professional organizations, municipal officers and decision-makers, to elaborate the legal and economic frameworks that allow eligible organizations to use vacant properties for a defined period. The program consists of activities including identifying local organizations in need of space. It means finding empty properties and matching them with the organizations, developing the samples for legal and commercial contracts defining the in-between use of these spaces, mentoring and incubating the organizations as well as helping them elaborate an organizational strategy, negotiating with owners and organizing professional and large public events and media campaigns. From streets with a concentration of vacant shops to school buildings and large open spaces, the project embarked on elaborating frameworks for municipal policies as well as for multi-actor co-operations.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Meanwhile Space London The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: Meanwhile Space is a Community Interest Company founded in 2009. The CIC began as the delivery arm of the Department for Communities and Local Government-funded Meanwhile Project which aimed to boost community uses of empty properties and sites. The project has built a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of ideas and information as a resource to make it easier for both the landlord and the project sides to realize Meanwhile opportunities, including the Meanwhile Manual, Lease and Insurance policies. As a result of the project, several British municipalities like Glasgow or London published standardized temporary use contract samples facilitating the agreement between owners and users, by defining terms of purpose, duration, rent and liabilities. Besides cooperating with central and local administrations to reduce barriers of the temporary use of vacant spaces, Meanwhile Space also works landlords, landowners, developers and local authorities to advise and deliver projects that relieve them temporarily of liabilities (insurance, rates, security etc.) associated with holding redundant shops, offices, cleared land etc. whilst an appropriate commercial solution is being sought. By advising, training and collaborating

with local communities and other stakeholders, temporary uses are deployed to reanimate the space and provide opportunities for community benefit and social enterprise.

Coopolis Berlin

The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: Founded in 2004 as “Zwischennutzungagentur”, Coopolis is a planning agency for cooperative urban development in Berlin. Mediating between prospective users and property owners in the spirit of sustainable city development, Coopolis organizes the temporary use of vacant properties in several Berlin neighborhoods. In matching property owners and users, Coopolis relies upon its self-developed database structure that collects information on the empty spaces and the interested people and the informal contacts to politics etc. Matchmaking is not automatic: part of the matchmaking process is to bring down owner expectations to a realistic level, and to organize open door events with the participation of owners and users, who has to be prepared for one another, “so that they talk a similar language and that they can understand each other.” Larger properties need a “Hausmeister”, a groundskeeper who can repair the building’s infrastructures but also understands what the tenants need, someone who creates an attractive and inclusive atmosphere. Coopolis works in close cooperation with Berlin’s Quartiersmanagement offices: the matchmaking process between users

and owners of vacant spaces is mostly financed by public subsidies. In this way, Coopolis can maintain a neutral position towards both parties. This is particularly important for temporary users, as they often do not possess the financial means to cover the costs of an estate agent and thus are having problems finding space for their activities within the city. Many Coopolis projects were financed by the Soziale Stadt program, which also served as a basis for further projects like lokal.leben (Aktionsraume Plus) or the KreativNetzNeukölln (BIWAQ). No government subsidies were used for rents or investments into the spaces themselves: the goal was, from the beginning on, to moderate self bearing deals between real

estate owner and vendor so that they are independent from subsidies.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Stipo Rotterdam The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: Stipo is a Rotterdam-based boutique urban strategy and innovation firm, specializing in co-creation city redevelopment and user-based, organic, and bottom-up urban initiatives, combining spatial planning with economic development, culture, education, welfare, sport, recreation and tourism. Stipo advises, develops, coaches and supplies training. Its operating area consists of combinations of spatial planning and strategy with economic development, culture, welfare, sport, recreation and tourism. Stipo was founded at the University of Amsterdam in the early 1990s and became independent from the university in 1995. In the following years, Stipo developed its own methodology to tackle spatial and social problems, focusing on value-based regeneration models based on linking physical, social and economic components, and experimenting with networking, temporary events and differentiated rental agreements. Based on their research on the regeneration of streets and ground floors, Stipo published in 2012 â&#x20AC;&#x153;The City at Eye Levelâ&#x20AC;?, a selection of good practices across Europe.

NT Areal/Club ViP Basel

The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: The former railway area was among the last territorial resources of the city of Basel, in the close proximity of socially sensible neighborhoods. The city intended to demolish the industrial buildings and develop a high-category residential area, but the NGO called K.E.I.M managed to convince the territory’s owner to open the area for an alternative type of development. The city planner and the owner elaborated a 20-year development plan, aiming at a continuous, gradual evolution of the area, organically connecting to the existing urban fabric. The “non-territorial” (Nt.) plan gave priority to the assessment of needs and the identification of functions over architectural intervention. In the first phase, temporary uses were introduced in the existing buildings. According to the plans, the successful uses would have been established in the territory as long-term functions in the second phase. While the second phase has not been realized and many of the temporary uses have been discontinued in the area, the project is considered as an important experiment in the gradual regeneration of a neighborhood.

Jeff Swiontkowski

NDSM Amsterdam The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: The NDSM represents the historical remains of the largest shipyard in Amsterdam, on the grounds of which a creative city has been developed on the north side of the IJ. After the Netherlands Dock and Shipbuilding Company’s bankruptcy in 1984, the place was commonly squatted. Since 2002, the NDSM Wharf has become an incubator for the creative economy of the city, the Netherland’s largest creative workshop. In 2000, the city of Amsterdam launched the Breeding Places Fund (Broedplaatsfond Amsterdam - BPA) initiative, to support start-up companies related to the creative industries. BPA supports these companies in their initial phase with financial subventions and affordable space, in the effort to legally repurpose buildings that have lost their function and were illegally occupied. The BPA’s largest project is the incubator complex created at the area of the former NDSM shipyard. The Kinetisch Noord society is the legal entity and primary tool employed by the constituents (network of artists and users) responsible for transforming the NDSM. The project manager NGO signed a 10-year contract with the Amsterdam Municipality for the area’s temporary use after presenting a win-

ning concept for the 20.000 sq.m. hall of the Wharf, receiving 7 million Euro funding. The organization’s model puts weight on self-support and bottom-up development, being split in 20 clusters of tenants working together in the aim of having maximal engagement and creative potential for the users. Project organization is a core group of 7 entities. The main partner of Kinetisch Noord is the city district Amsterdam Noord and the owner of the wharf, being in charge of legal development plans, environmental licenses, physical renewal activities, public space, etc. The NGO designed and established a “city in the city” system, leaving the original hangars intact and installing containers inside them, which

accommodate artists, design companies, civil organizations and community initiatives. As the temporary use phase proved to be highly successful, the NDSM Wharf became a center of the Amsterdam cultural life. The NDSM project and its subsequent continuations represent a good example of partnership between the administration and a locally-rooted organization (or agency), as well as a case of directly funding the urban creative economy and of custom-tailoring temporary use to serve local authority targets in urban development and planning.

Hotel Neustadt Berlin

The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: By far the fastest growing sector in the city’s economy after 2000, the cultural industry sector numbered over 18.000 small and medium-sized enterprises generating 11% of Berlin’s GDP in 2002 and, by 2006, around 21% (Colomb, 2012). In this context, temporary or interim uses for the numerous vacant sites of the city have been allowed, encouraged and marketed by the Senate in the idea of attracting the pool of creative entrepreneurs, creating a critical mass for perpetuating sector growth and setting up tourist attractions. As a result, as early as 2002, the Department of Economy of the Berlin Senate stared integrating the concept of the “creative city” in Berlin’s strategies and policies, bringing upon the 2005 designation as a UNESCO “City of Design”. The concept of a coordinating team in charge of matching potential users with temporary-usable vacant site owners has been created in the Marzahn- Hellersdorf district in 2003, being afterwards replicated throughout the city. The model was that of small organizations or agencies acting as brokers between plot and asset owners and potential temporary creative users, while receiving public subsidies from the local state (the Zwischennutzu-

ngsagentur, the Liegenschaftsfonds). Certain areas of East Germany witnessed a considerable decrease in population in the 1990s. In Halle-Neustadt, the intensive out-migration resulted in deserted neighborhoods and the mass demolition of empty buildings. In 2003, the Berlin-based Raumlabor collective, together with the local Thalie Theater Halle, created the Hotel Neustadt project, inviting an international artist collective to move into an empty dormitory building for four weeks. The opening two-week festival used the 18- story apartment building as theatre scenery, and with the help of about a hundred local youth, the building was turned into a 92-room temporary hotel. The hotel, working for a year before its

demolition started as a peculiar community experiment and ended as an efficient urban rehabilitation project: the succession of events and the participation of the local community attracted considerable attention to the building and its surroundings, thus recreating the image of the area in the city’s inhabitants and visitors.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Leerstandsmelder Hamburg The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: The German-language Leerstandsmelder platform has been founded in Hamburg in 2010 and represents a good example for the spreading of a theme-based community mapping initiative through a professional and civil network, to become a social movement. The platform expanded in just a few years to 21 cities, of which 2 in Austria (Wien, Salzburg) and one in Switzerland (Basel). Similarly to IG Kultur in Vienna, many organizations in other cities launched their own sub-site, to invite residents of their cities to join the vacancy mapping effort. The existing Leerstandsmelder map is a great facility for the project and it clearly helps spreading the initiative. The vacancy detector has identified about 600 vacant properties in Bremen, through a joint effort of the ZZZ Agency coupled with a crowd-sourcing process in which city users can enter new information by themselves, which accounts for a gradually-created freely accessible database of spaces.

Vacant Central Europe The following text is from the official TUTUR (Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration) Study published by URBACT and the European Union: The Vacant Central Europe is a joint-effort project of KĂ&#x2030;K (Hungarian Contemporary Architecture Center), Bec Zmiana, Napraw Sobie Miasto, Praguewatch, Archimera, 4AM and PBlog. The project aims at addressing the rising problem of vacancy in Central and Eastern Europe by

75 mapping empty properties and researching planning instruments, architectural tools and exchanging experiences and strategies of intervention that make the temporary use of empty properties and their re-conversion possible. The project aims at aiding the process of transitioning urban economies in the Center and Eastern Europe by introducing a more flexible and process-based planning, as well as a real estate management logic potentially resulting in more accessible

urban places destined for social and cultural experimentation. So far the only two cities featured on the identifier map are Budapest and Brno, but the input is expected to gain momentum.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Motor City Match Detroit MCM works like a Match.com for Detroit’s ailing commercial real estate market. Though it is not directly catering toward finding temporary uses, it is a fascinating template for matching business entrepreneurs with the space they need. It is also interesting that they seem to be the only organization of their kind functioning in the United States. They also do a fantastic job of screening and offering grants to the best business candidates. The following is the abstract from their website: Motor City Match is a unique partnership between the City of Detroit, the Detroit Economic Growth Corporation (DEGC), the Economic Development Corporation of the City of Detroit (EDC) and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Competitive financial assistance is supported by a broad partnership of Southeast Michigan community development financial institutions, foundations and corporations. Motor City Match has the following opportunities: • Business planning classes • Identifying commercial properties • Matching businesses with properties • Architectural design and support • $500,000 in grants each quarter • And more!

Spacified Hasselt, Belgium

Similar to some of the other online â&#x20AC;&#x153;spacefindersâ&#x20AC;?, Spacified helps connect renters with building owners, but in this case the only uses being marketed are temporary. The following is an abstract from their website: Spacified is a new platform that connects renters and lenders of temporary spaces. On our platform, Guests (renters) can easily specify their space request while the Hosts (lenders) can offer any of their (empty) spaces for temporary rental. A pop-up shop, a flexible office desk or an unique event location? Spacified helps designers, brands or startups to find the temporary physical space they need.

This is simply about connecting users. They do not offer education programs for renters. They do not rely on government grants or other funding. It is a privately owned and operated company that will soon be launching other platforms in the Netherlands, France, and other European cities.

Jeff Swiontkowski

User Profiles

Artists

They are known as the great recyclers of our urban fabric, and when it comes to temporary use their role is a crucial one. Simply put, artists need space. They need space to exhibit their work. They need space to collaborate and they need space to work. Temporary use structures can provide all of that â&#x20AC;&#x201C;and at a fraction of the cost of traditional studio space.

Home Entrepreneurs

So many successful businesses start at home and in the kitchen. Temporary use structures â&#x20AC;&#x201C;and particularly matchmaker entities are able to provide proper amounts of space and business training to get these projects off the ground. Again, all at a minimal initial investment.

Online Start-ups

Similar to home entrepreneurs, online companies begin to require more and more space as they become more successful. Temporary use structures have exactly what these young companies are looking for as they move on to the next phase of a brick and mortar establishment.

Community Groups

Deeply rooted in their communities, these groups need spaces that are close to where the action is. They also need spaces where they can hold meetings, host events and interact with the community. Temporary use structures, in their infinite variety, can provide that.

Makerspace Users

Call it toolshare call it makerspace, call it whatever you want but creative amateurs and professionals alike are always looking for good deals on access to space and tools. These facilities provide that, and temporary use structures are an ideal place to establish businesses of this nature.

Creative Living Enthusiasts

Artists, musicians and designers all like to be inspired, and for some of them, the easiest way to accomplish this is by living near other professionals that share their passion. Temporary use structures are equally suited to become housing as they are to become creative studios, and any combination of those uses simply depends on the structure and what it has to offer.

Jeff Swiontkowski

The Matchmaker Entity There is an endless sea of temporary use precedents. By definition, it encompasses everything from street performers, to a pick-up game of soccer, to the guy on the corner selling illegal copies of DVDs. It goes without saying that most temporary use is unregulated. Some of it is illegal, but for the sake of this project, I have elected to focus on the legal side of temporary use. And when you separate it out that way, the one thing you begin to notice in all of these projects is an owner, whether it’s the government of a private citizen, that’s “stuck” with a property. For whatever reason they can not touch it for a number of years and they are willing to take a “chance” on allowing cultural experimentation and creative expression to flourish within their walls in the meantime.

Potential Funding Partners:

Expenses:

Grants

Office Space

Unified Govt.

Office Supplies Etc. Salary for Staff

3rd Parties

Educational Institutions

Urban Research Institutions

Data Entry

Restoring Structures to Habitable State

Advertising Openings and Events

Matc En

chmaker ntity

Short Term Payoffs:

Long Term Payoffs:

Stimulation of Local Economy

Increased Value for Landbank Properties

Ticket Sales from Events

Rent from Tempoaray Tenants

Occupancy and Increased Safety

Decrease in Blighted Structures

More Cultural Outlets for Residents

Finding Permanent Occupants for Vacant Structures

Better Sense of Communiity

Apart from that, these owners began to notice other benefits as well. Benefits such as: • Occupied buildings are safer buildings • Maintenance issues can be noticed and addressed much more rapidly • It can provide a much needed cultural outlet for the community • It can provide a much needed service for the community • It gives local entrepreneurs a chance to test out their ideas • It can infuse money into the local economy • It can change community perception of a structure • It can positively alter a community’s sense of self

Lower Maintenance Costs

Jeff Swiontkowski

The Matchmaker Entity There are countless ways to organize legal temporary use. These range from government entities, to privately owned, crowd-sourced app; but the most versatile of all of these is the Matchmaker Entity (ME). Not quite a government institution and not quite a private company, the Matchmaker Entity is able to pull the best elements from both worlds. The core concept of all MEs is to connect prospective temporary users with structures they can utilize. Beyond that, there are several basic functions. All MEs are in the business of managing and marketing their building stock to potential users. Most screen their applicants â&#x20AC;&#x201C; typically through a Request for Proposals (RFP), and most assist their users through some form of business education/curation program.

Locating and Screening Applicants

Online

Local Media Request for Proposals

Marketing the Program and Available Sites

Locating and Screening Properties

Match En

Property Data Acquisition and Management

Establishment of Temp. Use Legal Framework

Private Sources

Insurance

Govt. Sources

Crowd Sourcing

Lease Agreemants

Liability

The big difference occurs in funding. Some MEs operate on the direct behalf of the government, while others are completely independent. That said, nearly all rely on some form of grants, NGO, NFP, or institutional support.

Business

Education/Training of Temp Use Tenants

Marketing

Educational

NGOs

hmaker ntity

Institutions

Non-Profits

Funding

Another key differentiation point is in data management. The more privately funded MEs tend to close-guard their data. They function similar to a Match.com or Airbnb. They rely on users to generate their data. The more government funded MEs tend to be much more open about their data. Their interests lie less in generating a profit and more in getting the structures occupied and doing whats best for the community at large.

Urban Research

Govt.

3rd Party Donors

Federal

State

Grants City

County

Jeff Swiontkowski

Temporary A Proposal Use for KCK I am proposing a Matchmaker Entity for Kansas City, Kansas. It would be closely aligned with the Land Bank of the Unified Government of Wyandotte County and would hypothetically seek funding from the UG, federal grants, and third-party donors. The initial mission of this ME would be: 1. Return existing vacant Land Bank properties to a habitable condition

Entirely Govt. Funded

Fund

Public Interest

Dedication to

2. Establish a legal framework for leases, insurance, liability, etc. 3. Advertise spaces to potentially interested markets and issue a Request for Proposals 4. Screen applicants and match them with the spaces and timeframes that work best for them

Govt. Data

Data Gen

Controlled Data

Data Acc

Accredited Classes

Participant

5. Establish an education program for participants to help them better manage and curate their businesses 6. Collect dues and work with third-party donors to sponsor exhibits, shows, and new venues

ding

Entirely Privately Funded

o Community

Private Interest

neration

Crowd Sourced Data

cessibility

Open Data Access

t Education

No Classes

The eventual goal here is to locate and attract permanent occupants for these structures, but in the meantime the city can preserve these structures by occupying them. The city can also switch its role from spending money maintaining these structures to collecting on their investment. Prolonged occupancy of once vacant structures will also begin to change perceptions about the area. Occupied buildings are safer buildings. They become destinations for cultural expression and experimentation. They also provide a testing facility for a variety of businesses. These local businesses will, in turn, pump money back into the neighborhood. Property values will go up, and the city can get a better return in its investment when it eventually does sell these properties.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Key Vacancies and Expansion The initial phase of the program would encompass three vacant Land Bank structures: • 290 S. 10th St. (Whittier) Appraised at $124,180 Mapped SF of 86,852 • 1060 Minnesota Ave. Appraised at $123,240 Mapped SF of 7,785

1060 Minnesota Ave.

• 632 State Ave. Appraised at $84,500 Mapped SF of 14,067 The program can then expand to all 2,250 Land Bank lots. Though only 5 lots have structures, it should also be noted that not all temporary uses require a structure. Then, should the Land Bank phases of this program be successful, the groundwork will already be in place for expansion to private owners of vacant properties. For a fee, owners can join the program and the ME will market and maintain their property until, it too, finds a permanent occupant. Private expansion is an entire new level as the city begins to turn what was once a huge liability into one of its greatest assets.

632 State Ave.

290 S. 10th St.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Potential Impacts on Case Study

Getting a Stuck Building Unstuck The Whittier building is a key part of Phase I of the KCK Matchmaker Entity. It is the biggest structure. It needs the most work, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the most expensive. But it also has the most potential, so what could that success story look like? What goes in it? And what events might happen there?

Jeff Swiontkowski

Case Study: Site Analysis

= Art/Creative

= Office/Admin

= Commercial

= Residential

Jeff Swiontkowski

Case Study: Level 0

= Art/Creative

= Office/Admin

= Commercial

= Residential

Jeff Swiontkowski

Case Study: Level 1

= Art/Creative

= Office/Admin

= Commercial

= Residential

Jeff Swiontkowski

Case Study: Level 2

= Art/Creative

= Office/Admin

= Commercial

= Residential

Jeff Swiontkowski

A Vision for Whittier

Jeff Swiontkowski

Special Thanks to: Gould Evans Research: Kelly Dreyer - Senior Design Leader for Gould Evans and a Project Leader for the Gould Evans Research Studio Drew Truskey - Masters of Architecture Candidate at KU School of Architecture, Design & Planning Patrick Henke - Masters of Architecture Candidate at KU School of Architecture, Design & Planning Parker Conlin - Masters of Accounting Candidate at KU School of Business

Also thank you to our many collaborators and guest speakers that helped with the research

Temporary Cities: Shannon Criss – Associate Professor, KU School of Architecture, Design & Planning Kelly Dreyer - Senior Design Leader for Gould Evans and a Project Leader for the Gould Evans Research Studio Tib Laughlin - Stimulus Implementation Director, Unified Government – Wyandotte County / Kansas City, Kansas Chris Slaughter -Land Bank Manager, Unified Government – Wyandotte County / Kansas City, Kansas Caleb Buland, AIA - Director of Architecture and Design, Foutch Brothers, LLC Steve Curtis – Director of Community Building and Engagement at Community Housing of Wyandotte County (CHWC) Brian McKiernan - Commissioner, District 2, Unified Government – Wyandotte County / Kansas City, Kansas

Also thank you to those that have previously researched temporary use. This would not have been possible without your work and I strongly encourage anyone interested in this topic to follow up with the works cited to the right.

Works Cited: Temporary Cities

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De Boer, Joop. “Spacified: A Dating Website For Pop-Up Spaces.” PopUp City. N.p., Mar. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <http://popupcity.net/ spacified-a-dating-website-for-pop-up-spaces/>. Forsyth, Michael. “Detroit’s Motor City Match Connects Entrepreneurs with Opportunity.” Knight Blog. John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, June 2015. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <http://www.knightfoundation.org/blogs/knightblog/2015/6/23/motor-city-match-help-detroitentrepreneurs/> Hague, Cliff. “Temporary Use of Vacant Spaces and Buildings.” Original Blogs. N.p., Apr. 2015. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <http://www.cliffhague.com/ index.php/original-blogs/item/154-temporary-use-of-vacant-spaces-and-buildings>. Horne, Mary. Temporary Use of Pop-Up Environment’s Potential for Repurposing Neglected Buildings and Spaces. Thesis. Georgia State University, 2014. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Scholarworks. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1164&context=art_design_theses>. Karissa Rosenfeld. “Venice Biennale 2012: Spontaneous Interventions / USA Pavilion.” ArchDaily. N.p., 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <http://www.archdaily.com/268435/venice-biennale-2012-spontaneous-interventions-usa-pavilion>. Killing, Alison, and Sarah Cook. The Business of Temporary Use. Rotterdam: Killing Architects, n.d. Issuu.com. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <https:// issuu.com/alisonkilling/docs/business_of_temporary_use_final>. “Temporary Urbanism: Alternative Approaches to Vacant Land.” Evidence Matters. U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Winter 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/em/winter14/highlight4.html>. Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration (TUTUR). Mar. 2015. A joint report by URBACT and the European Union on the benefits of temporary use and their place in ongoing urban development. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <http://tutur.eu/>. Tuohy Main, Lilian. Temporary Use: A Potential Strategy for Historic Buildings at Risk. Diss. U of Edinburgh, 2014. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Issuu.com. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <https://issuu.com/liliantuohymain/docs/msc_final_online_single>.

Jeff Swiontkowski

Works Cited: Gould Evans Research Alba, Richard, Glenn Deane, Nancy Denton, Ilir Disha, Brian Mckenzie, and Jeffrey Napierala. “The Role of Immigrant Enclaves for Latino Residential Inequalities.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40.1 (2013): 1-20. Web. Amin, Ash. “Ethnicity and the Multicultural City: Living with Diversity.” Environ. Plann. A Environment and Planning A 34.6 (2002): 959-80. Web. Berfield, Susan. “Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh’s Las Vegas Startup Paradise.” Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 20 Dec. 2014. Web. 03 Aug. 2015. Bradley, Bill. “The Blight-Fighting Solution for Saving 40,000 Detroiters From Eviction.” Next City. N.p., 9 Nov. 2015. Web. Burkholder, Sean. “The New Ecology of Vacancy: Rethinking Land Use in Shrinking Cities.” Sustainability 4.12 (2012): 1154-172. Web. City of Minneapolis. “Minneapolis High School Graduation Rates” 2007-2011. Web. Cahn, Amy Laura. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Supporting Our Land Stewards: Building a Constituency to Change Policy and Preserve Philadelphia’s Gardens” by Amy Laura Cahn Esq. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Clausen, Marco. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Prinzessinnengarten Berlin between Pioneer Use and Land Grabbing” by Marco Clausen. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. DelSesto, Matthew. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Cities, Gardening, and Urban Citizenship” by Matthew DelSesto. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. DelSesto, Matthew. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Growing Food and Community” by Matthew DelSesto. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Dib, Kamal, Ian Donaldson, and Brittany Turcotte. “Integration and Identity in Canada: The Importance of Multicultural Common Spaces.” Canadian Ethnic Studies 40.1 (2009): 161-87. Web. Eanes, Francis, and Stephen J. Ventura. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Lots to Plots: Building an Urban Land Inventory” by Francis Eanes and Stephen J. Ventura. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Enchautegui, Maria E. “Latino Neighborhoods And Latino Neighborhood Poverty.” Journal of Urban Affairs J Urban Affairs 19.4 (1997): 445-67. Foo, Katherine, Deborah Martin, Clara Wool, and Colin Polsky. “The Production of Urban Vacant Land: Relational Placemaking in Boston, MA Neighborhoods.” Cities 35 (2013): 156-63. Web. GaDOE Communications Office. Georgia Department of Education. Georgia’s High School Graduation Rate Increases Again. Www.gadoe.org. Matt Cardoza, 30 Oct. 2014. Web. 9 Dec. 2015. Helphand, Ben R. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Permanently Grassroots” by Ben R. Helphand. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Hertting, Nils. “Neighborhood Network Governance, Ethnic Organization, and the Prospects for Political Integration.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment J Hous and the Built Environ 24.2 (2009): 127-45. Web. Janvier, Gaelle, and Justin Doucet. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Feeding Citizenship: Strategies for Accessing and Transforming Spaces” by Gaëlle Janvier and Justin Doucet. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Johnson, Michael P., Justin Hollander, and Alma Hallulli. “Maintain, Demolish, Re-purpose: Policy Design for Vacant Land Management Using Decision Models.” Cities 40 (2014): 151-62. Web. Kremer, Peleg, Zoé A. Hamstead, and Timon Mcphearson. “A Social–ecological Assessment of Vacant Lots in New York City.” Landscape and Urban Planning 120 (2013): 218-33. Web. Kremer, Peleg, and Zoe Hamstead. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Transformation of Urban Vacant Lots for the Common Good: An Introducti” by Peleg Kremer and Zoé Hamstead. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

103 Kruth, Jeffrey. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Vacant Land Reuse along Cleveland’s Opportunity Corridor” by Jeffrey Kruth. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Mcphearson, Timon, Peleg Kremer, and Zoé A. Hamstead. “Mapping Ecosystem Services in New York City: Applying a Social–ecological Approach in Urban Vacant Land.” Ecosystem Services 5 (2013): 11-26. Web. Nassauer, Joan Iverson, and Julia Raskin. “Urban Vacancy and Land Use Legacies: A Frontier for Urban Ecological Research, Design, and Planning.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (2014): 245-53. Web. Németh, Jeremy, and Joern Langhorst. “Rethinking Urban Transformation: Temporary Uses for Vacant Land.” Cities 40 (2014): 143-50. Web. Pearsall, Hamil. “The Contested Nature of Vacant Land in Philadelphia and Approaches for Resolving Competing Objectives for Redevelopment.” The Contested Nature of Vacant Land in Philadelphia and Approaches for Resolving Competing Objectives for Redevelopment. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2015. Phillips, Deborah, Bal Athwal, David Robinson, and Malcolm Harrison. “Towards Intercultural Engagement: Building Shared Visions of Neighborhood and Community in an Era of New Migration.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40.1 (2013): 42-59. Web. Savino, Sister Damien Marie. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Facilitating Social-Ecological Transformation of a Vacant Lot on an Urban Campus” by Sister Damien Marie Savino. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Segal Esq., Paula Z. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Open Data to Open Space” by Paula Z. Segal Esq. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. Sevtsuk, A. “Location and Agglomeration: The Distribution of Retail and Food Businesses in Dense Urban Environments.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 34.4 (2014): 374-93. Web. Sevtsuk, Andres, and Carlo Ratti. “Does Urban Mobility Have a Daily Routine? Learning from the Aggregate Data of Mobile Networks.” Journal of Urban Technology 17.1 (2010): 41-60. Web. United States. “American Community Survey 2010, 2013, 2014.” U.S. Census Bureau. N.p., Web. Nov. 2015. United States. U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Department of Commerce. Poverty: 2012 and 2013. By Alemayehu Bishaw and Kayla Fontenot. 01st ed. Vol. 13. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. American Community Survey Briefs. United States. U.S. Census 2000, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014.” U.S. Census Bureau. N.p., 20 Jan. 2009. Web. Nov. 2015. Wagner, Jacob A. “The Politics of Urban Design: The Center City Urban Renewal Project in Kansas City, Kansas.” J Plann Hist Journal of Planning History 2.4 (2003): 331-55. Web. Wainer, Andrew. “The New Latino South and the Challenge to American Public Education.” Int Migration International Migration 44.5 (2006): 129-65. Web. Wineman, J. D., R. W. Marans, A. J. Schulz, D. L. Van Der Westhuizen, G. B. Mentz, and P. Max. “Designing Healthy Neighborhoods: Contributions of the Built Environment to Physical Activity in Detroit.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 34.2 (2014): 180-89. Web. Witt, Becky Lundberg. “Cities and the Environment (CATE).” “Self Help Nuisance Abatement in Baltimore City” by Becky Lundberg Witt. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

Jeff Swiontkowski