JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK Creating an Urban Refuge
JENNA OTTO Capstone Design - Spring 2018 Temple University Tyler School of Art Division of Architecture and Environmental Design Department of Landscape Architecture
John A. Roebling Park
Creating an Urban Refuge
content page 5
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
11
INVENTORY & ANALYSIS
48
RESEARCH
62
CASE STUDIES
72
DESIGN
110
REFERENCES
115
APPENDIX A : INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION MONITORING PLAN - FALL 2017
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 2
Creating an Urban Refuge
acknowledgments I would like to thank the following people who helped to make this project possible: Dr. Mary Leck for accompanying me on many site visits to Roebling Park during the Fall 2017 semester and for imparting her knowledge of the Abbott Marshlands. Kelly Rypkema, Jennifer Rogers and the Tulpehaking Nature Center Staff for providing me with information about the park and support throughout this process. Professors Baldev Lamba, Michael Coll, Susan Mrugal, Mark Gallagher, Dr. Mary Myers, and Robert Kuper for your guidance, feedback, and encouragement through the entire process. Classmates, Kristie Anderson, Andrew Freifeld and Lucinda Bartley for impromptu design critiques, support and plant knowledge. Reid Overturf, Brent Whiting and all of the Temple University Ambler Computer Services staff.
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 4
Creating an Urban Refuge
introduction John A. Roebling Memorial Park is located in Hamilton, New Jersey and is owned by the Mercer County Park Commission. This 464 acre park includes uplands of beech, oak, maple forest, areas of fresh water tidal and non-tidal marsh and a man-made lake. The park is part of the larger Abbott Marshlands and is the northernmost tidal marsh on the Delaware River. Roebling Park has many features that benefit local wildlife and provides ecosystem services. The marsh is home to over 300 species of birds and includes, tidal wetland vegetation some of which has been classified as threatened or endangered. The park has a rich history as an important Native American site where archaeological studies have found evidence dating back 13,000 years. The site is also home to the Isaac Watson House that was built in 1708 and is the oldest house in Mercer County. Once a thriving passive recreation picnic ground and amusment park, Roebling Park was a popular destination for residents of Trenton and Hamilton. Currently the Tulpehaking Nature Center, which is on the site, provides programming and management of the park. The nature center staff coordinates events that highlight the importance of the marsh such as nature walks, story time, bird watching events, and other activities. There is potential to enhance the park’s design in order to support these programs and others. The park faces many challenges such as a lack of identity and a negative perception among the local community. The steep topography of the site and overgrown invasive species cuts off sight lines into the park causing a feeling of isolation on trails and in picnic areas. The park has a reputation for minor criminal activity such as drug use and drinking especially in the evening hours. There is opportunity for the creation of a master plan, which will include providing access to the marsh, improving the perceived safety of the site, improving the way finding of trails, and developing strategies for invasive species management.
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 6
Creating an Urban Refuge
this is John A. Roebling Park
This is a photo of the most fascinating feature at John A. Roebling Park, the tidal marsh. Besides the power lines running through the middle of the photo you might think that this landscape is located in a remote place but it’s not.
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 8
Creating an Urban Refuge
INVENTORY & ANALYSIS
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 10
Creating an Urban Refuge
LOCATION
TRENTON N
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EW
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HAMILTON
Roebling Park is a 464 acre park located in Hamilton, New Jersey about one mile from the Delaware River and the boundary with the City of Trenton. The park is ecologically significant to this region because it is the northern-most tidal marsh on the Delaware River.
ROEBLING PARK New Jersey
DE
LA
W A RE RI VE R
BORDENTOWN
Legend USA Boundaries
Mercer County 0
75
150
300 Miles
¯
Legend
0
5 10
20 Miles
¯
N
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 12
Creating an Urban Refuge
BUSINESS
surrounding context
commercial
RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD
community services
INDUSTRY
INDEPENDENCE PLAZA SHOPPING CENTER
Surrounding John Roebling Park is a heavily developed landscape that includes residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, two major highways, a power line right of way, a capped landfill, and a decommissioned coal fired power plant.
industrial agricultural utility
RESIDENTIAL
POWER LINE RIGHT OF WAY CAPPED LANDFILL high density residential
Rt. 29
HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE
low density residential
GREENSPACE INACTIVE POWER PLANT 0 N
1/4 mile
parks greenspace vacant land
14
regional zip codes demographics 08619
08629
AGE
POPULATION population
age
2 Mile R adi us
08611
35000
85+
29911
30000
80 to 84
25000
75 to 79
1 Mile Rad ius
TRENTON
25906 22088
20000
70 to 74
15000
65 to 69
13615
13237
John
A. Roebling Park
HAMILTON 08610
10000
60 to 64
5000
55 to 59
0
08610
08611
08619
08629
DE
LA
W
50 to 54
08609
A RE RI
45 to 49
VE R
40 to 44
BORDENTOWN
35 to 39 30 to 34 25 to 29 N
20 to 24
0
1.5 miles
15 to 19 10 to 14 5 to 9 under 5 0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0% 12.0%
08629 Trenton Hamilton 08619 Hamilton 08611 Trenton Hamilton Ewing 08610 Trenton Hamilton Bordentown
A total of 5 zip codes lie within a 2 mile radius of the park and include the cities of Trenton, Bordentown Township and Hamilton Township. It is assumed this population has easy access to the park due to the close proximately for both people who choose to walk or drive, therefore demographic data has been analyzed and compared. The goal of analyzing this data is to get a 1 in better understanding of the surrounding communities in o r d=e1rmiles to make better design decisions moving forward. According to the data, there are approximately 100,000 people living within the 5 zip codes that surrounds Roebling Park. This provides an opportunity to connect local residents with this unique landscape.
08609 Trenton
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 16
Creating an Urban Refuge
history
Area around present day Roebling Park is settled primarily by Quakers.
1600s
1700
AGRICULTURE
D&R Canal and Railroad built adjacent to the park.
1701
1800
Trolley Service from Trenton spurred
Broad St. Park and residential neighborhood
residential growth
established
1867
PASSIVE RECREATION
1900
1901
AMUSEMENT PARK
1876 strong connection to the river by the Lenii Lenape Native Americans.
Isaac Watson builds stone house that still remains on the grounds today
Charles Conrad Abbott, naturalist and archaeologist, moved to Three Beeches within modern day Watson’s
D&R Canal ceases
Area south of the park used
operations
as a landfill
1922
DUMPING GROUND
1907
1932
1907 - White City Amusement Park
Amusement Park closes and land becomes a
opens
dumping ground
woods.
1957
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
2009
NEIGHBORHOOD PARK
1990s John A, Roebling and Sons. purchase land that is now the park and sell to Mercer County as a wildlife sanctuary
Mercer County builds the Tulpehaking Nature Center
The land that is now part of Roebling Park was once inhabited by the Leni Lenape native Americans who used the land for hunting, fishing, forages and farming. The Leni Lenape would live in dome shaped dwellings made of branches and bark. . The area was settled in the 1600s primarily by the Quakers who used the land for agricultural purposes. The Isaac Watson house was built in 1701 and remains on site as the oldest house is Mercer County.
During the early 1900s the Broad Street Park became the White City Amusement Park which was a popular destination for local residents. The White City Amusement Park was reminiscent of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago.
During the 1800s, as the surrounding landscape was industrialized, the area that is currently within the park boundaries became known as Broad Street Park, a passive recreation pleasure ground. A large man-made lake was established around the same time and was used for recreation such as boating and fishing. The lake exists today as a prominent feature in the landscape. Around the same time, Charles Conrad Abbott, naturalist and archaeologist extensively studied the site and found many rare plant species and Native American artifacts. In addition to being an important ecological site, the park is also archaeologically significant.
In 1922 the amusement park closed and the area became an abandoned dumping ground. In 1957 a local steel company, John A. Roebling and Sons purchased the land as a wildlife sanctuary and sold it to Mercer county. Since then Mercer County has managed the land. In 2009, the Tulpehaking Nature Center was constructed on an upland area in the park and provides educational programming on the history and ecology of the site.
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 18
Creating an Urban Refuge
historical analysis
HARMONIZATION
COLONIZATION
1600s
1700
TRANSPORTATION
EXPLOITATION
1800
RECREATION
CONTAMINATION
1900
1930
Canal, Train & Trolley Transportation
River Transportation
RESTORATION
2000s
Car & Train Transportation
SURROUNDING LAND USE Agriculture and Fishing
Industrial
Residential
PARK LAND USE Quaker Settlement
Archaeological Site
Broad Street Park
The history of Roebling Park and the surrounding landscape has left a legacy of resource depletion, contamination and abandonment. Evidence of land manipulation over time has left impounded wetlands and successional growth that includes invasive species. This abandoned state of the park has allowed for regrowth, regeneration and habitat creation for wildlife species making Roebling Park an ecological haven for wildlife, especially birds.
20
White City Amusement Park
vacant/landfill
Park is created
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK Creating an Urban Refuge
local transportation
2 Mile R adi us
GETTING THERE
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NJ Transit Light Rail from Camden, NJ Septa Rail Line from Philadelphia
R
This allows for an opportunity to frame Roebling Park as a destination for the local area and beyond similar to when the site was a passive recreation pleasure ground and amusement park.
1 Mile R ad iu
D&R Canal Greenway Trail from Bordentown
s
There are multiple ways for visitors to travel to Roebling Park and the surrounding areas. Visitors traveling from areas outside of Hamilton such as Trenton or Bordentown can drive, or take the bus. For those who are up for an adventure, canoe trails from Bordentown Beach can lead through the marsh and travel all the way to Rowan Lake in Roebling Park. The paddle takes approximately 7.5 hours round trip. The D&R Canal Greenway Trail runs adjacent to the site however no connection across the marsh and railroad tracks exist at this time.
0
NJ Transit Bus Routes
1.5 miles
Trenton Transit Station
Local Train Station
Canoe Trail from Bordentown
Bus Stop
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 22
N
Creating an Urban Refuge
major park zones
MARSH ORGANIZING A LARGE PARK The park is divided in to 6 main areas with an existing system of trails connecting the areas. About half of the park which includes the south-eastern side is inaccessible and is meant for wildlife habitat only.
SPRING LAKE ISLAND
TIDAL MARSH
0
NATURE CENTER
WATSON’S WOODS
1/4 mile
N
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 24
Creating an Urban Refuge
soils
SOILS
UdgB
SaaE
Within the defined study area of the park, over 70 percent of the soil is considered marsh and is frequently flooded. The area currently known as the island is comprised of almost all plummer sandy loam except for an area in the middle which is considered marsh. The vegetated bluff that has a steep slope of over 30% in some areas is made up of mostly Sandy and silty soils(4.8% of the site) and udorthents with gravelly substratum (1.9% of the site) The upland area of Watson’s woods is comprised of urban land and is described as excessively drained with low runoff which could potentially make this area suitable for managing stormwater.
water
MbaAt MbaAt
PmmwA
MbaAt
Map Unit
Map Unit Name
Percent of Site
Characteristics
MbaAt
Galestown loamy sand 0 - 5% slope
70.5
marsh, freshwater, frequently flooded, not prime farm land
PmmwA
Plummer sandy loam, very wet
8.4
depressions, poorly drained, very high runoff, not prime farm land
SaaE
Sandy and silty land steep
6.2
hillslopes excessively drained, medium runoff, not prime farm land
USGALB
Urban land- Galestown complex
4.8
ridges/terraces, excessively drained low runoff, not prime farm land
UdgB
Udorthents, gravelly substratum
1.9
low hills, well drained, low runoff, not prime farm land
water
DELA
WAR
USGALB
MbaAt
USGALB
E RIV
ER
source: USDA web soil survey
Source: USDA Web Soil Survey 0
1/4 mile
N
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 26
Creating an Urban Refuge
ELEVATION MAP SPRING LAKE NATURE CENTER
51-55
1-5
56-60
6-10
61-65
11-15 16-20
WATSON WOODS
TIDAL MARSH
21-25 26-30
0
1/4 mile
N
TOPOGRAPHY
-3 - 0
park boundary
66-70
SPRING NATURE LAKE CENTER
71-75 71-75
31-35
76-80
36-40
71-85
41-45
86-90
46-50
91-95
Elevations in feet
TOPOGRAPHY MAP 1’ contour
Bluff from Trail
TIDAL MARSH
96-100
0
1/4 mile
N
ons
_DEM_NAVD88ft_SPft_Roebling_Park.img
E>
-0
SLOPE ANALYSIS MAP
SPRING NATURE LAKE CENTER
0-3%
TIDAL MARSH
10
- 20
TOPOGRAPHY
3-5%
5
- 15
0 375 750
The topography at Roebling Park plays a significant role in both the experiential and ecological nature of the site. The elevation map to the left shows lower elevation indicated in red within most of the park boundaries except for the upland areas (indicated in yellow) near the Nature Center and the Watson’s Woods. It is also apparent that the surrounding residential neighborhood to the north is also within an upland area.
10-20% 20-30%
- 30 - 35
>30%
- 40
1 in = 1,000 feet
Slope Analysis
5-10%
- 25
1,500 Feet
- 45
The red lines on the slope analysis map to the left indicate a slope of greater than 30 percent and represents the natural bluff that separates the upland neighborhood with the lower elevation of the park.
- 50 - 55 - 60 - 65 - 70
RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD
- 75
0
Slope Analysis Slopeanalysis
- 80
0 375 750 N 1,500 Feet
<VALUE>
0 - 3%
- 85
3% - 5%
- 90
1 in = 1,000 feet
5% - 10%
The topography provides both opportunities and constraints when it comes to design. When considering connectivity with the surrounding neighborhood, this slope currently limits safe access into and out of the park.
¯
1/4 mile
Slope Character
10% - 20%
- 95
The bluff may provide an opportunity to create visual access into the park through the use of overlooks as destination areas at the ends of the neighborhood streets.
20% - 30%
>3
>30%
- 100
BLUFF
0%
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK Creating an Urban Refuge
28
TRAIL
MARSH
stormwater
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RAIN LALOR ST. D
STORM DRAINS
Rowan Ave Drain
Flood Zones: All of the area that lies below the bluff is within the 100 year flood plain which is indciated in light blue on the Flood Zones map. This means that ther is a 1% chance of this area flooding annually. During that time.the flood levels could reach up to an elevation of 17â&#x20AC;&#x2122;. As larger storms are becominging more frequent, this will have to be taken into consideration when proposing any built structure in this area.
Independence Ave Drain
IN
D
EP
EN
D
EN
STORMWATER
stormwater pipes outfall flood zone S o u r c e : To w n s h i p o f H a m i l t o n W a t e r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l
NATURE CENTER
SPRING LAKE FLOOD ZONES
There are three large stormwater pipes that enter the north eastern area of the site. The first major pipe is located near the Indepence Ave entrance. This 48â&#x20AC;? diamter pipe has drainage area of over 50 acres and includes the Indepence Shopping Mall parking lot and the adjacent residential neighborhood on Wedge drive. During storm events stormwater entering the site through this pipe is causing major erosion and sediment transport through the woodlands and into the marsh. Trees growing along the channel have exposed roots and some have fallen over as a result of the undercutting. The Rowan ave stormwater pipe drains an area that extends beyond Broad Street. A massive headwall has been constructed which pools and backs up water in a slurry of soils and trash in the wetland. The Buchanaon ave stormwater pipes enters the Spring Lake which could potentially contribute to low water quality and sediment.
TIDAL MARSH
These storm drains could provide potential to create basins or stormwater conveyance systems that would slow down and clean up stormwater before it enters the lake, wetlands and woodlands. 0
1/4 mile
N
100 year floodplain 500 year floodplain flood zone Source: FEMA
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK
Slope Analysis S_WTR_LN
0 375 750
1,500 Feet
<all other values>
ZONE_SUBTY
30
1 in = 1,000 feet 0.2 PCT ANNUAL CHANCE FLOOD HAZARD AREA OF MINIMAL FLOOD HAZARD FLOODWAY
Creating an Urban Refuge
vegetative communities
VEGETATION ZONES
fresh water forested wetland
fresh water shrub wetland
wooded upland
fresh water emergent wetland
shrub/ grass upland
BENEFITS OF WETLANDS Flood Protection There are 7 distinct plant community zones at Roebling Park which are indicated on this map. During the fall semester, plant inventories were created for four selected areas in the park. Using the timed meander method, representative species were identified and recorded.
Erosion Control Wildlife habitat Fishing Water quality Recreation Source: National Wetlands Inventory & personal observation
32
Watson Woods Upland Area
Flood Plain Island
Trail condition: Openings in the tree canopy allow invasives to grow throughout this upland woodland.
study area
study area
Representative Species
understory
ground
canopy
understory
ground
Quercus rubra
Toxicodendron radicans
Persicaria virginiana
Nyssa sylvatica
Ilex verticilata
Onoclea sensibilis
Fraxinus americana
Lindera benzoin
Ageratina altissima
Fagus grandifolia
Acer platanoides
Hamamelis virginiana
Rosa multiflora
Microstegium vimineum
Ligustrum obtusifolium
Fallopia japonica
natives
canopy
invasives
invasives
natives
Representative Species
Some invasives along island edge but diverse floodplain plant community in interior.
Betula nigra Quercus palustris
Lindera benzoin
Uvularia grandiflora
Viburnum dentatum
Ageratina altissima
Rosa multiflora
Microstegium vimineum
Lonicera japonica
Fallopia japonica
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 34
Creating an Urban Refuge
SPRING LAKE TRAILS
invasive vines and shrubs dominate the understory along the trails near the Spring Lake.
Representative Species
natives
canopy
native vegetation with a backdrop of Phragmites australis
study area
Representative Species
understory
ground
Acer saccharum
Toxicodendron radicans
Impatiens capensis
Juglans cinerea
Parthenocissus quinqufolia
Persicaria virginiana
natives
study area
MARSH
Bidens cornata Helenium autumnale Hibiscus mosheutos
Fagus grandifolia
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Betula nigra
Iris versicolor
Ampelopsis brevipenduculata
Alliaria peiolata
Lobelia siphilitica
Celastrus orbiculatus
Fallopia japonica
Zizania aquatica
Clematis terniflora
Artemesia vulgaris
Lonicera maakii
Microstegium vimineum
Rosa multiflora Ligustrum obtusifolium
invasives
invasives
Lobelia cardinalis
Phragmites australis
Phragmites australis
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 36
Creating an Urban Refuge
habitat structure within vegetative communities
BREEDING BIRDS AT THE PARK Common Name Acadian flycatcher
Latin Name Habitat Type Empidonax virescens wet, deciduous forests shrubby/edge with standing water Willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii Least flycatcher Empidonax minimus deciduous forests protected areas, bridges, eves. Eastern Pheobe Sayornis phoebe Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus open woodlands open woodlands/ forest edge Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Warbling vireo Vireo gilvus deciduous forests large leaved, deciduous Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus forest Northern rough-winged Stelgidopteryx near streams lakes and swallow serripennis riverbanks Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus lagoons and ponds Green heron Butorides virescens trees/ shrubs near marsh Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus trees/ shrubs near marsh forested or swampy sites Osprey Pandion haliaetus near open water Bank swallow Riparia riparia vertical cliffs near water mud nests in protected Barn swallow Hirundo rustica areas near fields Petrochelidon Cliff swallow pyrrhonota mud nests near marsh Marsh wren Cistothorus palustris marsh with reed/ cattail Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea edge habitat near marsh Cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum woodlands near streams Chimney swift Chaetura pelagica cavity nesting Ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris deciduous woodlands Eastern wood-pewee Contopus virens upland forest edges Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas Marsh/open habitat forest edges/ marsh Yellow warbler Setophaga petechia swamp shrub edges near Canada warbler Cardellina canadensis swamps 38
STRUCTURE CHARACTER As part of the inventory and analysis breeding birds on site were categorized according to habitat type. The diverse vegetative communities at Roebling park provides habitat structure to accommodate a wide variety of bird species. Currently, the park has a large birding community that visits the site. There is an opportunity to provide educational and programming opportunities relating to wildlife.
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JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK Creating an Urban Refuge
vegetative communities
LOW TIDE
HIGH TIDE
DYNAMIC TIDES The most amazing natural feature at John A. Roebling Park is the tidal marsh. The park has a tidal range of over 8 feet. During low tide, much of the tidal marsh area appears to be a mud flat. Marsh plants such as pickerel weed and arrow arum are present and the sandy soil is exposed during low tide. During periods of high tide, this area appears to be a lake or river with tidal water moving rapidly in or out. The dramatic contrast between high and low tides in this area makes the landscape dynamic and powerful.
N
N
TIDAL DATUMS - TRENTON MARINE TERMINAL
tide coming in during Spring 2018
NOAA.GOV
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 40
Creating an Urban Refuge
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION AND ACCESS
SE WE LL
experiential inventory
The steep topography of the site physically limits access into the park. Currently there are two areas where visitors can enter the park by vehicle: Sewell Ave. and West Park Ave to Westcott Ave.
SPRING LAKE
The vehicular entry areas have become the primary destination to the park overall due to accessibility. The entry drive at the end of Sewell Ave. leads down the bluff to a parking area near the spring lake.
W. PA
RK
VEHICULAR ENTRY AND PARKING
IN D WE EPEN STC DE OT NC T E
The vehicular entry near the Nature Center on Westcott Ave is the second primary destination in the park and leads to two parking areas, one near the nature center in the upland area of the park and the other near the tidal marsh in the lower area of the park.
WATSONâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WOODS
Since the park is over 460 acres in size, priority design areas were identified based on current site use and through inventory and analysis. Since the nature center area and the spring lake area are already familiar primary destinations within the park, they have been selected for further study.
SEWELL AVE ENTRANCE
TIDAL MARSH
WEST PARK AVE.
parking pedestrian access pedestrian path steep slope
0
1/4 mile
N
vehicular access
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 42
Creating an Urban Refuge
PEDESTRIAN EXPERIENCE
SE WE LL
experiential inventory
ENTRY AND DESTINATIONS There are currently 4 existing pedestrian entries into the site. Two are shared pedestrian/ vehicular entries at Sewell Ave and Westcott Ave. Two additional pedestrian only entries are located near the Watson’s Woods on Independence Ave. A primary trail through the park serves as a spine that connects the area near Spring Lake to the Nature Center and then the Tidal Marsh beyond. This primary trail is approximately 10’ wide and is made of compact soil. Secondary trails provide access around the Spring Lake, through the Flood Plain Island and into the Watson’s Woods. Secondary pedestrian trails range from 3’ to 8’ width and are also a natural material.
IN DE WE PEN STC DEN OT CE T
SPRING LAKE
Areas with exceptional views and birdwatching spots create destinations throughout the trails within the park creating a peaceful and relaxing experience. The highway, however, produces loud road noises and visual obstructions. This pedestrian experience analysis has been taken into consideration when selecting design areas.
WATSON’S WOODS TIDAL MARSH
INDEPENDENCE AVE ENTRANCE
access point primary pedestrian secondary pedestrian bird watching view area
0
1/4 mile
N
loud noise highway
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 44
Creating an Urban Refuge
site perception survey
4
s it
0%r
Po
% ive
he r
ot
During the fall of 2017 a small survey was conducted to get an idea of how the park was being used and to understand the perception of the park by local residents and park users. Most participants claimed to use the park for recreational purposes such as walking, bird watching, or photography. Some people did admit to using the park to drink or use drugs. According to the number of comments left on the survey, 40% of respondents indicated a sense of fear in response to Roebling Park. In response to these fearful impressions of the park, research into site safety perception and landscape preference was conducted. It is recommended that a larger scale study be conducted to determine more accurately the perception of Roebling Park.
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During site visits it was apparent that there are often not many other people on the trails in the park. The dense vegetation and steep slopes of the bluff and lack of other people can evoke a feeling of fear or isolation especially for people who are not familiar with the park.
COMMENTS ON THEIR PERCEPTION
2
PERCEPTION OF FEAR IN THE PARK
40
%
+*,#%(-*
./0(%(-*
/%"*$
WHO WERE THE PARTICIPANTS?
34 survey participants 53% of survey participants live within 2 miles of the park TOP THREE ACTIVITIES?
59% walk or jog for exercise 50% nature walks 49% photography
â&#x20AC;&#x153;I enjoy the Abbott Marshlands, only thing stopping me from coming often is safety. After a certain time it feels unsafe to walk the trails alone. Safest hours 6am5:30pm.â&#x20AC;?
HONEST OPINION
illicit activity, drinking, drug use JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 46
Creating an Urban Refuge
RESEARCH
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 48
Creating an Urban Refuge
research
VISION
RATIONALE urban refuge
The vision for Roebling Park is to create a safe urban refuge that will inspire exploration and discovery and that will protect the natural beauty of the park for future generations.
habitat
RATIONALE An urban Refuge is a place where both people and wildlife can experience the benefits of the natural environment. Wildlife such as birds and insects look to the landscape for informational cues on where they can meet their needs of food and shelter. Those cues include vegetative structure, proximity to water and connections to others within their species. According to Ebird, a site that collects data of bird sightings from local birders, over 300 species of migratory birds were spotted at Roebling Park in 2017. The diverse plant communities within the marsh, the structure of the adjacent floodplain forest and the close proximately to the Delaware River make Roebling Park an attractive and restorative landscape for birds. Roebling Park meets the needs of a refuge for species of wild life therefore itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources must be protected and enhanced. These goals can be met through invasive species removal, native vegetation plantings, stormwater management, and increasing public awareness of the value that this landscape holds. While Roebling Park is a preferred habitat for wildlife, certain environmental cues are missing that would enable the landscape to be an ideal refuge for people. This project will analyze landscape features at Roebling park through the lens of Kaplan and Kaplanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Landscape preference theory to determine what cues may be causing a negative perception of the landscape in order to increase accessibility and usability of the park.
beneficiaries
wildlife
people
benefits food shelter reproducing
stress reduction education entertainment
environmental cues structure & connectivity integrity & sustainability
coherence & complexity Legibility & Mystery
objectives protect enhance access
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 50
Creating an Urban Refuge
balance
PREFERENCE MATRIX LANDSCAPE AS HABITAT FOR PEOPLE People look to natural landscapes for both physical and psychological benefits. Research has shown that seeing or being in a natural environment can reduce stress, anxiety and depression (Oka et. al), reduce mental fatigue (Kaplan 1995), lower blood pressure (Ulrich, 1999) and can even potentially boost the immune system (Li et. al. 2010). In order obtain these benefits people need to be in a preferred landscape environment . In their book, With People in Mind, environmental psychologists Rachel and Stephen Kaplan and Robert Ryan discuss the theory of Landscape Preference that explains how humans look to certain informational cues to decide if a landscape is preferred. While Roebling Park may be a preferred landscape for wildlife, especially birds, the park is not a preferred environment for people. Here Roebling Park was analyzed through 8 fears and preferences as outlined by Kapland, Kaplan and Ryan.
“2-d” observation
coherence
“3-d” experience
legibility
complexity mystery
Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan, 1999
PREFERENCES AND FEARS visual access
familiarity
human sign
coherent areas
APPLICATION TO ROEBLING PARK Certain cues within the landscape can evoke preference or fear. Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan outline 8 fears and preferences that fit within the framework of their preference matrix which can be experienced within the landscape. These elements if executed correctly in a design can create a landscape that is preferred by people.
restore | protect | enhance smooth ground
sense of depth
mystery
openings
Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan, 1999
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 52
Creating an Urban Refuge
SITE ANALYSIS BASED ON PREFERENCES AND FEARS PARK EDGE CONDITION
VISUAL ACCESS EXISTING : EYE LEVEL OBSTRUCTIONS AT PARK EDGES AND ENTRANCES...
TRAIL CONDITION
Visual access of Roebling park is restricted due to its lower elevation from the adjacent neighborhood and the dense vegetation that stabilizes the bluffs that make the park boundary. Typical of many successional woodlands, the areas along the trails have grown dense with invasive shrub and vine species creating vegetative tunnels and restricting view sheds throughout the park. The idea of visual access can be explained in greater detail through Appletonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Theory of Prospect and Refuge where the preferred landscape arrangement would be viewing an expanse from a protected vantage point. This theory does not take into account the preference of the predator or criminal which is the same. (Fisher and Nasar) One study found that safety could be found in an environment with little to no opportunities for refuge and maximum visual access. (Fisher and nasar) Within the preference matrix framework, a design such as this would be very coherent (organized, orderly etc) but would lack complexity and mystery and therefore would not be considered a preferred landscape despite the fact that it may be considered safe. This type of design would not be appropriate for Roebling Park since many of the bird species rely on the existing landscape structure. Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan recommend clearing dense vegetation at eye level but leaving ecological features such as tall trees and lower vegetation which adds to the complexity and therefore increase preference. This could be accomplished both along the trails and along the park edges and entrances.
visual access
... AND ALONG TRAILS
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 54
Creating an Urban Refuge
site analysis based on preferences and fears
FAMILIARITY The existing trails at Roebling Park take visitors deep into the park and include long loops, of a mile or more in distance. Since this is a natural area, most of the trail surfaces are a natural material such as compact soil making them uneven and for some people inaccessible or dangerous. Some people may become reluctant to journey on a long hike when they are unfamiliar with what they will encounter and this could deter visitors from enjoying the park. Kaplan and Kaplan recommend providing multiple trails of various distances from the entrance into the landscape so that visitors can become familiar with the space at their own pace. Familiarity can also occur through community engagement. Currently, the park does not have data available on park attendance or use.
NEGATIVE HUMAN SIGN SUCH AS EVIDENCE OF DUMPING CAN PRODUCE FEELINGS OF FEAR
HUMAN SIGN Human signs that show evidence of a sense of care and maintenance can help to enhance preference but fear can be evoked through evidence of neglect, vandalism, or other illegal behavior. (Kaplan et al.) Walking through Roebling Park visitors can experience view of wetlands, shade from trees and the sounds of birds which are great opportunities to gain some of the benefits of nature, however, there are oftentimes long stretches of dense vegetation where the only human signs are negative. These include trash such as beer bottles and cans, graffiti, and remnants of parties in the woods) Added to this are the loud sounds of the highway from across the marsh. These negative encounters can add to the sense of fear along the trail.
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 56
Creating an Urban Refuge
site analysis based on preferences and fears COHERENT SPACES AND SMOOTH GROUND CREATED BY PARK ROADS
COHERENCE Coherent areas throughout Roebling Park are shaped by clearings in the vegetation but lack order and organization. They usually come in the form of roads and parking areas. Since this is a wildlife refuge and a high quality freshwater marsh, most of the park should be left with as little human manipulation as possible however, the areas designated for people such as entrances, parking areas, and major trails should be organized in order to set clear expectations for behavior.
PARKING AND PICNIC AREAS ARE NOT ONLY OPEN SPACE AND LACK COHERENCE
SMOOTH GROUND
COHERENT SPACES AND SMOOTH GROUND CREATED BY PARK ROADS
According to Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan, smooth ground texture around pockets of vegetation can provide opportunities for exploration and can help to define and organize spaces to add to a sense of coherence. Smooth surfaces can help visitors have a better understanding of the landscape. At Roebling Park, there are not many areas of smooth surface outside of the parking areas and trails.
access road
COHERENT SPACES AND SMOOTH GROUND CREATED BY PARKING AREAS parking
seating
marsh/lake
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 58
Creating an Urban Refuge
SITE ANALYSIS BASED ON PREFERENCES AND FEARS
Mystery A sense of mystery can help achieve a deeper level of both understanding and need for exploration. Vegetation or architecture can be used or frame a view or to give a quick glance at what is to come later in the experience. Roebling park has many areas that could be view points or overlooks where there is potential to create mystery and intrigue.
TRAIL CONDITION
Openings Openings can come in multiple forms. Kaplan, Kaplan and Ryan describe them as clearings in the woods or areas of smooth ground but they fail to recognize openings as access points and alternate pathways. Buildings on Appletonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theory of prospect and refuge, Fisher and Nasar argue that escape is a third element that creates a sense of safety in the landscape (fisher and nasar, 1994) Openings provide opportunities for escape and the ability to change courses if needed providing the visitor with more control over their surroundings (Luymes and Tamming 1995) The steep topography at Roebling Park and dense vegetation has limited the number of entry and exit points into the park and has created isolating tunnels of vegetation which can cause a feeling of being followed or trapped. LACK OF OPENINGS ALONG TRAILS
Sense of Depth A sense of depth can provide legibility increasing both understanding and the desire to explore. Kaplan Kaplan and Ryan describe how distant visible structures can help to create a sense of depth and can be an orienting feature in the landscape. At Roebling Park, there are a few areas where large landscape features such as the highway and the power plant in the distance can help to orient a park visitors but from many areas, these large features are hidden from view by vegetation. The park lacks positive landmark features such as art and destinations.
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 60
Creating an Urban Refuge
CASE STUDIES
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 62
Creating an Urban Refuge
case study analysis | Freeway Park
ORIGINAL MASTER PLAN
FREEWAY PARK LOCATION: Seattle, WA DESIGNER: Lawrence Halprin PARK OPENING: July 4 1976
RELEVANCE TO ROEBLING PARK : • • • • •
perceived as dangerous criminal activity vegetation and topography obstructed views from the street more “prospect” than “refuge” lack of purpose as a destination
http://tclf.org/pioneer/lawrence-halprin
Freeway Park then...
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 64
Creating an Urban Refuge
case study analysis | Freeway Park MYSTERY | HUMAN SIGN |DEPTH Mystery, Human Sign , & Depth Curved walls and other structures create a tunnel-like effect. This creates feelings of an abundance of mystery but limits opportunities to provide a sense of depth or orienting features in the landscape. Features throughout the park such as fountains and concrete sculptures have become burdens to maintain and have over time become fallen into disrepair. This gives a feel that there is little care which is a negative human sign that can contribute to a feeling of fear. http://www.dzzyn.com/architecture-travel-guide-10-thingssee-seattle/seattle-architecture-travel-guide-freeway-park/
VISUAL ACCESS
Visual Access Many plantings throughout Freeway park have become overgrown over time cutting off lines of sight into and throughout the park. Architectural structure such as walls and fountains have also become visual barriers.
COHERENT | FAMILIARITY | OPENINGS
https://thenorthwesturbanist.com/2015/12/04/the-case-for-lidding-i-5-indowntown-seattle/
* * * * * *
Coherent, Familiar Openings There are currently only a few entrances into the park and even fewer coherent open spaces throughout, similar to Roebling Park.
*
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK https://thenorthwesturbanist.com/2015/12/04/the-case-for-lidding-i-5-indowntown-seattle/
66
Creating an Urban Refuge
case study analysis | Bryant Park
Bryant Park LOCATION: midtown Manhattan SIZE: 9.6 acres DESIGNER: Olin Studio RE-OPENING: 1999
RELEVANCE TO ROEBLING PARK :
PRIOR TO REDESIGN: • perceived as dangerous • criminal activity • vegetation and topography obstructed views from the street • more “prospect” than “refuge”
AERIAL VIEW 1988 - “BEFORE”
http://blog.bryantpark.org/2010/08/from-archive-library-under-lawn.html
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 68
Creating an Urban Refuge
COHERENCE AND HUMAN SIGN
library
case study analysis | Bryant Park
Coherence and Human Sign Programming and created spaces to facilitate events draws people in and provides a purpose for the landscape as a destination. Clean and maintained areas lend to a sense of care create feelings of security.
VISUAL ACCESS
https://media.timeout.com/ images/103566521/image.jpg
Visual Access
library
Sight-lines are maintained through the park even in areas with dense canopy cover and shade.
https://www.nycgo.com/venues/bryant-park
SENSE OF DEPTH AND MYSTERY library
Sense of Depth and Mystery Destinations and structures, such as the fountain and library, act as orienting features in the landscape and provide a sense of depth. Mystery is created through the use of strong axis with nodes.
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 70
https://www.pps.org/projects/bryantpark
Creating an Urban Refuge
DESIGN
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 72
Creating an Urban Refuge
OPPORTUNITIES
CONSTRAINTS
tides create dynamic experience
steep topography separates the park from the neighborhood
bluff creates natural overlooks into the landscape
tidal marsh is currently inaccessible
over 100,000 people within a 2 mile radius that could use the park
dense invasive vegetation blocks views throughout the park
*site perception by surrounding community
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 74
Creating an Urban Refuge
objectives
PROTECT VISION FOR ROEBLING PARK
limit disturbance
to create a safe urban refuge that will inspire exploration and discovery for people and that will protect ecological integrity for the local wildlife population through restoration strategies.
protect natural areas monitor for plant and wildlife species
RESTORE
e t ct o r p
remove invasive species where possible plant native species
sto
i insp
re
re
reduce impacts of stormwater
re
INSPIRE improve visual access of the park create opportunities for exploration create destinations educate the public JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK
76
Creating an Urban Refuge
de
nc
e A v
e.
Av rk Pa
FINAL DESIGN PLAN| CREATE DESTINATIONS:
• improve nature center entrance • activate the spring lake area as a destination within the community • create safe tidal marsh access
Prioritizing Design Areas and Design Development e n A v Ro
wa
ll A ve we Se
st
en
We
wa
ep
• enhanced entrance, ash harvest and storm water management at Watson’s Woods Independence Ave entrance. • improve nature center entrance • create an additional entry at and destination at Rowan Ave • Enhance the arrival experience at Sewell Ave entrance. • Invasive vines and shrubs removed to open up trails.
.
Ro
Ind
e.
OPTION 1 | INCREASE ACCESS:
n A ve
Se
Se
we
we
ll A v
ll A ve
.
e.
concept designs
OPTION 2| MINIMIZE ACCESS:
• enhanced entrance, ash harvest, storm water management, and meadow creation at Watson’s Woods Independence Ave entrance. • power-line meadow near nature center • create visual access into the park at Rowan Ave. • remove Sewell Ave Park entrance. • Remove Lake and power-line impoundments • reintroduce tidal flow to western side of the park. • limit access to western side of the park
Based on the inventory and analysis, the existing site use, research, and case study findings, three design areas have been prioritized for further development. Each of the three design areas has been analyzed for existing conditions. Each priority design area was analyzed and a series of design iterations led to the creation of the final design plans. CIRCULATION CONCEPT
PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT TOPOGRAPHIC CONCEPT
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 78
Creating an Urban Refuge
final design
DESIGN AREA LOCATIONS
DESIGN AREA GOALS 1. Nature Center reorganize parking create trails and meadow under power lines new entrance at west park ave
2. Tidal Marsh remove invasive Phragmites create access via boardwalk into the marsh
3 SPRING LAKE
2TIDAL
1NATURE CENTER
MARSH
use area as a monitoring point
3. Spring Lake create views to the lake enhance entrance experience re-imagine parking remove invasive vines and shrubs to improve sight lines facilities for row boat rentals and fishing
0
1/4 mile
N
create performance space
JOHN A. ROEBLING PARK 80
Creating an Urban Refuge
(5’ )
EXISTING CONDITIONS DIAGRAM
Nature Center | existing conditions
PARKING LOT
LOCATION
BL
OC
(55’ )
WOODLAND
KE
D
VI
EW VI
HISTORIC HOUSE
1
EW
PARKING
AY
NATURE CENTER
POWER LINE RIGHT OF WAY (TURF)
82
PARKING
HISTORIC HOUSE
F O HT
Y
G
RT
RI
PE
E
O
West Park Ave.
PO
W
ER
LIN
PR
SS RO ACCE
Wedge Drive
AD
LIN
E
DESIGN OVERVIEW The Nature Center is one of the primary destinations within the park as there are many programmed activities that focus on the history and ecology of the park. Additionally this area features the Watson House which serves as office space, a museum and is the oldest house in Mercer County. The powerline right of way that is adjacent to the park property currently has some of the best views into the marsh. The right of way is owned by PSE&G who maintains the turf grass and other low growing vegetation.
W
N
NATURE CENTER
Westcot
t Ave.
STEEP BLUFF
MARSH VIEWS
N
0
100
feet
Nature Center area redesign
PROPOSED DESIGN PLAN
MARSH OVERLOOK
DESIGN OVERVIEW In the redesign of the Nature Center area, both pedestrian and vehicular circulation has been simplified by moving the parking lot next to the Nature Center building and including sidewalks to the access road. The adjacent power-line right of way has been converted to a native warm season grass meadow which can create habitat for wildlife and native pollinators and will help to showcase the historic Watson House. The low meadow vegetation could help to minimize the frequency of mowing.
MEADOW DESTINATION POWER-LINE MEADOW & TRAILS PROPOSED PARKING
BIRD BLIND
power-line right of way meadow
PROTECT slope stabilizing vegetation
PICNIC PAVILLION
West Park Ave.
RESTORE
Wedge Drive
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
INSPIRE create a system of trails through meadow will increase familiarity create visual access to marsh showcase historic Watson House as an orienting feature
We
stc
ott
Ave
.
simplify parking 84 N
0
100 feet
IMAGE LOCATIONS
3
1. ENTRY EXPERIENCE
2 1 N
RE-IMAGINING THE ENTRY EXPERIENCE As visitors arrive to the park they will experience clear lines of sight into the park. The organized tree plantings along the access road will add coherence to the arrival sequence. The sidewalks will help to create a safer and more coherent pedestrian experience as well. A new picnic pavilion will be centrally located off of the access road and near the Nature Center. The parking lot can be moved closer to the Nature Center the simplify vehicular and pedestrian circulation. 3. PROPOSED PARKING
86
2. PICNIC PAVILION NEAR NATURE CENTER
IMAGE LOCATIONS
1. BIRD BLIND AND ECOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION 3
2 1
N
CREATING MEADOW DESTINATIONS The meadow will provide an open experience that will encourage exploration through its winding pathways and interesting views. The historic house and even the power- line towers can help to orient people in the landscape. Research suggests that this open landscape should feel safe for visitors which could help people become more familiar with the park as a destination for physical activity. Along the way, visitors will discover a bird blind for wildlife viewing along with interpretative signs. A meadow sculpture garden with a shady grove of trees can provide a resting point within the meadow. Once visitors reach the bluff they can view the tidal marsh landscape beyond. 3. MARSH OVERLOOK
88
2. SCULPTURE GARDEN AND HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION
IMAGE LOCATIONS SECTION A-A’ LOOKING SOUTH
A’
2 A
1
N
slope stabilizing low vegetation
SHOWCASING THE WATSON HOUSE All paths within the meadow will lead to the historic Watson House. The house will be set apart from the informality of the meadow by a stone wall and formal garden.
1/4 mile of meadow trails created
historic Watson House
2+ acres of turf to meadow under power line right of way
viewing area connects upland to the marsh visually 0
16
32
horizontal and vertical scale
1.WATSON HOUSE, THE SHOWCASE OF THE MEADOW
90
2.HISTORIC HOUSE FORMAL GARDEN
feet
Tidal Marsh | existing conditions
EXISTING CONDITIONS DIAGRAM
(6’ )
LOCATION
EXISTING MARSH ACCESS
(7’ ) (6’ ) (5’ )
PHRAGMITES
WS ED
2
(3’ )
CK
TIDAL MARSH
BLO
N
VIEWS!
VIE
SPRING LAKE
(4’ )
EXISTING CONDITIONS
N
VIEWS TO MARSH
EXISTING TRAIL
The tidal marsh is the most dynamic and fascinating natural feature at Roebling Park but most of the views from the existing trails are blocked by invasive species such as Phragmites australis.
VIEWS!
IMPOUNDED WETLAND N
IMPOUNDED WETLAND
92
PHRAGMITES
RIGHT OF WAY IMPOUNDMENT TRAIL
PHRAGMITES
0
TIDAL MARSH
100 feet
Tidal Marsh | creating access
DESIGN OVERVIEW After the invasive Phragmites is removed from the area, a boardwalk and observation tower could provide access to marsh views and native wetland plant species.
OBSERVATION TOWER
SPRING LAKE
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
PROPOSED BOARDWALK
RESTORE Phragmites removal
TIDAL MARSH
PROTECT limit disturbance in marsh
EXI
marsh access
STIN GT
create boardwalk and tower for
RA IL
INSPIRE
IMPOUNDED WETLAND
94 0
20
40
100
feet
IMAGE LOCATIONS
2
B
Tidal Marsh | creating access
SECTION B-B’ LOOKING NORTH
B’
1
lake 6’
N
0
existing trail 7’ 16
32
transitional >4.89’
horizontal and vertical scale
96
low marsh 0.62’-4.53’
lower inter-tidal -3.65 -0.62’
feet
CREATING MARSH ACCESS The boardwalk and observation tower design will provide views and access into the tidal marsh. The boardwalk is wheelchair accessible and has an observation platform with benches. The tower will allow for longer views across the marsh. Both the boardwalk and tower will provide an excellent opportunity for bird watching and can serve as a monitoring point for the Phragmites removal within this area. 1. BOARDWALK AND OBSERVATION TOWER
high marsh 4.53’-4.89’
PROTECTING THE MARSH & INTERPRETING HISTORY To protect the marsh the boardwalk will be constructed using a helical pile system which limits disturbance. Within the design, the railings have been constructed using steel cables as a nod to the park’s namesake, the John A. Roebling Steel Company.
helical pile system
2. WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE MARSH ACCESS
EXISTING CONDITIONS DIAGRAM
Tidal Marsh | existing conditions LOCATION
(50’ )
BLOCKED VIEWS OF LAKE
ACCESS ROAD
3
BLOCKED VIEWS
PICNIC
(5’ )
PARKING
N
!
EW VI
EXISTING RESTROOM FACILITIES
DESIGN OVERVIEW
SPRING LAKE
The main feature of the existing layout of the Spring Lake area is the large parking lot with an adjacent picnic area. The best views of the lake are visible from the parking lot but not picnic area. The current layout limits opportunities to host programmed event due to a lack of facilities. At night a lack of lighting in this area creates a feeling of fear and danger.
TRAIL STARTS HERE
98
MARSH
N
PICNIC AREA
LAKE
PARKING
N
0
100 feet
Spring Lake | creating a destination
DESIGN OVERVIEW The Spring Lake area redesign combines elements of the park’s lively past as White City Amusement Park with the resort-like feel of the Broad Street Park days when this area was a passive recreation picnic ground. The major features proposed in the redesign include a boat house, space for programmed events and organized parking and vehicle access. The design improves safety by opening up sight lines, introducing lighting and increasing use through programmed activities.
PARKING
PERFORMANCE LAWN PICNIC PAVILLION BOAT HOUSE
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
LAKE STAIRS
RESTORE remove invasive vegetation from
SPRING LAKE
lake side dredge lake to accommodate
MARSH
kayaks
PROTECT Shade the center of the lake
INSPIRE create performance area
WOODED “ISLAND”
lake connection simplify parking
100 N
0
100 feet
N
Spring Lake | creating a destination
IMAGE LOCATIONS
1
2. VEHICLE TURN AROUND AND BOAT HOUSE
2
3
N
AN INVITING ENTRY EXPERIENCE The access road has been organized with a pedestrian walkway, an allee of trees and lighting. As visitors drive down the access road they will get a glimpse of the lake before arriving at the new, well lit, parking area. At the end of the access road a vehicle turn around and boat house have been included. The turn around has been designed to accommodate food trucks, maintenance or emergency vehicles. The new boat house structure will be located along the ponds edge and can support programmed activities such as kayaking in the lake, summer camp groups and classes. It is also designed to withstand a 100 year flood event. 1. ENTRY EXPERIENCE
102
3. BOAT HOUSE AND LAKE KAYAKING
Spring Lake | creating a destination
IMAGE LOCATIONS
3
2. PICNIC PAVILION
2 1
N
ACTIVATING THE SPACE The lake-front promenade serves as the primary pedestrian circulation route through this area. Along the way, visitors will experience a shade picnic pavilion and views onto the lake. The promenade opens up onto the activity lawn which is separated from the parking area by a seating berm. This area can be used for active recreation or evening performances such as concerts or movie night by the lake.
1. LAKE-FRONT PROMENADE
104
3. ACTIVITY LAWN AND SEATING BERM
SECTION C-C’ LOOKING EAST
Spring Lake | creating a destination
C’
IMAGE LOCATIONS
1
C
2
BLUFF N
CONNECTING TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
new parking area
The lake-side stairs connect visitors with the water and can accommodate fisherman, birders or people who want to enjoy the lake views. Nearby, a circular gateway to the natural environment includes informational signs and nature sculptures. In the distance a peninsula has been created from dredge material within the lake. The wooded peninsula is reminiscent of Olmsted’s Wooded Island in the 1893 Columbian exposition in which the White City Amusement Park was designed after. 1.LAKESIDE STAIRS
106
recreational area
lake dredged to accommodate kayaks
wooded island from dredge material 0
32
feet
horizontal and vertical scale
2. A GATEWAY TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT & VIEWS TO THE WOODED “ISLAND”
REFERENCES
108
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ĞŶĐƵƐ ĞĂƵƌĞƵ '/^ ĚĂǀŝĚ͘ũ͘ŬƌĂŝŬĞƌΛ ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ ;Ez ƌĞŐŝŽŶͿ ĐĞŶƐƵƐ͘ŐŽǀ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ƐŝnjĞ ůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚĂƚĞ ďƵŝůƚ
WĂƌŬƐ͕ WůĞĂƐĂŶƚ KĐĐĂƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ,ĂƉƉŝŶĞƐƐ͕Ζ Ă Ĩŝůŵ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ĞƉƚ͘ ŽĨ WĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ZĞĐƌĞĂƚŝŽŶ ϭϬ WĂƌŬƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂŶŐĞĚ ŵĞƌŝĐĂ Ͳ ϮϬϭϳ
W ^ dŚĞ ƵůƚƵƌĂů >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ WĂƐƚ WƌĞƐĞŶƚ &ŽƵŶĚĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ &ƵƚƵƌĞ ƌLJĂŶƚ WĂƌŬ ŽƌƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ dŚĞ ƵůƚƵƌĂů >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ dŚĞ WƌŽũĞĐƚ ĨŽƌ WƵďůŝĐ ^ƉĂĐĞƐ ZĂƌĞ WůĂŶƚ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚŝĞƐ WƌĞƐĞŶƚůLJ ZĞĐŽƌĚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ dŝŶĂ ^ƚĂĐŬ͕ d^ƚĂĐŬΛŚĂŵŝůƚŽ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŶŶũ͘ĐŽŵ
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:ĂŵĞƐ ŽůůĞůůŽ
^ŝƚĞ WĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŝŶŐ WƵďůŝĐ ^ĂĨĞƚLJ ĂŶĚ hƐĞ ŽŶ d >ƵLJŵĞƐ͕ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƚŽ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶǁĂLJƐ <ĞŶ dĂŵŵŝŶŐĂ
tŽŽĚůĂŶĚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĞĚŐĞƐ͗ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝŵƉĂĐƚ ŽŶ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ WƵďůŝĐ ƚƚŝƚƵĚĞ dŽǁĂƌĚƐ EĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐƚŝĐ sĞƌƐƵƐ ĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ^ŚĞĨĨŝĞůĚ ;h<Ϳ dŽŽůƐ ĨŽƌ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ ƐŽĐŝĂů ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ
ŶŶĂ :ŽƌŐĞŶƐĞŶ ͕כ :ĂŵĞƐ ,ŝƚĐŚŵŽƵŐŚ͕ dŝŐ ĂůǀĞƌ
,͘ KnjŐƵŶĞƌ͕ ͘ ͘ <ĞŶĚůĞ >ŝŝƐĂ dLJƌǀĂŝŶĞŶ͕ <ŝƌƐŝ DĂŬŝŶĞŶ ͕ :ĂƐƉĞƌ ^ĐŚŝƉƉĞƌŝũŶ
,ĂŵŝůƚŽŶ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉ͕ DĞƌĐĞƌ ŽƵŶƚLJ͕ ŽƌĚĞŶƚŽǁŶ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉ͕ ŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŽƌĚĞŶƚŽǁŶ͕ ƵƌůŝŶŐƚŽŶ ŽƵŶƚLJ Ͳ ,ƵŶƚĞƌ ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ,ĂŵŝůƚŽŶ ƚŐůŽǀĞƌϯϮϬΛŽƉƚŝ dŽǁŶƐŚŝƉ ŵƵŵ͘ŶĞƚ WƵďůŝĐ >ŝďƌĂƌLJ ũĂŵĞƐĐŽůĞůůŽΛŽ ƉƚŝŵƵŵ͘ŶĞƚ ďƌŽĂĚƐƚƌĞĞƚƉĂƌ ŬLJĞƐƚĞƌLJĞĂƌƐ
>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϯϯ ;ϭϵϵϱͿ ϯϵϭͲϰϬϬ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϲϬ ;ϮϬϬϮͿ ϭϯϱʹϭϱϬ
>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ;ϮϬϬϲͿ ϭϯϵͲϭϱϳ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϳϵ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ϱʹϭϵ
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zĞŶͲ ŚĞŶŐ /ŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŚŝĂŶŐ͕ :ĂĐŬ >͘ ƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶĂů ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ ŽŶ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ƚƌĂŝů EĂƐĂƌď͕ ŚŝĂͲ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŚƵŶ <ŽĐ dŚĞ ĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĂŵĞŶŝƚLJ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ ĞĚŐĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͖ Ă ďĂƐŝƐ ĨŽƌ '͘ &ƌLJ͕ /͘ ^Ăƌůŝ:ǀͲ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ,ĞƌůŝŶ tŚĞŶ ǁĂůŬŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ŝƌŐŝƚƚĂ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƚŝǀĞͶdŚĞ ƌŽůĞ ŽĨ ƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƚ 'ĂƚĞƌƐůĞďĞŶ Ŷ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĨƵŐĞ DĂƚƚŚĞǁ ŶĚƌĞǁ sĞŐĞƚĂƚŝŽŶ ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ dŽƌĞ ũĞƌŬĞ͕ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ dŽƌďũƆƌŶ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŶĞƐƐ TƐƚĚĂŚů͕ ŚƌŝƐƚĞƌ ĨŽƌ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƚŝŽŶ dŚƌĂŶĞ͕ ŝŶĂƌ ŶŶĂ :ŽƌŐĞŶƐĞŶĂ͕ ůĞdžĂŶĚƌĂ ŶƚŚŽƉŽƵůŽƵ DĂƚŚŝĂƐ ,ŽĨŵĂŶŶ͕ WĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƉĂƌŬƐ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶ :ĂŶŶĞŬĞ Z͘ ĚĞƌĞůŝĐƚ ůĂŶĚ ďLJ ůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŵĂŶŶ͕ ƉůĂŶŶĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ /ŶŐŽ <ŽǁĂƌŝŬ͕ Dćƌŝƚ :ĂŶƐƐŽŶ͕ ͕כ ,ĂŶŶĂ &ŽƌƐ͕ dŚĞƌĞƐĞ WĞƌĐĞŝǀĞĚ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ƐĂĨĞƚLJ ŝŶ >ŝŶĚŐƌĞŶ͕ ũƂƌŶ ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶ ƚŽ ƵƌďĂŶ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚ tŝƐƚƌƂŵ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƚŝŽŶ ʹ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĞdžƉůŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ^ƌĞĞƚŚĞƌĂŶ DĂƌƵƚŚĂǀĞĞƌĂŶ͕ ĨĞĂƌ ŽĨ ĐƌŝŵĞ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ĞĐŝů ͘ ŐƌĞĞŶƐƉĂĐĞƐʹ <ŽŶŝũŶĞŶĚŝũŬ ǀĂŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƚŝĐ ƌĞǀŝĞǁ ŶũŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĂƌ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ǁŽŽĚůĂŶĚƐ ʹ ŽĞƐ ĂŐĞ ŵĂŬĞ Ă ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͍
112
>ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϭϮϱ ;ϮϬϭϰͿ ϭϲϲʹϭϳϯ >ĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ϯϭ ;ϭϵϵϳͿϰϱͲϱϱ ,ĞĂůƚŚ ΘWůĂĐĞϮϬ;ϮϬϭϯ ͿϵϭʹϭϬϭ hƌďĂŶ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ Θ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ϱ ;ϮϬϬϲͿ ϯϱʹϰϰ hƌďĂŶ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ Θ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ϲ ;ϮϬϬϳͿ ϮϲϳʹϮϳϴ hƌďĂŶ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ Θ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ϭϭ ;ϮϬϭϮͿ ϯϬϯͲϯϭϮ hƌďĂŶ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJ Θ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ ϭϮ ;ϮϬϭϯͿ ϭϮϳʹ ϭϯϯ hƌďĂŶ &ŽƌĞƐƚƌLJΘhƌďĂ Ŷ'ƌĞĞŶŝŶŐϭϯ;Ϯ ϬϭϰͿϭʹϭϴ
APPENDIX A - Invasive Species Management and Restoration Monitoring Plan
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