The globalization of the image: The case of Takashi Murakami and Simone Legno

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โ€ซโ€ชThe globalization of the image:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชThe case of Takashi Murakami and Simone Legno.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชby Jenny Pokryvailoโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ื•ื–'ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืช ื’โ€™ื ื™ ืคื•ืงืจื™ื‘ืื™ืœื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซืื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื˜ืœ โ€ช /โ€ฌื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ โ€ช -โ€ฌืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€ช2009โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื“ืžื” โ€ช1..............................................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ืโ€ช :โ€ฌื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืžื™ืฉืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ โ€ช2..............................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1.1โ€ฌื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ โ€ช3........................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1.2โ€ฌื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ โ€ช4..................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .1.3โ€ฌื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช6...............................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื•ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸ โ€ช8.................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .2.1โ€ฌืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ โ€ช8.................................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .2.2โ€ฌื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค โ€ช9..................................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .2.3โ€ฌืงื•ื•ืื™ โ€ช10 ...................................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื’โ€ช :โ€ฌื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ โ€ช13 ...................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .3.1โ€ฌื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ โ€ช13 ............................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .3.2โ€ฌืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜ โ€ช -โ€ฌืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช โ€ช15 ..............................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .3.3โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช โ€ช18 ......................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื“โ€ช :โ€ฌืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื• )ื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™( โ€ช20 ............................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .4.1โ€ฌื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช20 .....................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .4.2โ€ฌื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™ โ€ช22 ..............................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .4.3โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช โ€ช23 ......................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจืง ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช โ€ช25 ...............................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ื โ€ช27 ..............................................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” โ€ช29 .....................................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืกืคื—ื™ื โ€ช31 ............................................................................................................................โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช1 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืงื“ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ืกื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืฉื ื›ืš ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื• ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช ,19-โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืืžื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 19-โ€ฌื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืืžื ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ืœื—ืœื” ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืื•ืคื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคืœืื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืฉืช ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืจืฉืช ื–ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืžืŸ ื™ืคื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืžืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฆืขื™ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื ืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื•โ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช2 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื•ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืชื• ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื• โ€“ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืงื™ื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื โ€“ ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืžืงืจื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ืโ€ช :โ€ฌื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืžื™ืฉืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกืคืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื‘ื•ืจื˜ื™ )โ€ช (Philippe Burtyโ€ฌื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช1872โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืœืชืช ืฉื ืœืชื—ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ืงืกืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ โ€ช -โ€ฌื ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 19-โ€ฌื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช ,20-โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื“ื• )โ€ช - (1603-1868โ€ฌื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงื“ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžื™ื™ื’'ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซ)โ€ช (1868-1912โ€ฌื‘ื” ื—ืœื• ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฉื“ื—ืคื• ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืื—ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื” ื›ืืจืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ืื“ื™ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื•ืืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืขืฆืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืœืžื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช3 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ โ€ช -โ€ฌืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 70-โ€ฌืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช ,20-โ€ฌืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉื‘ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื‘ื”ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”โ€ช.1โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "โ€ช "Japonismeโ€ฌืœืžื•ืฉื’ "โ€ช "Japonaiserieโ€ฌืฉื ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 1896โ€ฌื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ื”ืขืชืงื”โ€ช .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 1.1โ€ฌื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช1794โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช ,1854โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคืชื— ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื–ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ื”ื›ืจื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ื—ื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื’ืžืจื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจืžื™ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกืคืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸโ€ช. 2โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื’ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื“ื•ื ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื• ืžืชืืจ ื›ื”ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฉื˜ื—ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืคื•ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืœืชืžื™ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืืงื“ืžื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืโ€ช.3โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” "ื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 18-โ€ฌื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 19-โ€ฌืขืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืงื•ืกืื™ ืงื˜ืกื•ืฉื™ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ื˜ื’ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื’ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ื˜ื’ื•ื•ื” ืงื•ื ื™ืกื“ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื™ื˜ื’ื•ื•ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช1โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Lehmann, Jeanโ€Pierre, โ€œOld and New Japonisme: The Tokugawa Legacy and Modern European Images of โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชJapanโ€, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, Special Issue: Edo Culture and Its Modern Legacy, (1984), pp. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช757โ€768 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช2โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Hokenson, Jan, โ€œProust's "Japonisme": Contrastive Aestheticsโ€, Modern Language Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช(Spring, 1999), pp. 17โ€37 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช3โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Ibid. โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช4 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื•ื˜ืžืจื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื™ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื—ื–ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืงื•ืคื”โ€ช.4โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 1988โ€ฌื ืขืจื›ื” ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืื™ืžืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื–ืืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื ื•ืืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื’ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ื•ืœื•ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื•ื˜ืจืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคื™ืกืืจื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš ื•ืกื–ืืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช .5โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื’'ืคื•ื ื–ืจื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื–ืืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸโ€ช-โ€ฌื’ื•ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืขืชืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ช) .โ€ฌืจืื” ื ืกืคื—ื™ื โ€ช.(1,2,3,4โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 1.2โ€ฌื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจืืช "ื”ื’'ืคื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœืžืขืจื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 70-โ€ฌืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 20-โ€ฌื”ืคื›ื” ื™ืคืŸ ืœืžืขืฆืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืฉืคืข ืื•ืชื• ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืฆืื• ืžืฉืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืคืขื ื ื—ืฉื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื’ื™ ืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื•ืงืžืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืฆื™ ื‘ื•ื ืกืื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื—ืœืงืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ื™ ื–ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ืฉื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•โ€ช.6โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 20-โ€ฌื ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื“ืฉ โ€ช" -โ€ฌื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" )โ€ช .(Glocalisationโ€ฌื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ืฉืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื™ืœื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœืชืืจ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช4โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Ibid. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Tanaka, Hidemichi, โ€œCezanne and "Japonisme"โ€, Artibus et Historiae, Vol. 22, No. 44 (2001), pp. 201โ€220โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช6โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Okayama, Emiko & Ricatti, Francesco, โ€œTokidoki, Cute and Sexy Fantasies between East and West: โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชContemporary Aesthetics for the Global Marketโ€, PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชvol. 5, No. 2, (2008), p. 18โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช5โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช5 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 20-โ€ฌื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช .21-โ€ฌื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช )ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช( ืžื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืื™ื“ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื—ืœืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืชโ€ช-โ€ฌื”ืœืื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืžืชืื™ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชื ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืžื ืกื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื ืืžื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืš ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื”ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ืฆืจ ื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื™ืงื™ ืžืื•ืก ื•ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื“ืืง ืœื ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืขื“ืคื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืงืœ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืโ€ช.7โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืคืขืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ ืž๏ฌตื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื™ืง ื™ื“ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื–ืืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ืจืžื• ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืžืชื•ื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”"โ€ช "Superflatโ€ฌืฉืœืคื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช.8โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืžืขื˜โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช7โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Ibid. p.12. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Hixson, Kathryn, โ€œModern Artists in the Early Part of the Twentieth Centuryโ€, New Art Examiner, Vol. 29, โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชNo. 1, (2001), p. 17 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช8โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช6 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช 1.3โ€ฌื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ื ื” ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืขื“ ืฉื ืช โ€ช ,1790โ€ฌื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ื•ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช -โ€ฌืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืฆืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืื–โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื ืช โ€ช ,1945โ€ฌืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืคื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื•ืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 70-โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืคื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคื™ืฆื” ื”ืื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช ,1983โ€ฌื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื”ื“ื™ืกื ื™ืœื ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื• ื–ืžืจื™ื ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืกโ€ช.9โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืจื˜ื™ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื )ืื ื™ืžื”( ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื•ืช )ืžื ื’ื”( ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจืก ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืจื•ื‘ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื™ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฃ ืงื˜ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืค ื”"ืœื‘ืŸ" ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™โ€ช.10โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช :โ€ฌืื•ืกืžื• ื˜ื–ื•ืงื” )โ€ช (Osamu Tezukaโ€ฌื”ื•ื ืืžืŸ ื™ืคื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืขืกืง ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื ื’ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ืคืงื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื˜ื–ื•ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžื ื’ื” ื•ื”ืื ื™ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžืคื™ืง ืกืจื˜ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื˜ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืŸ ืœืืจื”"ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช9โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Marling, Karal Ann, โ€œLetter from Japan: Kenbei vs. Allโ€American Kawaii at Tokyo Disneylandโ€, American Art, โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชVol. 6, No. 2 (1992), p.104โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช10โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Hixson, Kathryn, New Art Examiner, p. 17โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช7 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื˜ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ื–ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื˜ื–ื•ืงื” ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื“ื™ืกื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื ื™ ืื• ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืชืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื™ ื‘ื•ืคโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื‘ื™ ื•ืžื™ืงื™ ืžืื•ืกโ€ช.11โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื˜ื–ื•ืงื” ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžื ื’ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ื ื ืžื ื™ื โ€ช Black Jack , Phoenix ,Astro Boyโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Kimba the White Lion โ€ฌื•โ€ช.Princess Knight-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื–ื•ืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื โ€ช Princess Sapphireโ€ฌืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ โ€ชPrincess โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช .Knightโ€ฌื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืขืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื›ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ ื‘ื•ืคโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืชืกืจื•ืงืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(5โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื–ื•ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 1946โ€ฌื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืŸ โ€ช ,17โ€ฌื”ื™ื โ€ช ,Diary of Maโ€chanโ€ฌืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืžื” ืฆ'ืืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ืฆ'ืืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืืจืฆื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื–ื•ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืคื™ื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืชื’ "ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™"โ€ฌ โ€ซ)โ€ช .(Hello Kittyโ€ฌื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืข"ื™ ืื™ืงื•ืงื• ืฉื™ืžื™ื–ื• )โ€ช (Ikuko Shimizuโ€ฌื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 1974โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืื ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ืชื’ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืคโ€ช .โ€ฌืงื™ื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ื—ืชื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขืœืช ืกืจื˜ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ืœื™ื“ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืžืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื‘ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื‘ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื“ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื ื•ืคื™ )โ€ช .(Snoopyโ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช โ€ช -โ€ฌื—ื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ืžื“ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช โ€ช -โ€ฌืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืงื• ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืฃ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ)ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(6โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช11โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Sui Lo, Ting, "Characterful worlds: entering a world of characters", 2007, p.18. โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช8 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ืงื• ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื–ื•ืงื” ื•ืื™ืงื•ืงื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืคืจืง ื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื•ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 2.1โ€ฌืคื•ืค ืืจื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ื–ืจื ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืฆืžื— ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 50-โ€ฌื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 60โ€ฌื•ื”โ€ช 70โ€ฌื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ืจื ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืžืจื“ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืืžื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™ ื•ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ โ€ช" -โ€ฌื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”"โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ืฉื™ืงืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 60-โ€ฌืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืชืžื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืฉืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื•ืœื ื•ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืคื ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื™ืžื’'ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืชืื•ื ืœืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืขื“ ืื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืงื— ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ ื’ืœื•ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื”ื‘ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื•ืชื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฆืจื›ื” ื•ืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ื” ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื "ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื™" ื•ื‘ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืกื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขื–ืจื• ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืจืฉืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœโ€ฌ


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โ€ซื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื– ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ "ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ" ื•"ืžืจื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืจื•" )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(7,8โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื ื™ ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจื•ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื™ืช' ื”ืจื™ื ื’โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงืœืืก ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™โ€ช.12โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช ,80-โ€ฌื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ื•ืืžื ื™ ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•ืฆืจ ื–ืจื ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืงืจื "ื ื™ืื•โ€ช-โ€ฌืคื•ืค"โ€ช .โ€ฌื–ืจื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 2.2โ€ฌื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืคโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืจื ื”ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื” โ€ช ,60-70โ€ฌืืš ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืขื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืคืจืกื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืค ืžืชื•ืงืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืจื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ )โ€ช ,(ready madeโ€ฌืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ื ื’ื ื›ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื’ื ื›ืขื–ืจื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืกืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื’'ืฃ ืงื•ื ืก โ€ช) โ€Michael Jackson and bubblesโ€ โ€ฌืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(9โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’'ืฃ ืงื•ื ืก ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ืกืคื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื’ื ืขื ืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื ื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืืžื ื™ ื–ืจื ื”ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช .70-โ€ฌืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืืกืคืงื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืกื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื›ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืงื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืžื•ืชื’ ื›ื–ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื "ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™"โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื›โ€ช 20,000โ€ฌืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซโ€ช Boulanger, Susan, โ€œThe Persistence of Pop: The Epic of the Everydayโ€, Art New England, Vol. 25, No.4, โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช(2004), p.13. โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซืืžื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื• ืžื˜ื•ืงื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื• ื•ื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ืงื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™โ€ช.13โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 2.3โ€ฌืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช "โ€ช ,"kawayushiโ€ฌื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "โ€ช ,"kawaiiโ€ฌืืฉืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 12-โ€ฌื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืžื‘ื™ืš" ื•"ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื"โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 16-โ€ฌืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื” "ื—ืžื•ื“"โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืžื™ืžื™ื ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›โ€ช " kawaii"-โ€ฌื‘ืžืื” ื”โ€ช ,20-โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ืื”ื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ืชืžื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื˜ืจื ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื• ืขื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืชื‘ "ืžืขืจื‘ื™" ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ืชื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืžื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘โ€ช 1985-โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื›ืชื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืชื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืคืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืชโ€ช.14โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช ,70-โ€ฌื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช .80-โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื ื™ืื• ืคื•ืค ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืจื•ื“ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 90-โ€ฌื”ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ ื•ืื ื“ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืื ืฉื™ ื”"ืงื•ื•ืื™" ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื›ืœื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืžื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืขืจื™ืฆื• ื–ืžืจื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื• ื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืคื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”"ืงื•ื•ืื™ื" ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืคืงื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื "ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื ืขื™ื" ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืฉื•ื—ื”โ€ช.15โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ืจืžื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืขื ืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ื“ื”โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช13โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Joyce, Julie, "New pop from Japan", Art issues , No. 54, (1998), p. 1. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Kinsella, Sharon, โ€œCuties in Japanโ€, (chapter) in Women, Media and Consumption in Japan, Brian Moeran โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชand Lise Scov eds. Curzon & Hawaii University Press, 1995, p.3 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช15โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Portigal, Steve & Shade, Lynn, โ€œKawaii: Adventures in a Parallel Universeโ€, Proceedings of the 2003 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชconference on Designing for user experiences, San Francisco, California SESSION: Dealing with constraints. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช14โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขื–ืจื• ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 1992โ€ฌื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืžืขืœ โ€ช 55%โ€ฌืžื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ โ€ช 18-30โ€ฌืื”ื‘ื• ืื• ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื–ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช "ืงื•ื•ืื™ืช"โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงื•ื•ืื™" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ืื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช.16โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”"ืงื•ื•ืื™" ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœื™ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ืœืžืจื•ื“ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืชื ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื ื•ืขื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ืชืžื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืชืจื•ื ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืคื—ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื›ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืื™ื™ ืื—ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื˜ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื ืžืคืœื˜ ืœื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ื )ืฉื ืžืฆื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืชื™ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•'(โ€ช.17โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ช -โ€ฌืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืช ื’ื ืกืงืกื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ืคืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืš ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžืจืื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืขืฆืžื•โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืืžืช ืชื•ื›ืŸโ€ช .18โ€ฌื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ โ€ช -โ€ฌืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ ืžืกืชืชืจื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืงืกื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื“ื™ื ืื• ืขื™ืกื•ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช16โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Kinsella, Sharon, Women, Media and Consumption in Japan, p.1โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Ibid, p.12 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช18โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Botzโ€Bornstein, Thorsten, โ€œWong Karโ€waiโ€™s Films and the Culture of the Kawaiiโ€, SubStance, 116, Vol. 37, โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชNo. 2, (2008), pp. 100โ€102 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช17โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช12 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ื ืฉืืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืชโ€ช" -โ€ฌื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื"โ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืื™ืœื ื“ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืโ€ช" -โ€ฌื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืคื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื™ืงืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื"โ€ช.19โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฆืชื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื’ื ืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 90-โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™" ื•ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืกื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืœื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื•ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”โ€ช.20โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืžื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื’ื ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืœื™ืคื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื–ืžืจืช ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "โ€ช."Harajuku Loversโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืชื’ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ โ€ช 4โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’'ื•ืงื• โ€ช - Love, Angel, Music & Babyโ€ฌืจืงื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื•ืชื’โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช -โ€ฌื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืคืจ ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื•ืกื˜ )โ€ช (Kanye Westโ€ฌื”ืคื™ืง ืงืœื™ืค ื•ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื™ืกืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืœื• ื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(10โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื ื™ืคืŸ ืคืจืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืจืชืžื” ืืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืœืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช19โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Okayama, Emiko & Ricatti, Francesco, PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, p. 18 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Ibid. p. 20 โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซืคืจืง ื’โ€ช :โ€ฌื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช .1962โ€ฌื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืžืฉืš ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœืคื•ืค ืืจื˜ ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ืงื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืžืฉืš โ€ช 9โ€ฌืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื“ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืืช ื”"โ€ช "Nihonโ€gaโ€ฌืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื—ื“ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืืคื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื™ืคืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืืฆืœ ืืกืคื ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœ"ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ" ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 3.1โ€ฌื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืžืชืคืจืกืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื•ืช โ€ช -โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงื ื‘ืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืกืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื“ืคืกื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกืจื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื ื”ื’ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขืกืงืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื”ื™ืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื™" )ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• โ€ช (the factoryโ€ฌื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช ,1996โ€ฌื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืกืงื™ืฆื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ื ืกืจืงืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืงื™ืฆื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื“ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื•ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆื‘ืขื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืกื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืงืœื™ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืชโ€ช .21โ€ฌื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ืขืŸ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืข ืขื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืืกื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื“โ€ช.22โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 2001โ€ฌื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืคืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช โ€ช Art production โ€ฌื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ืงื™ื™ืงื™ื™ ืงื™ืงื™ )โ€ช (kaikai kikiโ€ฌืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” "ืžื•ื–ืจ"โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืงืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคืงืช ืกืจื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ืžื” ืœืืžื ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืฉื โ€ช ,Geisaiโ€ฌืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืงื“ื ืืžื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืคื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืกืฆื ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืขื•ืœ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืงื™ื™ ืงื™ืงื™ ื•ืœื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื™ืกืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• "โ€ช "Roppongi Hillโ€ฌื”ืžืฆื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืกืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื’ื•ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืกื—ืจโ€ช .23โ€ฌืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืชื™ืงื™ ื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืขืœื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื ื™ื™ืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืคืจ ืงื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืกื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื’ื” ื•ืื ื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืคืœื™ื ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื›ื ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืชโ€ช.24โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœโ€ช -Mr.DOBโ€ฌื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื•ืจืกื™ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื™ ืžืื•ืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช -โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช21โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Leydier, Richard โ€œTakashi Murakami: Fondation Cartierโ€, Art Press Vol.283, (2002), p.86. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Itoi , Kay, โ€œTakashi Murakami: satisfying the customerโ€, Sculpture, Vol. 21, No. 1, (2002), p.16. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช23โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Maerkle, Andrew, โ€œBelly of the Beast: Takashi Murakami,โ€ Art Asia Pacific, Septemberโ€October 2007, pp. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช135โ€136 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช24โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Siegel, Katy, โ€œPlanet Murakamiโ€, Art Rev, Vol.1, No. 12, (2003), p.48.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช22โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื โ€ช -โ€ฌื›ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช )โ€ช ,25(ornate Japanese screenโ€ฌืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื•ืจืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื”ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืฉืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,(Don Quixote stores) ,โ€ฌืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• โ€ช 10โ€ฌืžืกื›ื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช.26โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 3.2โ€ฌืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜ โ€ช -โ€ฌืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื”ืืžืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœ ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืจื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœื•โ€ช -โ€ฌืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซ)โ€ช.(superflatโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื”โ€ช) "Big boy"-โ€ฌื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ( ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”โ€ช) "Little boy" -โ€ฌื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ(โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืคืŸ ื ืฉืืจื” "ื™ืœื“ ืชืžื™ื"โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืœื ืœืงื—ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื ื”ืคื ืชื” ืืช ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื\ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื•ืœื ืงืกื•ื ื•ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืชืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ)โ€ช (subcultureโ€ฌื”"ืื•ื˜ืงื•"โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืชโ€ช-โ€ฌืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 70โ€ฌื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžืื ื™ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื’ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืจื™ืฆื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื )ื”ืืงืจื™ื•ืช( ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช25โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช AB, โ€œTakashi Murakami: Kawaii! Vacanes Dโ€™Eteโ€™: Foundation Cartierโ€, Modern Painters, Vol. 15, No.4, โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช(2002), p.146. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช26โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Itoi , Kay, Sculpture, p.16. โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซืขื•ืœืžื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืคืœืฆื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื™ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœืงื™ื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืชโ€ช-โ€ฌืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืฉื™ื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื•โ€ช.27โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ืงื• ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ โ€ช -โ€ฌืกืจื˜ื™ ืื ื™ืžื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžื ื’ื” ืขืœ ืžืกื›ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื˜ืขื ืช ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงื”ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ ื•ืœืฉื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื ื’ื” ื•ื”ืื ื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืงื”ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืืฉืจ ืžื ืกื” ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืชืœืช ืžืžื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ืโ€ช.28โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืชืชโ€ช-โ€ฌืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ืงื• ื”ื’ื” ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกืคืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื ื•ืขืช ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืชโ€ช-โ€ฌืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ืšโ€ช .โ€ฌื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ช .โ€ฌืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืœื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ืงื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืฉืžืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืชื˜ื—ื•ืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจโ€ช-โ€ฌื”ืฉื˜ื—ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืกืฃ ืืžื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ)ื™ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืžื• ื ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆ'ื™ื”ื• ืืื•ืฉื™ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ื” ื˜ืงื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืงื˜ืกื•ืฉื™ื’ื” ื ืงืื”ืฉื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื( ื”ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืงืจืื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ โ€โ€ช โ€œSuperflatโ€ฌื•ื ืคืชื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 2000โ€ฌื‘ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช "ืคืจืงื•" ื‘ืฉื™ื‘๏ฌตื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืž ึดืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ึตโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€ช 19โ€ฌืืžื ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื™ืฆื’ ื—ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืคืก ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงืจื‘ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฆื•ืœื ืžืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช27โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Marilyn Ivy, โ€œLittle Boy: The Arts of Japanโ€™s Exploding Subculture, Reviewed by MARILYN IVY Columbia โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชUniversityโ€, Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 32:2 (2006), pp. 500-501.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช28โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Darling, Michael, "Plumbing the depths of superflatness", Art Journal, Vol. 60, No. 3, (2001), pp. 86โ€79. โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซื”ืกื•ืคื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืฆื’ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื›ืžืกืจ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ)ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(11โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื ืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขืœื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคืœืฆืช ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžื™ืฆื’ ื–ื” ื›ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื‘ืื ืจ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืื ืจ ื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช.29โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€ช "Coloriage" -โ€ฌื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 2002โ€ฌื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช โ€ชfondation cartier โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคืจื™ื–โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜ ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 2005โ€ฌื•ื ืงืจืื” "โ€ช ."Little boyโ€ฌืœื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ื•ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืคืฆืฆืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช .1945โ€ฌื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช โ€ช -โ€ฌื’ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื—ื• ืขื ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืชโ€ช.30โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืกืขื™ืฃ โ€ช 9โ€ฌืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืœืคืชื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืชโ€ช .31โ€ฌืกืขื™ืฃ โ€ช 9โ€ฌืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฆื™ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืจืžื ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืชโ€ช.32โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซโ€ช Charlesworth, JJ, โ€œTakashi Murakami: Something like a phenomenonโ€, Art Review, No.7, (2007), p.25. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Marilyn Ivy, Journal of Japanese Studies, p.499. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช31โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Myers, Terry R., โ€œLittle Boy Boomโ€, Modern Painters, April, (2005), p.56 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช32โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Myers, Terry R., โ€œยฉ Murakamiโ€, Art Rev, No. 18, (2008), p.116 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช30โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซโ€ช 3.3โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Mr. DOBโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”โ€ช DOB-โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช .1993โ€ฌื–ื”ื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืœืื” ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืงื™ ืžืื•ืก ื•ืกื•ื ื™ืง ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžื ื™ื ืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื—ืœื•ืงืชื• ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”"ื›ืคืคื•ืช" ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(12โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื“ืจืช ื”โ€ช DOB-โ€ฌืœืคื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื™ืงื™ ืžืื•ืก ืฉื’ื ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ืงื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื“ืจื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”โ€ช DOB-โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืกื ื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื ื•ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืฉืขื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื™ืงื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืขื›ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ืžืคืชื—ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช.33โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืคื™ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”โ€ช DOB-โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืžื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™โ€ช DOB .โ€ฌืžื—ื™ื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืืœโ€ช-โ€ฌื”ืžื•ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืคื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืโ€ช.34โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉืœ โ€ช Mr. DOBโ€ฌืžืฉื ืช โ€ช 1996โ€ฌื”ื ืงืจืืช "โ€ช "727โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืจืื” โ€ช Mr. DOBโ€ฌื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžื™ืงื™ ืžืื•ืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืœ ืžืชื ืคืฅ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืœื’ืœ ื”ืžืชื ืคืฅ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช "ื”ื’ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื ื’ื•ื•ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื•ืงื•ืกืื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื™ื“ื•โ€ช) .โ€ฌืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(13,14โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืกื“ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ืกืคืช ืœ โ€ช (And then, And then, And then...) Mr. DOBโ€ฌื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™๏ฌตืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช33โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Siegel, Art Rev, p.48 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Steinberg, Marc, โ€œCharacterizing a New Seriality: Murakami Takashiโ€™s DOB Projectโ€, Parachute: โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชContemporary Art Magazine, Vol. 110, April 01, (2003), pp. 100โ€109 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช34โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช19 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ืžืคืขืœ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื™ืงื™ ืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžื™ืโ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื”ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช ,2003โ€ฌืžืจืง ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืก ื”ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื”ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืคืจื—ื™ ืกืืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื›ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืกืจื˜ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืงืช ื—ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืกืจื˜ ื ืจืื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื” ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ื‘ืœืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ ืคื ื“ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ืงืกื•ื ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชื™ืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืœื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื– ืœืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืชืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื“ โ€ชQRโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ)ื‘ืจืงื•ื“ ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืขื ืžืฆืœืžืช ื”ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš( ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืฉืžื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจโ€ช -โ€ฌืœื‘ืŸ ื”"ืžืฉืขืžื" ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื” )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(15โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื•ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ โ€ช 30โ€ฌืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื™ืงื™ ืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(16โ€ฌืขื ื–ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ืก ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืคื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื™ื•ื ืชื™ืงื™ ืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื™ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื—ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืค ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ช.35โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช35โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Okayama & Ricatti, PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, p. 6 โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซืคืจืง ื“โ€ช :โ€ฌืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื• )ื˜ื•ืงื™ ื“ื•ืงื™(โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 70-โ€ฌื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ืื ื™ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืกืจื˜ื™ ืื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 1977โ€ฌืฉื•ื“ืจื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื™ืžื” ืจื™ืชืงื• ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจืชืงื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• โ€“ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช.36โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคืŸ โ€ช -โ€ฌื”ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸโ€ช.37โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ื•ื ืœื ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ โ€โ€ช โ€œtokidokiโ€ฌืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื–ื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 4.1โ€ฌื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื• )โ€ช (Simone Legnoโ€ฌื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช .1977โ€ฌื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ โ€ช 4โ€ฌื ื”ื’ ืœื ื™ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ื™ื• ื ืกืข ืœื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืฉื โ€ช 12โ€ฌืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืœื ื™ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงืกืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื ื”ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจื›ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”โ€ช 90-โ€ฌื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื• ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืงืจื ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซ"โ€ช "tokidokiโ€ฌืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• "ืœืคืขืžื™ื" ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฉื ืช โ€ช 1999โ€ฌืชืคืงื“ ืœื ื™ื• ื›ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืื ื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซ)โ€ช ,(Vianetโ€ฌื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืชืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• โ€ช ,MTVโ€ฌืกื•ื ื™ ื•ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช ,2003โ€ฌืœื ื™ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืชื’ ืื•ืคื ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช36โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Ibid, pp. 4โ€5 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Ibid. โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื™ื• ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืืžืŸ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื’'ื ื“ืจ )ืžื’ื“ืจ( ื‘ืžื–ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืŸ ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื ื•ืขื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืกืงืกื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืคื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื›ื•ื—โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ื’ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืžื™ืžื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืžื ื’ื” ื•ื‘ืื ื™ืžื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืฉื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืš ื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกืงืกื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื•ืžืจื•ืžื–ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืงืก ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ื”ืžื–ืžื™ื ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืŸ ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฆืœ ืืฃ ืืžืŸ ืื—ืจโ€ช)38โ€ฌืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(17โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื ื™ื• ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงืกื•ื ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืœื ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืืจื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื• โ€ช -โ€ฌื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื•ืก ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(18โ€ฌื›ืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื™ื• ืคื•ื ื” ืœืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช โ€โ€ช ,"Little Bastardโ€ฌื›ืœื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืงืงื˜ื•ืกโ€ช.39โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืšโ€ช " :โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ืกื™ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืืŸ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืžื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช"โ€ช.40โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื• ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืœ ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื โ€ช"Ciao Ciao" -โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•โ€ช) "Adios"-โ€ฌืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(19โ€ฌืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื™ื• ื’ื ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื•ืœื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช38โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Okayama & Ricatti, PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, pp.14โ€17 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Kam, Nadine, โ€œDesigns reveal artist's personalityโ€, Star Bulletin, Vol. 12, No.11, (2007), p. 11 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช40โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Ibid.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช39โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืžืœืื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ช.41โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช-โ€ฌืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžื•ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืจื—ื™ ืกืืงื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื™ื™ืฉื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื™ืคื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ืคื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ืฉื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืกืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืคื’ื˜ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืคื™ืฆื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืืคื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืœืืžื•ืจ )ื–ื”ืจ(โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ืœื ื™ื• ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช )โ€ช .(Carina,Bastardino,Polpettinaโ€ฌืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ืืคืงื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืงืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 4.2โ€ฌื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ื•ืงื™ ื“ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชื’ ืœื™ื™ืฃ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ )โ€ช (life style brandโ€ฌืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืขืฆื‘ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืžืชื’ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• โ€ช ,LeSportSac, Fornarina, Scull Candyโ€ฌื•โ€ช.Hello Kittyโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื• ืžืงืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื’ื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืœื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(20โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉืชืคืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช โ€ช STRANGECoโ€ฌืืฉืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื ื™ืœ ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืžื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื ื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช )ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ื—ืฉืง( ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืœื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ืืกื™ืืชื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื ื•ืœื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜โ€ช.42โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช ,2006โ€ฌื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”โ€ช-โ€ฌืกืคื•ืจื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืกืง ืœื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ืฆื‘ ืœื ื™ื• ืงื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœื”โ€ช-โ€ฌืกืคื•ืจื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืกืง ืงื• ืชื™ืงื™ื ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช41โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Okayama & Ricatti, PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, p. 13 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Ibid, p. 4 โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซโ€ช23 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื—ื“ืฉื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌืชื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืœื‘ ื”ื ื•ืขืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื”ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื™ื ืืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืžื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื™ืŸ ื•ืชืื™ืœื ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืžืจื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ื™ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจื™โ€ช.43โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 4.3โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช The Cactus Friendsโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื "ืกื ื“ื™"โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืงืจ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืงืงื˜ื•ืก ืขื•ืงืฆื ื™ ืœืฉื ื”ื’ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืกื ื“ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ืกื ื“ื™ ืžืชื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœืงืงื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“โ€ช) 44โ€ฌืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(21โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื›ืขื•ืœื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžื“ื›ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื• ื“ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืงื˜ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืขื•ืœื ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™ ืขื "ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™" )ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”(โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื ื™ื• ืžืจืื” ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืงื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืงื˜ื•ืกโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื "ืกื ืจื™ื•" ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืžื•ืชื’ "ื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™" ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื” )ืจืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืกืคื—โ€ช.(22 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช43โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Ibid, p. 9 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Ibid, p. 11 โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซโ€ช Moofiaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”โ€ช Moofiaโ€ฌื”ื™ื ืกื“ืจืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ืงื˜ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ื•ืœืœืช โ€ช 12โ€ฌื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืคืจื” ืื—ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืž๏ฌตืคื™ื” ื ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื” )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(23โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœื ื™ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืคื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื˜ื—ื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคืจื” ืฉืฉืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืžื•ืฆืจืœื”" ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืชืช ืžืงืœืข ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืืคื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืกืžืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ โ€ช -โ€ฌื”ืžืืคื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ื”ื—ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœื ืงืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช Miao & Mousubiโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืื• ื•ืžืื•ืกื•ื‘ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื™ืื• ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืกื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืชื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ โ€ช Maneki Nekoโ€ฌืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžื–ืœ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืจืžืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื™ืื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืื•ืกื•ื‘ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืฆื ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื– ื™ืคื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืคื™ ื—ื“ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื– ืขื ืื™ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื ื•ืกืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื•ืขืก ืฉืœื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื–ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืคืชืื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœื• ืžืงืจื‘ ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(24โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซืคืจืง ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื• ื•ื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช (25โ€ฌื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ืงืจืฉ ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ืืžื ื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืคืชื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืงืจื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื• ื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืื ืกื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ืโ€ช:โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืจืคื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืคื™ ืžืื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื•ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€ช -โ€ฌืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื )โ€ช.(candy colorsโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื˜ื—ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืืงืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืงืขโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื• ืžืชืืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื›ื”ื” ื•ืขื‘ื” ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ืจืคื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจืคืœื˜ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฆืžื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ื ื• ื ืขื” ืžื“ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืžืจื™ืื” ืžื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื ื•ื—ืชืช ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ื "ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืคื˜ืจ"โ€ช .โ€ฌืืคืงื˜ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืฆื•ืคื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื”โ€ช .45โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืื• ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื˜ืจืŸ )โ€ช .(patternโ€ฌืคื˜ืจืŸ ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช45โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Okayama & Ricatti, PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, p. 8 โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ื˜ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ืื’ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื“ืคืก )ืจืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(26โ€ฌื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(27โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ โ€ช -โ€ฌืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืœื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืงืกื™ืžื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชืžื™ืžื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“"ื› ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื“ื•ืžืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื ืœื ื™ื• ื•ื’ื ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืžื–ืจื– ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”โ€ช) . 46โ€ฌืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(28โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœ โ€ช -โ€ฌื’ื ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ื’ื ืœื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื—ืžื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืชืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžื“ืชื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืืš ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืจืคื“ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงืจื ื™ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฉืขื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงืœืฉื•ื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(29โ€ฌืืฆืœ ืœื ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืืœโ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื›ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช )ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื’ื• โ€“ ืœื‘(โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ "ื˜ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืงื™" ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืืคืœ ื•ืžืชืžืฆืช ืืช ืื•ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืชื’ )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช .(30โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ โ€ช -โ€ฌื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจื—ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื• ื”ื ืคืจื—ื™ ืกืืงื•ืจื” โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืืกื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืจืžื” ื—ืกืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื”ื "โ€ช "flowers of joyโ€ฌืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืฆื—ื•ืง )ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(31โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช46โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Ibid, p. 12 โ€ฌโ€ฌ


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โ€ซืฆืจื›ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื โ€ช -โ€ฌืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคื•ืจื ืจื™ื ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื™ืงื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื• ืงื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื ื•ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” โ€ช -โ€ฌืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” "ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื"โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจืงืืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืชื™ืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืจื ืงื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืœื‘ืฉื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืขืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ)ืจืื” ื ืกืคื— โ€ช.(32,33,34,35,36,37,38โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืกื™ื›ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขื™ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืกืงื™ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ื•ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 19-โ€ฌืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 20-โ€ฌื•ื”โ€ช .21-โ€ฌื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืฉืืจื” ื–ื”ื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื”ืชืงืฆืจื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 19-โ€ฌืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื™ืจื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœืขื•ืžืชืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 20-โ€ฌื•ื”โ€ช 21-โ€ฌื›ื™ ื”ืŸโ€ฌ


โ€ซโ€ช28 โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืคืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœื ืจืง ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื” ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซึดโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืกืžื•ืจืื™ืโ€ช.47โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืคื™ื•ื–'ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 20-โ€ฌื•ื”โ€ช ,21-โ€ฌื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืงืืฉื™ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืœื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืื™ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืืžืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืืžืŸ ื™ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช-โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื” ืืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”โ€ช ,19-โ€ฌืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืงืืžื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื›ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ ืขื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืžืชืžื™ื“โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืื™ืฆื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื”ื• ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืื” ื”โ€ช 21-โ€ฌืœื ื ื“ืข ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื ืชืคื ื” ืืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช47โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช Lehmann, Jeanโ€Pierre, โ€œOld and New Japonisme: The Tokugawa Legacy and Modern European Images of โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชJapanโ€, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, Special Issue: Edo Culture and Its Modern Legacy, (1984), pp. โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช757โ€768โ€ฌโ€ฌ


29

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AB, โ€œTakashi Murakami: Kawaii! Vacanes Dโ€™Eteโ€™: Foundation Cartierโ€, Modern Painters, Vol. 15, No.4, (2002), p.146

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Botzโ€Bornstein, Thorsten, โ€œWong Karโ€waiโ€™s Films and the Culture of the Kawaiiโ€, SubStance, 116, Vol. 37, No. 2, (2008), pp. 94โ€109

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Boulanger, Susan, โ€œThe Persistence of Pop: The Epic of the Everydayโ€, Art New England, Vol. 25, No.4, (2004), pp.12โ€13, 55.

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Charlesworth, JJ., โ€œTakashi Murakami: Something like a phenomenonโ€, Art Review, No.7, (2007), pp. 7โ€26.

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Darling, Michael, โ€œPlumbing the Depths of Superflatnessโ€, Art Journal, Vol. 60, No.3, (2001), pp.76โ€89.

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Hixson, Kathryn, โ€œModern Artists in the Early Part of the Twentieth Centuryโ€, New Art Examiner, Vol. 29, No. 1, (2001), p. 17

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Hokenson, Jan, โ€œProust's "Japonisme": Contrastive Aestheticsโ€, Modern Language Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Spring, 1999), pp. 17โ€37

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Itoi , Kay, โ€œTakashi Murakami: satisfying the customerโ€, Sculpture, Vol. 21, No. 1, (2002), pp. 16โ€17.

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Joyce, Julie, "New pop from Japan", Art issues , No. 54, (1998), pp. 1โ€3.

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Kam, Nadine, โ€œDesigns reveal artist's personalityโ€, Star Bulletin, Vol. 12, No.11, (2007), pp. 10โ€13

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Kinsella, Sharon, โ€œCuties in Japanโ€, (chapter) in Women, Media and Consumption in Japan, Brian Moeran and Lise Scov eds. Curzon & Hawaii University Press, 1995

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Lehmann, Jeanโ€Pierre, โ€œOld and New Japonisme: The Tokugawa Legacy and Modern European Images of Japanโ€, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, Special Issue: Edo Culture and Its Modern Legacy, (1984), pp. 757โ€768


30

โ€ข

Leydier, Richard โ€œTakashi Murakami: Fondation Cartierโ€, Art Press Vol.283, (2002), p.86.

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Maerkle, Andrew, โ€œBelly of the Beast: Takashi Murakami,โ€ Art Asia Pacific, Septemberโ€October 2007, pp. 134โ€139

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Marilyn Ivy, โ€œLittle Boy: The Arts of Japanโ€™s Exploding Subculture, Reviewed by MARILYN IVY Columbia Universityโ€, Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 32:2 (2006), pp. 498โ€502.

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Marling, Karal Ann, โ€œLetter from Japan: Kenbei vs. Allโ€American Kawaii at Tokyo Disneylandโ€, American Art, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1992), pp. 102โ€111

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Myers, Terry R., โ€œLittle Boy Boomโ€, Modern Painters, April, (2005), pp.54โ€59

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Myers, Terry R., โ€œยฉ Murakamiโ€, Art Rev, No. 18, (2008), p. 116.

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Okayama, Emiko & Ricatti, Francesco, โ€œTokidoki, Cute and Sexy Fantasies between East and West: Contemporary Aesthetics for the Global Marketโ€, PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, vol. 5, No. 2, (2008), pp. 1โ€23.

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Phoenix, Dorothy Ann, "Protecting young eyes: censorship and moral standards of decency in Japan and the United States as reflected in children's media", 2006, p. 6.

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Portigal, Steve & Shade, Lynn, โ€œKawaii: Adventures in a Parallel Universeโ€, Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences, San Francisco, California SESSION: Dealing with constraints.

โ€ข

Siegel, Katy, โ€œPlanet Murakamiโ€, Art Rev, Vol.1, No. 12, (2003), pp. 46โ€53

โ€ข

Steinberg, Marc, โ€œCharacterizing a New Seriality: Murakami Takashiโ€™s DOB Projectโ€, Parachute: Contemporary Art Magazine, Vol. 110, April 01, (2003), pp. 90โ€109.

โ€ข

Sui Lo, Ting, "Characterful worlds: entering a world of characters", 2007, p.18.

โ€ข

Tanaka, Hidemichi, โ€œCezanne and "Japonisme"โ€, Artibus et Historiae, Vol. 22, No. 44 (2001), pp. 201โ€220


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โ€ซื ืกืคื—ื™ืโ€ฌ

1) Van Gogh, The Blooming Plum Tree (after Hiroshige), 1887, Oil On Canvas, 55 x 46 cm, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

2) Paul Cรฉzanne, Still Life with Apples and Oranges, 1895โ€“1900, Oil on canvas, Musee dOrsay, Paris.


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3) Paul Cezanne, Sainte Victoirae u grand pin, 1886โ€1887, Oil on canvas, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London.

4) Katsushika Hokusai, Mishima Pass in Kai Province,

(from the series Thirtyโ€Six Views of Mount Fuji),1829โ€1833, color print.


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5) Osamu Tezuka, Princess Knight, 1965 / Grim Natwick, Betty Boop, 1930's

6) Charles M. Schulz, Snoopy, victim of friendly fire, 1950. / Ikuko Shimizu, Hello Kitty, 1974.


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7) Andy Warhol, Marilyn Monroe montage, 1967.

8) Andy Warhol, Campbell's soup cans, 1962, Synthetic polymer paint on thirtyโ€two canvases, Each canvas 50.8 x 40.6 cm


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9) Jeff Koons, Michael Jackson and Bubbles, 1988, Porcelain / ceramic blend, 42x70.5x32.5 in.

10) Gwen Stefani, Harajuku Lovers perfume add / Kanye west "Graduation" album, designed by Takashi Murakami.


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11) Takashi Murakami, Superflat exhibition, MOCA Gallery at the Pacific Design Center, LA, 2001.

12) Takashi Murakami, Dob, 1993. / Disney, Mickey Mouse, 1935.


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13) Murakami takashi, 727, 1996, Acrylic on Canvas Mounted on Board.

14) Hokusai, The Great Wave Of Kanagawa (from a Series of Thirtyโ€six Views of Mount Fuji), 1831, Polychrome woodblock print; ink and color on paper 25.7 x 37.9 cm, Hakone Museum, Japan.


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15) Takashi Murakami, QR code for Louis Vuitton website, 2009 / Jenny Pokryvailo, QR code for my portfolio website, 2009.

16) Louis Vuitton accessories and bags at the Takashi Murakami exhibit at the Los Angeles MOCA (Museum of Contemporary Art), 2007.


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17) Simone Legno, Woman Characters.

18) Simone Legno / Takashi Murakami

19) Simone Legno, Adios and Ciao ciao, 2009, vinyl toys.


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20) Simone Legno designs for: Onitsukaโ€Tiger shoes, LeSportSac bag and Dunny vinyl toy.

21) Simone Legno, Cactus Friends & Cactus pups.

22) Simone Legno design for Hello Kitty, Green cosmetic case.


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23) Simone Legno, Moofia characters.

24) Simone Legno, Miao & Mousabi, 2008 / Maneki Neko

25) Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno


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26) Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

27) Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno


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28) Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

29) Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

30) Tokidoki Logo


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31) Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

32) Sneakers โ€ Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno


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33) Skateboards โ€ Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

34) Nike shoes โ€ Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

35) Plushies โ€ Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno


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36)Bags and wallets โ€ Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

37) Key chains and cell phone charms โ€ Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno

38) Tattoos โ€ Takashi Murakami / Simone Legno


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